Energy

State and Perspectives of the Anaerobic Digestion Sector in Germany

www.german-renewable-energy.com

Dipl.-Ing. David WilkenFachverband Biogas e.V.

German Biogas Association

Headquarters23 employees

Board of Trusteeselected Honorary Spokesmen of Regional

Groups, Working Groups & Advisory Boards

Steering Committee (7 members)elected by the members for a four-year-period

3,950 members (2010)

organised in23 regional groups

each headed by an elected spokesman

Berlin Office 2 employees

Regional offices (north, east and south) 3 employees

Operators of AD plants

Research institutes

Interested private persons

Companies

Lawyers

Banks and others

European Biogas Association (EBA) founded in February 2009

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Objectives of the German Biogas Association

Objectives of Fachverband Biogas e.V.: - Promotion of the biogas

sector- Promotion of a

sustainable energy supply- Definition of legal framework for reliable and long-term investments- Creation of adequate technical rules and standards- Promotion of R&D- Exchange of information- Members service

Lobbying on Federal state, federal and EU level in the

following fields:

- Renewable Energy Act (EEG)- Energy-management- Regulatory approval- Environmental law

- Laws on agricultural issues- Tax law

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EBA – European Biogas Association

18 Countries

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• Germany (Fachverband Biogas and FNBB)• Estonia (Eesti Biogaasi Assotsiatsioon MTÜ)• France (ATEE Club Biogaz und Méthéor,• (Eden - Energie Développement Environnement)

(Méthéor – Association pour la Méthanisation Écologique des déchets)• Great Britain (REA – Biogas Group)

(ADBA - The Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association)• Ireland (Sustainable Energy Ireland)• Italy (Consorzio Italiano Biogas)• Lativa (Latvijas Bigazes Asociacija)• Lithuania (Bioduju Asociacija)• Luxembourg (Biogasvereenegung)• Netherlands (DSM)• Austria (ARGE Kompost & Biogas)• Poland (Polskie Stowarzyszenie Biogazu)• Romania (Asociatia Romana Pentru Biogaz)• Sweden (Svenska Biogasföreningen)• Schwitzerland (Biogas Forum Schweiz)• Spain (Asociación Española de Biogás)• Czech Republic (Česká bioplynová asociace o. s.)• Hungary (Magyar Biogáz Egyesület)

Structure

Biogas – the all-rounder

Key Figures & Legislation

Biogas from waste

Digestates as valuable fertiliser

Summary

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The biogas principle – like a concrete cow

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products: heat and power

product: digestate

digester

feed

engine

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Source: VLK (2002) (modified)

Renewable commodities

Farm fertiliser

Organic waste of plants

Animal By-products

Grass, maize, potatoes, mustard, silage, ...

Liquid manure,Dung, ...

Beet leaf, harvest residues, …

Brewer grains, old fat,vegetable waste, marc,distiller´s wash, ...

Food residues, grease, slaughterhouse wastes, expired food, …

Digestion Biogas

Agricultural area

Agricultural by-products

Digestate

Substrates

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Quelle: FAL, Weiland (2003)

1. PhaseHydrolysis

2. PhaseAcidogenesis

3. PhaseAcetogenesis

4. PhaseMethanogenesis

hydrolyticbacteria

acidogenicbacteria

acetogeneticbacteria

methanogenicbacteria

Fatty Acid(Propanoic Acid)

Alcohol

BiomassPolysacharide

ProteinFats

SugarAmino AcidFatty Acid

H2/CO2

Acetic Acid

pH: 5-6

pH: 5,5 – 6,7

pH: 6,6 – 8,0

BiogasCH4/CO2

Anaerobic degradation of organic compounds

Composition of biogas

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component percentageCH4 50-75 Vol. %CO2 25-75 Vol. %H2S 0-5.000 ppm NH3 0-500 ppmH2O 1-3 Vol. %

Dust particles < 5 N2 0-5 Vol. %

Example of a typical agricultural biogas plant:

- CH4 52 Vol. %- CO2 35 Vol. %- H2S 120 ppm- O2 0,5 Vol. %

Source: FNR (2003) modified by FVB

=> 1.000 ppm = 0,1 Vol.%

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1/3 of the EU gas

demand could be

covered by biogas

The biogas is burned

in combined heat and

power units (CHP) to

produce electricity.

Beside the CHP

produce heat as a by-

product.

With the biogas from a hectare maize silage drives a natural gas car approximately 70,000 kilometres

Biogas

electricity heat fuel

storage

Ca. 40 AD Ca. 4.900 AD

Biogas is a base and peak load compatible primary energy carrier and therefore an important guarantor for future mobility and energy supply.

2 gas station

natural gas grid

Biogas – the all-rounder

Use of Biogas

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Biogas feed-in projects in Germany

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Currently 40 feed-in plants in operation Bio-gas station: 2 27 more projects planned or under construction Large scale plants with participation of gas

network operators are predominant Political target: 6 % biomethane by 2020. Market is only slowly developing and remains

closed for small and medium sized plants. Lack of political framework

The Combined Power Plant

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Located in all parts of Germany and connected:

11 wind turbines 20 solar plants 4 biogas plants 1 pumped-storage hydroelectricity plant

balancing of peaks and lows through biogas and PSP

100% energy supply from RES is possible

Structure

Biogas – the all-rounder

Key Figures & Legislation

Biogas from waste

Digestates as valuable fertiliser

Summary

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Development of the number of biogas plants in Germany

139 159 186 274 370 450617

8501.050

1.3001.600

1.7502.050

2.680

3.5003.711

3.891

4.984

650

1.377

50 65182

256333

390

1.100

1.271

1.893

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

1.800

2.000

Number biogas plants

Installaled electric capacity [MW]

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Biogas in Germany – Key figures

2009

number of biogas plants 4.900

total installed electric capacity 1.900 MW

electricity production 12.5 billion kWh

share of total electricity production 2,5 %

production of biomethane 180 million m³

turnover biogas sector 2,6 billion €

Export quota ~ 5 %

created jobs > 16.000

CO2 reduction 10 million t/a

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German Renewable Energy Act (EEG)

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• priority connection of installations for the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources

• priority purchase and transmission of this electricity,

• a consistent fee for this electricity paid by the grid operators, generally for a 20- year period, for commissioned installations.

• nationwide equalisation of the purchased electricity and the corresponding fees paid

The core elements:

Compensation by the German Renewable Energy Act (EEG)<=150 kW <=500 kW <= 5 MW

1. Basic compensation 11.67 Cent(+ 1 Cent)

9.18 Cent(unchanged)

8.25 Cent(unchanged)

2. Clean air – bonus - new Old plants 1.0 Cent 1.0 Cent

New plants 1.0 Cent 1.0 Cent

3. Renewable primary products bonus 7 Cent (+ 1 Cent)

7 Cent(+ 1 Cent)

4(unchanged)

4. Landscape work bonus - new 2 Cent 2 Cent

5. Bonus for the use of manure - new 4 Cent 1 Cent

6. Bonus for innovative technologies (without Gasinjection)

2 Cent (unchanged)

2 Cent (unchanged)

2 Cent (unchanged)

7. Bonus for innovativetechnologies (Gasinjection)

New plants Depending on the size of the gas treatment 1/2 Cent

Old plants 2 Cent

8. Combined heat and power-bonus 2/3 Cent 2/3 Cent 2/3 Cent

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EEG – adapted by a lot of countries

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Biogasproduction in Europe (2007)

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Source: EurObserv´ER

Agricultural Biogas

49 %15 %

36 %

Sewage Sludge GasLandfill Gas

5.9 Million tons of oil equivalents

Structure

Biogas – the all-rounder

Key Figures & Legislation

Biogas from waste

Digestates as valuable fertiliser

Summary

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Biogas from municipal biowaste (Germany)

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13 million t/a separately collected biowaste(incl. 8,7 million t/a municipal biowaste)

IncinerationComposting Fermentation

material energeticrecycling/recovery

4 million t/a biowaste generate electricity, heat and biomethane in 969 biogas plants

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, 2008

Allocation of waste treatment biogas plants

Chart Title

Manure(cattle / pig)23%

Separate collected household waste

(Bio-bin)

17%

Leftovers (kitchen, restaurants)

13%

Fat separator contents

11%Expired food

9%

energy crops& other biowastes

27%

Source: RAL-Gütesicherung Gärprodukt (RAL-GZ 245); Nov. 2008

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Biogas yields of different substrates

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Substrate Dry matter

[%]

Organic part of dry matter

[%]

Biogas yield [lN / kg organic

dry matter]

Biogas yield [lN / kg dry

matter]

Methane content [%]

Cow manure 8,5 81,4 345 23,9 58,0Pig manure 4,7 71,9 447 15,1 60,8Cattle dung 21,8 82,3 337 60,5 53,2Poultry dung 86,4 69,3 385 230,5 51,4Municipal biowaste 57,5 60 375 100 61,5Food waste 22,5 89 350 265 53,0Market waste 17,5 85 500 77,5 62,5Old fats 36 84 700 230,5 66Stomach contents 14 83 325 40 62,5Grass silage 28,3 89,0 627 157,9 52,9

Source: KTBL 2005

Potential of municipal biowaste

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Biowaste accumulation in Germany: 91,4 kg / inhabitant * year

Biogas Potential : ~ 100 m³ / t biowaste

Electrical Potential : 1,5 – 3 kWhel / m³ Biogas

= 91,4 * 0,1 * 2,5 = 22,85 kWhel / inhabitant * year

= 80.000.000 * 22,85 = 1.828 GWhel / year in Germany

(Agricultural, commercial & industrial waste is not included)

Structure

Biogas – the all-rounder

Key Figures & Legislation

Biogas from waste

Digestates as valuable fertiliser

Summary

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Digestate as fermentation product

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Nutrients & Humus

Part organicwaste

Dry matter

%

Typical Nutrients in % of dry matter Value in € / t (dry matter)

Nges P2O5 K2O MgO S Fertilisation Humus

0 % 5,4(4-8)

6,74(3,5-9,2)

3,23(2,0-4,2)

7,26(3,5-10,5)

1,39(0,6-1,8)

1,05(0,5-1,5)

10,45(7,20-17,40)

9,08(5,30-16,65)

30-50 % 5,0(2-9)

11,65(2,5-19,3)

4,17(2,2-6,8)

4,94(2,1-9,0)

0,91(0,4-1,9)

0,88(0,4-3,0)

11,54(5,45-17,70)

6,90(3,05-13,80)

> 70% 4,3(2-11)

12,50(3,8-21,3)

4,03(1,5-6,8)

4,57(2,0-9,2)

0,60(0,3-1,2)

0,93(0,4-2,2)

10,51(5,60-15,90)

6,41(3,10-17,00)

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Quality Assurance for digestates

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GüteGemeinschaft Gärprodukte e.V.

Verification of quality with higher requirements than the official requirements

Production and use of digestates according to national and European requirements Biowaste Ordinance, VO (EU) No. 1774/2002 Regulations for condition and apply of fertilisers

Structure

Biogas – the all-rounder

Key Figures & Legislation

Biogas from waste

Digestates as valuable fertiliser

Summary

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Summary

Biogas is … Sustainable energy production and substitution of fossil energy

carriers Production of organic fertilisers and reduction of mineral fertilisers

by closed nutrient cycles (e.g. phosphorus) Reduction of green-house-gas-emissions (by substitution of fossil

energy carriers and mineral fertilisers, avoidance of methane emissions digesting manure and biowaste)

Creating jobs especially in rural area Increasing independence and security of the energy supply

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Thank you for your attention

david.wilken@biogas.orgwww.biogas.org

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