state of the art in grout mixes · disadvantages increased cohesion increased viscosity. silica...
TRANSCRIPT
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Presented By:James A. Davies, P.Eng.
Advanced Construction Techniques Ltd.3935 Lloydtown Aurora Road
Kettleby, OntarioL0G 1J0
Toll Free Telephone: 877-373-7248Email: [email protected]
State of the Art in Grout Mixes
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BALANCED STABLE GROUTS
• Definitions• Theory• Materials• Testing
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Definition
Balanced Stable Cement Grout
A homogenous balanced blend of water and cementcombined with selected additives and admixtures
producing a product with zero bleed, low cohesion andgood resistance to pressure filtration.
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Balanced Stable Grout
GroutMixture
Balanced Stable Grout
Optimal Blendof physical &rheological
properties forapplication
Zero BleedHomogeneous
WaterCementAdditives
Admixtures
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Unstable Grout Mixtures
• Variable Rheology• Poor Particle Orientation• High Segregation & Sedimentation• High Pressure Filtration Coefficient• Unpredictable Behavior• Unstable During Injection• Marginal Durability• High Bleed Potential
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Theory
• Low cohesion• Viscosity consistent with acceptable
penetration rate• Minimal to zero bleed• Constant rheology during application• Dispersed particles• High durability
What are the desired properties of a cementbased suspension grout?
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Grouting Theory - Neat Cement Grouts
P
P
Refusal penetration controlled by pressure,cohesion, changing rheology clumping,and bridging
Substantial water loss throughpressure filtration
Densificationof Grout
Post-grout Bleed Channels
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Neat Cement Grouts
Bleed
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Grouting Theory - Balanced, Stable Grouts
P
Refusal penetration controlledby pressure and cohesion
Minimal water loss throughpressure filtration
Minor Densificationof Grout
Zero or Negligible BleedChannels
P
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Balanced Stable Grouts
Bleed
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Grout Injection Theory
Stabilized vs. Neat Grouts
Neat Grouts
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Grout Injection Theory
Stabilized vs. Neat Grouts
Neat Grouts
Clumping and Bridging
Start of Refusal Pressure Builds
Limited Penetration DueTo High Cohesion
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Grout Injection Theory
Stabilized vs. Neat Grouts
Neat Grouts
Densification of Grout
Pressure Filtration
Substantial Water Loss
Refusal Controlled by Pressureand Cohesion
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Grout Injection Theory
Stabilized vs. Neat Grouts
Neat Grouts
Post Grout Bleed Channels
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Grout Injection Theory
Stabilized vs. Neat Grouts
Neat GroutsMORE HOLES
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Grout Injection Theory
Stabilized vs. Neat Grouts
Stabilized Grouts
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Grout Injection Theory
Stabilized vs. Neat Grouts
Stabilized GroutsMinor Densificationof Grout
Minimal Water Loss ThroughPressure Filtration
Refusal Controlled by Pressureand Cohesion
Greater Penetration DueTo Lower Cohesion
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Grout Injection Theory
Stabilized vs. Neat Grouts
Stabilized Grouts
Minimal Bleed Channels
Grout placement isextremely effective resultingin a more durable treatment
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Characteristics of Balanced StableCement-Based Suspension Grouts
• Cement + water + additives +admixtures
• Minimal to zero bleed• High resistance to pressure filtration• Organized particles due to electrostatic
and chemical interaction• High durability
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Characteristics of UnstableWater Cement Grouts
• Cement + water• Considerable bleed potential• Low resistance to pressure filtration• Unorganized particles• Lower durability
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Advantages of Balanced Stable Grouts• Dispersed structure, stable rheology and lower cohesion result in increased
penetrability and greater radius of grout spread
• Minimal to zero bleed – The fractures that are filled remain 100% filled
• Increased penetration and minimal to zero bleed result in lower residualpermeability
• Lower residual curtain and grout matrix permeability result in increaseddurability
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Materials
• Bentonite• Silica Fume• Flyash (Type C or F)• Welan Gum• Dispersant (Super Plasticizer)
Common Additives to Balanced Stable Grout
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Bentonite• Product
Natural sodiummontmorillonite clayproduct.Typical dosage is 2-8 % byweight of cement.Should be pre-hydratedand added as a slurry.
• Characteristics
AdvantagesReduced pressure filtrationReduced final bleedEnhanced stability
DisadvantagesIncreased cohesionIncreased viscosity
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Silica Fume• Product
By-product of the productionsilicon.Very fine sphericalparticulate.Typical dosage between 4-8% by weight of cement.
• Characteristics
AdvantagesIncreased penetrabilityReduced final permeabilityEnhanced durabilityWater repellantReduces pressure filtration
DisadvantagesIncreased Strength
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Welan Gum• Product
High molecular weightbipolymer.Used to increaseresistance to pressurefiltration and for artesianconditions.Typical dosage is 0.1 % byweight of cement.
• Characteristics
AdvantagesReduces pressure filtrationReduced segregationEnhanced water repellant
.DisadvantagesIncreases cohesion
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Dispersant• Product
Naphthalene sulfonatebased.
Enrobes cement particleswith a negative charge soparticles repell.
Typical dosage is 1- 2% byweight of cement.
• Characteristics
AdvantagesIncreased penetrabilityIncreased pumping time
.DisadvantagesIncreases set time
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Testing
Properties Test UnitsCohesion Viscometer PaViscosity Marsh Funnel SecPressure Filtration Filter Press KpfBleed Cylinders %Density Mud Balance #/ft3Set Time Vicat Needle HrsCompressive Strength Cubes psi
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Cohesion Testing
• Viscometer Test� Cohesion
pascals (Pa)
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Evolution of Cohesion
Evolution of Viscosity from Shear Tube Test
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260Time (minutes)
Shea
r Str
engt
h (P
a)
Mix B Mix C Mix D Mix E Mix F
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Viscosity (Marsh Funnel)• Viscosity Reading
seconds
• Measure of flowabilityof fluid grout
• Water = 28 sec
• Grout = 32 – 70 sec
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Pressure Filtration Testing
volume of water ejectedKpf = _____________________________________________________
initial volume of grout x (filtration time (min))1/2
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Pressure Filtration Coefficients
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (minutes)
Coe
ffic
ient
(1/m
in^-
1/2)
Mix A Mix B Mix C Mix D Mix E Mix F
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Mud Balance
• Measures Density
• Useful test for qualitycontrol on mixconsistency
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Set Time
• Vicat NeedleInitial set 25 mmFinal set 0 mm
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THANK YOUPresented By:
James A. Davies, P.Eng.Advanced Construction Techniques Ltd.
3935 Lloydtown Aurora RoadKettleby, Ontario
L0G 1J0Toll Free Telephone: 877-373-7248
Email: [email protected]