state-society relations in the ottoman era: a very brief overview
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State-Society Relations in the Ottoman era: A very brief overview. One of the world’s biggest and longest-lived empires 1300-1918 Muslim Turkish dynasty: Osmanl ı lar Territory from Europe to N. Africa. Ottoman basics: who, what, when. The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, 1453. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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State-Society Relations in the Ottoman era: A very brief overview
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Ottoman basics: who, what, when
One of the world’s biggest and longest-lived empires
1300-1918
Muslim Turkish dynasty: Osmanlılar
Territory from Europe to N. Africa
The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, 1453.
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Mehmet II departs for Constantinople
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Map of the Ottoman Empire at its height
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Ottoman Empire and Tributary States, 1566 to 1700
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Basic Ottoman State Functions
Defend the borders of the empire
Protect the faith
Collect taxes
Maintain public peace
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How does this differ from the function of modern states?
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State-society relations, in a nutshell
multi-ethnic empire State did NOT attempt to create cultural conformity.Ruling classes from many ethnic groups and religions
multi-lingual empireMain language at court: Ottoman Turkish
Also Arabic, Persian
Everyday language: your choice
DecentralizedState largely ruled through governors and local notable familiesLarge amounts of local autonomy
Center-periphery relations rather than horizontal between communities
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Linking State and Society
Taxes and landTax farmingNearly all land owned by the state (until 18th-19th c.)
Religious institutes and religious frameworks
Islam as a unifying mediumJustice: state-society compact
Administrationstate-provincial relations
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Status of non-Muslims under Ottoman rule
Superior legal status accorded to MuslimsDhimmis – special protection for “people of the book”
Special taxesSome restrictions on building, etc.
The Millet systemSemi-autonomous religious communities (Greeks, Armenians, Jews)
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How does this compare to the treatment of religious minorities in Europe at this time?
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Basic divisions in society not between ethnic/religious groups but between the ruling class (Asker) & the ruled (reaya, the “flock”)
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Asker (ruling classes)
Sultan/CaliphVizier and
PashaBureaucracy/
civil serviceLocal notables
(ayan)Ulema –Muslim
religious eliteMilitary –
Janissaries (paid standing army loyal to Sultan)
An Ottoman cavalry man in the late 17th century.
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Society, and other reps of state
Settled peasants and villagersTribes
Some nomadic, some settled
Prominent familiesscholars and clericsSufi brotherhoods (tarikat)Merchants, Guilds
Other Ottoman officials in the provinces – judges, governors, financial officials, rural police
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Diversity in Dress: Images of women from the late Ottoman Empire. From Racinet’s Historic Costume.
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Sixteenth century war prisoners and the condemned being marched to prison at Topkapi Palace. Source: http://www2.egenet.com.tr/mastersj/encyclopedia-c.html
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3 phases of Ottoman state-society relations
1. Rise, expansion, and consolidation of Ottoman state, 1300-1683
2. transformation of the state and territorial retraction, 1683-1798
State withdrawal from social life.
Many provinces virtually autonomous.
3. Long 19th century, 1798-1918