“state of the world broadband report 2013″

7/29/2019 State of the World Broadband Report 2013

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ABOUTTHECOMMISSION

The Broadband Commission or Digital Deve lopment was launched by the Inte rnationalTelecommunication Union (ITU) and the United Nations Educationa l, Scienti ic and Cul turalOrganization (UNESCO) in response to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moons call to stepup eorts to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Established in May 2010,the Commission unites top industry executives with government leaders, thought leaders,policy pioneers, international agencies and organizations concerned with development.

The Broadband Commission embraces a range o d i erent perspecti ves in a multi-stakeholder approach to promoting the roll-out o broadband, as well as providing

a resh approach to UN and business engagement. To date, the Commission haspublished a number o high-level policy reports, best practices and case studies.

More inormation about the Commission is available at www.broadbandcommission.org.

Printed in Switzerland, Geneva, September 2013Photo credits: Shutterstock
http://www.broadbandcommission.org/http://www.broadbandcommission.org/


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Chapter

The STaTe of

BroadBand 2013:

UniverSalizing

BroadBandArEpOrTByTHEBrOAdBANdCOMMISSION

SEpTEMBEr2013


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ACkNOwlEdgEMENTS

This Report has been written collaboratively, drawing on insights and richcontributions rom a range o Commissioners and their organizations. Ithas been compiled and edited by the chie editor and co-author, PhillippaBiggs o ITU. Xianghong Hu and Irmgarda Kasinskaite are grateullyacknowledged as the main authors o Chapter 6. Antonio Garca Zaballosand Felix Gonzalez Herranz o the Inter-American Development Bank(IDB) are grateully acknowledged as the main authors o Chapter 7.

Design concepts were developed by Ahone Njume-Ebong andJie Huang o ITU, with support rom Simon de Nicola. Anna Polomska,Lorrayne Porciuncula, and Nancy Sundberg provided regulatoryanalysis o Broadband Plans. Esperanza Magpantay and Dr. SusanTeltscher provided statis tical ins ight and data. Preparat ion othis report has been overseen by Doreen Bogdan-Martin.

We wish to thank the ollowing people or their kind review and comments(in alphabetical order o institution, ollowed by alphabetical order o surname):

Guillermo Alarcon, Mirela Doicu and Florence Gaudry-Perkins (AlcatelLucent); Deepak Dehury, Ratika Jain and Koustuv Kakati (Bharti); Paul

Budde (Paul Budde Communications); John Garrity and Dr. Robert Pepper(Cisco); Dr. Joanna Rubinstein (the Earth Institute); Heather Johnson, ElaineWeidman-Grunewald and Lasse Wieweg (Ericsson); EURid; Christian Roisse(EUTELSAT IGO); Margaret Lancaster and Arthur Lechtman (FCC); Dr.Anne Bouverot, Belinda Exe lby and Arran Riddle (GSMA); Ivan Huang andDaniel Kelly (Huawei); Dr. Hoda Baraka, Elaine Farah and Aminah Hamam(ICT Qatar); Daniel Lim and Melanie Yip (IDA Singapore); Antonio Garca-Zaballos and Felix Gonzalez-Herranz (IDB); Dr. Esteban Pacha V icente(IMSO); Dr. Bruno Lanvin (INSEAD); John Davies, Shannon Johnson,Christoph Legutko, Carlos Martinez, Nuno Martins and John Roman(Intel); Renata Brazil-David and Jos Toscano (ITSO); Paul Conneally, GaryFowlie, Yvon Henri, Tomas Lamanauskas, Piers Letcher, Youlia Lozanova,Nelson Malaguti, Sarah Parkes, Anna Polomska, Lorrayne Porciuncula,

Nancy Sundberg, Susan Teltscher and Ivan Vallejo (ITU); Paul Mitchell(Microsot Corp.); Dr. Seang-Tae Kim and Gregory Pokorny (NIA, Rep. oKorea); Brigitte Acoca, Sam Paltridge and Agustn D az-Pins (OECD);the Qualcomm team; Carlos Slim Hel (the Slim Foundation); NataliaMoreno-Rigollot (Teleonica); David Achoarena, Guy Berger, XianghongHu, Janis Karklins, Irmgarda Kasinskaite and Francesc Pedro (UNESCO);Mr. Ali Jazairy, Victor Vzquez-Lopez and Michele Woods (WIPO).

Special thanks are due to Elaine Weidman (Ericsson), MargaretLancaster (FCC), Paul Mitchell (Microsot), Lorrayne Porciuncula,Ivan Vallejo and Esperanza Magpantay (ITU) and Qualcommor their thorough and dedicated review o the report.


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Chapter

1. Executive Summary 08

2. The Promise o Mobile 12

2.1 The Internet Marries Mobile 12

2.2 The Growing Demand or Spectrum 18

2.3 Broadband and Innovation 213. Broadband or Achieving the Millennium Development Goals 26

4. Evaluating Global Growth in Broadband 40

4.1 Target 1: Making broadband policy universal 40

4.2 Target 2: Making broadband aordable 44

4.3 Target 3: Connecting homes to broadband 46

4.4 Target 4: Getting people online 50

4.5 Target 5: Achieving gender equalityin access to broadband by 2020 52

5. Universalizing Broadband 54

6. Trends in Expression via Content 68

6.1 Freedom o Expression on the Internet 68

6.2 Multilingualism and IDN Uptake 75

7. Policy Recommendations to Maximize the Impact oBroadband 78

lISTOANNExES

Annex 1: List o National Broadband Plans 86

Annex 2: Fixed Broadband Penetration, Worldwide, 2012 (ITU) 92

Annex 3: Mobi le Broadband Penetration, Worldwide, 2012 (ITU) 94

Annex 4: Percentage o Households with Internet,Developing Countries, 2012 (ITU) 96

Annex 5: Percentage o Indiv iduals using the Internet,Worldwide, 2012 (ITU) 98

Annex 6: Percentage o Indiv iduals using the Internet,Developing Countries, 2012 (ITU) 100

Annex 7: Percentage o Indiv iduals using the Internet, LeastDeveloped Countries, 2012 (ITU) 101

List o Acronyms and Abbreviations 103

ConTenTS

5


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lISTOEATUrEdINSIgHTS

Featured Insight 1: Mobile Internet as a Game-changer (Sunil Bharti Mittal,Chairman, Bharti Airtel Ltd.)

Featured Insight 2: Inventing Connectivity, Improving the Lives o Billions (Dr.Paul Jacobs, CEO, Qualcomm)

Featured Insight 3: Towards Universal Broadband The Case or ExclusiveLicensing or Mobile Spectrum (Dr. Anne Bouverot, Director General, GSMA)

Featured Insight 4: Feeding the Growing Need or Spectrum in the US (FCC)

Featured Insight 5: Broadband Driving Innovation (Dr. Bruno Lanvin, ExecutiveDirector ECI, INSEAD)

Featured Insight 6: Socio-Economic Beneits o Mobile and BroadbandServices (Alcatel Lucent)

Featured Insight 7:The Socio-Economic Eects o Broadband Speed Upgrades(Ericsson)

Featured Insight 8: Innovation in Spectrum Helping Promote Development(Microsot)

Featured Insight 9: Delivering the Beneits o Broadband to the Unconnected(Cisco)

Featured Insight 10: Broadband or Education (UNESCO)

Featured Insight 11: The Experience o the Digital Culture Programme(Technological Institute o Telmex)

Featured Insight 12: Millennium@EDU Programme (Intel)

Featured Insight 13: M-Commerce driving Socio-Economic Development(Ericsson)

Featured Insight 14: Satellite at the Service o Developing Countries (JosToscano, Director-General o ITSO, Esteban Pacha, Director-General o IMSOand Christian Roisse, Executive Secretary, EUTELSAT IGO)

Featured Insight 15: Qatars National ICT Plan 2015 and its Experience withQnbn (ICT Qatar)

Featured Insight 16: Policy-Driven Broadband Innovation in Malaysia (Huawei)

Featured Insight 17: New Homes in Singapore to have In-Built FTTH Broadband(Mr. Leong Keng Thai, Deputy Chie Executive/Director-General (Telecoms andPost), IDA Singapore)

Featured Insight 18: Connecting People in Korea (Dr. Seang-Tae Kim, NIA, Rep.o Korea)

Featured Insight 19: Wayra Supporting Entrepreneurship (Telenica)

Featured Insight 20: Universal Access & Service (UAS) Programmes (IDB)

Featured Insight 21: USFs and Other Subsidies to Promote BroadbandAdoption ( Intel)

Featured Insight 22: Universal Service Reorm in the United States (FCC)

Featured Insight 23:The Backhaul Gap to Reach the Next Bil lion BroadbandUsers (Alcatel Lucent)

Featured Insight 24: Next-Generation Satellite Networks (Jos Toscano,Director-General o ITSO, Esteban Pacha, Director-General o IMSO andChristian Roisse, Executive Secretary o EUTELSAT IGO)

Featured Insight 25: Digital Content Products (OECD)

Featured Insight 26: Intellectual Property and Broadband (WIPO)

Featured Insight 27: Harnessing the Digital Dividend or Broadband Coverage(Dr. Anne Bouverot, Director General, GSMA)

6


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lISTOIgUrES

Figure 1: TheStructure o this Report (ITU/UNESCO Broadband Commissionor Digital Development)

Figure 2: Mobile Broadband Bridges the Gap: Fixed Broadband and MobileSubscriptions, 2009-2018 (Ericsson)

Figure 3:The Internet o Things Invis ible, but Connected (ITU, ABI Research)Figure 4: Growth inNational Broadband Plans, 2005-2013 (BroadbandCommission)

Figure 5: Status o National Broadband Plans, mid-2013 (BroadbandCommission)

Figure 6: Fixed Broadband Sub-Basket or Developing Countries, 2012 (ITU)

Figure 7: Proportion o Households with Internet Access in DevelopingCountries, 2002-2015 (ITU)

Figure 8: Global Broadband Market Share by Technology, 2011-2013 (PointTopic)

Figure 9: Internet User Penetration, 2000-2015 (ITU)

Figure 10:The Gender Gap: Men and Women Online, Totals and PenetrationRates, 2013 (ITU)

Figure 11:The Costs o Connecting the Last Subscribers (Australian NBNProject)

Figure 12:Targets set by National Broadband Plans (ITU)

Figure 13: Choosing a Policy Instrument (ITU)

Figure 14:The Ecology o Freedom o Expression on the Internet (UNESCO)

lISTOBOxES

Box 1:The Locus o Filtering Technologies

Box 2: Privacy and Freedom o Expression on the Internet

lISTOTABlES

Table 1: Summary Statistics or High-Speed Connectivity, 2013 (ITU)

Table 2: Broadband and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Table 3: Barriers to Access and Strategies to Overcome Barriers

7


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1 A ordable broadband connectivi ty,services and applications areessential to modern society,oering widely recognized socialand economic beneits. TheBroadband Commission orDigital Development promotes theadoption o broadband-riendlypractices and policies or all, soeveryone can take advantage othe beneits oered by broadband.

With this Report, the BroadbandCommission expands awarenessand understanding o theimportance o broadband networks,services, and applications orgenerating economic growth, andor achieving social progress. Inits work, the Commission has notdeined broadband in terms ospeciic minimum transmissionspeeds, in recognition o therange o market deinitions indierent countries. Rather, theCommission views broadband

as a cluster o concepts: always-on, high-capacity connectivityenabling combined provision omultiple services simultaneously1.

This Report has been writ ten

collaboratively, drawingon contributions rom theCommissions leading array oexecutives, thought leaders andtheir organizations, oremost intheir ields. And yet, the questionpersists how best to connecteveryone? This Report seeks toanswer a number o questions(Figure 1), the answers to whichcan help us to realize the potentialo broadband connectivit y.

It explores the questions owhether, and how, everyonecan be connected to broadbandInternet, and i so, by when:

Why should everyonebe connected?

Is there a viable businesscase to connect the last5-10% o the population?

How can we connectwomen, minorities, and

disadvantaged groups? Have Universal Service

Funds (USFs) been extendedto include broadband?

8

exeCUTive

SUmmary

1. A 2010 Leadership Imperative: The Future Built on Broadband (Broadband Commission,

2010), available at: www.broadbandcommission.org/Reports/Report_1.pd
http://www.broadbandcommission.org/Reports/Report_1.pdfhttp://www.broadbandcommission.org/Reports/Report_1.pdf


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Hoisboaban

evovin?

MobieTechnooies

(Chate2)

whoeneeit?

Beneitsoboaban

Boabanodeveoment

&theMdgs(Chate3)

Hoahavee

come?Hoatoo?

Evauatingoba

goth(Chate4)

Hocaneeneate

emanoboaban?

Hocaneunivesaize

boaban?

Contentdivin

deman&eeomo

Content(Chate6)

poicrecommenations

(Chate7)

Hocaneetthee? Univesaizin

Boaban(Chate5)

iue1:TheStuctueothisreot

9

Chapter

1

Source: ITU/UNESCO Broadband

Commission for Digital Development.


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10

Chapter 2 explores key trendsand developments in broadband,especially growth in mobilebroadband as todays astest-growing Inormation and

Communication Technology (ICT).Over the last two years, the mobileindustry has added one billion moresubscriptions, with hundreds omillions more people learning touse a mobile phone. This Chapterexplores the implications o puttingmobile phones into the hands oevery person on the planet, as wellas embedding wireless connectivityinto the environment around usin a growing Internet o Things.It inds strong implications orbroadband accelerating innovation.

Chapter 3 examines the all-important beneits o broadbandin accelerating developmentand achieving the MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs).Broadband enables the introductiono innovative new services, but itcan also enhance the delivery oexisting services in many areas,including education, healthcare,

and banking. The Chapter indsthat broadband connectivity isnot a panacea, and that the bestresults may be achieved whenbroadband is integrated careullyand eectively into existing systems.

Chapter 4 tracks progress towardsuniversalizing broadband using theCommissions advocacy targets or2015. It inds good progress in theirst target o making broadband

policy universal, with 134 countrieshaving a National BroadbandPlan (NBP) in place by mid-2013.Progress in Target 2, makingbroadband services aordable, ismixed the number o countrieswith aordable services is static,but there is good progress witha rising number o countriesapproaching the target. Targets3 and 4 (Internet usage andhousehold connectivity) are unlikelyto be achieved by the target dateo 2015 at current growth rates.In March 2013, the Commissionintroduced a new advocacy targetcalling or gender equality inaccess to broadband by 2020.Despite diiculties in measurement,indicators imply good progress.

Chapter 5 explores the means bywhich broadband can be madeuniversal. The commercial costso broadband provision rise

signiicantly or connecting inalsubscribers, or a range o reasons(e.g. remote areas, identiying lastsubscribers etc). There are dierentmechanisms or achieving universalbroadband, including universal


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11

Chapter1

service regulations, UniversalService Funds (USFs), nationaltargets and other incentives, as wellas new and improved technologies,such as latest-generation satellite.

For best results, government andindustry and other stakeholdersshould work in partnership.

Supply-side considerationsare important, but demand-side considerations are alsovital. Competition is still widelyrecognized as the most eectivemechanism to date to lowerprices and increase aordabilityor the majority o the population.Ultimately, however, there is no

single recipe that is likely to workor all countries instead, countriesneed to relate the options whichthey choose or universalizingbroadband to their market needs.

Chapter 6 examines issues relatingto content as an all-importantdriver o demand. It considerstrade-os between reedom oexpression, privacy and iltering,as both societies and individualsget to grips with the emergingissues o a hyperconnectedsociety. It also considers therole o Internationalized Domain

Names (IDNs) and multilingualcontent in boosting demand.The chapter inds that the re isa strong correlation betweenlocal inrastructure and local

content, and that multilingualcontent plays a vital role in drivingdemand or broadband services.

Chapter 7 concludes the Reportwith policy recommendations onhow broadband can be extended.The Broadband Commission orDigital Development advocatesdigital inclusion or all, on the basisthat the beneits o broadbandor improving peoples livesshould also be universal.

Finally, the Annexes providedetailed data or each target,and vividly demonstrate theincredible progress countries aremaking towards universalizingbroadband and achievingdigital inclusion or all.

The Report inds that, in ourconverged broadband environment,the roles o the public and privatesectors are changing rapidly, andthat all stakeholders must worktogether towards a common visionto achieve universal broadband.


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2.1 TheIntenet

MaiesMobie

Today, we are embarked on

a journey a journey rom apast where ICT inrastructure

operated on instruction, to a worldwhere ICTs and the Internet are

integrated into the abric o theenvironment surrounding us

invisible, embedded, exchanging

data and inormation, constantlyand automatically. Historically,

technology ollowed the leadand instructions o users. In

the uture, whether locatingourselves, navigating a route,

parking, accessing messages,users will increasingly ollow

the lead o technology.

Globally, we are embarked on

this journey, although progressis uneven across countries,

across regions, and even acrossuser groups or generations.

Mass connectivity via basic andadvanced data access technologies

seems assured, with the number omobile subscriptions set to exceed

7 billion1 and overtake the totalworld population in 20142. Mobile

subscriptions in Arica and theMiddle-East alone exceeded one

billion in Q1 20133. The industry hasadded one billion mobile cellular

subscriptions to the global mobilemarket over the last two years4

equivalent to hundreds o millions

more people lea rning to use, love,

and live with their mobile phones,

or everything rom talking and

sending texts, to buying goods and

services, or transerring money.

The marriage o mobile with

modern-day Internet via mobile

broadband is opening up new

vistas o opportunity mobile

broadband may well bridge the

gap between the connected and

the unconnected (Figure 2). Mobilebroadband subscriptions overtook

ixed broadband subscriptions in

20085, and show an astonishingly

high growth rate o some 30%

per year, the highest growth

rate o any ICT, exceeding ixed

broadband subscriptions by a

ratio o 3:1 (up rom 2:1 just two

years ago). By the end o 2013,

ITU predicts there will be 2.1 billion

mobile broadband subscriptions,

equivalent to one third o the totalglobal stock o mobile cellular

subscriptions (up rom one ith

in 2011 Table 1 & Figure 2).

The implications are ar-reaching.

Mobile phone users will no longer

be physically constrained by

location. Instead o having to

physically attend work, banks, post

oices or clinics, mobile phones

now act as a gateway to money

and communication services, as

well as the online world o content,

12

The PromiSe

of moBile


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13

Chapter

2

bringing services, books, education

and work to mobile phone users,wherever they are. The Internetand mobile were widely creditedwith the death o distance6 inuture, mobile broadband may becredited with the death o location,as our societies become as mobileas our devices and users.

Nevertheless, our uture isundoubtedly based on broadband.Although some end-users maybelieve broadband is aboutdownloading bigger iles morerapidly, broadband actually

represents so much more7.

Broadband is introducing newways o doing things across ourpersonal and proessional lives,in the many and varied wayswe communicate integratinginormation inrastructure into theworld around us through seamless,always-on connectivity delivering arange o services simultaneously.Governments, health managers,businesses, consumers andteachers are all getting to grips withthe positive and transormationalimpact o broadband or improvingeconomic and social welare.

Source: Ericsson Mobility Report,

June 2013.

0

2009

Fixed broadband Mobile broadband Mobile subscriptions

Mobile PCs, tablets and mobile routers

Subscriptions/lines(millio

ns)

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

iue2:MobieBoabanBiesthega:ieBoabanan

MobieSubscitions,2009-2018


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14

This stellar growth in mobile

is helping bridge the basic

digital divide in access to ICT

services (Figure 2). However, the

World Economic Forum (2013)

notes a lack o progress inbridging the new digital divide,

extending basic ICT access to

the networked readiness o the

whole ICT ecosystem8. Indeed, the

number o unique mobile users

is estimated to be considerably

lower than the total number o

mobile subscriptions or various

reasons or example, mobile

phone subscriptions may be shared

between two or more users in

low-income communities (Table 1).

Morgan Stanley (2012) estimates

that the number o unique

smartphone users is around 1.5

billion in 20139, with smartphone

subscriptions estimated to exceed

4 billion by 2018 (Ericsson,

201310). The industry is now

shipping 700 million smartphones

a year11, with around 40% o

all handsets shipped in 2012

being smartphones12. Looking

to the uture, mobile broadband

is projected to reach 7 billion

subscriptions in 201813. Long-Term Evolut ion (LTE) Advanced

alone may account or 500

million subscriptions by 201814,

while Pyramid (2013) projects

that, globally, 4G subscriptions

are expected to grow tenold

over ive years, rom 88 million

in 2012 to 864 million in 201715.

In 2012, sales o smartphones

outstripped the sales o all other

phones or the irst time in some

countries (e.g. Argentina and

Chile Pyramid Research, 201316).

Inorma (2013) predicts that basic

entry-level and super-smartphones

will continue growing steadily in

popularity, while middle core

smartphones are expected to

peak in popularity around 2014,

and subsequently be squeezed17.

Tota

en2013

Boaban

Tota,en2013

%gobaTota

hih-see,

en2013

Intenetuses 2.749 billion -/- -/-

ieIntenet

subscitions-/- 696 million (2013) -/-

Mobie

subscitions6.835 billion 2.096 billion 30.7%***

Uniquemobie

uses*3.3* - 5 billion** 1.5 billion** 30%

Hanset

shiments

1.736 billion

(2012)****

712.6 million

smartphones

(2012)****

41.1%18 (2012)

44.5%19 (2012)

Sources: ITU.

Smartphone shipments

from IDC 2013

* GSMA

** Morgan Stanley estimates quoted

in Internet Trends 20139.

*** Mobile-broadband

subscriptions are not strictly asub-category of mobile-cellular

subscriptions, as they include USB/

dongles (which are excluded from

mobile-cellular).

**** The difference between

stock of handset shipments and

smartphones is attributable

to feature phones.

Tabe1:SummaStatisticsoHih-SeeConnectivit,2013

(unessotheiseinicate)


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Chapter

15

Chapter

2

Even more signiicantly, by the end

o 2013, the number o broadband

subscriptions in the developing

world will exceed the number

o broadband subscriptions in

the developed world or the irsttime, in both ixed and mobile,

respectively. Much o this resh

growth is located in emerging

markets Budde Communications

(2013) notes that Arica is the

region with the largest remaining

growth potential in the world,

and estimates that the market

in telecom services will grow by

1.5 billion people, almost hal the

remaining market worldwide,

by 205020.

Such strong global growth in

mobile broadband is also evident

in national markets. In China,

75% o all Internet users now

access the Internet via a mobile

device, exceeding the proportion

o users accessing the Internet

via a ixed connection (at 71%)

or the irst time in 201221.

Even i the uture is mobile, ixedbroadband will still play a vital role.

For operators, ixed networks and

backhaul networks are helping

accommodate growth in mobile

traic (Featured Insight 23), with

a third o all mobile data traic

oloaded to ixed networks in

2012, accord ing to Cisco (2012)22.

For consumers, ixed broadband

subscriptions worldwide have

been growing more slowly, but

steadily, and will reach 696 million

by end 201323, corresponding to a

global penetration rate o 9.8%24,

with over one hundred millionsubscriptions added over the last

two years, and three times the

total number o subscriptions in

2005 (220 million). Much o this

growth is located in developing

countries, which now account or

over hal o all i xed broadband

subscriptions. However, overall,

ixed broadband penetration rates

remain low, at 6.1% in deve loping

countries, compared with 27.2%

in developed countries in 201325.

These globa l stat ist ics do not do

justice to the ar-reaching change

brought about by the smartphone.

Combining the unctions o

navigation, address book, wallet,

camera, pe rsonal organizer,

notepad, email and social

conversation, broadband-enabled

devices are already indispensable

to modern liestyles, especially

in industrialized countries. Now,however, mobile Internet promises

to be a signiicant game-changer

in countries around the world,

driving ar-reaching social and

economic transormations through

new services and changes in

consumer habits in developing

and developed countries alike

(Featured Insights 1 and 2).


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16

Featured InsIght 1:

MobIle Internet as a

gaMe-changer

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Sunil Bharti Mittal, Chairman, Bharti Airtel

Ltd.


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17

Chapter

Chapter

2

There is growing diversi tyin devices in terms o bothdimensions and unctionality, withlaptops shrinking in dimensionsand with the tablet orm actor

becoming popular. There ismost likely an important roleor the various devices (such assmartphones, tablets, netbooks,PCs, ixed devices), withconsumers choosing the mostappropriate device accordingto their needs and mobility. Inact, the strongest growth inconnected devices may not evenbe visible, as we are now movingtowards a pervasive Internet oThings, with specialized devices

vanishing, as they becomeembedded across dierentsectors (Figure 3). McKinsey(2013) estimates the economic

impact o the Internet o Things

as US$ 2.7-6.2 tril lion by 202530,

signiicantly less than that o the

mobile Internet (Featured Insight 1).

According to industry orecasts,

the number o networked devices

(mobile plus connected objects)

overtook the global population in

2011 and will potentially reach 50

billion connected objects by 2020

(Ericsson, 201031) (see F igure 3,

top). Although mobile phones and

PCs will clearly remain large and

important market segments (Figure

3, bottom), there will be growing

connectivity across other sectors

in m-health, connected homes andautomobiles, transportation and

logistics, as our whole environment

becomes as smart as our phones.

pojecteEstimateso

NumbeoConnecte

devices,2010-2020

Source: ITU, based on various.

Numberofconnected

devices(billions)

Numberofconnecteddevices(billions)

2010

Cisco EricssonIntelGSMA Google

0

10

20

30

40

50

2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Upper limit

Others Smart cities mHealthRetail & advertising

Government, aerospace & deense Automative & transportHome & PCs

Mobile devices

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 20200

5

10

15

20

25

3035 InstaeBaseowieess

Connectedevicesb

VeticaMaet,wo

Maetoecast,

2012-2020

Source: ABI Research, Business

Insider,15 May 2013.

iue3:TheIntenetoThinsInvisibe,butConnecte

* ITU

*


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18

Featured InsIght 2:

InventIng connectIvIty,

IMprovIng the lIves

oF bIllIons

nw s t pct b

bb ptt t t p w. W

c pt w

wss ccts supss

ccts, b 2016,

80% bb s pct t

b b. f pp, t

st ccss t t itt

w b b c. Suc

cctt, cb wt w-

cst but c cs, ps

upct pptuts

t pw us css

sct. Wt 3g cs, cts t t cc

ptts u s; s

ccss wt t

ss pcs t cs t

c p t st

; w tpus

t tss ut pt b

ss t cc bts

wss t stt bussss

ccss bk scs;

c w c ccss

uct ctt ut t

css, 24 us .

W w s tus

bts k s suc s

uct, tc cc,

s t b . f p,

w t p w

st t u btt

b tc. W

cuts su ccss

p ck ccss

t sks, uct, tc,

twks cpt. a w

t p w s 21% ssk t w b p t

cutpt, w w

Sut-est as s 37% ss k

t w p (gSma/C B

fut W, 2010). Cs

t p wu b t

bts wss t t

300 w, k t wt

t ts, ts pptuts

t u ptcpt t c

uck t ptt.

T cp s t st

tcc pt st,

ts ptt t sct p

pps s s just stt t b

. W t b

t ups ts sb

tc ts u w

spctu t ptct

ts. Wtut su spctu

pc ut t

tt suppts cus t

ts t tw,

t ps b ct b

u . at Quc, w

kw wss s c s, w k w t wk

wt ts u t b

t b t bts b

bb t .

Dr. Paul Jacobs, CEO, Qualcomm.

2.2 ThegoindemanoSectumThe explos ive growth o mobile

and wireless, in both the number oconnections and the sophistication

o devices or accessing advanced

data-heavy applications and

services, is leading to strong and

continuing growth in mobile data

traic. Cisco (2012) estimated

that global mobile data traic

grew 70% in 2012, reaching 885

petabytes per month at the end

o 2012. Mobile data traic will

increase 13-old between 2012

and 2017, growing at a compound

annual growth rate (CAGR) o 66%rom 2012 to 2017, reaching 11.2

exabytes per month by 201732.

This strong growth in mobile

data traic is generating growing

demand or mobile bandwidth

and spectrum resources, which

are in inite and ixed supply,

necessitating an increase in

spectrum eiciency by up to a

actor o ten to accommodate


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Chapter

19

Chapter

2

the present growth in demand33.

ITU is conducting technical studies

to see how this step-increase in

spectral eiciency can best be

achieved. The extent o growth

in demand or spectrum variesbetween dierent regions34.

For the international allocation o

spectrum, ITU organizes the World

Radiocommunication Conerence

(WRC)35, held every three to our

years. At the WRC, ITU Member

States debate, review and, i

necessary, revise by consensus the

Radio Regulations, the international

treaty governing the use o radio-

requency spectrum and thegeostationary satellite and non-

geostationary satellite orbits, on the

basis o technical and regulatory

studies and expert advice.

ITU is the guardian o this

international treaty, which

represents the international

agreement or the allocation

and harmonization o spectrum

to ensure the smooth operation

o wireless, mobile and

radiocommunication devices, ree

rom harmul intererence. This

treaty also signiies a commitment

on the part o ITU Member State

Governments and regulators that

spectrum will be used or the

purposes and under the conditions

stated, to ensure security o

tenure. Harmonization o spectrum

enables economies o scale in the

use o spectrum. The allocation ospectrum or mobile services will be

considered in Agenda Items 1.136

and 1.237 o WRC-15, to be he ld in

Geneva on 2-27 November 2015.

Although l icensed spectrum has

underpinned the growth o the

mobile industry to date and most

global connections or mobile

broadband still operate through

licensed spectrum (Featured Insight 3),important new developments

are now happening directly inmobile and spectrum, to thebeneit o development projects

(Featured Insights 8 and 9). Onekey development is the use oand growth in WiFi oload to

ixed networks to accommodategrowth in mobile data traic.Dierent deinitions o oloading

exist. Cisco (2012) estimates thata third o traic to mobile devicesis oloaded38, while the OECD(2013) cites studies suggestingthat up to 80% o traic to all

wireless devices (mobile + WiFionly devices) may be oloaded39.

Furthermore, innovation in theuse o unlicensed and unused

spectrum (or so-called whitespaces40) i s now in early trials Featured Insight 8 describes a pilot

being undertaken by the KenyanGovernment in partnership withMicrosot and other partners.

Dynamic Spectrum Access(DSA) is based on access tospectrum not in use in real-time,

usually via intelligent cognitiveradio, or using a database (anapproach being trialed in some

municipalities in the U.S. andelsewhere, including the UK41).

In one example, the FCC isconducting a rulemaking that

would utilize an incentiveauction to oer broadcasters theopportunity to sell their licenses

to clear broadcast spectrum andrepurpose it or mobile broadband

use. Featured Insight 4 examineshow the U.S. is responding tothe growing need or spectrum.

In any (and every) country,spectrum is a vital part o a

coordinated broadband policy oruniversalizing broadband, anddeserves careul consideration

at the national and internationallevels, in addition to other aspectso broadband policy (Chapter 7).


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20

Featured InsIght 3:

towards unIversal

broadband the case

For exclusIve lIcensIng

For MobIle spectruM

T cs us spctu, cus bss, s t-tst

ppc su tt spctu

uss cu b pts

c qut

sc t csus wtuttc. as b tcs

pt, ccss

t spctu s ts,

t csb bt

cc w ppcs

t spctu t, cuppss t us Tv wt

spcs t spctu-s

ts. W tsts b c

utu, pusut ts pts

t sks ct ttt t s suct, cs

spctu b bb.

ecus cs s

tt wks, t ups t

ub bts b

tc. Tu b, w

scts b ts,

putt cctt t t s c wks s,

sspp scc s puctt cs t

t . gb, t b

ust suppts 7 b

b ccts, pst 3.3 b pp, s

csus us utp cs /

utp Sim cs. Ts ubs

w p, ptcu s

b ptt pcs ctcs up wt

p kts. mb

ccts as, p,

cs t 49% , w ac

s pc 80% --wt b (gSma itc,2013).

B 2017, u 4.25 b 8.5 b b ccts w

b 3g 4g (gSma). T t ts

tu p t pct

bb ccss w,

t b ust qus ccss

t suct spctu bs ut wk

tt cts t ctt t

ttct ut stt twks.

Spctu css p ts ctt.

i b, bb sc s t

sp but pp ccss t

sc s sc twks

b bb s but b

b suts tt c ct scts. i tc, b

suts cct cts ptts tu wss cs

(suc s t ts), b

pp t t , s-suct, . autt

ppcts b t s

s tu utt c

c scs. St ts

s sct cc cu

ptt s s ts cb sss. mb bb

s ut w w

t ccts tt.

Dr. Anne Bouverot, Director General, GSMA.

Featured InsIght 4:

FeedIng the growIng

need For spectruM In

the unIted states

i 2009, t P t b

tuc. Tbts -s

b pt st t

cucts cputc st, wt -t

acs w us , bst

spctu. U.S. bt tc w b 300% 2012,

b tc s pjct t

w t 16- b 2016.i 2010, t U.S. nt Bb

P st ss tts

up cs ucs spctu

bb, w s

(.., t us ct ucts

t cu t pups bcst spctu). T fCCs

ict auct s tcpt

2014. mw, t fCC s k

t w ws t us t ws

bb.

i 2012, t fCC pss

s j pc tc

ts, suc s s cs,spctu-s b us.

S cs k ts

b ngn, p t

c us s

t cpct w ctwks bu,

p t us pc

csus bussss. i

utu, s s cs

w b p, cpct


21/104

Chapter

21

Chapter

2

ss cs t

. T fCC s put w

cps spctu-s

pps tt sts ut t-t spctu ccss

s btw t

cc uss. T t ts sc icubt accss,

Pt accss, g

aut accss. T gaut accss t w pt

t uss s-c

tc b t pubc.

T qut-ssu Pt accss

t w b b p-cbss t ptt cts (suc

s spts, utts, t

cts), pubc st tts

ppcts suc s pt

bb twks. appct

ts t-t ccss wu

b ct b -

ct b c spctu

ccss (dSa) sst, bu

tbs tc us TvWt Spcs.

T fCC s k tt ut bs t

b bb us ct

spctu bs (.., 2 gh B), pt sc, tcc,

cs us tt cu

t stt b

bb, p ctt

stb ut

wc bb pt cp ccu. Pusut t ts nt

Bb P, t U.S. ps t

up 500 mh spctu b 2020.

Source: FCC.

2.3 BoabananInnovationAs techno logy enters the liveso many more people or theirst time, innovation and therate o technological change areaccelerating. Today, internally-ocused, proprietary approaches toResearch and Development (R&D)are competing with more open,networked methods o innovation,as useul knowledge becomesmore dispersed (both within andoutside irms), while the speedo doing business has increased.In models o open innovation,partners, customers, researchersand even competitors ind newways to collaborate, with irmsusing external, as well as internal,ideas and paths to market to

advance technology (or example,the use o social media to acceptsuggestions rom customers mostamously, Legos crowdsourcedsite or suggestions42). To capital izeon resh opportunities, innovatorsmust ind ways to integratetheir ideas, expertise and skillswith those o others outside theorganization to deliver the bestresults to the marketplace43.

Collaborative approaches toinnovation also oer new waysto create value, especially in

ast-changing industries. Onthe one hand, broadband isitsel accelerating innovation,by acilitating the exchange oideas in the broad ecosystemor innovation (Featured Insight5). On the other hand, thereis growing innovation withinbroadband itsel in technologies,devices, throughput speeds,business models and spectrum.

Policy-makers need to suppor tinnovation, entrepreneurshipand talent, through educationalmeasures, iscal incentives andindustrial policy. Public-PrivatePartnerships (PPPs) can alsotranser skills, capabilities and

technologies: by creating localICT ecosystems with technologyhubs and innovation incubators;by supporting long-term innovationcapacity through the enhancemento skills and knowledge; byempowering citizens throughaccess to inormation and apps;or by opening up new inancingor start-up businesses. FeaturedInsight 5 explores how broadbandis acting as an accelerator, drivingchange across all our majorpillars o innovation people, ideas,inance, as well as markets.


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22

Featured InsIght 5:

broadband drIvIng

InnovatIon

Succssu t s bs

cp c-sst wc

stts r&d tk pcst bcku ct

stuctu, tt, sc-

cc t w

ctt sk s put.

W suc c-sst s ck,

stts r&d t t

t u tus. i, t -

c tp sks bc

t k tp:

cs tt

spctcu pss

t ks t st

w s p ub tt t t pss,

spt ctu cct

stts r&d (C

Ust, inSead & WiPo, 201344).

ecssts t t

pp t. ect c,

uct, ut

wks , wc

tpc tk t t

t bu. it s u-ctt

st, pp, s,

c, kt. yt, st

t ps ccts wc

p bc t t.

Bb s suc cct,

p c css t

u ps t (s fu

bw).

Bb pt c

cct t b pt

c-busss cs,

sp css bs,

tcs c cs. f

pp, ubqutus bb

w bt st st t

uct sct, b ctbut

t t tct, stut

bss tt. Cb wt

cu cput, bb cu

t t-s--sc

s css cs

tpsc, cw-suc t cbt. Bb

s ps c b w

ts t c tu

cptsts t s

s. Bb bs s

us t b

wb psc c csus

ww tu scu pts,

tct tu sp-wws,

c tt ts.

Dr. Bruno Lanvin, Executive Director ECI,

INSEAD.

Eucation/

Taent

knoee

manaement/Ieas

Netoin/Businessaiances

Outeach/gobaesence

peoe

inance

Ieas

Maet

Boiue:TheoupiasoInnovation


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Chapter

23

Chapter

2

Ultimately, despite acceleratinginnovation and technological

advances, mobile technologies are

still predominantly used and ownedby people. As noted above, people

are the users and innovators onew technologies and applications.

There is a r isk , however, that

peoples mindsets may notalways develop in pace with the

technological developments.

Today, there are growing concernsabout consumer data protection

and reedom o expression online.In a mobile and hyperconnected

world, there is much that is known

and knowable about Internetusers, in both communities/

groups and as individuals, and

consumers need to be increasinglyaware o this dawning reality,

as explained in Chapter 6.

Consumers are just beginning to

realize the predictive power andpotential o new media including

the opportunities o tailoredadvertisements on the basis o

cookie inormation and location-

based mobile advertising, or the

possibility to track down andreunite with old school-riends

rom decades back through

social networks. Consumers,

Governments, policy-makersand industry all need to assess

the implications. It is not entirely

clear whether consumers willully control the technology, or

what inluence the technologymay have over consumers.

However, our broadband uture

is undoubtedly a uture worth

ighting or, and privacy and theprotection o users (and their data)

should orm the core values o an

interconnected uture to maximizethe beneits o broadband

to consumers and c itizens.

Privacy and user protection areundamental and core values,

which concern not only high-income countries at the oreront

o the broadband revolution; these

values need to be integrated intothe design o broadband policy

or all countries, regardless otheir level o development. The

next Chapter examines the

evolving relationship betweenbroadband and development, and

the important uses o broadbandor achieving the MDGs.


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24

ENDNOTES

1. ITU (2013), available at: http://www.itu.int/net/pressoice/press_releases/2013/05.aspx

2. ITU (2013), ICT Facts and Figures.

3. ITU (2013) - http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/deault.aspxand Pyramid Perspective 2013: Top Trends in the Global CommunicationsIndustry, avai lable rom: http://www.pyramidresearch.com/2013-Top-

Trends.htm?sc=GL011513_TRENDS. Arica and the Middle-East was thesecond geographical area to exceed one billion mobile subscribers, aterAsia-Paciic.

4. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/ITU_Key_2005-2013_ICT_data.xls

5. ITU (2013): http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/ITU_Key_2005-2013_ICT_data.xls Inonetics oers lowerestimates or mobile broadband and a later date o 2010 or this transition,potentially because they may exclude data-only subscriptions see: http://www.inonetics.com/pr/2011/Fixed-and-Mobile-Subscribers-Market-Highlights.asp

6. Frances Cairncross, The Death o Distance: How the CommunicationsRevolution is Changing our Lives (1997).

7. A 2010 Leadership Imperative: The Future Built on Broadband, availableat: http://www.broadbandcommission.org/Reports/Report_1.pd

8. World Economic Forum (2013), The Global Inormation Technology Report(GITR) 2013.

9. Internet Trends 2013, presentation by Mary Meeker/Liang Wu, InternetTrends D11 Conerence, 29/5/2013.

10. Ericsson Mobility Report 2013.

11. Global Smartphone Shipments Reach a Record 700 Million Units in2012, Strategy Analytics, 24 January 2013, available at: http://blogs.strategyanalytics.com/WSS/post/2013/01/25/Global-Smartphone-

Shipments-Reach-a-Record-700-Million-Units-in-2012.aspx

12. Internet Trends 2013, presentation by Mary Meeker, Web 2.0 Summit,18/10/2011, available rom: http://www.slideshare.net/marketingacts/internet-trends-2011-by-mary-meeker

13. Ericsson Mobility Report, 2013.

14. LTE-Advanced Subscriptions to Reach 500 Million by the End o 2018,ABI Research, 21 June 2013, avai lable at: http://www.abiresearch.com/press/lte-advanced-subscriptions-to-reach-500-million-by

15. Pyramid Researchs quarterly mobile data orecast, February 2013.

16. Pyramid Points: Argentina and Chile Become Smart(phone) markets,January 2013, available at: http://www.pyramidresearch.com/points/

item/130115.htm17. Inorma (2013): Global, Basic, Feature & Smartphone Handset Sales

Volumes, 2011-2017 projections, mobile database update 2013.

18. Strong Demand or Smartphones and Heated Vendor CompetitionCharacterize the Worldwide Mobile Phone Market at the End o 2012,IDC Says, IDC Press Release, 24 January 2103, at: http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23916413#.US6A9zd4Dla

19. Global Smartphone Shipments Reach a Record 700 Million Units in2012, Strategy Analytics, 24 January 2013, available at: http://blogs.strategyanalytics.com/WSS/post/2013/01/25/Global-Smartphone-Shipments-Reach-a-Record-700-Million-Units-in-2012.aspx

20. Telecoms and broadband are uelling Aricas economic boom, PaulBudde Communications Pty Ltd, 2013.


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Chapter

25

21. Chinese Internet Center, CNNIC, January 2013.

22. Cisco Visual Networking Index (2012), : Global Mobile Data TraicForecast Update, 20122017, available at: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html

23. ICT Facts and Figures, ITU, Geneva, 2013.

24. ICT Facts and Figures, ITU, Geneva, 2013.

25. ICT Facts and Figures, ITU, Geneva, 2013.26. ITU ICT Facts and Figures 2013, available rom http://www.itu.int/en/

ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/acts/ICTFactsFigures2013.pd.

27. ITU ICT Facts and Figures 2013, available rom http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/acts/ICTFactsFigures2013.pd.

28. McKinsey, Disruptive Technologies, May 2013.

29. De loitte, Technology, Media & Telecommunications (TMT) Predictions2013.

30. McKinsey, Disruptive Technologies, May 2013.

31. Ericsson (TELECOM World 2011 & Ericsson CEO predicts 50 BnConnected Devices by 2020, Tech News, 2010, at: http://gigaom.

com/2010/04/14/ericsson-sees-the-internet-o-things-by-2020/).32. Cisco Visual Networking Index: Globa l Mobile Data Traic Forecast

Update, 20122017, available at : http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html

33. Remarks by Mr. Franois Rancy, Director o ITUs RadiocommunicationBureau, at the Global Symposium or Regulators (GSR) 2013.

34. Remarks accompanying the presentation by Mr. Cristian Gomez(ITU-BR), Global Symposium or Regulators (GSR) 2013, presentationavailable at: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Conerences/GSR/Documents/presentation_Session_1_Gomez_TVWS.pd

35. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/conerences/wrc/2015/Pages/deault.aspx

36. Agenda Item 1.1. reads to consider additional spectrum allocationsto the mobile service on a primary basis and identiication o additionalrequency bands or International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) andrelated regulatory provisions, to acilitate the development o terrestrialmobile broadband Applications, in accordance with Resolution 233(WRC-12) available at: http://www.itu.int/oth/R1201000001/en

37. Agenda Item 1.2 reads to examine the results o ITU-R studies,in accordance with Resolution 232 (WRC-12), on the use o therequency band 694-790 MHz by the mobile, except aeronauticalmobile, service in Region 1 and take the appropriate measures,available at : http://www.itu.int/oth/R1201000001/en

38. Mobile VNI orecast, Figure 8, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html

39. Page 15, OECD Communications Outlook, 2013.

40. See the GSR (2013) Discussion Paper, White Spaces: ManagingSpaces or Better Managing Ineiciencies?, by Cristian Gomez,available at: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Conerences/GSR/Documents/GSR_paper_WhiteSpaces_Gomez.pd

41. http://media.ocom.org.uk/2013/04/26/ocom-invites-industry-to-pilot-%E2%80%98white-space%E2%80%99-devices/

42. http://lego.cuusoo.com/guidelines and http://lego.cuusoo.com/

43. Chesbrough, Henry (2003) The Era o Open Innovation. MIT SloanManagement Review; Vol. 44 Issue 3, 35-41

44. Global Innovation Index Report 2013, Cornell University, INSEAD &WIPO, Geneva, 2013.

Chapter

2


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In the year 2000, when the MDGswere established1, broadbandwas in its inancy, and littletangible evidence existed withregard to how broadband wouldimpact social and economicdevelopment. Today, ICTs havegrown considerably, more andmore people are connected, andbroadband is improving peopleslives, expanding their choices,and accelerating progresstowards achieving the MDGs.

As pr ices drop, the mobilerevolution means that more peopleare now connected people inthe poorest parts o the worldare gaining access to knowledgeand beginning to participate inthe global economy, to learnrom others, and to solve theirown problems2. This Chapterexplains WHY broadband shouldbecome universal, and whyconnecting more people withbroadband (and potentially, richerand improved education andhealthcare services) beneits theeconomy, as well as society.

Broadband is helping deliver a widerange o services, rom servicesdirectly related to the MDGs(Table 2), to services in support obroader citizen participation (suchas e-government), or servicesleveraged across dierent sectors

to bring more people into the

ormal economy, or earn moneyrom dierent sources/abroad (suchas m-money and m-commerce).Broadband services andsmartphones link health workersto the national health systemand allow or real-time diseasesurveillance, child and maternalhealth monitoring, and supplychain management, resulting inthe delivery o quality healthcareto underserved rural communities.Going orward, the challenge is to

ind sustainable business modelsto leverage broadband in a waythat helps accelerate developmentwhere it is most needed.

The previous Chapter notedthat mobile solutions are keyor extending broadband, withmobile broadband subscriptionsalready exceeding ixed broadbandsubscriptions in most developingcountries. In addition to GDPgrowth, mobile broadband servicesprovide signiicant social anddevelopment opportunities.Featured Insight 6 underlines howmobile broadband can improvepeoples lives, through applicationsin education, health and ruraldevelopment. Featured Insight 7describes recent research intothe socio-economic impact oupgrades to broadband speed orindividuals and their households,as well as at the level o

the national economy.

26

BroadBand for

aChieving The mdgS


27/104

27

Chapter

3

Featured InsIght 6:

socIo-econoMIc

beneFIts oF MobIle and

broadband servIces

mb scs t sct

cc sc bts, bt

p p cuts,

t ct b stt stuctu pt, tu

t us t stuctu t stt

w busss ctts, p

cc puctt. itt

stuctu ctbuts tws

cc pt b cttccss t t, iT tc,

ws, cut ts ks t

t kts.

T us t spctu

b bb w bst

ccssbt sp. Ts

bs ttct ppt

cctstcs ptbc btw tsss

cpct c, t

t t p

cct u s. i p

ts, b bb c

cct t pputs stt t, uct,

s, c cus

ccss t t scs

pputs:

euct awss s w t pssbts b-. T cst stps, t t wpc tbts, cu-cput t s op euctrsucs (oers) c csccss t uct uss.

ht ht ppctsb b bbc uc csts (.., tuccss t t cs); wpscs t p c t

t t ss; suppt pttc3. gSma/PWC (2013) stttt b t cu sp cuts US$400 b 2017 s s s Sub-Sac.

Sme wt, tpusp jb wt mb bbc p up bkts t c tpus.Smes c t u,w csts, puctt,

jbs. Smes wc sp t 30% t but wb tcs w tu ts s st s Smessp ss t 10%(mcK, 20124).


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28

acutu v & acctu(2011) t tt bs bstu b p ccss tc scs/cutut b ptsupp c ccs.

fc icus mbtcs w t ccssbk scs wc b tt ubt pts t pput.it s stt tt 2.5 bus ubkww. mb cscs pst pptut ts t cc cus t p.

gt Scs lc t ts c kp

cts up-t-t wt w ts t tct ccss t scs (..

css t).

Source: Alcatel Lucent.

Featured InsIght 7: the

socIo-econoMIc eFFects oF

broadband speed upgrades

itst t cc pct

iCT s cs s ts

sk w pts t wt. ecss

t tt jt sc

pjct wt atu d. ltt

Cs Ust Tc

t qut t cc pct

bb sp ups, t bt

t cut us s,

us cps sctc

t bs pc t

bt oeCd BriC cuts.

o cut , t

ws tt ub t bb

sp c c cs

gdP wt b 0.3%

oeCd cs. Ts stu

c tt bb sp s

ptt ct t spu ccwt t c.

fs t us

sw tt, t ct

t cts uc c

(.. , s/, uct,

us s, sks tp

ccupt):

T cs usc bb spup 4 - 8 mbps s US$120p t oeCd cuts.

BriC uss bt st bup 0.5 t 4 mbps, tUS$46 p t.

f uss oeCd cuts,t s ts bb

ccss sp t cs s,

sw btw 0.5 mbps 2 mbps . T tst

pct cs c s

t tst b wtut

bb t 4 mbps, t

c b u US$2,100

p us p (qut

t US$182 p t). f BriCcut uss, t ts

ss t b 0.5 mbps. au

US$800 t u us

c s pct t b b

tuc 0.5 mbps bb

cct BriC cut

uss, qut t US$70/t p us.

Tus, bt ts

uss su kp up

stts t ctu t

bts st cptt

b c tb kt. Ts stu suppts

tt bb sp ups

pptut cc

pt, uss, ccss

ps uts.

Source: The Socio-economic Effects ofBroadband Speed Upgrades (2013),

Ericsson.


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Chapter

29

Al though access networks may

be mobile, backhaul networks

may be based on wireless, ibre,

WiFi or satellite, or a combination

o other technologies to provide

services lower income communitiesin remote areas. OECD (2013)

notes that ixed networks have,

in eect, become the backhaul

or mobile and wireless devices,

with some studies claiming that

80% o data used on mobile

devices is received via Wi-Fi

connections to ixed networks5.

Today, low-speed connectivi ty

and Short Message Service

(SMS) systems are improvingdevelopment work, but even

more could be achieved with

broadband connectivity, partly

due to higher throughput and

new services, but also due to

improvements in existing education

and health systems. Broadband

connectivity is not a panacea,

but when integrated with existing

systems, it can acilitate new

services and deliver eective

results or achieving the MDGs.

Broadband solutions tailored to

address the MDGs need to be

relevant and appropriate or users

in any given setting. Davis (2013)

notes that it is easy to be seduced

by high-tech solutions, but calls

or enthusiasm to be anchored in

reality6 technologies are used

by people, and hence embedded

in a psychological and social

setting at any point in time.

Davis (2013) calls or development

solutions to invest in local

innovation. Although poor and

marginalized people may not have

attended school, they can still be

experts in innovating local solutionsto their own, local problems. For

any situation in which technology

is used, the human dimensions

also need to be taken into

consideration, and technological

solutions should remain sensitive to

the uncertainty o new innovations,

(such as replacing tangible

microinance paper passbooks

with digital money). In some cases,

low-tech piecemeal solutions may

go urther and may be moreeasily scaled-up than high-tech

solutions by R&D-centric outsiders.

Ultimately, however, representing

technology as an either - or

choice between broadband or

lower tech, low-speed solutions

is a alse d istinction oten, the

combination o broadband and

other technologies can yield

the best results. Broadband

connectivity in the backhaulnetwork can underpin lower tech

solutions in access networks.

Table 2 out lines some o the

ways in which broadband is

underpinning progress towards

achieving the MDGs. Featured

Insights 8 and 9 describe how rural

communities can be connected to

beneit rom broadband, through

innovative uses o spectrum,

including the use o TV white

spaces and long-distance WiFi.

Chapter

3


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30

Tabe2:BoabanICTsantheMienniumdeveomentgoas(Mdgs)

End Poverty

& Hunger

Growing evidence suggests that broadband can boost GDP, jobs and incomes, helping

to combat poverty and hunger. In the Dominican Republic, a 10% increase in broadband

penetration could reduce unemployment by 2.9%7. In Indonesia, mobile broadband could

boost GDP by 2.9% or US$22.6 bn8. In India, broadband has already generated nearly

9 million direct and indirect jobs9, while a 1% increase in broadband penetration could

add US$2.7 bn or 0.11% to Indian GDP in 201510. In South Arica, wireless broadband

and related indust ries may generate US$7.2bn and a ur ther 28,000 jobs by 201511.

Universal

Education

Governments and NGOs are providing schools with PCs and connectivity to oster primary

education. In Turkey, the FATIH project will equip 42,000 schools, 17 million students and

1 million teachers with computers12. In Nigeria, the USF has teamed up with Intel to deploy

computers in over 1,000 schools since 2008, helping improve exam results13. In Argentina, San

Luis Province established an All Kids Online Initiative to deliver a PC and educational sotware

to every child o 6-1214. In Uruguay, there is a policy o one computer per child in primary and

secondary education. In Singapore, Inocomm@All Schools15 promotes ICT usage by deploying

teaching, learning and assessment systems, with 17 apps deployed in 95% o schools.

Gender Equality

Closing the mobile gender gap and bringing 600 million more women online could

increase global GDP by US$13-18 billion16. Connect To Learn (CTL) has equipped

10,000 students (especially girls) in schools in Brazil, Chile, China, Djibouti, Ghana,

India, Malawi, Kenya, Senegal, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda17. In theDemocratic Republic o Congo, IFDAP has trained women on Internet research

so they can learn about diseases aecting their crops, improving yields.

Child Health

Mobile applications are also assisting parents in adding and monitoring inormation

such as immunizations, height, weight, and other development milestones. Aggregated

data collected through public health applications are allowing health proessionals to

access child health and wellbeing, compare indicators across localities and regions,

and make better-inormed public policy decisions. Online communities o parents and/

or pediatricians19 acilitate exchange between experts and parents and contribute to

the attainment o physical, mental and social well-being or inants. The One Million

Community Health Workers Campaign (1mCHW) is making strides in accelerating

CHW programmes in sub-Saharan Arica to meet the health-related MDGs.

Maternal health

Ultrasound tests through telemedicine can play a key role in the monitoring 20 o

maternal health via text21, voice messaging and mobile apps22. Online platorms23

are also serving as an inormation and communication hub or health acilities

and supporting conversations between community health workers, midwives,

clinicians, and expectant mothers. The Mobile Midwives project allows healthcare

workers to monitor records o expectant mothers in Ghana via mobiles24.

HIV/AIDS

For healthcare workers, web-based applications are hubs or HIV inormation and capacity

building25. Computer-based surveys are changing the scope o HIV research and prevention26.

Broadband allows collaborative research o scientists around the world by integrating

data27 much aster than previously, where repositories were isolated. Patients can share

stories and experiences28, support each other29, reach counselors30, manage their personal

health records and receive reminders or appointments/medication via mobile31.

Environment

Smart use o ICTs can reduce GHG emissions by up to 25% (Broadband Bridge

report32). Mobi le techno logy alone cou ld lower GHGs by 2% by 202033. E-commercecould lower energy consumption and GHG emissions by 30% over traditional retail34.

Teleconerencing and telecommuting could replace ai r and land travel via video/

audio conerences. ICTs could potentially save up to 7.8 Gigatons o carbon dioxide

emissions by 2020 (GESI, 201235). Sh i ting newspapers online cou ld potent ial ly

save 57.4 million tons o CO2 emissions over the nex t decade (ACI, 2007).

Partnership

The benei ts o new technologies, espec ial ly ICTs, should be made available by Governments

in cooperation with the private sector36. ICTs are acilitating and enabling new global

partnerships, including crowd-sourcing, collaborative authoring, teleconerencing and

teleworking37. The UN Secretary-Generals Panel o High-Level Eminent Persons recently

renewed calls or global partnerships as part o the post-2015 development agenda.


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Chapter

31

Chapter

3

Featured InsIght 8:

InnovatIon In spectruM

helpIng proMote

developMent

e p cs,

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pt w-cst,

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cs. Stuts t gkw Sc

w cput b, tc

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Source: Microsoft.

Featured InsIght 9:

delIverIng the beneFItsoF broadband to the

unconnected

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32/104

32

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twk 100 iCT cts

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Pc t 1+ mbps tps-

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ngos) Csc t b btt, b itt t-

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s t dbnt,

t os cs sc

wt is -stc Wf

t cct cs w

t t p bwt-ts

ppcts (suc s -s,

cc voiP).

Source: Cisco.

A holist ic approach shou ld be

adopted to ace the di erent

challenges o the telecom sector,

taking into account inrastructure

deployment and also the easibility

o acquiring devices such as tablets

and smartphones, and ensuring

that those accessing the networks

have the right skills to access

content that adds value. A good

example o this approach is theree Digital Libraries programme

launched in Latin America, which

has proved a very successul

experience in terms o digital

inclusion, and is still expanding

and growing in dierent countries.

Education is the oundation stone

or development and other goals.

The Broadband Commissions

Working Group on Education,

chaired by UNESCO, noted thevital role o ICTs in improving

and enhancing educational

outcomes: in the twenty-irst

century, education can no longer

be separated rom technology

Access to qua lity education or

all which includes access to

ICT is an imperative or building

inclusive and participatory

knowledge societies39.

As the digital wor ld surrounds

us, technological literacy is

increasingly vital or participation

in everyday lie. Education should

empower learners to interpret

and actively engage in the new

ormats and content o digital

culture. Although these beneits

are ar rom automatic, given

the right conditions, broadband

can help enhance the quality o

education, create more interactive

learning opportunities and

contribute to lielong learning

(Featured Insights 10 and 11).

Featured Insight 12 details the

experience o the Millennium@

EDU programme involving some

o the largest irms in education

and technology or improving

education through broadband.


33/104

Chapter

33

Chapter

3

Featured InsIght 10:

broadband For educatIon

Bb cctt w

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gts t b t

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uct sucs). T

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t uttc ws

tt ctu p

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kw scts. as w iCTs

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css.

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msts euct

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pcs ws cuct b t

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lt ac t Cbb

2010/2011, ab Stts

2013. o t twt-tw cuts

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Cbb cuts (cu

Bbs, t Bts v iss,

St Ktts & ns, St luc & St

mt) pt tt w p

sc scs

bb ccts (UiS, 2012).

Uuu s p

bb t 95% p scs

100% sc scs.

Cctt s c

s cuts t ,

w. f p, Cb,

75% p sc

scs itt cctt,

but 9% scs

cct bb.

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c ts

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stc, ept, 25%, 25%

11% cputs p, w

sc upp sc

scs spct cct,

cst ept ts ts t

sp cutu iCT-ssst

stuct b bsc ck cs

itt cctt40.

Source: Broadband Commission Working

Group on Education, chaired by UNESCO.


the experIence oF

the dIgItal cultureprograMMe

dt cus s cuc

sust cc wt

sc pt. T, tu

t euct dt Cutu

P ct wt t S

fut, s p t t

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pput.

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34/104

34

spc, w pp b t

scts sct p sks

t t . T st t

mc 2013 ws st b 154,000 pp 103,011 t

w t 4,292 wksps. it

bt t guss W rc

s t lst dt icus

W et.

dii cm lii

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t 3,600) ct scs

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pp t iCT pjcts

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pt uct

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spc stw uct

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t pssbt t bw cput

qupt , just s tt

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tcs pts t t

cutu. T p ctbuts

t t uct w t

qu pp scc,

tc t scts.

Ii h

Ts s tcc tspc w t c-

t-c u twks c

t tk, wt t-

t qupt

cctt, t

ut uts tst t s kw

ct ptcpt wt tu

cuts. Ts p s

cus tpusp

t t t .

Source: Technological Institute of Telmex.


MillenniuM@eDuprograMMe

T mu@edU P

ws uc Ju 2013 tt euct W fu

l t w st ut

2015. it s t tuc t 15

stuts u t w,

1% t tt stut pput,

b p cps

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pt ssts, puctt ts,

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cu t it Tc etso Pss dpt

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ut-stk tt b

t pt sct cu

utts uct tc t p c t

mdgs. T tt cus t

stbst nt Pjcts

b c pts t pubc

pt sct t bst t c

tc ust wt t suppt b cps b sp t

t s cuts.

Pts mu@edUcu: it, Sdsk, Psc, eCSet gup, v nt, mcst,

JP, Tp C, 1 gb ec,

C, B Bt, wc

ptcpt wt u

cpt suts ttcsttut t mu@edU

euct Pck. euct

cs puctt ts

tw pt ssts,

uct ctt, wt,

pt p tsptt stt. i t Ppps,

Ppp n ps tcst tt tc t

csss. a c uct

suts p

mu pcks ctu c bk t k t

b. luc Ju 2013,

t p cs t st

1,000 stuts w ut t

13,000 stuts. T acScc Tc isttut (aSTi)

us pts w, stw,

ctt, stuctu suts

t tuc w cucuu

ps ppcs. it ps bustit C du C pcss

pus spct cpst, t it

euct Stw Sut, it

euct rsucs, wc cu

Css mt., Bts Cuc

K ac uct s.its pss cuss p

tc t t 10

tcs css t b.

Source: Intel.


35/104

Chapter

35

Chapter

3

Cisco has developed a low-cost

solution to deliver educationactivities, skills training and

healthcare services to remoteregions. The low-cost, low power

consumption platorm supportsthe delivery o educational content

and services developed by

partner education acilities andhealthcare institutions. Already

pilot projects in several States inIndia have resulted in over 600,000

student hours o educationdelivery, 10-12% improvement in

attendance and a 19% increase inthe perormance o nine schools

across three districts o the

state o Karnataka. Healthcareservices have been delivered

via twenty centers, across eightdistricts in three states (Karnataka,

Rajasthan and Madhyapradesh),resulting in over 50,000 patient

consultations, w ith hundredso treatments or malnourished

children and consultationswith expectant mothers.

Perhaps one o the most pivotalrecent developments in broadband

is the use o m-commerce and

mobile money. Exclusion romormal inancial systems is oten

identiied as a major obstacle todevelopment41. At its most basic

level, mobile money is the provisiono inancial services through a

mobile device, but it can alsoinclude payments, remittances and

transers, inancial services (e.g.insurance products) and banking

(e.g. checking account balances).

By 2012, there were a lready 110mobile money deployments, with

over 40million users, and someUS$240 billion worth o items had

already been purchased worldwideusing mobile payment systems

in 2011, rising to US$670 bill ionby 2015 (Juniper Research42).

In areas where it has proved

successul, mobile money hascreated a platorm or star t-ups

to build on, and promises to bring

many more o the worlds unbanked

people into the ormal economic

sphere o activity (Featured Insight

13). Enabling cash transers over

large distances (and between

countries) could prove a majortransormation in modern economicactivity, and another building block

in growing the global economy.


M-coMMerce drIvIng

socIo-econoMIc

developMent

T, u t-quts

tscts t w st

cs. Ct bt cs c pt ts

ust cuts, but t

p cuts, w ccss

t c scs s t. mb

ps ts t w

pp , c

sc-cc pt

(ftu ist 7). mb

ptt sts t 96% b,

kts suc

s t m est (109%) lt

ac (114%)43. T s w

ccptc bs s bs

ccss t ct bk scs p s t

c cus, ct

w c cssts.

itpbt ut ct

t uptk b scs, s t

c p tcct b

scs, bst tsct us,

w t kt, s s

t b scs

cptb. itcct twks

cs t u b

c scs, s t

ccts. ecss s t tstbs w p csst, wt

t c k b

scs ubqutus

ub -uss.

Sc t 2010 tquk ht,

us tts b tst

t stbut c t c t

pp tt t t st. i ht,

wt w t tw bk bcs

p 100,000 pp, u t

ctc stbut suts

b t. mb s b


36/104

36

succssu t ht, w sc

2010, s US$6 tss

b sbus t 24,000

bcs b b

s ngo ps (B & m

gts fut). mb

c p b ps

p cuts, ss

k cstts t ws ccss

t c scs. itt, u

w pct b t t

us ppct suc scs.

ecss s t cct bks,

ts ts,

pt sc ps iSPs

t b, tpb

csst tu ts op

m s, s tt

ts wt Wst U,

eug ts. ecsss

m-Cc suts (..,

ecss C Wt, ecss

Wt Pt, ecss

m-Cc itcct) ct

sss pt tt wt

ts twks, b

b pts t

tss t b c

scs. it s u s tt

wt ccss t b

p w b b t sp, s

c , s s s

s tt ss.

Source: Ericsson.

Satellite technology also oersstrong potential to supportattainment o the MDGs, includingacross large and/or remote areas(Featured Insight 14). Today,satellite service providers areplaying a vital role in enabling

e-Services to be converted into

mobile services, such as m-Health,m-Education, m-Government,and m-Commerce. Satellitebroadband also provides orsaety and security services,such as early warning anddisaster relie services, ocean or

sky surveillance services, Earthobservation and meteorologicalservices, or example.


satellIte at the servIce

oF developIng countrIes

Stt suts c b st

stcs t b kw

ssstc w t st. T, p, itsts

t 50+ stts bust

tst stuctu bs

stuts ut s t ccss

t s uct pptuts

s pp ub sts.

itst mst ( p/

stbut uct ts

ac) pt t

stc , cc

tc stt tu

-sp itt ccss

uct ts t scs,

spts ccs Sut ac,

s w s s css ac44.

itst ps stt cpct

tc mcc, b

cts t t Cs nt

mc Ct Wst d.C.,

U.S., t cuct csutts

t wt tc psss

mcc. itsts stt

tc s s suppt t

t st hiv/aidS ac

Buu Buk fs45. rt

ccs c b cct b t

itt us dvB/SCPC

tc itsts tw

ub-stt fucsstt, g,

t ccss t c tbss,

t t ss. Bus

cts c ccss -tuput

iP tw-w cctt wt

spts ac ww,

w ptts c b t

u.

SeS suppts jt Sahel-eSa

tc pjct -t

tts s stbs p-ac stt-c -ht

pt t b t

t ctt t uss, stbs

cucts btw t

tc cts c

cts cc, cct

t t pt sts.

SeS s p stt iCT

sut t c st

ck tst stuctus
http://www.gatesfoundation.org/http://www.gatesfoundation.org/http://www.ericsson.com/m-commercehttp://www.ericsson.com/m-commercehttp://www.ericsson.com/news/1589092http://www.eurogiro.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/64-news/pressreleases/335-ericsson-partners-with-eurogiro-to-build-global-m-commerce-interconnect-servicehttp://www.eurogiro.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/64-news/pressreleases/335-ericsson-partners-with-eurogiro-to-build-global-m-commerce-interconnect-servicehttp://www.ericsson.com/news/1589092http://www.ericsson.com/m-commercehttp://www.ericsson.com/m-commercehttp://www.gatesfoundation.org/http://www.gatesfoundation.org/


37/104

Chapter

37

Chapter

3

ac cuts tu:

ru : .. ssst scs t suppt cutu t dctc rp. C;

Spc4eu: .. l sc

t suppt uct uscs Sut ac;

ect -T: .. scs cuss tct t bs t ecc Cut Ct ac Stts (eCCaS) tsuppt tspt cts.

f p, SeS ctt sttbb cctt u

ct cts Buk fs,

cct up t ipt

ect Css Buk

fs (Ceni) t suppt c st cts dcb2012. SeS p stt

bb cctt t ct

hQ 45 stct cs, w

t scu cct ts

t. SeS s suppt t ngo,

dpt atts ic., USaid mw t f t

futu pjct, qupp t

s wt stt bb t

uct cutu cuts

mw.

Jos Toscano, Director-General of ITSO;

Esteban Pacha, Director-General of IMSO;

Christian Roisse, Executive Secretary of

EUTELSAT IGO.

As the 2015 timeline deined toreach the MDGs approaches, aglobal discussion has started onhow to shape the global post-2015 development agenda,

building on the lessons learnedin the continuing implementationo the MDGs. The UN is currentlyconducting global consultations,including online consultations,to take into account the viewso as many stakeholders aspossible on how to build TheFuture We Want, drawing on theoutcome o the 2012 Conerenceon Sustainable Development46(Rio+20), and ongoing discussions

on the uture internationalramework or development.

In March 2013, the BroadbandCommission established a TaskForce on Sustainable Developmentand the Post-2015 DevelopmentAgenda to explore how broadbandcan best contribute to achievedevelopment goals. In 2013,the Broadband Commissionissued an Open Letter to the UNSecretary-Generals High-Level

Panel o Eminent Persons, callingor broadband to be prominentlyrecognized in the post-2015ramework or sustainabledevelopment, in recognition othe pivotal role broadband willplay in our connected uture47.


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38

ENDNOTES

1. See the Millennium Declaration at: www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pd

2. Indias Tablet Revolution: How a $40 device is going to change the lives o billions,Vivek Wadhwa, Foreign Policy, 24 June 2013, at: http://www.oreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/24/indias_tablet_revolution?page=0,0

3. BCG & Telenor Group (2012), The Socio-Economic Impact o Mobile Health, http://telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/BCG-Telenor-Mobile-Health-Report-May-20121.pd.

4. McKenzie (2012). Internet Impact on Aspiring Countries.

5. Page 15, OECD Communications Outlook, 2013.

6. Davis, Susan (2013). Can Technology End Poverty? Harvard Business Review Blog,Susan Davis, 22 March 2013, available at: http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2013/03/can_technology_end_poverty.html?goback=%2Egde_3209639_member_226221237 .

7. Katz et al (2012), The Impact o Broadband on the economy: research to date andpolicy issues.

8. GSMA & Boston Consulting Group (BCG): Socio-Economic Impact o Allocating 700MHz Band to Mobile in Asia-Pacic.

9. Katz et al (2012), The Impact o Broadband on the economy: research to date andpolicy issues.

10. GSMA & Boston Consulting Group (BCG): Socio-Economic Impact o Allocating 700MHz Band to Mobile in Asia-Pacic.

11. GSMA and Analysys Mason, Assessment o economic impact o wireless broadbandin South Arica.

12. Aydin, Cengiz Hakan; Evrim Genc Kumtepe; Figen Unal Colak; Alper Tolga Kumtepe(2012), Second Phase Evaluation Report o the One Computer Per Child Project inKocaeli, Turkey, January (2012).

13. Takang, Armstrong (2012), Intel EMPG Nigeria Academic Impact assessment report,December 2012.

14. Intel Corp. (2010), Power to a New Generation: San Luis Case Study.

15. Source: http://www.ida.gov.sg/Business-Sectors/Education/Inocomm-All-Schools

16. Intel (2013), Women and the Web report, available at: http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/pd/women-and-the-web.pd

17. Connect To Learn is a partnership ounded by the Earth Institute, Ericsson and theMillennium Promise, which aims to harness the transormative solutions o the ICTindustry to address global educational issues through the building o powerul PPPs.See: www.connecttolearn.org/splashand http://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/sustainability_corporateresponsibility/enabling_communication_or_all/connect_to_learn

18. Contribution by the Association o Progressive Communications to the BroadbandCommission, June 2013.

19. HealthyChildren.org is the only parenting website backed by 60,000 pediatricianscommitted to the well-being o children where parents can nd general inormationrelated to child health and specic guidance on parenting issues. More on http://www.healthychildren.org/english/our-mission/Pages/deault.aspx

20. OCCAMs Maternal Health Campaign at: http://www.occam.org/maternal%20health%20campaign.html

21. Text4baby is a service to provide support or pregnant women and with babies

under one-year-old with ree SMS on topics related to prenatal care, baby health andparenting. Available at https://text4baby.org/

22. My Pregnancy Today app, or example, is a pregnancy apps with week-by-week oetaldevelopment images, explanations or how your pregnant body will change over timeand a due date calculator.

23. Kujua, or example, is a web-application or sending and receiving regular messages andorms, and also scheduling time-target conrmation message which can run in laptops,netboooks, , tablets, or smartphones and uses new database technology to providescalability and fexibility. More on http://medicmobile.org/2013/06/25/announcing-kujua/

24. The Mobile Midwie project aims to improve antenatal and neonatal care among therural poor by using voice or text messages to provide relevant health inormation duringthe pregnancy and ater the birth. In addition, community health workers can keepelectronic records and retrieve patient inormation using their mobile phone. More on:Grameen Foundation 2011, Mobile technology or community health in Ghana: What it

is and what Grameen Foundation has learned s