state of urban service delivery in inda

Chapter-IIThe State of Urban Service

Delivery

From book : Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services

Done by p.swapnika, FOA, manipal university

1 Introduction

2 Service norms for Indian cities

3 State of urban service delivery

i. Water supply

ii. Sewerage and sanitation

iii. Solid waste management

iv. Urban transport and roads

4 Factors contributing to poor service delivery

i. Inadequate investments in urban infrastructure

ii. Poor maintenance of assets

iii. Fragmented institutional set up

iv. Capacity constraints

5 State of inclusive development

contents

1.INTRODUCTION

The state of urban service delivery in India’s cities and towns is

far poorer than is desirable for India’s current income levels.

Considering that the Indian economy has been one of the fastest

growing economies in the world for some time, and aspirations

and standards are raising, the current state of service delivery is

simply unacceptable.

1.introduction

FloodsTraffic jam

Poor roads , accumulated waste at roadsides

people queuing up for water from standpostsand tankers across cities and towns

The poor state of basic urban services prevents India’s cities from exploiting their potential for generating rapid economic growth and contributing to poverty reduction.

1.introduction

FloodsTraffic jam

Poor roads , accumulated waste at roadsides

people queuing up for water from standpostsand tankers across cities and towns

The poor state of basic urban services drive home the urgent need to addressthe challenges of delivering urban services in India.

2.Service norms for Indian cities

first attempt at setting urban service norms and standards was made by : Zakaria Committee in 1963MAIN AIM: to laid down the physical norms and corresponding expenditure norms for five services, i.e.

i. sewerage, ii. storm water drainage

iii. watersupply


first attempt at setting urban service norms and standards was made by : Zakaria Committee in 1963MAIN AIM: to laid down the physical norms and corresponding expenditure norms for five services, i.e.

v. Street lightingiv. Urban roads

The Zakaria Committee adopted a demand-driven approach for estimating service standards and per capita investment requirements for urban India.


Subsequently other government agencies/institutions like ;

• Town and Country Planning Organisation (1974),

• Planning Commission (1983, 1999),

• Operations Research Group (1989),

• Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India (1991),

• Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (1999),

• and state governments

have come up with norms for different services.


MINISTRY OF URAN DEVELOPMENT :

• Zakaria Committee couldn’t measure the standards relevant for an economy growing at 8 to 9 per cent per annum.

• The pattern of consumption of urban services has increased. Recognising this need, the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India has prescribed service level benchmarks for a number of urban services.

• consultative process with state governments and other stakeholders was initiated in 2006, which culminated in the final benchmarks published by the Ministry in December 2008

• The benchmarks are important for shifting focus from the creation of physical infrastructure to service delivery because poor governance can create situations in which additional capital investments in urban infrastructure do not result in corresponding improvements in service delivery


THIRTEENTH CENTRAL FINANCE COMMISSION:

• The Thirteenth Central Finance Commission has endorsed these benchmarks and has made compliance with them a necessary condition for urban local bodies (ULB) to obtain performance-linked grants

• The Committee believes that the benchmark norms specified by the Ministry are consistent with the economic and social aspirations arising from India’s GDP growth targets of 8 to 9 per cent per annum

• In arriving at the estimates for urban infrastructure, the Committee has adopted the principle of same standards for all citizens in a city/town without making any distinction between the urban poor, the non-poor, and the slum dweller.

• The same service standards have been used for all city size classes for the basic services of:

water supply, sewerage, and solid waste management

• while differential standards have been used for different size cities in :

urban transport-related sectors, including storm water drainage.


• MOUD norms have been used by the THIRTEENTH CENTRAL FINANCE COMMISSIONfor estimating infrastructure investments in this Report.

• The following table presents a summary of the service standards.

3.State of urban service delivery

INTRODUCTION:

• In assembling the available evidence to document the state of urban service delivery in India, the biggest challenge is the paucity and inconsistency of data from fragmented sources of information.

• This section attempts an overview of the state of urban services in water supply, sewerage and sanitation, solid waste management, urban transport, and roads, drawn from the few studies which have been conducted for some cities of India in recent years.

• The overview presents a clear picture of deficiency and neglect, although there are some examples of significant achievements in generating a turnaround in the delivery of specific services in some cities.


3.1. WATER SUPPLY:

3.1.1. state of water servicedelivery:

• Inadequate coverage,intermittent supplies, lowpressure, and poor qualityare some of the mostprominent features ofwater supply in the cities ofIndia. With rapid increasein urban population andcontinuing expansion ofcity limits, the challenge ofdelivering water in Indiancities is growing rapidly.

The state of water service delivery in urban areas of Indiacompared with the available evidence in other countries issummarised in following table:


3.1. WATER SUPPLY:

3.1.2. issue-Costs of Water Supply:

• Lower-income households without access to public networks typically have to rely on market sources to access water at a higher price.

Coping Costs of Water Supply

3.1.2. solution-Continuous Water Supply:

• In a continuously pressurised distribution system, contaminants surrounding the pipelines cannot penetrate even if there are breaks in the pipes and joints. Without continuous pressure, street run-off, drainage water, raw sewage from adjacent sewer lines and leaky septic tanks get sucked into the water mains.

• Providing continuous water supply in cities results in system efficiency and economic benefits to citizens.

• There is no need for households to invest in domestic storage, booster pumps, supplementary boreholes, domestic filters, and other treatment systems when water is in continuous supply. Also, there is no need to purchase water from private suppliers.

Source: ASCI (2010).


3.1. WATER SUPPLY:

3.1.3. example of continuous water supply-24x7 Water in Three Cities of Karnataka:

• The Government of Karnataka, with assistance from the World Bank, launched the Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project (KUWASIP) in 2005 in five selected zones in three cities (Belgaum, Gulbarga, and the twin cities of Hubli-Dharwad) to build and deliver an efficient and commercially viable 24x7 urban water supply system through PPP. The project essentially involves a performance-based contract with a private company for network upgradation and O&M of the system

• The investment was made by the Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWSDB) and the private operator was responsible for installation of meters, tariff collection, etc.

• Significant reforms were carried out in public sector institutions such as the KUWSDB, and the Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development and Finance Corporation.

• Losses were reduced from 50 per cent to 7 per cent due to improvements in the transmission and distribution network, and improved metering. Over 25,000 households now receive 24x7 water supply.

• In August 2009 the project was conferred the first prize in the PPP category of the National Urban Water Awards of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Source: KUWASIP (2010).


3.2. SEWERAGE AND SANITATION:

• 3.2.1. The challenge of sanitation in Indian cities:

• With very poor sewerage networks, a large number of the urban poor still depend on public toilets. Many public toilets have no water supply while the outlets of many others with water supply are not connected to the city’s sewerage system.

• Over 50 million people in urban India defecate in the open every day.

• The cost in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) of diarrhoeal disease for children from poor sanitation is estimated at Rs 500 crore. The cost per DALY per person due to poor sanitation is estimated at Rs 5400 and due to poor hygiene practices at Rs 900 (MoUD 2009b).

• A study by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP 2010) of the World Bank using data for 2006 shows that the per capita economic cost of inadequate sanitation including mortality impact in India is Rs 2180.

• The problem of sanitation is much worse in urban areas than in rural due to increasing congestion and density in cities.



• 3.2.2. National Urban Sanitation Policy of 2008:

• The National Urban Sanitation Policy of 2008 has laid down the framework for addressing the challenge of city sanitation.

• The policy emphasises the need for spreading awareness about sanitation through an integrated city-wide approach, assigning institutional responsibilities and with due regard for demand and supply considerations, with special focus on the urban poor



• 3.2.3. State of Urban Sewerage and Sanitation:

• In a City Sanitation Study (2010a) conducted by the Ministry of Urban Development, none of the 423 cities was found to be ‛healthy’ and ‛clean’.

• The Municipal Corporations of Chandigarh, Mysore, and Surat and the New Delhi Municipal Council were the only four ULBs that fared relatively better. Close to 190 cities in the study were rated to be in a state of emergency with respect to public health and the environment



• 3.2.4. Status on waste water treatment :

• It is estimated that the lack of waste water treatment leads to over $15 billion spent in treating water-borne diseases in India (CII and CEEW 2010).

• Often, polluted water is allowed to leach untreated into surface and ground water bodies. In the Ganges Basin alone, there are 223 towns and cities that generate 8250 million litres of sewage each day, of which about 2500 million litres is disposed directly into the Ganges without treatment and 4250 million litres into its tributaries (ibid).

• Revenue generation from treated water by navi mumbai and surat corporation:

• Some cities are beginning to unlock revenue streams from treated waste water. NaviMumbai sells 100 per cent of its treated waste water to industries.

• The Surat Municipal Corporation converts its municipal liquid waste into electricity, leading to reduced emission of greenhouse gases and savings on energy costs.

3.State of urban service delivery3.2. SEWERAGE AND SANITATION:

• 3.2.5. EXAMPLE OF SUCCESSFUL SEWERAGE PROJECT: Alandur’s Sewerage Project with Citizen Participation:

Alandur at a glance:• Location: a sub urb of chennai in kanchipuram district

• Population: 15000

• Status of sewerage system till 2000: no underground sewerage and Almost 80% of households had to depend on septic tanks with soak pits

after underground sewerage network and sewage treatment plant:• Within a short period of five years from 2000 to 2005, Alandur, a residential suburb outside of Chennai, has

moved from a situation where 80 per cent of households depended on septic tanks with soak pits to a comprehensive underground sewerage network and a sewage treatment plant.Cost of project: 34 crores

Finance by:

• half the amount would come from the Government of India’s Megacity programme, a precursor to the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNRUM)

• Rs 13.6 crore from the World Bank, and

• Rs 3.4 crore from residents’ deposits (varying from Rs 1000 to Rs 5000 per household, depending on the ability to pay).

• In the event, residents contributed Rs 11.9 crore and only Rs 3 crore was drawn from the World Bank/Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited (TNUIFSL). The Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Act 1998 facilitated the process of financing and cost recovery.



• 3.2.5. EXAMPLE OF SUCCESSFUL SEWERAGE PROJECT: Alandur’s Sewerage Project with Citizen Participation:

• The project involved the construction of a sewer line covering the entire road length of 137 km, a pump house, 5650 manholes, and 23,700 house service connections. The network construction contract was awarded to IVRCL, a private infrastructure company. Consulting Engineering Services (India) was appointed project management consultant.

• The major contributing factors to the success of the initiative were the dynamic leadership of a directly elected mayor of Alandur, the supportive role played by the municipal corporation, and the creation of an enabling environment by the Government of Tamil Nadu.

Source: Mathur (2002) and Krishnagopal (2003).Sludge dewatering in drying bedsWaste water treatment plant


3.3. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

3.3.1. INTRODUCTION:• The management and disposal of solid waste generated in Indian cities leaves a great deal to be desired. The

Municipal Solid Waste Rules were put in place in 2000 but their enforcement has been poor. There is no segregration of waste at source in many areas and processing & disposing of waste is not upto the mark



3.3.2. WASTE GENERATION IN INDIAN CITIES:

• The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) has estimated that by 2047, waste generation in Indian cities will increase five-fold to touch 260 million tonne per year, implying that the current solid waste generation is over 50 million tonne per year (Asnani2006).

• A study by the World Bank (2006) puts India’s annual generation of municipal solid waste to be somewhat lower, i.e. in the range of 35 to 45 million tonne, amounting to about 100,000 to 120,000 metric tonne every day.

• Asnani (2006) estimates that the annual increase in overall quantity of solid waste in India’s cities will be at a rate of 5 per cent per annum.

• The fact that a large part (over 60 per cent) of India’s waste is biodegradable, provides an opportunity for composting. Source: Mathur (2002) and Krishnagopal (2003).



3.3.3. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN COLLECTION OF WASTE:

• ULBs

• non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

• Community based organisations and

• private companies are involved in the collection of solid waste, but little attention is paid to waste disposal.

highest household coverage of solid waste collection in the country:

• Chandigarh (96.2 per cent) and

• Surat (90.3 per cent) (MoUD, Government of India 2010b).

Source: Mathur (2002) and Krishnagopal (2003).



3.3.4. ISSUES:

• Disposal practices at the open dumping sites are highly unsatisfactory.

• The poor management of solid waste has led to contamination of groundwater and surface water through leachate and pollution of air through unregulated burning of waste.

• Unscientific practices in processing and disposal compound the environmental hazards posed by solid waste.

• WHY THIS ISSUES IS HAPPENING?

• little attention is paid to processing and scientific disposal of the waste where as the distribution of the expenditure is heavily loaded in favour of collection and transportation

• (Even with current levels of highly inadequate service, solid waste management accounts for 25-50 per cent

of a ULB’s expenditure (World Bank 2006), but cities recover less than 50 per cent of the O&M cost, according to a study by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India (2010b).)



3.3.5. SUCCESSFUL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:Waste to Wealth in Rajkot

• LOCATION: forth largest city in gujarat

• Waste generation per day: 300 metric tonne

• Before municipal solid waste management rules 2000: waste was dumped at different locations on t outskirts of the city

• After municipal solid waste management rules 2000:

• Rajkot Municipal Corporation set up a modern processing plant for solid waste and engaged Hanjer Biotech Energies Pvt Ltd for this job. The state government stepped in by providing land to the Municipal Corporation, 30 acres of which was leased out by the Corporation to the private company, Hanjer, at a rate of Re 1 per sq. m per year to set up the waste processing plant. The remaining land was used for a sanitary landfill. The project was initiated in 2003 and the plant became operational in 2006.



3.3.5. SUCCESSFUL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:Waste to Wealth in Rajkot

• PROCEDURE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IM RAJKOT:

• The city waste is first brought to the site in dumpers and then segregated.

• The wet organic waste of about 20-30 per cent is left in the composting yard, transformed into organic compost, and sold to corporate clients.

• The dry organic waste is compressed into high calorific fuel fluff (green coal) and sold to cement and paper industries.

• The recyclable waste consisting of rubber, plastic, and metals (about 5 per cent of the total waste) is sold in the junk market. Only 10-15 per cent of the waste collected is sent to the landfill.

• From the daily collection of 300 metric tonne of waste, Hanjer produces 40 metric tonne of bio fertilisers, 70 metric tonne of green coal, and 2.5 tonne of plastic.

state of urban service delivery in inda

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