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Supplementary information

Modeling farm nutrient flows in the North China

Plain to reduce nutrient losses

Journal: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems

Zhanqing Zhao1,2, Zhaohai Bai1, Sha Wei3, Wenqi Ma4, Mengru Wang5, Carolien

Kroeze5, Lin Ma1*

1 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources

Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang 050021, China

2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China

3 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University,

Beijing 100193, China

4 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of

Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China

5 Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University,

Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands

*Corresponding authors: [email protected]

Fig. S1 Locations of eleven sampling counties in the North China Plain.

Fig. S2 Representative farm types in the North China Plain.

NH3 emission

N2O emission

N2 emission

Surface runoff

Erosion

Leaching

Seed

Mineral fertilizer

Organic fertilizer

Irrigation

N deposition

N fixation

Products export

Feed

….

Field 1

Crops

resid

ue

Crops

resid

ue

Field n

Crops

resid

ue

Crops

resid

ue

Soil accumulation Soil accumulation

Fig. S3 Nutrient flows of the crop production sector in a farm system.

Concentrate

Forage

Animal

Live animal

Meat, milk, and egg

Dead animal losses

Swine herd

Sows

Lactating sows

Finishing pigs

Nurseries

Piglets

Dairy herd

Lactating cows

Dry cows

Heifers

Calves

Poultry

Growing chickens

Hens

Layers

Beef herd

Mature cows

Beef

Calves

Manure

Fig. S4 Nutrient flows of the livestock production sector in a farm system.

Fig. S5 Nutrient flows in the manure management chain in a farm system.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

0 2 4 6

Cer

eal y

ield

(k

g ha

-1yr

-1)

Arable area (ha)

g

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

0 1000 2000 3000

Milk

yie

ld

(kg

head

-1yr

-1)

Herd size (LU)

a

y = 1.5ln(x) + 8.2R² = 0.80 (P<0.05)

0

10

20

30

0 5000 10000

Egg

yiel

d(k

g he

ad-1

yr-1

)

Herd size (LU)

e

y = 1E-05x + 0.6R² = 0.21 (P<0.05)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 2000 4000 6000

Wei

ght g

ain

(kg

head

-1da

y-1 )

Herd size (LU)

c

y = 7.3x + 5871.1R² = 0.35 (P<0.05)

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

0 100 200 300

Milk

yie

ld

(kg

head

-1yr

-1)

Herd size (LU)

b

0

10

20

30

0 20 40 60

Egg

yiel

d(k

g he

ad-1

yr-1

)

Herd size (LU)

f

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 100 200W

eigh

t gai

n(k

g he

ad-1

day-

1 )Herd size (LU)

d

Fig. S6 Relationships between LU/arable land area and livestock/crop production for landless dairy (a), mixed dairy (b), landless swine (c), mixed swine (d), landless poultry (e), mixed poultry (f) and cereal (g) farm types.

Fig. S7 Relationships between herd size and NUEa and PUEa for mixed dairy (a, b), landless swine (c, d), and landless poultry (e, f) farm types.

Fig. S8 Relationships between herd size and N and P losses from livestock manure management chain for mixed dairy(a, b), landless swine (c, d), and landless poultry (e, f) farm types.

Box S1. Calculation of nutrient losses

OcNH 3emission=IcChemical fertilizer × EFNH 3 ,fertilizer+ Icmanure× EFNH 3 ,applied manure

OcN 2 Oemission=IcChemical fertilizer × EFN 2 O, fertilizer+ Icmanure × EF N 2 O, applied manure

Ocdenitrification=IcChemical fertilizer × EFdenitrification ,fertilizer + Icmanure × EFdenitrification , applied manure

Ocerosion=Surpluscrop × EF erosion

Oc surfacerunoff=(Surpluscrop−Ocerosion)× EF surfacerunoff

Ocleaching=(Surpluscrop−Ocerosion−Oc surfacerunoff )× EFleaching

Surpluscrop=Ic fixation+ Icdeposition+ Icchemical fertilizer+ Icmanure+ Icirrigation+ Icresidues−Oc crop products−Ocresidues−OcNH 3emission−OcN 2 Oemission−Oc denitrification

OaNH 3 emission=Oamanure × EFNH 3 , manure

OaN 2O emission=Oamanure × EFN 2 O,manure

Oadenitrification=Oamanure × EFdenitrification ,manure

Oaleaching=Oamanure × EF leacing, manure

Oadischarge=Surplusmanure × EFdischarge , manure

Surplusmanure=Oamanure−OaNH 3 emission−OaN 2O emission−Oadenitrification−Oaleaching

Oc Output of N or P from crop productionOa Output of N or P from livestock productionOcNH 3 emission N loss via NH3 volatilization from applied synthetic

fertilizers and animal manuresOcN 2 Oemission N loss via N2O emission from applied synthetic

fertilizers and animal manuresOcdenitrifica tion N loss via denitrification from applied synthetic

fertilizers and animal manuresOcerosion N or P loss via erosion from crop production systemOc surfacerunoff N or P loss via surface runoff from crop production

systemOcleaching N or P loss via leaching from crop production

systemSurpluscrop N or P surplus in crop production systemIcChemical fertilizer Input of N or P via synthetic fertilizers including

single and compound fertilizersIcmanure Input of N or P via animal manuresIcfixation Input of N via nitrogen fixation

Box S1. (Continued)

Icdeposition Input of N or P via dry and wet depositionIcirrigation Input of N or P via irrigationIcstraw Input of N or P via crop residuesOccrop products Output of N or P via crop productsOc straw N or P output via crop residues from crop production systemEFNH 3 , fertilizer NH3 emission factors for applied synthetic fertilizersEFNH 3 , applied manure NH3 emission factors for applied animal manuresEF N 2 O, fertilizer N2O emission factors for applied synthetic fertilizersEFN 2 O, applied manure N2O emission factors for applied animal manuresEF denitrification ,fertilizer Denitrification factors for applied synthetic fertilizersEF denitrification ,applied manure Denitrification factors for applied animal manuresEF erosion Factors controlling erosion in crop production

system EF surfacerunoff Factors controlling surface runoff in crop production

systemEFleaching Factors controlling N or P leaching in crop

production systemOamanure Amount of manures N or P in housing, storage

and treatment sectors, respectively OaNH 3 emission N loss via NH3 volatilization from animal manures in

housing, storage and treatment sector, respectivelyOaN 2O emission N loss via N2O emission from animal manures in

housing, storage and treatment sector, respectivelyOadenitrification N loss via denitrification from animal manures in

housing, storage and treatment sector, respectivelyOaleaching N or P loss via leaching from animal manures in

housing, storage and treatment sector, respectively Oadischarge N or P loss via discharge from animal manures in

housing, storage and treatment sector, respectivelySurplusmanure Manures N or P surplus of in housing, storage and

treatment sector, respectivelyEFNH 3 , manure NH3 emission factors for manures in housing,

storage and treatment sector, respectivelyEFN 2 O, manure N2O emission factors for manures in housing,

storage and treatment sector, respectivelyEF denitrification Denitrification factors for manures in housing,

storage and treatment sector, respectivelyEFleaching ,manure Factors controlling leaching for manures in housing,

storage and treatment sector, respectivelyEF discharge, manure Factors controlling discharge for manures in

housing, storage and treatment sector, respectively

Table S1 Summary of model items

Compartment

Input/Output

Item Remark

Crop production

Input Field information: soil type, field area InterviewCrop type InterviewSeed amount InterviewFertilization: fertilizer type; amount, source; fertilization pattern; N and P content

Interview

Irrigation pattern; irrigation numbers InterviewPercentage of crop residues recycled in field InterviewNitrogen fixation (Ma et al., 2010)Deposition (Ma et al., 2010)

Output Crop yield InterviewCrop products fate: sold; used as feed; Crop residues fates: used as feed; sold; burned; discarded

Interview

NH3, N2O emission, Denitrification, runoff, leaching, erosion and accumulation in the soil

Calculated

Animal production

Input Animal type InterviewAnimal maturity InterviewNumber of animals InterviewMortality rate InterviewFeeding: feed type, feed intake per head per day; days

Interview

Output Weight: initial and finished InterviewMilk yields; egg yields InterviewEliminated number of animals Interview

Manure management

Input Housing floor type InterviewManure cleaning frequency InterviewManure cleaning pattern InterviewStorage: percentage; methods InterviewProcessing: percentage; methods Interview

Output NH3, N2O emission, Denitrification, runoff, discharge, leaching

Calculated

Fates of manure: land-applied, sold InterviewParameters N and P content of animal manure,

Grain and residues of each crop type,Table S3

ratio between grain and residues Table S4N and P content of each feed type InterviewAnimal carcass fractions and nutrient contentNH3, N2O and N2 emission factors from

Table S5Table S6-S7

crop fieldsFactors controlling N and P leaching, runoff and erosion from crop fields

(Ma et al., 2010)

Emission factors of N and P from manure management chain

Table S8

Table S2 Characteristics of manure management systems (%)Characteristics Landless dairy Landless swine Landless poultry Mixed dairy Mixed swine Mixed poultry

Type of floor Concrete 100 75 100 100 100 100 Slatted floor 25Manure collection methods Separation for urine and faeces 95 Mixtures of urine and faeces 100 5 100 100 100 100Manure storage Covered and underground 21 8 22 12 Covered and aboveground 59 14 48 18 Uncovered and underground 78 50 100 Uncovered and aboveground 20 30 82 38Manure treatment Anaerobic fermentation Household biogas 2 9 12 Industrial biogas 49 22 23 Composting 21 8 77 Oxidation pond 43 81

Table S3 Manure and waste nitrogen and phosphorus content (%)*Material N (%) P (%)Poultry 1.032 0.413Sheep 1.014 0.216

Pig 0.547 0.245Cow 0.383 0.095

Biogas slurry 13.60 0.019Biogas residue 2.00 1.200

*Reference: NATESC (1999).

Table S4 Crop growing days, nutrient content and N fixation*

Crop TypeGrowing

period (day)Grain/residue

Dry matter of grain (%)

N content of grain (%)

P content of grain (%)

N content of residue (%)

P content of residue (%)

N fixation (kg/ha/yr)

Winter wheat 240 0.91 100.00 2.25 0.41 0.65 0.08 18.75 Summer maize 125 0.83 100.00 1.90 0.27 0.92 0.15 18.75 Celery 120 0.00 7.00 2.74 0.54 18.75 Cucumber 180 2.33 4.20 3.05 0.57 2.16 0.39 18.75 Apple 365 38.50 100.00 0.03 0.01 0.38 0.04 18.75 Pear 365 38.50 100.00 0.06 0.02 0.35 0.04 18.75 Greenhouse 180 0.83 5.60 2.57 0.41 2.42 0.43 18.75

Tomato

*References: Lu et al. (1996); NATESC (1999); He et al. (2007); Ma et al. (2010).

Table S5 Animal carcass fractions and nutrient content (%)*

AnimalFraction of different parts (%) N content (%) P content (%) N content of

product (%)P content of product (%)Edible Bone By-product Edible Bone By-product Edible Bone By-product

Pig 50 13 37 1.52 0.18 1.90 3.30 2.20 0.07 1.52 0.18 Dairy 40 10 50 2.4 0.17 6.29 4.20 6.29 0.01 0.50 0.09

Broiler 65 20 15 2.7 0.16 2.60 2.00 1.50 0.01 2.13 0.17 Sheep and

goat 55 24 21 2.13 0.17 1.90 5.60 2.20 0.15 0.47 0.09 Hens 75 15 10 2.5 0.16 9.28 2.00 9.28 0.01 2.06 0.21

*Reference: Ma et al. (2010).

Table S6 Ammonia N emission factors in crop production (%)*Crop type Fertilizer type Fertilization pattern NH3 emissions (%)Cucumber NPK Compound Basal dressing 10.0Cucumber NPK Compound Top dressing 20.0Cucumber Biogas slurry Top dressing 22.9Fruit Poultry manure Basal dressing 0.2Fruit Sheep manure Basal dressing 2.0Fruit Cow manure Basal dressing 2.0Fruit NPK Compound Basal dressing 2.2Fruit Bio-organic fertilizer Basal dressing 2.8Fruit Urea Basal dressing 3.5

Fruit Sheep manure Top dressing 4.0Fruit Poultry manure Top dressing 5.5Fruit Cow manure Top dressing 18.0Fruit NPK Compound Top dressing 20.0Fruit Bio-organic-fertilizer Top dressing 20.0Fruit Urea Top dressing 25.4Greenhouse vegetable Poultry manure Basal dressing 0.4Greenhouse vegetable Coated urea Top dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Coated urea Basal dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Controlled release fertilizer Top dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Controlled release fertilizer Basal dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Urea Basal dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Calcium ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 1.5Greenhouse vegetable Urea Top dressing 1.6Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium nitrate Top dressing 2.0Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Basal dressing 2.0Greenhouse vegetable Sheep manure Basal dressing 2.0Greenhouse vegetable Poultry manure Top dressing 2.4Greenhouse vegetable Bio-organic fertilizer Basal dressing 2.8Greenhouse vegetable Bio-organic fertilizer Top dressing 3.0Greenhouse vegetable Wet poultry manure Basal dressing 3.0Greenhouse vegetable Pig manure Basal dressing 3.0Greenhouse vegetable Cow manure Basal dressing 3.0Greenhouse vegetable Pig manure Top dressing 3.5Greenhouse vegetable Monoammonium phosphate Basal dressing 3.6

Greenhouse vegetable Diammonium phosphate Basal dressing 3.6Greenhouse vegetable Sheep manure Top dressing 4.0Greenhouse vegetable NPK Compound Basal dressing 8.0Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium carbonate Basal dressing 10.0Greenhouse vegetable Monoammonium phosphate Top dressing 10.0Greenhouse vegetable Diammonium phosphate Top dressing 10.0Greenhouse vegetable Biogas residue Top dressing 10.3Greenhouse vegetable Biogas slurry Top dressing 11.7Greenhouse vegetable Calcium ammonium nitrate Top dressing 12.0Greenhouse vegetable Cow manure Top dressing 14.0Greenhouse vegetable Wet pig manure Top dressing 15.0Greenhouse vegetable NPK Compound Top dressing 15.0Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Top dressing 17.0Greenhouse vegetable Wet Cow manure Top dressing 18.0Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium carbonate Top dressing 20.0Greenhouse vegetable Wet poultry manure Top dressing 20.0Summer maize Ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 1.0Summer maize Poultry manure Basal dressing 1.0Summer maize Calcium ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 1.5Summer maize Ammonium nitrate Top dressing 2.0Summer maize Monoammonium phosphate Basal dressing 2.0Summer maize Wet cow manure Basal dressing 2.0Summer maize Coated urea Basal dressing 3.0Summer maize Diammonium phosphate Basal dressing 3.0Summer maize Controlled release fertilizer Basal dressing 3.0Summer maize Wet poultry manure Basal dressing 3.3

Summer maize Wet pig manure Basal dressing 3.5Summer maize Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Basal dressing 4.0Summer maize Coated urea Top dressing 5.0Summer maize Controlled release fertilizer Top dressing 5.0Summer maize Cow manure Basal dressing 5.0Summer maize Sheep manure Basal dressing 6.0Summer maize Monoammonium phosphate Top dressing 8.0Summer maize Diammonium phosphate Top dressing 9.0Summer maize Poultry manure Top dressing 10.0Summer maize NPK Compound Basal dressing 10.0Summer maize Urea Basal dressing 12.0Summer maize Calcium ammonium nitrate Top dressing 12.0Summer maize Pig manure Top dressing 12.0Summer maize Ammonium carbonate Basal dressing 13.0Summer maize Pig manure Basal dressing 15.0Summer maize Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Top dressing 17.5Summer maize Cow manure Top dressing 18.0Summer maize Sheep manure Top dressing 20.0Summer maize NPK Compound Top dressing 20.0Summer maize Ammonium carbonate Top dressing 21.9Summer maize Wet cow manure Top dressing 25.0Summer maize Urea Top dressing 25.4Summer maize Wet poultry manure Top dressing 30.0Summer maize Wet pig manure Top dressing 30.0Winter wheat Poultry manure Basal dressing 0.2Winter wheat Coated urea Top dressing 0.6

Winter wheat Coated urea Basal dressing 0.6Winter wheat Controlled release fertilizer Top dressing 0.6Winter wheat Controlled release fertilizer Basal dressing 0.6Winter wheat Ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 1.0Winter wheat Sheep manure Basal dressing 2.0Winter wheat NPK Compound Basal dressing 2.0Winter wheat Ammonium nitrate Top dressing 2.5Winter wheat Urea Basal dressing 2.7Winter wheat Calcium ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 3.0Winter wheat Wet poultry manure Basal dressing 3.3Winter wheat Wet pig manure Basal dressing 3.5Winter wheat Pig manure Basal dressing 3.5Winter wheat Wet cow manure Basal dressing 3.5Winter wheat Cow manure Basal dressing 3.5Winter wheat Monoammonium phosphate Basal dressing 3.6Winter wheat Diammonium phosphate Basal dressing 3.6Winter wheat Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Basal dressing 4.0Winter wheat Sheep manure Top dressing 4.0Winter wheat Poultry manure Top dressing 5.5Winter wheat Monoammonium phosphate Top dressing 10.0Winter wheat Diammonium phosphate Top dressing 10.0Winter wheat Ammonium carbonate Basal dressing 10.4Winter wheat Pig manure Top dressing 12.0Winter wheat Calcium ammonium nitrate Top dressing 15.0Winter wheat Ammonium carbonate Top dressing 24.0Winter wheat NPK Compound Top dressing 15.0

Winter wheat Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Top dressing 18.0Winter wheat Cow manure Top dressing 18.0Winter wheat Wet poultry manure Top dressing 19.8Winter wheat Wet cow manure Top dressing 20.0Winter wheat Urea Top dressing 20.5Winter wheat Wet pig manure Top dressing 24.0

*References: Cai et al. (1998); Cai et al. (2002); Ding (2005); Dong et al. (2006); Dong (2007); Ge et al. (2010); Li et al. (2002); Li (2007); Li et al. (2009); Li et al. (2011); Li et al. (2012); Li (2014); Pang (2008); Su et al. (2007); Wu (2011); Xi et al. (2010); Zhang et al. (2005); Zhang et al. (2008); Yang et al. (2010).

Table S7 The N emission factors in N2O from crop production (%)* Soil texture Crop type Fertilizer type Fertlization pattern N2O emission (%)

Loam Greenhouse vegetable Urea Basal dressing 0.46Loam Greenhouse vegetable Urea Top dressing 0.18Loam Winter wheat Urea Top dressing 0.02 Loam Winter wheat Urea Basal dressing 0.05Sand Winter wheat Urea Basal dressing 0.09 Sand Winter wheat Ammonium Carbonate Top dressing 0.47Sand Winter wheat Ammonium nitrate Top dressing 0.54Sand Winter wheat Calcium nitrate Top dressing 0.01Sand Summer maize Urea Top dressing 1.67 Sand Summer maize Urea Basal dressing 1.94Sand Summer maize Ammonium carbonate Top dressing 0.45Sand Summer maize Ammonium nitrate Top dressing 0.57Sand Summer maize Calcium nitrate Top dressing 0.03Loam Fruit Poultry manure Basal dressing 0.05Loam Fruit Sheep manure Basal dressing 0.05Loam Fruit NPK Compound Basal dressing 0.06Loam Fruit Cow manure Basal dressing 0.05

*References: Ding et al. (2001); Ding et al. (2004); Hao (2012); Li (2007); Pang et al. (2010); Wang et al. (1994); Wu et al. (2011); Zhang (2014).

Table S8 Emission factors during manure management chain (%)*

Livestock type stage Floor typeAnti-

Seepage NH3 N2ODenitrificatio

n LeachingDairy

Housing

Floor with mats No 12.5 0.5 5 1Cement floor Yes 23 0.5 5 0Floor with mats Yes 12.5 0.5 5 0Slatted floor Yes 18.5 0.5 5 0Cement floor No 23 0.5 5 1Slatted floor No 18.5 0.5 5 1

Storage

Underground without cover No 17 0.5 5 1Underground with cover No 14 3 15 1Aboveground without cover No 17 0.5 5 1Aboveground with cover No 15 2 10 1Underground without cover Yes 17 0.5 5 0Underground with cover Yes 14 3 15 0Aboveground without cover Yes 17 0.5 5 0Aboveground with cover Yes 15 2 10 0

Treatment Household biogas No 8.3 0.5 5 1Composting No 41.8 0.87 5 1Household biogas Yes 8.3 0.5 5 0Pile up Yes 17 0.5 5 0Industrial biogas No 8.3 0.5 5 1

Composting Yes 41.8 0.87 5 0Oxidation pond No 41.7 0.5 5 1Oxidation pond Yes 41.7 0.5 5 0Industrial biogas Yes 8.3 0.5 5 0Pile up No 17 0.5 5 1

Poultry

Housing

Cage floor No 19.7 0.5 5 1Slatted floor No 35.9 0.5 5 1Cage floor Yes 19.7 0.5 5 0Slatted floor Yes 35.9 0.5 5 0

Storage

Underground with cover Yes 8.3 2 10 0Aboveground without cover Yes 29 0.5 5 0Underground without cover Yes 29 0.5 5 0Aboveground with cover Yes 20 2 10 0Underground without cover No 29 0.5 5 1Underground with cover No 8.3 2 10 1Aboveground without cover No 29 0.5 5 1Aboveground with cover No 20 2 10 1

Treatment Industrial biogas Yes 8.3 0.5 5 0Pile up No 38 0.5 5 0.6Composting No 38 0.5 5 0.6Composting Yes 38 0.5 5 0Oxidation pond No 8.3 0.5 5 1Household biogas No 8.3 0.5 5 1Household biogas Yes 8.3 0.5 5 0Oxidation pond Yes 8.3 0.5 5 0Pile up Yes 38 0.5 5 0

Industrial biogas No 8.3 0.5 5 1

Pig

Housing

Slatted floor No 15 0.5 5 1

Cement floor Yes 18 0.5 5 0Cement floor No 18 0.5 5 1Slatted floor Yes 15 0.5 5 0

Storage

Underground with cover Yes 10 2 10 0Underground without cover Yes 20 0.5 5 0Aboveground with cover No 10 2 10 1Aboveground without cover No 30 0.4 5 1Aboveground with cover Yes 10 2 10 0Underground without cover No 20 0.5 5 1Aboveground without cover Yes 30 0.4 5 0Underground with cover No 10 2 10 1

Treatment

Industrial biogas Yes 2.7 0.5 5 0

Household biogas Yes 10 0.5 5 0Composting No 30 3.5 15 1Composting Yes 30 3.5 15 0Industrial biogas No 2.7 0.5 5 1Household biogas No 10 0.5 5 1Oxidation pond Yes 19.5 0.5 5 0Oxidation pond No 19.5 0.5 5 1

*Reference: Ma et al. (2010).

Table S9 Average N and P budgets for mixed farms (mean values for each mixed farm type with standard deviation in parentheses)

N (kg N per ha) P (kg P per ha)Farm system Dairy (n=11) Swine (n=8) Poultry (n=5) Dairy Swine PoultryInput

Seed 4.35 4.84 5.61 0.98 1.07 1.24Synthetic fertilizer 323 416 270 62.6 97.5 56.7N fixation 18.8 17.2 18.8 0 0 0Deposition 83.3 76.5 83.3 0.34 0.31 0.34Irrigation 12.8 10.1 13.0 0 0 0Residues to fields 58.9 166 159 7.60 25.0 23.7Feeds 8784 (12941) 7960 (7327) 3237 (2348) 1558 (2166) 1800 (1605) 496 (360)Live weight 129 216 5.46 13.4 64.5 0.61Total 9414 (13067) 8867 (7735) 3792 (2261) 1643 (2166) 1988 (1730) 579 (358)

OutputCrop products 172 165 278 30.8 30.0 46.3Crop residues 58.9 166 159 7.60 25.0 23.7Animal products 1269 2300 863 228 686 87.9Manure sold 3224 2863 885 990 1038 352

Balance

Balance in stable* 4541 2994 1380 382 125 33.8Balance in field** 149 379 228 6.02 83.9 34.9Total 4690 (5805) 3373 (2852) 1608 (788) 388 (436) 209 (148) 68.7 (18)

Internal flow Crops used as feed 216 196 71.2 37.5 27.8 10.1Manure applied to fields 94.7 215 186 10.4 42.9 33.0

*Including NH3, N2O, N2, N (P) discharge and N (P) leaching from the manure management chain, and N (P) accumulation in the livestock systems.**Including NH3, N2O, N2, N (P) runoff, N (P) leaching, N (P) erosion and N (P) accumulation in the soil.

Table S10 Nutrient use efficiencies of cereal production (wheat-maize rotation) (%) Farm type NUEc* N recovery** PUEc* P recovery** ReferenceCereal farms 44 63 47 67 This studyVegetable farms 51 74 45 64 This studyFruit farms 50 72 48 67 This studyMixed dairy farms 67 81 68 89 This studyMixed swine farms 41 60 39 58 This studyMixed poultry farms 50 73 49 70 This study2004 China averages 36 31 (Ma et al., 2008; Ma et al., 2011)2008-2010 Beijing averages 34 (Hou et al., 2012)

* N(P)UEc=N (P) in main products / total N (P) inputs * 100;** N(P) recovery=N (P) in main products and residues / total N (P) inputs * 100.

Table S11 Contrast of cereal production between the current study and the literature

Type Location and year

N (kg/ha) P (kg/ha)Chemical fertilizer inputs

Other inputs* Yield

Chemical fertilizer inputs

Others inputs* Yield

Wheat, on-farm This study 219-365 57-99China, 2004 (Ma et al., 2008; 2011) 198 72 96** 40 11 17**

Maize, on-farm This study 132-276 169 18-52 24China, 2004 (Ma et al., 2008; 2011) 216 58 97** 35 9 14**

Wheat-maize rotation This study 509 268 484***2008-2010 Beijing averages(Hou et al., 2012)

600 210 279***

*Including N and P inputs via crop residues returns, animal manure, N fixation, deposition, irrigation and seeds; **Calculated from references; ***Recovery rate in crop products and residues.

Table S12 NUEa and PUEa for landless and mixed farms (mean values with ranges in parentheses) (%)Herd level Animal level

Farm type NUEa PUEa Animal stage Share of animal stage NUEa PUEaLandless dairy 15 (10-22) 15 (9-23) Lactating cow 55 (30-78) 32 (24-51) 22 (14-39)Mixed dairy 13 (9-18) 13 (8-20) Lactating cow 42 (28-58) 34 (20-41) 30 (17-36)Landless pig 21 (15-27) 27 (18-37) Finishing pig 92 (84-98) 25 (13-31) 32 (16-40)Mixed pig 26 (22-45) 36 (28-63) Finishing pig 97 (90-100) 29 (19-53) 38 (25-66)Landless poultry 24 (18-29) 17 (14-21) Layer - 32 (28-34) 24 (19-27)Mixed poultry 27 (20-31) 17 (13-21) Layer - 32 (26-36) 21 (17-24)

Table S13 Interview questionnaire for field information

Field ID Field area Is it rented? Crop type* Crop area productivity

Code ha 0 : No ; 1: Yes Code ha kg ha-1

*Crop types: 11=winter wheat; 12=summer maize; 13=rice; 14=apple; 15=pear; 16=cotton; 17=greenhouse tomato; 21=cucumber; 22=tomato; 23=celery; 24=eggplant; 25=green bean; 26=cabbage; 27=others (please specify).

Table S14 Interview questionnaire for the fates of main crop products and by-products

Crop type

*

Main products (Home used%+sale%=100%) By-products (for the family + discard + sale=100%)For the family sale For the family Others Sale

Food (Alternative)

Feed (Alternative)

(Alternative)Residues

returned to fieldFeed

Padding

Compost Burning Discard (Alternative)

Code % kg % kg % kg % % % % % % % kg

*Crop types: 11=winter wheat; 12=summer maize; 13=rice; 14=apple; 15=pear; 16=cotton; 17=greenhouse tomato; 21=cucumber; 22=tomato; 23=celery; 24=eggplant; 25=green bean; 26 =cabbage; 27=others (please specify).

Table S15 Interview questionnaire for crop production managementField ID_______

Item UnitCrop types

1 2 3 4 5

Crop type* Code

Topography 1=Plain (0-7°); 2= Gentle slope field (8-15°); 3=Sloping field (16-25°); 4=Steep slope field (>25°)

Code

Soil texture 1=Clay soil; 2=Loam soil; 3=Sandy soil

Code

1. CultivationMethod 1=Rotary tillage;

2=Deep placement; 3= Deep scarification

Code

Using Machine 0=No; 1=Yes Code

Crop type on last season Code

Crop yield on last season kg

Percentage of residues on last season returned to field

%

2. Sowing

Date Day / Month

Seed amount kg ha-1

Source of the seed 1=Home; 2=Market;

Code

Using machine 0=No; 1=Yes

Code

4. Irrigation

Method 1= Flood irrigation; 2=Drip irrigation; 3=Sprinkler irrigation; 4=Furrow irrigation; 5=Rain fed

Code

Frequency

5. Spraying processing

Using machine 0=No; 1=Yes Code

Frequency

6. Weeds processing


Frequency

7. Harvest

Date Day / Month

32



33

Table S16 Interview questionnaire for fertilization managementField ID__________ Crop type* __________

Order Method DateUsing

machine**

Fertilizer type 1 Fertilizer type 2

manufacturers Type***Applicatio

n rateNutrient

contents (%)manufacturers Type***

Application rate

Nutrient contents

(%)Code kg ha-1 N P K Code kg ha-1 N P K

Fertilizer type 3 Fertilizer type 4

manufacturers Type***Applicatio

n rateNutrient

contents (%)manufacturers Type***

Application rate

Nutrient contents

(%)

Code kg ha-1 N P K Code kg ha-1 N P K


**Using machine：0=No; 1=Yes. Method：1=Top dressing; 2=Basal dressing; 3=Other (Please specify); ***Fertilizer type：101=Urea; 102= Ammonium bicarbonate; 103= Monoammonium phosphate; 104=Diammonium phosphate; 105=Formula fertilizer; 106=NPK

compound fertilizer; 107=Slow release fertilizer; 108=Controlled release fertilizer; 109=other (Please specify); 201=Poultry manure; 202= Cow manure; 203=Pig manure; 204=sheep/goat manure; 205=Commercial organic fertilizer; 206=Bio-organic fertilizer; 207=Other (Please specify)

34

Table S17 Interview questionnaire for milk production

StageBreeding

stock

Number of purchased

animals

Mortality rate

Fallout rate

periodWeight at

the beginning

Weight at the end

Feed conversion

ratio

Daily gain

Marketing weight

Milk yield

Unit head head % % day kg kg kg kg kg head-1 day-1

CalveHeifer

Dry milk cowsLactating cow

Table S18 Interview questionnaire for swine production

StageBreeding

stock

Number of purchased

animals

Mortality rate

Fallout rate

period

Weight at the

beginning

Weight at the end

Feed conversion

ratio

Daily gain

Marketing weight

Batch

head head % % day kg kg kg kg Number

PigletNursery

Finishing pigLactating sow

Sow

35

Table S19 Interview questionnaire for egg production

StageBreeding

stock

Number of purchased

animals

Mortality rate

Fallout rate

periodWeight at

the beginning

Weight at the end

Feed conversion

ratio

Daily gain

Marketing weight

Batch Egg yield

Unit head head % % day kg kg kg kgnumb

erkg head-1

day-1

Growing chickenHenLayer

36

Table S20 Interview questionnaire for livestock feeding management

Stag

e

Feed intake

Feedstuffs

Feed 1 Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 Feed 5 Feed 6 Feed 7 Other

Source Amount Source AmountSourc

eAmount

Sourc

eAmount Source Amount Source Amount Source Amount

Sourc

eAmount

kg head-1 day-1 Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code

Con

cent

rate

sFo

rage

Whether change the feedstuffs 0=No;1=Yes Code

Feed types：101=Leymus chinensis; 102=Ryegrass; 103=Alfalfa; 104=Yellow corn silage; 105 =Whole corn silage; 106=Corn residue; 107=Rice residue; 108=Millet residue; 109=Sweet potato; 110=Potato;

111=Distillers' grains; 201=Corn flour; 202=Sorghum flour; 203=Barly flour; 204=Oat; 205=Soybean meal; 206=Peanut meal; 207=Rapeseed meal; 208=Cottonseed meal; 209=Bran; 31=Fish meal; 32=Meat and

bone meal; 33=Blood meal; 41=Additive premix; 42=Concentrated feed; 43=Complete formula feed; 5=Other (Please specify); Source：1=On-farm; 2=Market

37

Table S21 Interview questionnaire for fates of livestock productsProduct type： 31=Live weight; 32=Meat; 33=Milk; 34=Egg; 34=Other (Please specify)

Product TypeFor the family (Alternative) Sale (Alternative)

Amount Percentage Amount Percentage

kg % kg %

31

32

33

34

Table S22 Interview questionnaire for feed Information

FeedAmount of purchased feed

(Alternative)Origin

Type*Dry matter content

(%)Crude protein content (%)

P content(%) K content (%) kg %

*Feed types：101=Leymus chinensis; 102=Ryegrass; 103=Alfalfa; 104=Yellow corn silage; 105 =Whole corn silage; 106=Corn residue; 107=Rice residue; 108=Millet

38

residue; 109=Sweet potato; 110=Potato; 111=Distillers' grains; 201=Corn flour; 202=Sorghum flour; 203=Barly flour; 204=Oat; 205=Soybean meal; 206=Peanut meal; 207=Rapeseed meal; 208=Cottonseed meal; 209=Bran; 31=Fish meal; 32=Meat and bone meal; 33=Blood meal; 41=Additive premix; 42=Concentrated feed; 43=Complete formula feed; 5=Other (Please specify)

Table S23 Interview questionnaire for manure managementItem Unit IdHousing (P9 + P10 + P11 + P12 + P13 + P14 + P15 = 100%)Area m2 P1

Structure 1=Closeness; 2=Semi-closed; 3=Open Code P2

Temperature control facilities 0=No; 1=Yes Code P3

Floor type 1= Concrete floor; 2= slatted floor; 3=Padded floor Code P4

Floor material 1=Muddy; 2=Brick; 3=Cement; 21= Plastic Code P5

Padding material 1=Crop residues; 2=Sawdust; 3=Sand Code P6

Manure collecting methods 1=Mixtures of urine and faeces; 2= Separation for urine and faeces Code P7

Cleaning frequency P8

Proportion of export % P9

Proportion of application to field % P10

Proportion of storage % P11

Proportion of biogas % P12

Proportion of compost % P13

Proportion of oxidation pond % P14

Proportion of direct discharge to surface water % P15

Storage (P19 + P20 + P21 + P22 = 100%)

(1)faecesStorage type 1= Underground; 2=Aboveground; Code P16

39

Covered 0=No; 1=Yes Code P17

Anti-seepage 0=No; 1=Yes Code P18




Proportion of compost % P22

(2)Urine (P26 + P27 + P28 + P29 + P30 = 100%)

Storage type 1= Underground; 2=Aboveground; Code P23








Composting (P34 + P35 = 100%)

Method 1= Aerobic composting; 2= Anaerobic composting; Code P31





Biogas (P37 + P38 + P39 + P40 = 100%)

Type 0=Household; 1=Industrial Code P36



40



Oxidation pond (P42 + P43 + P44 = 100%)





41

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