state of alaska department of division of geological...
TRANSCRIPT
STATE OF ALASKA
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS
Steve Cowper, Governor
Lennie Gorsuch, Commissioner
Robert B. Forbes, Director and State Geologrst
A p r i l 1989
This report is a preliminary publication of DGCS. The author is solely responsible r'or its content and will appreciate candid comment s o n the accuracy or' the data as well as suggestions t o improve the report.
Repor t o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n s 8 8 - 1 8 ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
BY S.A. L i s s , R . J. Motyka, and C.J. Nye
T h i s work was pe r fo rmed under G r a n t DE-FG07- 841D12524 f r o m t h e U . S . Depar tment o f Energy and f u n d i n g f r o m t h e S t a t e o f A laska , Depar tment o f N a t u r a l Resources
STATE OF ALASKA Department o f Natural Resources
D I V I S I O N OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS
According t o Alaska S t a t u t e 41, t h e Alaska Div i s ion o f Geological and Geophysical Surveys i s charged wi th conduc t ing ' g e o l o g i c a l and geophys ica l su rveys t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p o t e n t i a l of Alaskan l and f o r p roduc t ion o f m e t a l s , mineral s , f u e l s , and geothermal r e s o u r c e s ; t h e l o c a t i o n s and suppl i e s o f ground w a t e r and c o n s t r u c t i o n mate r i a1 s ; t h e p o t e n t i a l g e o l o g i c hazards t o b u i l d i n g s , r o a d s , b r i d g e s , and o t h e r i n s t a l 1 a t i o n s and s t r u c t u r e s ; and s h a l l conduct such o t h e r s u r v e y s and i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a s w i l l advance knowledge o f t h e geology of A l a s k a . '
In a d d i t i o n , t h e D i v i s i o n o f Geological and Geophysical Surveys s h a l l co l 1 e c t , r e c o r d , eval u a t e , and d i s t r i b u t e d a t a on t h e q u a n t i t y , qua1 i t y , and l o c a t i o n of underground, s u r f a c e , and c o a s t a l wa te r of t h e s t a t e ; p u b l i s h o r have publ i s h e d d a t a on t h e w a t e r o f t h e s t a t e and r e q u i r e t h a t t h e r e s u l t s and f i n d i n g s of s u r v e y s of wa te r q u a l i t y , q u a n t i t y , and l o c a t i o n be f i l e d ; r e q u i r e t h a t wa te r -wel l c o n t r a c t o r s f i l e b a s i c w a t e r and a q u i f e r d a t a , i n c l u d i n g but no t l i m i t e d t o well l o c a t i o n , e s t i m a t e d e l e v a t i o n , w e l l - d r i l l e r ' s l o g s , pumping t e s t s , f low measurements, and w a t e r - q u a l i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n s ; a c c e p t and spend funds f o r t h e purposes of t h i s s e c t i o n , AS 41.08.017 and 41.08.035, and e n t e r i n t o agreements wi th i n d i v i d u a l s , publ i c o r p r i v a t e a g e n c i e s , communities, p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , and s t a t e and f e d e r a l a g e n c i e s ; c o l l e c t , r e c o r d , e v a l u a t e , a r c h i v e , and d i s t r i b u t e d a t a on s e i s m i c e v e n t s and e n g i n e e r i n g geology of t h e s t a t e ; and i d e n t i f y and inform p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s and i n d u s t r y about p o t e n t i a l s e i s m i c hazards t h a t might a f f e c t development i n t h e s t a t e .
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e f u n c t i o n s a r e performed under t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e D i r e c t o r , who m a i n t a i n s h i s o f f i c e i n Fa i rbanks . The l o c a t i o n s o f DGGS o f f i c e s a r e l i s t e d be1 ow:
,794 U n i v e r s i t y Avenue ,400 Willoughby Avenue ( S u i t e 200) (3 rd f l o o r ) F a i r b a n k s , A1 as ka 99709 Juneau, A1 aska 99801 (907)474-7147 (907)465-2533
,3700 A i r p o r t Way . I8225 Fish Hatchery Road F a i r b a n k s , Alaska 99709 P . O . Box 772116 (907)451-2760 Eagle River , A1 aska 99577
(907)696-0070
This r e p o r t i s f o r s a l e by DGGS f o r 5 3 . DGGS p u b l i c a t i o n s may be i n s p e c t e d a t t h e f o l l o w i n g l o c a t i o n s . Mail o r d e r s should be addressed t o t h e Fairbanks o f f i c e .
.3700 A i r p o r t Way ,400 Wi 11 oughby Avenue Fai rbanks , A1 aska 99709 (3 rd f l o o r )
Juneau, A1 aska 99801
.U.S. Geological Survey . In format i on Speci a1 i s t P u b l i c In format ion O f f i c e U. S. Geological Survey 701 C S t r e e t 4230 U n i v e r s i t y Dr ive , Room 101 Anchorage, Alaska 99513 Anchorage, A1 a s ka 99508
CONTENTS
I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sec t i on I - Standard b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l l i s t i n g (Example fo rmat ) . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Sec t i on I 1 - Author l i s t i n g (Example fo rmat ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Sec t i on I 1 1 - Geothermal s i t e l i s t i n g (Example fo rmat ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 S e c t i o n IV - Addit ional reg iona l l i s t i n g ( s i m i l a r t o 111, n o t shown) Sec t i on V - Subjec t l i s t i n g ( s i m i l a r t o 111, not shown) Appendix A - Major geothermal p r o j e c t s i n Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Appendix B - Agencies involved in Alaska geothermal r e sou rce s . . . . . . . . . . . 43
FIGURES
Figure 1 . Map of Alaska d iv ided i n t o t h e 10 geographical r e g i o n s l i s t e d i n s e c t i o n 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2 . Geothermal sp r i ng l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e reg ion r e f e r r e d t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a s Southeas te rn 25
3 . Geothermal sp r i ng l o c a l i t i e s in t h e reg ion r e f e r r e d t o a s Southeas t Quadran t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .... . . . . . . 26
4 . Geothermal sp r i ng l o c a l i t i e s in t h e reg ion r e f e r r e d t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a s South Centra l 27
5 . Geothermal sp r i ng l o c a l i t i e s in reg ion r e f e r r e d t o a s Southwest Quadran t ....................................... . 28
6 . Geothermal sp r i ng l o c a l i t i e s in t h e reg ion r e f e r r e d t o a s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alaska Peninsula 29
7 . Geothermal sp r i ng l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e reg ion r e f e r r e d t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as e a s t e r n A leu t i an s 30
8 . Geothermal sp r i ng l o c a l i t i e s in t h e western p o r t i o n of t h e region r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e A leu t i an s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
9 . Geothermal sp r i ng l o c a l i t i e s i n the reg ion r e f e r r e d t o as t h e I n t e r i o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10 . Geothermal sp r i ng l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e reg ion r e f e r r e d t o as t h e Seward Pen insu la . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
11 . Geothermal sp r i ng l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e reg ion r e f e r r e d t o a s Northern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
TABLES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1 . Abbreviat ions used in s h o r t r e f e r e n c e s 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Codes used i n t h e s h o r t r e f e r e n c e s 20
3 . L i s t i n g of geothermal s i t e s i n Alaska with t h e codes used on t h e NOAA map .................................. 21
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 L i s t of a l i a s e s 23
ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Compi 1 ed by S.A. ~ i s s , ' R.J. ~ o t y k a , ' and C.J. ye^
INTRODUCTION
The comp le te ha rd -copy 1 i s t i n g o f t h e A l a s k a geothermal b i b l i o g r a p h y i s a 300-page document. P resen ted h e r e a r e a l i s t o f c o n t e n t s , example f o r m a t s f o r S e c t i o n s I, 11, and 111, t a b l e s o f codes and a b b r e v i a t i o n s , f i g u r e s showing geo the rma l s p r i n g l o c a t i o n s , and append ixes f r o m t h e o r i g i n a l document.
The A l a s k a geothermal b i b l i o g r a p h y i s p r e s e n t e d i n f i v e s e c t i o n s . S e c t i o n I i s a s t a n d a r d f o r m a t a l p h a b e t i c a l b i b l i o g r a p h y wh ich l i s t s a l l p u b l i c a t i o n s , c u r r e n t l y t h r o u g h 1986, t h a t d i s c u s s any f a c e t o f geothermal e n e r g y i n A l a s k a . In a d d i t i o n , s e l e c t e d pub1 i c a t i o n s abou t geo logy , geophys i cs , hyd ro1 ogy, v o l c a n o l o g y , o r t h e l i k e , w h i c h d i s c u s s a reas where geothermal r e s o u r c e s a r e l o c a t e d , a r e i n c l u d e d , though t h e geothermal r e s o u r c e i t s e l f may n o t be men t ioned . The b i b l i o g r a p h y c o n t a i n s 870 e n t r i e s , and i s c o n s t a n t l y b e i n g upda ted .
S e c t i o n I 1 i s an a l p h a b e t i c a l 1 i s t i n g by a u t h o r r e g a r d l e s s o f where t h e a u t h o r ' s name appears i n t h e c i t a t i o n . Each e n t r y g i v e s t h e f i r s t a u t h o r , y e a r o f p u b l i c a t i o n , a b b r e v i a t e d t i t l e , and codes f o r s u b j e c t c a t e g o r y . The s u b j e c t codes a r e l i s t e d i n o r d e r o f emphasis i n t h e a r t i c l e . T a b l e 1 l i s t s t h e a b b r e v i a t i o n s most commonly used i n t h e s h o r t e n e d t i t l e s . T a b l e 2 p r o v i d e s an i n d e x o f s u b j e c t codes.
S e c t i o n I 1 1 i s a l i s t i n g o f r e f e r e n c e s f o r each o f t h e 123 geo the rma l s i t e s i n a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r . Each main e n t r y g i v e s t h e s i t e name and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n number. Figure 1 shows areas covered by figures 2 t h r o u g h 1 1 , on wh ich l o c a t i o n s o f t h e geothermal s i t e s a r e shown. T a b l e 3 p r o v i d e s t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n key . Fo r c o n s i s t e n c y , geothermal s i t e I D numbers a r e t h e same qs t h o s e used on t h e NOAA map o f Geothermal Resources o f A laska , s c a l e 1:2,500,000 (Motyka and o t h e r s , 1983 ) . The map i s a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e A l a s k a D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l and Geophys ica l Su rveys . Under each geothermal s i t e i s a l i s t i n g o f a u t h o r s , a b b r e v i a t e d t i t l e s , and s u b j e c t codes. Seve ra l s i t e s a r e i n c l u d e d wh ich do n o t appear on t h e NOAA map. They f a l l i n t o one o f t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s : 1) s i t e s wh ich have had geo the rma l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s i n r e c e n t p a s t - - f o r example, Bogos lo f ; 2 ) s i t e s wh ich a r e good c a n d i d a t e s f o r t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f a geothermal r e s o u r c e due t o presence o f r e c e n t v o l c a n i s m - - f o r example, Edgecumbe; 3 ) s i t e s w h i c h have been i d e n t i f i e d s i n c e 1983, t h e map's p u b l i c a t i o n d a t e - - f o r example, Upper Noa tak . E a r l y r e f e r e n c e s sometimes used d i f f e r e n t names f o r t h e same s i t e , so t a b l e 4 i s i n c l u d e d t o g i v e t h e known a l i a s e s .
S e c t i o n I V i s a supp lementa l l i s t i n g o f r e f e r e n c e s by g e o g r a p h i c a l r e g i o n . F i g u r e 1 shows t h e boundar ies o f t h e r e g i o n s used i n t h i s s e c t i o n and f i g u r e s 2 t h r o u g h 11 a r e en largements o f each r e g i o n w i t h t h e geothermal s i t e s i n d i c a t e d . Under each main e n t r y i s a g a i n , a l i s t i n g o f a u t h o r s , a b b r e v i a t e d t i t l e s , and s u b j e c t codes. References i n t h i s s e c t i o n g e n e r a l l y c o v e r a l a r g e g e o g r a p h i c
:OGGS. 3 7 0 0 Airport Way. Fairbanks. Alaska 99709. 30GGS, 4 0 0 Willoughby Avenue, Juneau, Alaska 99801. Geophysical Institute. University o f Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775.
a r e a and a r e n o t u s u a l l y l i s t e d i n s e c t i o n I11 u n d e r any s p e c i f i c g e o t h e r m a l s i t e ,
S e c t i o n V i s a l i s t i n g o f r e f e r e n c e s b y s u b j e c t . M a i n e n t r i e s a r e i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e i n t a b l e 2 . Unde r each s u b j e c t i s , as u s u a l , a l i s t i n g o f a u t h o r s , a b b r e v i a t e d t i t l e s , and s u b j e c t c o d e s . The s u b j e c t h e a d i n g ' G e o t h e r m a l ' c o n t a i n s e v e r y r e f e r e n c e w h i c h s p e c i f i c a l l y m e n t i o n s a g e o t h e r m a l s i t e , r e g a r d l e s s o f c o n t e x t . A c t u a l g e o t h e r m a l s t u d i e s a r e m a r k e d ' R ' i n t h e s u b j e c t code .
A l l o r any p a r t o f t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y i s a v a i l a b l e on 5 1/4 o r 3 1 /2 i n c h c o m p u t e r d i s k e t t e s , f o r m a t t e d i n t h e MS-DOS o p e r a t i n g sys tem. I t i s a v a i l a b l e as a s e t o f f o u r .DBF f i l e s f o r u s e w i t h DBASE3t. These f i l e s c a n be e a s i l y used w i t h A1 aska D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l and G e o p h y s i c a l S u r v e y s Pub1 i c - d a t a F i l e 8 8 - 1 3 , 'A g e o l o g i c a l l y o r i e n t a t e d b i b l i o g r a p h y p rog ram. ' T h i s i s t h e p r o g r a m w h i c h was used t o c r e a t e a l l t h e l i s t i n g s i n t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y . M i c r o s o f t Word was used t o add t h e a p p e n d i c e s and c r e a t e t h e f i n a l h a r d c o p y . A b o u t 850K i s needed f o r t h e s e f o u r f i l e s , t h e l a r g e s t o f w h i c h i s a b o u t 500K. T h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y i s c o n s t a n t l y b e i n g u p d a t e d , so when y o u r e q u e s t t h e compu te r f i l e s , y o u r e c e i v e t h e c u r r e n t u p - t o - d a t e v e r s i o n . H a r d c o p i e s o f t h i s document c a n be o b t a i n e d a t $0.10 p e r page .
ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBL IOGRAPHY
SECTION I
STANDARD B I B L I O G R A P H I C A L L I S T I N G
( E x a m p l e F o r m a t )
GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY LISTING
Ach, J . , and DeLong, S.E., 1980, Magmat ic e v o l u t i o n o f L i t t l e S i t k i n and Semisopochnoi vo lcanoes, A l a s k a [ a b s . ] : EOS, v. 61, p . 1140.
Adams, D.D. , 1983, Geology o f t h e n o r t h e r n c o n t a c t a r e a o f A r r i g e t c h Peaks p l u t o n , Brooks Range, A1 aska: F a i r b a n k s , U n i v e r s i t y o f A1 aska, u n p u b l i s h e d M.S. t h e s i s , 86 p .
Adams, D.D. , 1984, Geology o f t h e n o r t h e r n c o n t a c t a r e a o f t h e A r r i g e t c h Peaks p l u t o n , Brooks Range, A1 aska [abs . ] : G e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y o f Amer ica , C o r d i l l e r a n S e c t i o n , A b s t r a c t s w i t h Programs, v . 16, no . 5, p. 265.
A l a s k a G e o l o g i c a l C o n s u l t a n t s , 1975, ERDA Geothermal energy program, Drum Thermal S p r i n g s Area: R e p o r t o f O c t . 1975 f o r AHTNA N a t i v e Reg iona l C o r p o r a t i o n .
A l l e l y , R.D. , 1986, I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f s e i s m i c - r e f r a c t i o n p r o f i l e s a t t h e p roposed s i t e f o r a geothermal power p l a n t , in Updike , R.G., ed., E n g i n e e r i n g geo logy t e c h n i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y , Makushin geo the rma l power p r o j e c t Unalaska, A laska : F a i r b a n k s , A l a s k a D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l & Geophys ica l Surveys , P u b l i c - d a t a F i l e 86-60, p. B15-B20.
A l l e n , E . T . , and Z i e s , E . G . , 1923, A chemica l s t u d y o f t h e f u m a r o l e s o f t h e Katmai r e g i o n : N a t i o n a l Geograph ic S o c i e t y , C o n t r i b u t e d T e c h n i c a l Papers, Katmai S e r i e s , v . 2, p . 75-155.
Andreasen, G . E . , Dempsen, W.J., Henderson, J .R. , and G i l b e r t , F.P. , 1958, Aeromagnet ic map o f t h e Copper R i v e r Bas in , A l a s k a : U.S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey , Geophys ica l I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Map GP-156, s c a l e 1:125,000.
Andreasen, G . E . , G ran tz , A., Z i e t z , I., and Barnes, D.F., 1964, G e o l o g i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f magne t i c and g r a v i t y d a t a i n t h e Copper R i v e r b a s i n , A1 aska: U . S . G e o l o g i c a l Survey P r o f e s s i o n a l Paper 316-H, p . 135-153.
Anma, K . , 1971, An aeromagnet ic s u r v e y i n t h e V a l l e y o f Ten Thousand Smokes, A l a s k a : F a i r b a n k s , U n i v e r s i t y o f A laska , u n p u b l i s h e d M . S . t h e s i s , 97 p .
Anonymous, 1953, A c t i v i t y o f T r i d e n t Vo lcano: Vo lcano L e t t e r s , no . 520, p . 5 - 6 .
Anonymous, 1953, E r u p t i o n o f T r i d e n t Vo lcano, A l a s k a : Vo lcano L e t t e r s , no . 519, p . 7 .
Anonymous, 1975, A l a s k a Reg iona l P r o f i l e s , 1975, v . 3 , Southwest Reg ion, sponsored by A laska w i t h t h e J o i n t F e d e r a l - S t a t e Land Use P l a n n i n g Commission f o r A l a s k a : W h e e l r i g h t L i t h o g r a p h y Co., S a l t Lake C i t y , 313 p .
Anonymous, 1982, Gates o f t h e A r c t i c , Reed R i v e r Ho t S p r i n g s : N a t i o n a l Pa rk S e r v i c e , Denver S e r v i c e Cen te r , Branch o f S p e c i a l Programs, S p e c i a l R e p o r t , 19 p.
A rce , G.N., 1983, V o l c a n i c haza rds f r o m Makushin Volcano, N o r t h e r n Una laska I s l a n d , A laska : F a i r b a n k s , U n i v e r s i t y o f A laska , u n p u b l i s h e d M.S. t h e s i s , 142 p .
GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY LISTING
Arce, G.N., and Economides, M.J. , 1982, A n a l y s i s o f v o l c a n i c haza rds f r o m Makushi n Vo lcano, Unal aska I s 1 and: P roceed ings I V New Zea l and Geothermal Workshop, p . 93-99.
Bader, J.W., 1984, G e o l o g i c map o f t h e Demarca t i on P o i n t , Mount M i c h e l s o n , F l axman I s 1 and, and B a r t e r I s 1 and quadrang les , A1 aska: U. S . G e o l o g i c a l Survey O p e n - f i l e Repor t 84-569, s c a l e 1:250,000.
Bader, J.W., and B i r d , K . J . , 1986, G e o l o g i c map o f Demarcat ion P o i n t , M t . M i c h e l son, F l axman I s 1 and, and B a r t e r I s 1 and quadrang les , N. E. A1 as ka, L a t i t u d e s 69 deg t o 70 deg 45 m i n N, L o n g i t u d e s 141 - 147 deg W : U . S . G e o l o g i c a l Survey M i s c e l l aneous I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Map 1-1791, 1 p l . , s c a l e 1:250,000.
Baker, D . R., and Egg1 e r , D.H., 1983, F r a c t i o n a t i o n p a t h s o f A t k a (A1 e u t i a n s ) h i g h a1 urnina b a s a l t : C o n s t r a i n t s f r o m phase r e 1 a t i o n s : J o u r n a l o f V o l c a n o l o g y and Geothermal Research, v . 18, p . 387-404.
Baker , R . O . , Leb ida , R . C . , Py le , W.D., and B r i t c h , R.P., 1977, An i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f s e l e c t e d A1 aska geothermal s p r i n g s sou rces as p o s s i b l e salmon h a t c h e r y s i t e s : N a t i o n a l T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e ID0/1624-1, 173 p .
Barnes, I v a n , and McCoy, G.A., 1979, P o s s i b l e r o l e o f m a n t l e - d e r i v e d C02 i n c a u s i n g two " p h r e a t i c " e x p l o s i o n s i n A l a s k a : Geology, v . 7, p . 434-435.
Barnes, I v a n , and M i l l e r , T.P., 1974, Geothermal s t u d i e s i n A l a s k a [ a b s . ] : G e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y o f Amer ica, A b s t r a c t s w i t h Programs, v. 6, no . 7, p . 645-646.
B a r n w e l l , W . W . , and Pearson, K.S., 1984, A1 aska ' s Resource I n v e n t o r y : F a i r b a n k s , A l a s k a D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l and Geophys i ca l Surveys , S p e c i a l R e p o r t 36, 59 p.
ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
SECTION I 1
AUTHOR LISTING
(Example Fo rma t )
( s e e T a b l e 1 - A b b r e v i a t i o n s used i n s h o r t r e f e r e n c e s ) ( s e e T a b l e 2 - Codes used i n s h o r t r e f e r e n c e s )
AUTHOR
Abramson, B . S . Gassaway & Abramson 1977 Map & t a b l e t h e r m a l s p r i n g s c n t r
Ach, J.
Ach & DeLong 1980 Magma evo L . S i t k i n & Semisopochnoi [ a b s . ]
Adams, D.D.
Adams 1983 Geol n o r t h e r n A r r i g e t c h p l u t o n ( t h e s i s ) Adams 1984 Geol n o r t h e r n A r r i g e t c h Peaks p l u t o n [ a b s . ] D i l l o n & o t h e r s 1983 Geol map M e l o z i t n a A-4 Quad
A d l e r , P.
D i l l o n & o t h e r s 1983 Geol map M e l o z i t n a A -4 Quad
A1 as ka Geol o g i c a l Consul t a n t s
AGS 1975 Drum t h e r m a l s p r i n g s a rea
Albanese, M.D.
T u r n e r & o t h e r s 1980 Geothermal r e s o u r c e s A l a s k a
A l l away , W.H. J r .
Det te rman & o t h e r s 1983 Geol map U g a s h i k - B r i s t o l B a y - K a r l u k Q
A l l e l y , R . D .
A l l e l y 1986 S e i s m i c r e f r a c t i o n Makushin Motyka & o t h e r s 1985 Geol geoc geophys Akutan
A l l e n , E . T .
A l l e n & Z i e s 1923 Chem s t u d y fumaro les Katmai r e g i o n
Anderson, A. T.
Woodru f f & Anderson 1980 A r r e s t e d magma m i x i n g Pav lov
Andreasen, G.E.
Andreasen & o t h e r s 1958 Aeromag Copper R i v e r b a s i n Andreasen & o t h e r s 1964 Geol i n t e r mag & g r a v Copper R v r basn
Anma, K .
Anma 1971 Aeromag s u r v e y VTTS ( t h e s i s ) Stone & o t h e r s 1971 Magne t i c anomal ies VTTS [ a b s . ]
AUTHOR
Anonymous
Anonymous 1953 A c t i v i t y o f T r i d e n t Anonymous 1953 E r u p t i o n o f T r i d e n t Anonymous 1975 Ak r e g i o n a l p r o f i l e s SW r e g i o n Anonymous 1982 Reed R i v e r Hot S p r i n g s
A n s a r i , J.
Economides & o t h e r s 1982 Eng,geol ana l geothermal s i t e s
A rce , G.N.
A rce 1983 V o l c a n i c haza rds Makushin Volcano ( t h e s i s ) A rce & Economides 1982 V o l c a n i c hazards Makushin Vol can0 Economides & A rce 1983 Geothermal i n Ak - eng & g e o l ana l Economides & o t h e r s 1982 Eng,geol ana l geothermal s i t e s
Bader, J.W.
Bader 1984 Geol map e a s t e r n N. s l o p e Ak. Bader & B i r d 1986 Geol map NE A l a s k a
Bake r , A.A.
Smi th & Baker 1924 C o l d B a y - C h i g n i k d i s t
Baker , D.R.
Baker & E g g l e r 1983 A t k a h i g h a lum ina b a s a l t
Baker , R . O .
Baker & o t h e r s 1977 Geotherm s p r i n g s - s a l m o n h a t c h e r y s i t e
Bakke, A.
Rob inson & o t h e r s 1986 Geol map M t . M i c h e l s o n C - 4 Quad
Bamford, R.W.
I s s e l h a r d t & o t h e r s 1983 Temp g rads Makushin geothermal a r e a
Barnes, D.F.
Andreasen & o t h e r s 1964 Geol i n t e r mag & g r a v Copper R v r basn
Barnes, I v a n
Barnes & McCoy 1979 Man t l e - d e r i v e d C02 i n 2 p h r e a t i c e x p l Barnes & M i l l e r 1974 Geotherm s t u d i e s i n A l a s k a [ a b s . ] M i l l e r & Barnes 1974 Geotherm d e v e l Ak [abs . ]
EF, Er
Eg Eg
EF, Er EF, Er
ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
SECTION 111
GEOTHERMAL S ITE L ISTING
(Example F o r m a t )
( s e e T a b l e 1 - A b b r e v i a t i o n s used i n s h o r t r e f e r e n c e s ) ( s e e T a b l e 2 - Codes u s e d i n s h o r t r e f e r e n c e s )
( s e e F i g u r e s f o r g e o t h e r m a l s i t e l o c a t i o n s )
GEOTHERMAL SITE
Ada k AA-4
B e r r y & o t h e r s 1980 Therma l s p r i n g l i s t U.S. B l i s s 1983 Ak b a s i c d a t a t h e r m a l s p r i n g s & w e l l s C o a t s 1947 Geol N Adak I s l a n d C o a t s 1952 Magmat ic d i f f e r e n t Adak & Kanaga I s l a n d s C o a t s 1956 Geol N Adak I s l a n d C o a t s 1956 Recon g e o l W A l e u t i a n I s l a n d s Con rad & Kay 1984 I n c l u s i o n s Adak I s - n a t u r e o f p r i m a r y magma F r a s e r & S n y d e r 1959 Geol S Adak & K a g a l a s k a I s l a n d s M a r k l e 1979 Geotherm Ak s i t e d a t a base & d e v e l s t a t u s M i l l e r 1973 D i s t r i b u t i o n & chem a n a l y s i s t h e r m a l s p r i n g s Ak M o t y k a 1983 H i g h temp h y d r o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e s A l e u t a r c M o t y k a & o t h e r s 1983 Geo the rma l r e s o u r c e s o f A l a s k a Mye rs & o t h e r s 1986 I s o t v a r Adak & A t k a v o l c p l umb P e a l e 1886 M i n e r a l s p r i n g s o f US T u r n e r & o t h e r s 1980 Geo the rma l r e s o u r c e s A l a s k a W a r i n g 1965 Therma l s p r i n g s US & w o r l d - a summary W h i t e & W i l l i a m s 1975 Assmt g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e s US
Akun S t r a i t AA-23
B e r r y & o t h e r s 1980 Therma l s p r i n g l i s t U.S. B l i s s 1983 Ak b a s i c d a t a t h e r m a l s p r i n g s & w e l l s B y e r s & B a r t h 1953 V o l c a c t i v i t y Akun & A k u t a n I s l a n d s C o a t s 1956 Recon g e o l W A l e u t i a n I s l a n d s M i l l e r 1973 D i s t r i b u t i o n & chem a n a l y s i s t h e r m a l s p r i n g s Ak M o t y k a & Moorman 1981 Recon t h e r m a l s p r A l e u t i a n a r c M o t y k a & o t h e r s 1981 Assmt t h e r m a l s p r i n g A l e u t i a n a r c M o t y k a & o t h e r s 1983 Geo the rma l r e s o u r c e s o f A l a s k a P e a l e 1886 M i n e r a l s p r i n g s o f US T u r n e r & o t h e r s 1980 Geo the rma l r e s o u r c e s A1 a s k a W a r i n g 1965 Therma l s p r i n g s US & w o r l d - a summary
A k u t a n V o l c a n o AA-21
Brown 1899 S h i s h a l d i n B y e r s & B a r t h 1948 Geol A k u t a n I s l a n d B y e r s & B a r t h 1953 V o l c a c t i v i t y Akun & A k u t a n I s l a n d s D a v i d s o n 1893 E r u p t i o n o f V e n i a m i n o f F i n c h 1935 A k u t a n v o l c a n o House & o t h e r s 1981 S e i s m i c gap n e a r U n a l a s k a M i 1 l e r & Ba rnes 1974 Geotherm d e v e l Ak [ a b s . ] M i l l e r & Ba rnes 1976 Geotherm d e v e l o p Ak summary M o t y k a 1982 F l u i d geochem M a k u s h i n & A k u t a n g e o t h e r m a r e a M o t y k a & o t h e r s 1983 Geo the rma l r e s o u r c e s o f A l a s k a M o t y k a & o t h e r s 1985 Geol geoc geophys A k u t a n P r o s s e r 1912 V o l c a n i c r o a d - b u i 1 d i n g Reeder 1983 P r e l i m d a t i n g H o l o v o l c a n i c E A l e u t I s [ a b s . ] Romick 1982 I g p e t r o & geochem N. A k u t a n I s ( t h e s i s ) Romick 1983 I g p e t r o & geochem N. A k u t a n I s [ a b s . ] Romick 1986 I g p e t and geochem N. A k u t a n Romick & Swanson 1983 P e t r o & f r a c t l a v a A k u t a n I s [ a b s . ] S m i t h & Shaw 1979 I gneous r e l a t e d g e o t h e r m a l s ys tems
R R,Fs,Fw
G r P G G r G r PG G r
R,Fs,Gr,C R , Fs
R, Fs , F f R,Fs,Ff,Fw
V,PG,Gr H,R
R , Fs F s
R,Fs,HS
H G r
v H,V V,H
G s DP,Gr,V DP,Gr,V
F f , Fs R,Fs,Ff ,Fw
*,Gs,Fs,Ps,RM,Ff,DP H,V
V , G r PG PG PG PG
R,HS
GEOTHERMAL SITE
Swanson & Blum 1984 Evo l o f v o l c c e n t e r s A l e u t i a n a r c [ a b s ] Wescot t & o t h e r s 1982 Geophys su rvey Ho t S p r i n g s Akutan I s Whi te & W i l l i a m s 1975 Assmt geothermal r e s o u r c e s US
Aniakchak AA-34
B e r r y & o t h e r s 1980 Thermal s p r i n g l i s t U.S. B l i s s 1983 Ak b a s i c d a t a the rma l s p r i n g s & w e l l s Det te rman & o t h e r s 1979 Geol map C h i g n i k & S u t w i k I s Q Det te rman & o t h e r s 1981 Geol map C h i g n i k & S u t w i k I s Q Det te rman & o t h e r s 1981 Q u a t geo l map C h i g n i k & S u t w i k I s Q Hansen & o t h e r s 1981 M i n e r a l p o t e n t i a l Ak Pen in . Hubbard 1931 Geol An iakchak & Ven iam ino f [ a b s . ] Hubbard 1931 Wor ld i n s i d e a moun ta in Knappen 1926 Geol & m in r e s o u r c e s An iakchak Knappen 1933 An i akchak & Ven iam ino f vo l canoes [abs . ] LeCompte & S t e e l e 1981 Map Landsat C h i g n i k & S u t w i k I s Q L y l e 1973 Geol & m i n e r a l e v a l u a t i o n An iakchak R d r a i n a g e M a r k l e 1979 Geotherm Ak s i t e d a t a base & d e v e l s t a t u s M i 11 e r 1978 A i r f a l l pumice An i akchak M i l l e r & Barnes 1974 Geotherm deve l Ak [ a b s . ] M i l l e r & Barnes 1976 Geotherm d e v e l o p Ak summary M i l l e r & S m i t h 1976 New vo l canoes A l e u t i a n a r c Motyka & o t h e r s 1981 Assmt t h e r m a l s p r i n g A l e u t i a n a r c Motyka & o t h e r s 1983 Geothermal r e s o u r c e s o f A l a s k a Reed & o t h e r s 1983 Da ta l o w temp geothermal systems US Smi th 1925 An iakchak C r a t e r Smi th & Baker 1924 C o l d B a y - C h i g n i k d i s t Smi th & Shaw 1979 Igneous r e l a t e d geothermal systems T u r n e r & o t h e r s 1980 Geothermal r e s o u r c e s A l a s k a Whi te & W i l l i a m s 1975 Assmt geothermal r e s o u r c e s US
A r r i g e t c h NC-39
Adams 1983 Geol n o r t h e r n A r r i g e t c h p l u t o n ( t h e s i s ) Adams 1984 Geol n o r t h e r n A r r i g e t c h Peaks p l u t o n [ a b s . ] B e r r y & o t h e r s 1980 Thermal s p r i n g l i s t U.S. Brosge & Pesse l 1977 P r e l i m r e c o n geo l map Survey Pass Q Ne lson & Grybeck 1978 A r r i g e t c h Peaks & I g i kpak p l u t o n s
August i n e SC-11
B a r r e t t 1978 M a g n e t i c model o f A u g u s t i n e Vo lcano ( t h e s i s ) B a r r e t t & o t h e r s 1977 Model o f A u g u s t i n e Vo lcano [ a b s . ] Beget 1986 P r e h i s t o r i c t e p h r a a t A u g u s t i n e [ a b s . ] Da ley 1986 P e t r o , geochem & e v o l magmas A u g u s t i n e ( t h e s i s ) Da ley & Swanson 1985 Low p r e s s f r a c t i o n a t i o n A u g u s t i n e [ a b s . ] Dav idson 1884 No tes v o l c e r u p t i o n A u g u s t i n e Dav ies & K i e n l e 1986 A u g u s t i n e e r u p t i o n & a d v i c e [ a b s . ] Decker 1967 I n v e s t a t a c t i v e vo l canoes Det te rman 1968 V o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y A u g u s t i n e I s l a n d
ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLES
AND
F I G U R E S
Table 1. Abbreviations used in short references.
& < - - > abs adj aeromag A k . A 1 eut a1 k al t , a l t e r anal assim assmt Augst basn, bsn bdrck cal d Can cen t , c n t r , C chmbr chem C 1 cl assi f cmpl x corn p cond conduct contr corre l c r Cret DSDP dep, depos devel d i f f e r en t di s t E econ el e c t el em empl eng env i r , environ equi 1 erupt e s t eval evid evo, evol expl F
and l e s s than equal t o g rea te r than abs t rac t adjacent aeromagnetic A1 as ka A1 eut i ans a1 kal i ne a1 t e r a t i on analys is ass imi la t ion assessment Augustine basin bedrock caldera Canada center , central chamber chemical , chemistry Chlorine c l a s s i f i c a t i on compl ex composition, compaction condensates conductivity contribution correl a t i on creek Cretaceous Deep Sea Dri l l ing Project d e p o s i t ( s ) , depositional devel opment d i f f e r en t i a t i on d i s t r i c t e a s t , eastern economic e l ec t r i c a l el ement empl acement engineering envi ronment equi l ibr ia( ium) eruption especia l ly , estimates eval uat i on evidence evol ve (d ) , evol u t i on expl os i ons, expl osi ve, expl anat i on, expl o ra t i on Fl uori ne
f e a s i b i 1 f l u c t f o r m F r f r a c t f rm f um geochem geochron g e o l geomorp h geoph ( y s ) Ger g l a c , g l a c i o g r a d g r a v g th rm, geotherm
H20 He Hg h i s t H o l o H S hwy h y d r o h y d r o t h r m i g i ndx i n t e r ( p ) i n v e s t i s i s o t K K/Ar KGRA L l i t h mag magma magmagen Mak meas met a mi n N N A N E NPRA
NW obs erg P. A l e x . p a l eomag
f e a s i b i 1 i t y f l u c t u a t i o n s f o r m a t i o n French f r a c t i o n a t i o n f r o m fumaro l e g e o c h e m i s t r y , geochemical geoch rono l ogy g e o l ogy geomorphol ogy g e o p h y s i c s , g e o p h y s i c a l German g l a c i a l , g l a c i o l o g i c a l g r a d i e n t g r a v i t y geo the rma l , geothermometry w a t e r He1 i um Mercu ry h i s t o r i c Hol ocene Ho t S p r i n g h ighway h y d r o l ogy, h y d r o l o g i c a l h y d r o t h e r m a l i gneous i n d e x i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s l and i s o t o p e , i s o t o p i c P o t a s s i um Potassium/Argon Known Geothermal Resource Area 1 ower 1 i t h o l o g i c ( a 1 ) magnet i c magmat i sm magmagenesis Makush in measure, measurements metamorph ic , metamorphism m i n e r a l n o r t h , n o r t h e r n N o r t h Amer i ca (n ) n o r t h e a s t , n o r t h e a s t e r n N a t i o n a l P e t r o l eum Reserve A1 aska n o r t h w e s t , n o r t h w e s t e r n o b s e r v a t i o n s o r i g i n P o r t A1 exander p a l eomagnet i c
peni n pe t ro , petrol P l e i s t plumb pot prehi s t prel i n pri proj Q , Quad quakes qua 1 Quat R r ad , radio recon r e f r reg r e p t , r p t r e s r e s i s R u s S SC S E S W seds se i sm, ( 0 )
s i g n i f Sn02 sp r s t a t s tdy s t r a t s t r u c t subd, subduct s urn sur f SY s t ec t temp Tert t herm trnsfrm US V - D VTTS var vol c W we1 d Wi s c
peninsul a petrology Pl e i stocene pl umbi ng potenti a1 p r e h i s t o r i c prel imi nary primary projec t quadrangle earthquakes qua1 i t y Quaternary r i v e r radiometric reconnai ssance re f rac t ion regula t ion , regional repor t resources r e s i s t i v i t y Russi an south, southern south-central southeast southwest sediments seismology, seismological , se i smic i ty s i g n i f i c a n t c a s s i t e r i t e spring s t a t i s t i c a l study s t r a t ig raphy , s t r a t i g r a p h i c s t r u c t u r e , s t ruc tu ra l subduction summary su r f i c i a1 system t e c t o n i c temperature Tert i ary thermal transform United S t a t e s vapor dominated Val ley of 10 ,000 Smokes vari a t i on vol cani c , vol can01 ogi cal , vol can0 West, western we1 di ng Wisconsinian
Table 2 . Codes used i n t h e s h o r t r e f e r e n c e s .
Topic
C u l t u r a l , socio-economic d a t a , environmental s t u d i e s
Development and pl anni ng Economic f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s Engineering geol ogy , hazard s t u d i e s Engineering - r e s e r v o i r Fluid chemist ry - fumaroles F lu id chemist ry - s p r i n g s Fl uid chemist ry - we1 1 s Explora t ion geochemist ry Geology - reg iona l s tudy Geology - s i t e s p e c i f i c s tudy H i s t o r i c r e p o r t Hydrothermal a1 t e r a t ion s t udy ,
inc ludes fumaro l ic e n c r u s t a t i o n s Heat flow s t u d i e s and e s t i m a t e s o f
thermal energy c o n t e n t s Petrology and geochemist ry of rocks Geophysics - reg iona l s t udy Geophysics - s i t e s p e c i f i c s t udy Regional geothermal s tudy Resource model Vol can01 ogy Final r e p o r t . For t h o s e a r e a s wi th
numerous i n t e r i m and pre l imi nary r e p o r t s , * i n d i c a t e s a s y n t h e s i s of a l l previous work.
T a b l e 3 . L i s t i n g o f geothermal s i t e s i n A l a s k a w i t h t h e codes used on t h e NOAA map. See r e f e r e n c e Motyka and o t h e r s 1983, Geothermal r e s o u r c e s o f A l a s k a . N ine a d d i t i o n a l s i t e s a r e i n c l u d e d h e r e .
Codes AA - A l e u t i a n A rc and 1 ower A1 aska P e n i n s u l a
1 L i t t l e S i t k i n 2 Semi sopochno i 3 Kanaga 4 Adak 5 Grea t S i t k i n 6 K o r o v i n 7 K l i u c h e f 8 M i l k y R i v e r 9 Seguam
10 Chugi nadak 11 Kagami l 12 Geyser B i g h t 13 Ho t S p r i n g s Cove 14 P a r t o v Cove 15 Okmok C a l d e r a 16 Makush in Vo lcano 17 G l a c i e r V a l l e y 18 Makushin V a l l e y 19 Summer Bay 20 Summer Bay Wel l 21 Akutan Vo lcano 22 Hot S p r i n g s Bay 23 Akun S t r a t i 24 S h i s h a l d i n 25 F a l s e Pass 26 Kenmore 27 Egg I s l a n d 28 Co ld Bay 29 Emmons Lake 30 Hague 3 1 Pav lov 32 P o r t Mol l e r 33 K u p r e a n o f f 34 An iakchak 35 Mo the r Goose 36 Chugi nagak 37 U k i n r e k 38 Gas Rocks 39 B o g o s l o f
Codes NC - N o r t h C e n t r a l A l a s k a
1 P i l g r i m S p r i n g s 2 P i l g r i m W e l l s 3 S e r p e n t i n e 4 Lava Creek 5 B a t t l e s h i p Moun ta in 6 K w i n i u k 7 C l e a r Creek 8 G r a n i t e Moun ta in 9 Hawk
10 Sou th 11 Upper D i v i s i o n 12 Lower D i v i s i o n 13 D u l b a i 14 Sun Moun ta in 15 Reed R i v e r 16 H o r n o r 17 M e l o z i 18 Pocahontas 19 Tuna1 k t e n Lake 20 L i t t l e M e l o z i t n a 2 1 McQuesten 22 I s h t a l i t n a 23 K i l o 24 Upper Ray R i v e r 25 K a n u t i 26 Lower Ray R i v e r 27 Manley 28 Manley W e l l s 29 H u t l i n a n a 30 D a l l 31 To lovana 32 Chena 33 C i r c l e 34 B i g Windy 35 O k p i l a k 36 Red H i l l S p r i n g 37 Inmachuk 38 Upper Noatak 39 A r r i g e t c h 40 T e t l i n 41 Minook
Codes SC - South C e n t r a l A1 aska and upper A1 aska Pen insu l a
Ophi r C h u i l n u k M t . M a r t i n M t . Mage ik M t . G r i g g s Katmai C a l d e r a M t . T r i d e n t Snowy M t . Ku ka k M t . Douglas August i ne I1 i amna Redoubt M t . S p u r r W i l l o w Wel l Lower K l awas i Upper K l awas i N o r t h C r a t e r M t . Wrangel l Copper G l a c i e r Novarup ta Kaguyak T a t 1 awi ksuk Cheeneetnuk Wh i te Moun ta in
Codes SE - South Eas t A l a s k a
Whi te S u l f u r Neka Bay Tenakee I n 1 e t N o r t h P e r i l S t r a i t Tenakee Tenakee We1 1 s Ny l en F i s h Bay Goddard Barano f Baker I s l a n d Twin Lakes M t . Rynda C h i e f Shakes Barnes Lake B r a d f i e l d Canal B a i l e y Bay B e l l I s l a n d Edgecumbe
T a b l e 4 . L i s t o f a1 i a s e s .
Name o f s p r i n g used i n t h i s r e p o r t
Akun S t r a i t An i akchak Baker I s l and Barnes Lake B a t t l e s h i p Moun ta in B i g Windy C h i e f Shakes C i r c l e Du l b a i Egg I s 1 and F a l s e Pass Goddard G r a n i t e Moun ta in Hague Kenmore K w i n i u k Lower D i v i s i o n Lower K l awasi Man1 ey Me1 o z i M i 1 ky R i v e r M i nook M t . Rynda Neka Bay P a r t o v Cove P i l g r i m S e r p e n t i n e South Tenakee Twin Lakes Upper Ray Wh i te S u l f u r
Names a p p l i e d t o same s p r i n g i n p r e v i o u s
l i t e r a t u r e
S.W. Akun S u r p r i se Lake C r a i g , D a l t o n P a r a d i se M t . K a c h a u i k Wol f e Shakes A r c t i c C i r c l e Hot S p r i n g s Dul b a t n a M t . , LeDonne Amak Morzhovo i S i t k a Ho t S p r i n g s Sweepstakes n e a r Pav l ov S tan C h r i s t i a n s o n E l im D i v i s i o n , Souby, Dav idson Shrub (Drum Group) Baker Me1 o z i t n a A t ka Conway South S t i k i ne Nika Bay Umnak I s l a n d Kruzgumepa A r c t i c , S p r i n g Creek P u r c e l l Moun ta in Hoon iah H o t S p r i n g West Shakes Ray R i v e r Hoon iah warm s p r i n g
Figure 1. Map of Alaska divided into the 10 geographical regions listed in section IV. Figures 2-11 are enlargements of each of these regions with the individual thermal sites indicated.
FIGURE 2
I SCALE 1 : .i.000,000
I i
I ISC'H=.IPPKOXI\I.\TELY 8 0 NILES I
i 6,. su I ud 1 6 0 MIL- - - , I
n.. S O l lJG Leo Y.LPYs?r=.
I - - - 1
Figure 2 . Geothermal spring l o c a l i t i e s in the region referred t o as South- eas te rn . The numerals correspond t o those prefixed by SE on the NOAA map.
F I G U R E 3
SCALE 1 : 5.000.000
I ISCH=. \PPROXIJI . \TEL 80 MILES -<, 0 0 I UI) is" M 1 L . U
- - I I
'I,) 60 1 1 , 0 L - 0 K IWYPTLI Ia - . 1
Figure 3. Geothermal s p r i n g l o c a l i t i e s in t h e r e g i o n r e f e r r e d t o a s Sou theas t Q u a d r a n t . The numerals correspond t o t h o s e p r e f i x e d by SC on t h e NOAA map.
FIGURE 4
F i g u r e 4 . Geothermal s p r i n g l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e r e g i o n r e f e r r e d t o as South C e n t r a l . The numerals cor respond t o those p r e f i x e d by SC on t h e NOAA map.
2 7
N A
I
I 0. I
0 G$ odiak
p Ga
GCA1.E 1 :3.000.000
I I S ( ' 1 i .Il'PHOXI>I.\?'ELI~ H O MILES SLI I V O 160 MIL.-
[ - H I I
bU 1 >U 1.30 KILOYmPLS +A - . I
I I
L
Mek
fi- '7L
-ll - t, C ;D m
cn
h) 06
F i g u r e 5. Geothermal s p r i n g 1 oca l i t i e s i n r e g i o n r e f e r r e d t o as Southwest Quadrant . The numeral s correspond t o those p r e f i x e d by S C on t h e NOAA map.
- -- - - --- -
N Gambel l
% '
SCA1.E 1 : .5.000,000
I IS~'H=, \PPKOXI>l . \TEI,Y ti0 \llI,ES . . S L, l iuu iau \ , C L s l - -
ea, a 0 I 0 0 Leo Y 1 W Y F I ~ . - . : . 4
! .
F I G U R E 6
I 1
P o r t Mol ler
Figure 6 . Geothermal spring l o c a l i t i e s in the region refer red t o as Alaska Peninsula. Numerals 1-14 correspond t o those labeled SC on the NOAA map, and 25-38 correspond t o those labeled AA.
FIGURE 7
Aku tan
False Pass 1
Du tch Harbor
1 1
-
10 N iko lsk i
F i g u r e 7 . Geothermal s p r i n g l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e e a s t e r n p o r t i o n o f t h e r e g i o n r e f e r r e d t o as t h e A l e u t i a n s . The numerals cor respond t o those p r e f i x e d by AA on t h e NOAA map.
I -
F i g u r e 9. Geothermal s p r i n g l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e r e g i o n r e f e r r e d t o as t h e I n t e r i o r . The numerals correspond t o
I
those p r e f i x e d by NC on t h e NOAA map.
SCALE 1 : 5.000,000
1 I S C ' H = . i P P R O X I W . i T E L 80 SlI1,ES
FIGURE 10
Shishmaref KT
p 3 . q
Tel ler
N o m e
Figure 10. Geothermal spring l o c a l i t i e s i n the region referred t o as the Seward Peninsula. The numerals correspond t o those prefixed by NC on the NOAA map.
33
?
SCALE 1 : 5,000,000
I ISCtI- .%PPKOXIMhTELY e O MILES no no L 00 1 - 0 YILPI
I - - ) I
n*, 60 100 L.50 Y I W Y D Y ? ~ - - , I
* -
SCA 1.E 1 : 5.000,000
1 ISC'H--.\PPKOXIhIA\TEI,Y 80 1III;ES
F igu re 11. Geothermal s p r i n g l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e r e g i o n r e f e r r e d t o as Nor thern. The numerals correspond t o those p r e f i x e d by NC on t h e NOAA map.
A P P E N D I X A - MAJOR GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS I N ALASKA
STATEWIDE
The f i r s t e x t e n s i v e c o m p i l a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n on A laskan t h e r m a l s p r i n g s was done by Waring, 1917. S ince t h e n many a d d i t i o n a l t he rma l s p r i n g s have been d i s c o v e r e d and sampled. Severa l d a t a c o m p i l a t i o n s on A laskan t h e r m a l s p r i n g s have been p u b l i s h e d wh ich i n c l u d e d a d d i t i o n a l chemica l d a t a t h a t had become a v a i l a b l e . The most n o t a b l e o f t h e s e p u b l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e M i l l e r , 1973, Gassaway and Abramson, 1977, and T u r n e r and o t h e r s , 1980.
The A laska D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l and Geophys ica l Surveys began i t s assessment o f geothermal r e s o u r c e s i n A laska i n 1979. T h i s program i n c l u d e d reconna issance i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f as many known the rma l s i t e s as p o s s i b l e . M a j o r f u n d i n g f o r t h i s p r o j e c t was p r o v i d e d by t h e S t a t e o f A l a s k a and t h e U.S. Department o f Energy. Over 85 o f t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 120 known t h e r m a l s i t e s have now been v i s i t e d w i t h t h e m a j o r p o r t i o n o f t h i s reconna issance work b e i n g pe r fo rmed between 1979 and 1982. The reconna issance su rvey o f a t h e r m a l s i t e usua l 1 y i n c l uded reconna i ssance o f 1 o c a l geo logy, geochemical sampl i n g o f t h e the rma l f l u i d s , and measurements o f v e n t t empera tu res and r a t e s o f d i s c h a r g e . The l o c a t i o n and a summary o f t he rma l s i t e s i n A l a s k a can be found on t h e s t a t e w i d e geothermal r e s o u r c e s map (1:2,500,000) (Motyka and o t h e r s , 1983) . More d e t a i l e d , t e c h n i c a l r e g i o n a l geothermal resources maps a t a s c a l e o f 1:1,000,000 a r e c u r r e n t l y i n p r e p a r a t i o n . The r e s u l t s o f t h e reconna issance i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t he rma l s i t e s i n t h e A l e u t i a n I s l a n d s and A l a s k a P e n i n s u l a a r e r e p o r t e d i n Motyka and o t h e r s , 1981; and f o r s o u t h e r n s o u t h e a s t A l a s k a i n Motyka and o t h e r s , 1980. Our geochemical ana lyses o f t he rma l s p r i n g w a t e r s i n A laska have a1 so been r e p o r t e d i n B l i s s , 1983.
ADAK
S a l i n e the rma l s p r i n g s emanate a l o n g t h e B e r i n g Sea c o a s t a t t h e base o f Mount Adagdak, a T e r t i a r y - Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c c e n t e r l o c a t e d n o r t h w e s t o f t h e Adak Naval Base. Geothermometers a p p l i e d t o t h e s p r i n g w a t e r s g i v e r e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e e s t i m a t e s o f 160" t o 190°C. E x p l o r a t o r y d r i l l i n g on t h e f l a n k s and base o f Mount Adagdak was under taken by t h e U.S. Navy i n 1977. Temperature g r a d i e n t s measured as h i g h as 80°C/km and t h e tempera tu re a t t h e b o t t o m o f one 600 m deep h o l e was 66°C. There has been no f u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n s i n c e t h e n b u t t h e U.S. Navy i s c o n s i d e r i n g r e - e x a m i n i n g t h e Adak a rea ' s geo the rma l p o t e n t i a l . Adak, a s t r a t e g i c m i l i t a r y base, has a p o p u l a t i o n o f o v e r 3,000 p e o p l e making i t t h e l a r g e s t s e t t l e m e n t i n t h e A l e u t i a n I s l a n d s .
Agencies i n v o l ved : Department o f t h e Navy, Naval Weapons Center ,
Energy Program Management O f f i c e Department o f t h e Navy, Adak Naval S t a t i o n A1 aska D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l & Geophys ica l Surveys U.S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey, A1 aska Branch U.S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e
AKUTAN
Severa l t he rma l s p r i n g s and a s m a l l f u m a r o l e f i e l d a r e l o c a t e d i n H o t S p r i n g s Bay V a l l e y , about 4 km n o r t h w e s t o f Akutan Harbor and 10 km n o r t h e a s t o f
a c t i v e Akutan Volcano. The c h l o r i d e - r i c h s p r i n g s have su r f ace d ischarge temperatures r a n g i n g f rom 40" t o 85°C; geothermometers g i v e r e s e r v o i r temperature es t ima tes o f 180" t o 190°C. Geophysical i n v e s t i g a t i o n s suggest t h a t much o f t h e v a l l e y i s u n d e r l a i n by warm waters . The resource area l i e s c l o s e t o a smal l b u t w e l l - p r o t e c t e d n a t u r a l ha rbor t h a t serves as t h e base o f ope ra t i ons f o r severa l b o t t o m - f i s h i n g and c rabb ing vesse ls , f l o a t i n g f i s h processors and a shore-based b o t t o m - f i s h p rocess ing p l a n t . Geothermal resources i n t h e v a l l e y have t h e p o t e n t i a l o f supp ly ing a l l t h e energy needs, through d i r e c t use and e l e c t r i c a l power genera t ion , f o r t h e p rocessors and t h e nearby v i l l a g e o f Akutan.
Agencies i n v o l ved: A1 aska D i v i s i o n o f Geolog ica l & Geophysical Surveys
Geophysical I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y o f A laska Akutan V i l l a g e Counci l A l e u t Co rpo ra t i on U.S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e Serv ice
ATKA
Two ma jo r fumaro le f i e l d s , K l i u c h e f and M i l k y R i v e r and assoc ia ted low-C1 , HC03-SO4 r i c h thermal sp r i ngs a re l o c a t e d on t h e west f l a n k o f t h e s t r a t o - volcano, M t . K l i u c h e f . A t h i r d geothermal f i e l d , Korov in , l i e s i n a v a l l e y about 6 km southwest o f Korov in Volcano. Gas geothermometry g i v e s r e s e r v o i r temperature es t ima tes o f 170" t o 300°C. The nearby n a t i v e v i l l a g e o f A tka has a subs is tence based economy and i s a c t i v e l y seek ing an energy source t o h e l p develop a l o c a l commercial f i s h i n g i n d u s t r y . The p r o x i m i t y o f t h e geothermal resources on n o r t h e a s t Atka t o a good harbor and p o t e n t i a l users make t h e area p a r t i c u l a r l y a t t r a c t i v e f o r f u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n .
Agencies i nvo l ved : A1 aska D i v i s i o n o f Geolog ica l & Geophysical Surveys Atka V i l l age Counci l A1 e u t Co rpo ra t i on U.S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e Serv ice
BARANOF
Waters f rom e i g h t thermal sp r i ngs r ang ing f r om 40" t o 50°C i n temperature a re used t o hea t l o c a l d w e l l i n g s , a genera l s t o r e and a commercial ba th house. The es t imated r e s e r v o i r temperature, based on geothermometry, i s 95°C. The sp r i ngs f l o w f rom f r a c t u r e s i n an Eocene t r o n d h j e m i t e p l u t o n . The s i t e l i e s w i t h i n t h e Tongass Na t i ona l Fores t .
Agencies i nvo l ved: A1 aska D i v i s i o n o f Geolog ica l & Geophysical Surveys U.S. Fo res t Serv ice , Tongass Na t i ona l Fo res t
BELL ISLAND and BAILEY BAY
A t B e l l I s l a n d , waters f rom numerous s p r i n g s r a n g i n g i n temperature f rom 67" t o 74°C a re c o l l e c t e d i n c i s t e r n s and used t o hea t lodges, cab ins, and t h e swimming pool o f a f i s h i n g r e s o r t complex. The owner has expressed i n t e r e s t i n cascaded d i r e c t - u s e o f t h e thermal s p r i n g wa te rs f o r greenhouses and
a q u a c u l t u r e . Geothermometers g i v e an e s t i m a t e d r e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e o f 135°C. Nearby B a i l e y Bay Ho t S p r i n g s have s u r f a c e d i s c h a r g e tempera tu res as h i g h as 91°C and an e s t i m a t e d r e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e o f 150°C. The U.S. F o r e s t S e r v i c e has proposed p l a c i n g t h e B a i l e y Bay s i t e i n t o an e c o l o g i c a l p r e s e r v e s t a t u s .
Agencies i n v o l v e d : A1 aska D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l & Geophys ica l Surveys U.S. F o r e s t S e r v i c e , Tongass N a t i o n a l F o r e s t B e l l I s l a n d H o t S p r i n g s F i s h i n g R e s o r t
CHENA and CIRCLE
These s i t e s a r e b o t h examples o f h y d r o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e p e r c o l a t i o n and c i r c u l a t i o n o f m e t e o r i c w a t e r s a l o n g f r a c t u r e s and f a u l t s i n Cre taceous i n t r u s i v e b o d i e s and o v e r l y i n g metamorph ic u n i t s i n c e n t r a l A laska . A d d i t i o n a l l y b o t h have s i m i l a r h i s t o r i e s o f development and d i r e c t use, f i r s t s e r v i n g l o c a l m i n i n g communi t ies as b a t h i n g and s m a l l - s c a l e a g r i c u l t u r a l f a c i l i t i e s , and l a t e r becoming m a j o r r e c r e a t i o n a l a reas f o r r e s i d e n t s o f Fa i rbanks . A t C i r c l e w a t e r f rom n i n e s p r i n g s , w i t h a maximum t e m p e r a t u r e o f 60°C and combined f l o w o f 1,700 lpm, i s used t o h e a t a l a r g e h o t e l , swimming p o o l , and s m a l l greenhouse. A t Chena e f f l u e n t f r o m 10 s p r i n g s , w i t h a combined f l o w o f 840 Ipm and maximum tempera tu re o f 57"C, i s used t o h e a t a l o d g e and enc losed swimming p o o l . Owners o f b o t h r e s o r t s wou ld e v e n t u a l l y l i k e t o d r i l l w e l l s t o i n c r e a s e h o t w a t e r p r o d u c t i o n , b u t a r e p r e s e n t l y w o r k i n g t o expand t h e d i r e c t use o f n a t u r a l d i s c h a r g e . Based on geothermometry, e s t i m a t e d r e s e r v o i r t empera tu res f o r b o t h s i t e s a r e 130" t o 145°C.
Agencies i n v o l v e d : A l a s k a D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l & Geophys ica l Surveys Geophys ica l I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y o f A l a s k a U.S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey, A1 aska Branch Chena H o t S p r i n g s R e s o r t C i r c l e Ho t S p r i n g s R e s o r t
GODDARD
Four s p r i n g s r a n g i n g i n tempera tu re f r o m 30" t o 66°C a r e l o c a t e d 22 km s o u t h o f S i t k a on t h e c o a s t o f Ba rano f I s l a n d . Geothermometry g i v e s a r e s e r v o i r t empera tu re e s t i m a t e o f 140°C. The s i t e was deve loped as a h e a l t h spa comp le te w i t h h o s p i t a l f a c i l i t i e s d u r i n g t h e 1920's. The s p r i n g w a t e r s a r e c u r r e n t l y used f o r community b a t h houses. The c i t y o f S i t k a , wh ich owns t h e s p r i n g s , has c o n s i d e r e d f u r t h e r development o f t h e a rea b u t t h e S i t k a community r e s i d e n t s have exp ressed t h e i r d e s i r e t o m a i n t a i n t h e a r e a as a r e c r e a t i o n a l s i t e .
Agencies i n v o l v e d : A l a s k a D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l & Geophys ica l Surveys S i t k a C i t y and Borough Government
KLAWASI - COPPER RIVER B A S I N
Two g roups o f mud vo lcanoes a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e Copper R i v e r Bas in : t h e To lsana g roup west o f G l e n n a l l e n and t h e K l a w a s i g roup e a s t o f G l e n n a l l e n . A l though b o t h g roups d i s c h a r g e h i g h l y s a l i n e wa te rs , t h e K lawas i g roup i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y warmer w a t e r s (20°C) accompanied b y v a s t amounts o f C02. The
s a l i n e wa te rs emanating f rom bo th groups a re though t t o o r i g i n a t e f rom o v e r - pressured zones i n Cretaceous marine sediments t h a t u n d e r l i e t h e bas in . The p r o x i m i t y o f t h e K l awasi group t o t h e ex t reme ly 1 arge Quate rnary volcanoes o f t h e western Wrangel l Mountains l e a d many t o specu la te t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t geothermal resource migh t u n d e r l i e t h e mud vo lcanoes. Th is v iew was suppor ted when researchers f rom t h e Geophysical I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y o f A laska found g r a v i t y , magnet ic, s e l f - p o t e n t i a l , and he l i um anomalies i n t h e K lawasi area, t h e combinat ion o f which they suggested migh t i n d i c a t e hydrothermal a c t i v i t y . However, r e c e n t geochemical and i s o t o p i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e mud vo lcano f l u i d s by DGGS have shown t h a t t h e r e s e r v o i r s f eed ing t h e Klawasi mud volcanoes a re p robab l y o f moderate temperature (100" t o 125°C). F l u i d geochemical and i s o t o p i c ev idence a l s o suggests t h a t a body o f magma has i n t r u d e d deep-seated l imes tone f o rma t i ons beneath t h e Klawasi area and i s r espons ib l e f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f C02 th rough thermogenic and geochemical processes. Land ownership i n t h e r e g i o n i s d i v i d e d among t h e l o c a l n a t i v e c o r p o r a t i o n , t h e S t a t e o f Alaska, and t h e Na t i ona l Park Serv ice .
Agencies i nvo l ved : A laska D i v i s i o n o f Geolog ica l & Geophysical Surveys Geophysical I n s t i t u t e , U. o f Alaska U. S. Geol o g i c a l Survey, A1 aska Branch Wrangel l - S t . E l i a s Na t i ona l Park AHTNA - Copper R i v e r N a t i v e Assoc ia t i on
MAKUSHIN
The Makushin geothermal area i s assoc ia ted w i t h Makushin Volcano, a ma jo r v o l c a n i c c e n t e r i n t h e A l e u t i a n a rc . The hydrothermal system c o n s i s t s o f a b o i l i n g ho t -wa te r r e s e r v o i r o v e r l a i n by a d i scon t i nuous vapor-dominated zone t h a t d ischarges steam and gases f rom severa l fumaro le f i e l d s l o c a t e d on t h e south and eas t f l a n k s o f t h e volcano. Numerous low-C1, HC03-SO4 r i c h thermal sp r i ngs emanate downslope from t h e fumaro les; severa l a1 k a l i -C1, HC03-SO4 r i c h thermal s p r i n g s occur a t l ower e l e v a t i o n s . Gas geothermometry a p p l i e d t o a 150°C superheated fumaro le g i ves a r e s e r v o i r temperature es t ima te o f 300°C. Host r e s e r v o i r r o c k i s a h i g h l y - f r a c t u r e d g a b b r o - n o r i t e s tock . Reconnaissance i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e area 's geothermal resources were undertaken by t h e A laska D i v i s i o n o f Geo log ica l and Geophysical Surveys i n 1980 and 1981 under a program funded by t h e U.S. Department o f Energy and t h e S t a t e o f Alaska. From 1982 - 1984 t h e Alaska Power A u t h o r i t y admin is te red a s t a t e funded $5 m i l l i o n e x p l o r a t o r y d r i l l i n g program w i t h Repub l i c Geothermal, I nc . o f C a l i f o r n i a t h e pr ime c o n t r a c t o r . Three 460 m deep thermal g r a d i e n t ho les were d r i l l e d i n 1982. The h o t t e s t temperature encountered was 195°C a t t h e bot tom o f t h e h o l e d r i l l e d a t t h e head o f Makushin Va l l ey . I n 1983 a 593 m t e s t w e l l (ST-1) d r i l l e d near t h e same s i t e v e r i f i e d t h a t a resource s u i t a b l e f o r gene ra t i ng e l e c t r i c a l power e x i s t s . Bottom h o l e temperature measurements were 195°C w i t h geothermometers i n d i c a t i n g deeper r e s e r v o i r temperatures o f 220°C and h i ghe r . Eng ineer ing t e s t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s i n g l e f r a c t u r e encountered c o u l d supp ly two p r o d u c t i o n w e l l s each capable o f d r i v i n g a 5 MW t u r b i n e . I n 1984, e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y surveys and an a d d i t i o n a l thermal g r a d i e n t h o l e d r i l l e d t o 490 m near Sugar loa f Cone d e l i n e a t e d t h e n o r t h and eas t boundar ies o f t h e wedge shaped main r e s e r v o i r which d i p s t o t h e south and west o f ST-1. The conc lus i on o f a l l r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e hydrothermal f l u i d s which feed ST-1 a re d e r i v e d f r om a deep pa ren t r e s e r v o i r approx imate ly c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d beneath t h e vo lcano and any f u t u r e p r o d u c t i o n w e l l s should be s i t e d a t o r u p v a l l e y o f ST-1. A g e o l o g i c a l
e n g i n e e r i n g and hazards s t u d y o f t h e s i t e has been r e c e n t l y comple ted by DGGS. The r e s o u r c e a r e a l i e s 25 km west o f t h e v i l l a g e o f Una laska and Dutch Harbor , t h e l a r g e s t n a t u r a l deep-water h a r b o r i n t h e A l e u t i a n I s l a n d s . The v i l l a g e and h a r b o r s e r v e as t h e m a j o r base o f o p e r a t i o n s f o r t h e r i c h N o r t h P a c i f i c and B e r i n g Sea f i s h e r i e s and f o r o i l and gas e x p l o r a t i o n on t h e B e r i n g Sea s h e l f . The 10 MW e l e c t r i c a l power needs o f t h e community and f i s h p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r y i s c u r r e n t l y s u p p l i e d by d i e s e l - f i r e d g e n e r a t o r s .
Agencies i n v o l ved : A1 aska D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l & Geophys ica l Surveys A1 aska Power A u t h o r i t y Geophys ica l I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y o f A laska R e p u b l i c Geothermal I n c . , C a l i f o r n i a Ounalashka C o r p o r a t i o n Unal aska V i 11 age Counci 1 A1 e u t C o r p o r a t i o n U.S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e A laska Department o f F i s h and Game A laska D i v i s i o n o f O i l and Gas
MANLEY
Ho t s p r i n g s a t Manley, c e n t e r e d on t h e 236-ac re D a r t homestead, a r e used t o hea t a house, l a r g e greenhouses, and a sma l l commercia l b a t h , as w e l l as p r o v i d i n g t h e p r i m a r y w a t e r supp ly f o r t h e community o f Manley. D ischarge tempera tu res range f r o m 18" t o 61°C, w i t h r e s e r v o i r e s t i m a t e s o f 70" t o 130°C. The Bean Ridge N a t i v e C o r p o r a t i on has s e l e c t e d a1 1 a v a i 1 a b l e 1 and s u r r o u n d i n g t h e D a r t p r o p e r t y and a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n geothermal e x p l o r a t i o n and development. Geophys ica l and geochemical s t u d i e s have been c a r r i e d o u t t o h e l p s i t e a w e l l on t h e D a r t p r o p e r t y . C a p i t a l l i m i t a t i o n s p r e v e n t immedia te development o f t h e r e s o u r c e , b u t a p o t e n t i a l f o r g r e a t e r d i r e c t use o f s p r i n g w a t e r s e x i s t s . From 1906 t o 1912 Manley was t h e s i t e o f t h e most e x t e n s i v e d i r e c t use o f geothermal energy t o d a t e i n A l a s k a . D u r i n g t h e h e i g h t o f p l a c e r m i n i n g a c t i v i t y i n t h e T o f t y , Eureka, and Baker Cr. areas, Manley se rved as a t r a d e c e n t e r wh ich boasted a 60 room h o t e l , p u b l i c ba ths , e x t e n s i v e p o u l t r y , hog and d a i r y barns , greenhouses and commercia l t r u c k gardens a l l h e a t e d w i t h geothermal energy .
Agencies i n v o l v e d : Geophys ica l I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y o f A laska A laska D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l & Geophys ica l Surveys Bean Ridge N a t i v e C o r p o r a t i o n Manley Ho t S p r i n g s R e s o r t
MOUNT SPURR
Mount S p u r r i s a l a r g e a n d e s i t i c s t r a t o v o l c a n o l o c a t e d on t h e west s i d e o f upper Cook I n l e t . The v o l c a n o l a s t e r u p t e d i n 1953 s c a t t e r i n g ash o v e r Anchorage 130 km t o t h e e a s t . S u r f a c e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f geothermal a c t i v i t y i n c l u d e a 1 km l o n g zone o f warm s p r i n g s ( 4 0 ° C ) i n t h e v a l l e y i m m e d i a t e l y s o u t h o f C r a t e r Peak, a f u m a r o l e f i e l d around C r a t e r Peak, and e v i d e n c e o f i c e m e l t i n g b y hyd ro the rma l a c t i v i t y a t an e l e v a t i o n o f 2,900 m. P r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s o f g e o l o g i c a l and geochemical s t u d i e s o f Mount S p u r r v o l c a n i c r o c k s by DGGS and t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A l a s k a p r o v i d e abundant ev idence f o r a s h a l l o w - l e v e l magma system wh ich has been a c t i v e d u r i n g l a t e P l e i s t o c e n e and Holocene t i m e . Geophys ica l
and geochemica l su rveys were conducted i n 1985 by t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A laska , Geophys ica l I n s t i t u t e i n t h e area s o u t h o f Mount S p u r r . These i n v e s t i g a t i o n s l o c a t e d 1 a r g e e l e c t r i c a l s e l f - p o t e n t i a l anomal i e s and e x t e n s i v e zones o f l o w r e s i s t i v i t y wh ich a r e ove r lapped and sur rounded by areas o f anomalous ly h i g h He and Hg v a l u e s . The sou th s i d e o f M t . S p u r r has been t h e s i t e o f two S t a t e o f A laska geothermal l e a s e s a l e s . The l e a s e h o l d e r s a r e a c t i v e l y e x p l o r i n g f o r geothermal r e s o u r c e s wh ich t h e y p l a n t o use f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l purposes. Anchorage p r e s e n t l y o b t a i n s most o f i t s e l e c t r i c i t y f r o m t u r b i n e s f i r e d b y n a t u r a l gas f r o m t h e upper Cook I n l e t o i l f i e l d s . A p a r t o f M t . S p u r r l i e s w i t h i n a N a t i o n a l Pa rk .
Agencies i n v o l v e d : Geophys ica l I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y o f A laska A1 aska D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l & Geophys ica l Surveys A l a s k a D i v i s i o n o f O i l and Gas U.S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey, A1 aska Branch
PILGRIM
Two h o t s p r i n g s (81°C) and a l a r g e o v a l o f thawed ground i n an a r e a o f deep c o n t i n u o u s p e r m a f r o s t a r e s u r f a c e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f geothermal r e s o u r c e s i n t h e P i l g r i m R i v e r v a l l e y 7 5 km n o r t h o f Nome, A laska . The v a l l e y i s b e l i e v e d t o be a downdropped f a u l t b l o c k o f p re -Phanerozo ic g n e i s s and i n t r u s i v e Mesozoic g r a n i t e s wh ich i s o v e r l a i n by a t h i c k (200 m) sequence o f T e r t i a r y ( ? ) sed iments . A s h a l l o w pancake-shaped h o t w a t e r r e s e r v o i r ( 1 km2) was p o s t u l a t e d f r o m reconna issance g e o l o g i c , g e o p h y s i c a l , h y d r o l o g i c and geochemical s t u d i e s conducted by t h e Geophys ica l I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y o f A laska and DGGS. The r e s e r v o i r was l a t e r s u b s t a n t i a t e d by s i x geo the rma l g r a d i e n t w e l l s d r i l l e d under c o n t r a c t t o t h e A l a s k a D i v i s i o n o f Energy and Power Development d u r i n g 1979 and 1982. The r e s e r v o i r , 14 m below t h e s u r f a c e , i s 20 m t h i c k and 91°C. No deep c o n d u i t was d i s c o v e r e d and t h e source f o r t h e h e a t i s s t i l l i n q u e s t i o n . C a t i o n and s i l i c a geothermometers p r e d i c t r e s e r v o i r t empera tu res o f 110" t o 148°C. There i s p r o b a b l y 19 MW a v a i l a b l e f o r l o c a l d i r e c t - u s e development. A r o a d now connects Nome t o t h e s p r i n g s wh ich a r e used c u r r e n t l y f o r r e c r e a t i o n . F u t u r e development i s u n c e r t a i n . The s p r i n g s and s u r r o u n d i n g l a n d a r e owned b y t h e Catho l i c Church.
Agenci es i n v o l ved : Geophys ica l I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y o f A1 aska A l a s k a D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l & Geophys ica l Surveys A l a s k a Department o f Commerce and Economic Development Woodward-Clyde C o n s u l t a n t s
SUMMER BAY
Two t h e r m a l s p r i n g s l o c a t e d near t h e v i l l a g e o f Una laska abou t 2 km up- v a l l e y f r o m Summer Bay on Una laska I s l a n d , f e e b l y e m i t c h l o r i d e - r i c h 30°C w a t e r s . I n 1980 two s h a l l o w t e s t w e l l s spaced 200 m a p a r t were d r i l l e d i n t o i r o n - s t a i n e d sed iments l o c a t e d on t h e sho re o f a l a k e about 1/2 km d o w n v a l l e y f rom t h e s p r i n g s . Bo th w e l l s encountered a warm w a t e r a q u i f e r a t abou t 13 m and bedrock a t 17 m. A r t e s i a n f l o w f r o m w e l l 1 was 180 l p m a t 50°C; w e l l 2 f l o w was 30 Ipm and 44°C. The w e l l s have been p lugged and t h e geothermal r e s o u r c e remains u n - u t i l i z e d .
Agencies i nvo l ved : A1 aska D i v i s i o n o f Geo log ica l & Geophysical Surveys Alaska Department o f Commerce and Economic Development Ounal ashka Co rpo ra t i on Unal aska V i 11 age Counci 1
TENAKEE
Eighteen sp r i ngs r ang ing f rom 30" t o 40°C i n tempera tu re l i e a long t h e shore1 i n e a t Tenakee V i l l a g e . The sp r i ngs appear t o o r i g i n a t e as me teo r i c waters t h a t c i r c u l a t e a long deep f r a c t u r e s assoc ia ted w i t h nearby f a u l t zones. Geothermometry g i v e s r e s e r v o i r temperature es t ima tes o f 65" t o 100°C. Waters f rom one o f t h e sp r i ngs i s used f o r a community b a t h house. Under a U.S. Department o f Energy Program, t h e Alaska Department o f Commerce and Economic Development c o n t r a c t e d f o r e x p l o r a t o r y d r i l l i n g t o de te rmine whether h o t waters s u i t a b l e f o r d i r e c t - u s e were p resen t a t sha l low depths. S i x t e s t w e l l s were d r i l l e d ; t h e deepest reached 30 m (100 f t . ) and produced 30°C waters a t a r a t e o f about 8 Ipm. Water temperatures and f l o w r a t e s f r om t h e w e l l s were deemed i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r d i s t r i c t hea t i ng .
Agencies i nvo l ved : A1 aska D i v i s i o n o f Geo log ica l & Geophysical Surveys A1 aska Department o f Commerce and Economi c Devel opment V i l l a g e o f Tenakee
UMNAK
Numerous h o t sp r ings , fumaroles, and severa l smal l geysers w i t h temperatures t o 102°C a re l o c a t e d i n Geyser B i g h t Va l ley , and c o n s t i t u t e p robab l y t h e bes t known, most widespread, and h o t t e s t thermal s p r i n g system i n Alaska. S i l i c a and c a t i o n geothermometers g i v e r e s e r v o i r temperature es t ima tes o f 180" t o 200°C; s u l f a t e - w a t e r oxygen i s o t o p e geothermometry suggests deep r e s e r v o i r temperatures a re as h i g h as 265°C. The resource area l i e s between huge Okmok Caldera t o t h e nor thwes t and Mount Recheschnoi and Vsev idof , two l a r g e s t ra tovo lcanoes , t o t h e southwest. C h l o r i d e thermal sp r i ngs a1 so occur i n n e i g h b o r i n g Hot Spr ings Cove and Par tov Cove v a l l e y s . Lands i n t h e Geyser B i g h t and sur round ing areas have been se lec ted by t h e S t a t e o f Alaska, Ni k o l s k i V i l l a g e Corpora t ion , S t . George V i l l a g e Assoc ia t i on and t h e A l e u t Corpora t ion . The nea res t community i s t h e n a t i v e v i l l a g e o f N i k o l s k i , 40 km southwest o f Geyser B i g h t . Because o f t h e remoteness o f t h e t h r e e s i t e s , t h e 1 ack o f p r o t e c t e d deep-water harbors , and low p o p u l a t i o n base, geothermal resource development appears u n l i k e l y i n t h e near f u t u r e .
Agencies i n v o l v e d : A1 aska D i v i s i o n o f Geo log ica l & Geophysical Surveys U. S. Geol o g i c a l Survey U.S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e Serv ice A1 e u t Co rpo ra t i on N i k o l s k i V i 11 age Counci 1 S t . George V i l l a g e Assoc ia t i on
WILLOW - LOWER SUSITNA BASIN
Four nonproducing e x p l o r a t o r y o i l w e l l s d r i l l e d i n t o t h e t h i c k T e r t i a r y sedimentary sequence o v e r l y i n g g r a n i t i c basement r ocks i n t h i s area had geothermal g r a d i e n t s o f 41" t o 123"C/km. L i m i t e d geophys ica l and geochemical da ta f rom t h e area have been i n t e r p r e t e d by Turner and Wescott (1982) as p o s s i b l y i n d i c a t i n g a s h a l l ow 1 ow-grade geothermal r e s e r v o i r 100 km2 i n area, t h a t c o u l d be tapped f o r d i r e c t use. There i s no su r f ace m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f t h e resource, no f l u i d s were encountered i n t h e w e l l s , and t h e source o f t h e heat remains h i g h l y s p e c u l a t i v e . T r a d i t i o n a l l y an area o f smal l - s c a l e a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y , i t has r e c e n t l y seen ex tens i ve suburban development. O ther p o t e n t i a l users i n c l u d e t h e S t a t e D i v i s i o n o f Parks, Nancy Lake Recrea t ion Area.
Agencies i nvo l ved : Geophysical I n s t i t u t e , U n i v e r s i t y o f A laska
APPENDIX B - AGENCIES INVOLVED IN ALASKA GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES EXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT
Federa l / :'ate
U.S. Depar tment o f Energy , I daho O p e r a t i o n s O f f i c e , 785 C O E P l a c e , I d a h o F a l l s , I D 83402.
U.S. Geoi o g i c a l Survey, Branch o f Igneous and Geothermal Processess, MS-910, 345 M i d d l e f i e l d Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025.
U.S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey, Water Resources D i v i s i o n , MS-34, 345 M i d d l e f i e l d Rd., Men1 o Park , CA 94025.
U.S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey, A l a s k a Branch, Gould H a l l , A l a s k a P a c i f i c U n i v e r s i t y , Anchorage, AK 99501.
U.S. Depar tment o f t h e Navy, Nava l Weapons Cen te r , Energy Program Management O f f i c e , Ch ina Lake, CA 93555-6001.
A laska Depar tment o f N a t u r a l Resources, D i v i s i o n o f G e o l o g i c a l and Geophys ica l Surveys, 3700 A i r p o r t Way, F a i r b a n k s , AK 99709-4699; Pouch 7-028, Anchorage, AK 99510; P .O . Box 772116, Eag le R i v e r , AK 99577; 400 W i l l o u g h b y Cen te r , 3 r d F l o o r , Juneau, AK 99801.
A laska Power A u t h o r i t y , 701 E Tudor Road, P.O. Box 190869, Anchorage, AK 99519-0869.
U n i v e r s i t y o f A1 aska Geophys ica l I n s t i t u t e Geology Depar tment
P e t r o l e u m E n g i n e e r i n g Depar tment F a i r b a n k s , AK 99755.
A laska Depar tment o f F i s h & Game, D i v i s i o n o f F i s h e r i e s R e h a b i l i t a t i o n , Enhancement & Development, 333 Raspber ry , Anchorage, AK 99518; P.O. E o x 3-2000, Juneau, AK 99802.
P r i v a t e
Dames P Moore, 800 Cordova, S u i t e 101, Anchorage, AK 99501. Geothermal Resources I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x p l o r a t i o n Co., 1825 S. G r a n t St . ,
S u i t e 900, San Mateo, CA, 94402. Premier Geophys ics I n c . 1184 Forge Walk, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H-3P9. R e p u b l i c Geothermal , 11823 E. S lauson Ave, Sante Fe S p r i n g s , CA, 90670. W i l l i a m Ogle , 3801 W 4 4 t h Ave, Anchorage, AK 99502. Woodward-Clyde, One Walnut Creek C e n t e r , 100 P r i n g l e Ave, Walnut Creek, CA 94596
(Ben E . L o f g r e n ) .
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Ahtna ' T 'aene Nene' , Copper R i v e r N a t i v e A s s o c i a t i o n , Drawer G, Copper C e n t e r , AK 99573.
Akutan V i l l a g e C o u n c i l , Akutan, AK 99553. A laska Depar tment o f Commerce and Economic Development, S u i t e 722 F r o n t i e r
B u i l d i n g , 3601 ' C ' S t r e e t , Anchorage, AK 99503; P.O. Box D, Juneau, AK 9981 1 .
A laska Power A u t h o r i t y , 701 E. Tudor Road, P.O. Box 190869, Anchorage, AK 99519-0869.
A l e u t C o r p o r a t i o n , 2550 D e n a l i , S u i t e 900, Anchorage, AK 99503. A t k a V i l l a g e C o u n c i l , A tka , AK 99502. Bean Ridge N a t i v e C o r p o r a t i o n , Manley Ho t S p r i n g s , AK 99756.
Dennis P. C a r r o l l , Box 80562, Fa i rbanks, AK 99708. Chal uka C o r p o r a t i o n , N i k o l s k i , AK 99638. Roger & Barbara C o t t i n g , Chena Hot Spr ings Corp., 1919 L a t h r o p S t . , Drawer 25,
Fa i rbanks , AK 99707. Chuck D a r t , Manley Hot Spr ings , AK 99756. J im Dawson & Bud S e l t e n r e i c k , 2165 Dawson Road, N o r t h Pole, AK 99705. Tom Delong, P.O. Box 83058, Fa i rbanks, AK 99708 Suzan D i l l e y , SR 2690, W a s i l l a , AK 99687. F a l s e Pass N a t i v e C o r p o r a t i o n , Fa lse Pass, AK 99583. D o l l y F a u l k n e r , P.O. Box 246, Be the l , AK 99559. Geothermal Resources I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x p l o r a t i o n Co., 1825 S . Grant S t . ,
S u i t e 900, San Mateo, CA 94402. D o r i s Loenn ig A t t o r n e y , 515 7 t h Ave., Fa i rbanks , AK 99701. Rober t M i l l e r , P.O. Box 729, Fa i rbanks, AK 99707. Ounalashka C o r p o r a t i o n , P.O. Box 149, Unalaska, AK 99685. Don Peterson, Box 8762, Ke tch ikan , AK 99901. C.J. P h i l l i p s , Nome, AK 99762. R ichard Rome & Donna Waidt low, 12404 NE 2 9 t h S t . , Be l levue , WA 98005. Seth-de-ya-ah N a t i v e C o r p o r a t i o n , P.O. Box 849, Fa i rbanks , AK 99707. C i t y o f S i t k a , Box 79, 304 Lake S t . , S i t k a , AK 99835. S t . George V i l l a g e A s s o c i a t i o n , S t . George I s l a n d , AK 99660. Tanadqu is i x V i l l a g e C o r p o r a t i o n , S t . Paul I s l a n d , AK 99660. C i t y o f Tenakee S p r i n g s , P .O . Box 52, Tenakee S p r i n g s , AK 99841. Unalaska V i l l a g e C o u n c i l , Unalaska, AK 99685.
LEASING, PERMITTING AND REGULATORY
Federa l / s t a t e
U.S. Bureau o f Land Management, Fa i rbanks Suppor t Center , 1541 Gaffney, Fa i rbanks , AK 99703-1399.
U.S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e , 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503; A l e u t i a n N a t i o n a l W i l d l i f e Refuge, Box 5251, S e a t t l e , WA 98791.
U .S . F o r e s t S e r v i c e , 709 W . 9 t h S t . , Juneau, AK 99801; Tongass F o r e s t Manager, 9 1/2 M i l e G l a c i e r Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801.
U .S . Env i ronmenta l P r o t e c t i o n Agency, Region X , 1200 6 t h S t . S e a t t l e , WA 98101. A laska Depar tment o f N a t u r a l Resources, D i v i s i o n o f O i l and Gas, 3601 ' C ' S t . ,
P.O. Box 7034, Anchorage, AK 99510-0734. A laska Depar tment o f N a t u r a l Resources, D i v i s i o n o f Land and Water Management,
3601 ' C ' S t . , P.O. Box 7005, Anchorage, AK 99510-0734. A laska Depar tment o f F i s h and Game, 333 Raspberry Rd., Anchorage, AK 99502;
P.O. Box 3 -2000 , Juneau, AK 99802. A laska Depar tment o f Env i ronmenta l Conserva t ion , 437 'E l S t r e e t , S u i t e 200,
Anchorage, AK 99501.
MISCELLANEOUS
U.S. N a t i o n a l Oceanic and Atmospher ic A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , 600 Spruce St . , Bou lder , CO 80302.
U n i v e r s i t y o f U t a h Research I n s t i t u t e , 391 C h i p e t a Way, S u i t e C, S a l t Lake C i t y , UT 84108.
U.S. N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , A laska Regiona l O f f i c e , 540 W . F i f t h Ave . , Anchorage, AK 99501.