state and federal licensing, certification, and training...

State And Federal Licensing, Certification, And Training Mandates

For Education Support Professionals

NEA Research NEA ESP Quality

2015 Copyright © 2015 by the National Education Association. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright and may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the permission of NEA Research except by NEA-affiliated associations. Communications regarding reproduction or the contents of this manual should be addressed to Editor, State And Federal Licensing, Certification, And Training Mandates For Education Support Professionals, NEA Research, 1201 16th Street NW, Suite 610, Washington, DC 20036.

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Introduction This report updates state and federal mandates related to licensing and credentialing requirements that apply to education support professionals. The document has proven to be a valuable resource to reflect changes in state and federal statutory law in the areas covered by the original publication since 1996. The following catalogues by state the licensing, credentialing, and training requirements that apply to the nine NEA-designated job categories for education support professionals:

• Clerical Services • Custodial Services • Food Services • Health and Student Services • Paraeducators (Instructional/Non-instructional) • Security Services • Technical Services • Trades, Crafts, Machine Operators • Transportation Services

It is important to note that this document is limited to summarizing the mandates imposed by state and federal statutes. Particular credentials that may be required by a state regulatory agency or on a local level by a school district or a local governmental body are not included in this document. Credentials that are merely guidelines or recommendations are also not included, although we have tried to note such information where possible for added convenience. Within the nine ESP job groups there are some 60 different job subgroups. Some subgroups were not included in the original publication and are also not included in this updated report. For example, although there are registered nurse positions within the National Education Association, because their licensing requirements are generally known this study summarizes only those applicable to practical nurses. The report also does not summarize the statutory requirements related to nursing assistants in school settings. In some cases, the report categorizes credentialing mandates by topic rather than job description. For example, under the job group, Custodial Services, for the most part the statutes are referenced by a topic such as asbestos or boilers rather than by a particular subgroup such as custodians. Further, it is important to note that the study attempts to include only the most pertinent sections of the statutory language together with full cites to the applicable statutes. To retrieve the actual language of the statutes, go to http://findlaw.com and click on “States” in the “For Legal Professionals” category. This will take you to a page containing links to legal documents for each of the 50 states (for Puerto Rico, go directly to http://www.findlaw.com/11stategov/pr/laws.html). Click on the one you wish to explore, then click on the link to a state’s codes and/or statutes, then refer to the appropriate statute citation in this document (i.e., “Ala. Code § 16-22-1” or “Wyo. Stat. § 21-3-131”) to locate the information you seek. Please note each of the 51 codes and/or statutes pages are organized somewhat differently, and it may require some patience to navigate to a specific citation. An alternative is to contact your state NEA affiliate directly and request the information. Credentials for ESPs are in a constant state of change. Monitoring the statutory mandates for licensing, certification, and training is an important step toward ascertaining the needs of the ESP workforce in the area of professional development.

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Alabama Alabama has standard mandates for individuals working in the health services area. The state excludes plumbing maintenance work from the state plumbing licensure requirements. School bus drivers must complete training and pass both a written exam and a driving test. Alabama is one of the few states to mandate by statute that school bus mechanics receive training. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Accreditation is required to perform asbestos inspection, prepare asbestos management plans, or design or coordinate responsive actions in any school (Ala. Code § 22-39-3).

FOOD SERVICES No mandates.

HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Does not need to be licensed but is required to be at least 19 years old, earned a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, and completed the prescribed supervised fieldwork or received a masters degree or doctorate degree in the previously named areas of study though an appropriately accredited college or university, pass an exam. Have satisfactorily completed courses of continuing education as currently required by the Commission on Dietetic Registration of the American Dietetic Association (Ala. Code § 34-34-1). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, a high school diploma or its equivalent, 1 year of approved training, and passing an exam or obtaining endorsement of an out-of-state license or a temporary permit to practice (Ala. Code §§ 34-21-22, -23). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Ala. Code § 34-21-23). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing a program accredited by the American Occupational Therapy Association, passing an exam, and completing a minimum of 8 weeks supervised fieldwork (Ala. Code §§ 34-39-4, -5, -8, -9). Renewal of license and continuing education shall be prescribed by the Board (Ala. Code § 34-39-11). The board may waive the examination, education, or experience requirements and grant a license to any applicant who shall present proof of current licensure as an occupational therapist or an occupational therapy assistant in another state, the District of Columbia, or territory of the United States (Ala. Code § 34-39-10). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required, but must work under the supervision of either an occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant. The position requires an understanding of occupational therapy but not advanced training (Ala. Code § 34-39-3). Physical Therapy Assistant (or Physical Therapy Technician): Must be registered and licensed (Ala. Code § 34-24-210), which requires passing an exam (Ala. Code § 34-24-212) or the endorsement of an out-of-state license (Ala. Code § 34-24-214). Licenses must be renewed annually, for which completion of continuing education is required (Ala. Code § 34-24-216). Temporary licenses for 1 year are available under certain circumstances (Ala. Code § 34-24-215). Speech Pathology Assistant, Audiology Assistant: It appears there is no requirement for a license; however, must meet minimum qualifications established by the state Board and work directly under the supervision of a speech pathologist or audiologist (Ala. Code § 34-28A-1).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) No mandates. There is a recommended credentialing system in place.

SECURITY SERVICES Campus Police Officer: State schools may hire police officers with certain limitations on their authority (Ala. Code §§ 16-22-1, -2). Officers must meet general requirements for law enforcement personnel including training and continuing education requirements. Including, but not limited to, being at least 19 years old, high school graduate or equivalent, complete required training, be certified in good physical shape and of good moral character (Ala. Code § 36-21-46).

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TECHNICAL SERVICES No mandates.

TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must hold a state license (Ala. Code §§ 34-36-2, -3, -7, -9, -13). The board may recognize a license issued by any other state that, in the opinion of the board, has standards of practice or licensure equal to or higher than those required by this state. The board shall actively seek to reciprocate with those states meeting such standards. The board shall actively seek to maintain those states currently under agreement (Ala. Code § 34-36-7). All licenses shall expire annually or at such times as may be designated by the board (Ala. Code § 34-36-8). Plumber: Although, typically, plumbers must be licensed, there is an exclusion for maintenance workers who do plumbing-related work in the normal course of their duties (Ala. Code §§ 34-37-1, -6; -15). The board may establish agreements with other states who meet the minimum standards prescribed by the board (Ala. Code § 34-37-11).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must hold a special school bus driver’s license, which requires completing 12 hours of instruction in bus driving and passing both a written exam and a driving test. The license must be renewed each year by completing 4 hours of additional training developed by the state Department of Education (Ala. Code §§ 16-27-1, -4). Vehicle Mechanic: Must take training developed by the state Department of Education (Ala. Code § 16-27-5).

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Alaska The State of Alaska has statutes that regulate many of the health services jobs. It is interesting to note that the Boards that govern some of these health service fields have representation on them from the assistants as well as the therapists themselves. Public school bus drivers have to undergo a rigorous background check and take specific training in order to hold a school bus driver’s license. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos Accreditation Plan: Statute exists which outlines the obligations of the Department of Labor vis `a vis asbestos abatement in schools. It conducts training of employees for the purposes of operation and maintenance of buildings containing asbestos as well as a more detailed training program for those employees who do asbestos abatement projects. Workers must be certified and adequately trained to handle asbestos in a safe and knowledgeable way (§§ 18.31.010, -.40, -.200). Boiler Operators: No license required to operate, but the boiler must be inspected or the operator could be penalized (§§ 18.60.180 -.390, -.395).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Needs to be licensed. The department shall issue a dietitian license to an individual who pays the required fee, applies on a form provided by the department, and submits evidence satisfactory to the department of being certified as a Registered Dietitian by the Commission on Dietetic Registration (§§ 08.38.010, -.020). The department may issue a license to an applicant who holds a current unrestricted license as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or political jurisdiction of the United States or Canada if, in the judgment of the department, the standards for licensure in the other jurisdiction are not less stringent than the requirements in this chapter (§ 08.38.050). LPN: Requires a license obtained by submitting proof of having attended a nursing program accredited by the Board. If from another state, the program must meet the Board’s standards at the time the applicant graduated. Must pass an examination or be endorsed from another state. Must fulfill continuing education requirements. There is a fee schedule for obtaining and renewing licenses (§§ 08.68.160, -.170, -.190, -.200, -.276). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must hold a license, obtained by showing evidence of successful completion of curriculum of occupational therapy approved by the committee of Allied Health Education and Accreditation of the American Medical Association or the American Occupational Therapy Association appropriate to the license sought, and have a minimum of two months supervised fieldwork. Further, must pass an examination and meet other Board qualifications. A license can be issued without an exam if the applicant is licensed in a state whose requirements are substantially equal to Alaska’s requirements (§§ 08.84.030, -.060, -.090, -.100, (per Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development)). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must have graduated from a school of physical therapy approved by the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association, or the American Physical Therapy Association. Must pass to the satisfaction of the Board on examination prepared by a national testing service and meet other qualifications established by the Board. Must be renewed every two years. A license can be issued without an exam if the applicant is licensed in a state whose requirements are substantially equal to Alaska’s requirements (§§ 08.84.030, -.060, -.090, -.100).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Paraprofessionals: Follows U.S. guidelines set by Title 1.

SECURITY SERVICES No mandates.


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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electricians and Plumbers: Must hold a certificate of fitness which must be renewed every two years. Department of Labor must investigate and examine and if it finds the applicant competent by reason of training and experience it will issue a certificate of fitness. Verification by an Alaska-based labor union of a member’s qualification to meet the requirements for a certificate of fitness may be accepted in lieu of an examination or other requirements (§§ 18.62.010, -.020, .-040, -.070).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must hold a special school bus driver’s license, which must be renewed each year. Must be at least 21 years old and have held a driver’s license for at least three years. Must have undergone a background check and have a good driving record. Successfully completed all required driving written and physical exams. Must have completed a state-approved school bus driver training course or have been licensed for the previous two years by the state to operate a school bus (§ 28.15.046). The department will not issue a license to anyone who was convicted of several listed offenses involving minors within 20 years of the application. Mandates provide for random drug and alcohol testing (§ 14.09.025).

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Arizona Arizona has fewer mandates than most states, consisting primarily of requirements in the health services area. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES No mandates.


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES LPN: Must be licensed, which requires satisfactory completion of the basic curriculum in an approved practical or professional nursing program (Ariz. Stat. § 32-1637) and passing an exam (Ariz. Stat. § 32-1638). The board may issue a license to practice as a practical nurse to an applicant who has been duly licensed as a practical nurse, or licensed to perform similar services and duties under a different title, in another state or territory of the United States (Ariz. Stat. § 32-1639). Licenses must be renewed every 4 years (Ariz. Stat. § 32-1642). A license will be issued to those convicted of one or more felonies and has received an absolute discharge from the sentences for all felony convictions five or more years before the date of filing the application (Ariz. Stat. §§ 32-1637, -1639). A graduate of an international program will be licensed if they meet the education requirements, are proficient in English, and pass a test. These applicants may also receive a license by endorsement (Ariz. Stat. §§ 32-1638, -1639). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, successfully completing an educational program for occupational therapy approved by the state Board of Occupational Therapy Examiners and completing the amount of supervised fieldwork required by that Board, which must be no less than 608 hours, and pass an exam (Ariz. Stat. §§ 32-3401, -3423, -3424). The board may waive the examination, education or experience requirements and grant a license to an applicant who presents proof of current licensure as an occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant in another state, the District of Columbia or a territory of the United States that requires standards for licensure considered by the board to be equivalent to the requirements of this chapter for licensure (Ariz. Stat. §§ 32-3422, -3425). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Ariz. Stat. § 32-3426). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be certified by the state Board of Physical Therapy, which requires being of good moral character, graduating from a physical therapy educational program approved by the Board, and passing a national exam approved by the Board (Ariz. Stat. §§ 32-2001, -2022). The board may waive the examination, education or experience requirements and grant a license to an applicant who presents proof of current licensure as an physical therapist or physical therapy assistant in another state, the District of Columbia or a territory of the United States that requires standards for licensure considered by the board to be equivalent to the requirements of this chapter for licensure (Ariz. Stat. § 32-2026). A license shall renew per board requirements (Ariz. Stat. § 32-2027).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) No mandates.



TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS No mandates.

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TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be certified, which requires completing an initial instructional course on school bus driver safety and training and meeting the additional requirements for moral character, driving skills, first aid, pass alcohol and drug tests, and training established by the state Department of Public Safety in cooperation with local school districts (Ariz. Stat. §§ 28-3053, -3101, -3228).

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Arkansas Arkansas primarily mandates licensing and training in the health services area. Public school bus drivers have to undergo a rigorous background check and take specific training in order to hold a school bus driver's license. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers (defined as those individuals who conduct asbestos abatement or maintenance activities on any basis other than small-scale short-duration projects) must be certified by the state Department of Environmental Quality (Ark. Code §§ 20-27-1003, -1007). Contractors and consultants must obtain a license from that Department, which must review that license annually and require proof of liability insurance (Ark. Code §§ 20-27-1001, -1006, -1007). Boilers: Owners and users of boilers may operate a boiler only with a certificate of inspection by the state Department of Labor (Ark. Code §§ 20-23-101, -301).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Ark. Code §§ 17-83-103, -104, -105, -301, -303). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for Arkansas (Ark. Code § 17-83-305). License must be renewed every year (Ark. Code § 17-83-306). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, completing an approved high school course of study or its equivalent, completing the prescribed curriculum in a state-approved program in practical nursing and graduating there from, passing an exam, and completing a criminal background check (Ark. Code §§ 17-87-101, -304, -312). Applicants already licensed in another state may secure a license through the state Board of Nursing’s endorsement of the other license without taking the Arkansas exam (Ark. Code § 17-87-304). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (per Nurse Practice Act) (Ark. Code§ 17-87-308). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old, being of good moral character, successfully completing the academic requirements of an educational program in occupational therapy that is approved by the American Occupational Therapy Association and that has led to the award of an associate-level degree in occupational therapy, completing at least 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Ark. Code §§ 17-88-102, -301, -302). Applicants already licensed in another state may secure a license through the state Board provided the state or territory from which the applicant comes accords a similar privilege of registration and licensure to persons registered and licensed in the State of Arkansas by the board (Ark. Code § 17-88-305). Must renew their licenses every year (Ark. Code § 17-88-307). Occupational Therapy Aide or Worker: No license required, but must work with an occupational therapist (Ark. Code §17-88-102). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old and of good moral character, graduating from a school of physical therapy accredited by a national accreditation agency approved by the state Board of Physical Therapy, and passing a written exam (Ark. Code §§ 17-93-102, -301, -304). Applicants already licensed in another state may secure a license through the state Board provided the state or territory from which the applicant comes accords a similar privilege of registration and licensure to persons registered and licensed in the State of Arkansas by the board (Ark. Code § 17-93-306). Assistants must complete one continuing education unit equivalent to 10 contract hours every 2 years (Ark. Code § 17-93-312 and per Board of Physical Therapy). License must renewed annually (per Board of Physical Therapy). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required, but must work under the direct supervision of a physical therapist or physical therapy assistant (Ark. Code § 17-93-102). Speech-Language Pathology Support Personnel: No license required but must hold a bachelor’s degree in speech pathology or meet the minimum qualifications established by the state Board of Examiners in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology and must work under the supervision of a licensed speech-language pathologist (Ark. Code § 17-100-103).

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PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL)

No mandates.



TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be licensed (Ark. Code §§ 17-28-101, -301, -304). License shall expire on the last day of the month, one year following the date of the original license, may be renewed within six months of expiration (Ark. Code § 17-28-301). Those holding a license in another state or territory may be issued a license by the board (Ark. Code § 17-28-304). Plumber: Generally, must be licensed, which requires meeting various criteria depending on type of license sought (Ark. Code §§ 17-38-101, -102, -301). Minor plumbing repairs may be performed without a license (Ark. Code § 17-38-302).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 19 years old, meet certain basic character criteria (including not being a habitual drunkard or of immoral habits and not having been convicted within the prior 3 years of operating a motor vehicle in a reckless manner or while under the influence), have their driving record reviewed, and have a school bus certificate, which requires passing a series of tests prescribed by the Department of Arkansas State Police and the state Department of Education to measure physical fitness and driving ability (Ark. Code §§ 6-19-104, -106, -107, -108). School bus drivers’ certificates must be renewed every year and renewal is conditional on passing a physical exam and satisfactorily completing an in-service workshop for school bus drivers prescribed by the Department of Education (Ark. Code § 6-19-108).

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California The State of California recognizes the role of the paraeducator in its different classifications, i.e., instructional aide and teacher assistant. It also has statutes which mandate licensing and training regulations in the health services area. Public school bus drivers have to undergo a rigorous background check and take specific training in order to hold a school bus driver's license. California renumbered their Physical Therapy statutes in 2014. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: School districts must comply with federal Environmental Protection Agency guidelines, which include asbestos worker training requirements (Cal. Educ. Code § 49410.5(b)(2)). Contractors doing work involving 100 or more square feet of asbestos-containing materials must pass an asbestos certification exam. No certificate is needed for certain procedures listed in the code (Cal. Bus. & Prof’l Code § 7058.5). The board shall not issue an asbestos certification, as required by Section 7058.5, unless the contractor is registered with the Division of Occupational Safety and Health of the Department of Industrial Relations (Cal. Bus. & Prof’l Code § 7058.6). Boilers: A permit is required to own or operate a boiler. Failure to obtain the required permit is generally a misdemeanor but under certain situations may be a felony (Cal. Labor Code §§ 7750, 7770, 7771). Lead: A certificate is required to perform lead abatements, evaluations, and inspections (Cal. Health & Safety Code §§ 105250, 105251, 105253, 105254).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian and Dietetic Technician: It does not appear that California requires persons to be licensed or registered. However, they do have statutes related to being a registered dietitian and dietetic technician. Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be certified, which requires completing an educational program and a minimum of 640 hours of supervised fieldwork as prescribed by the state Board of Occupational Therapy (Cal. Business & Prof’l Code §§ 2570.2(h), 2570.3(a), 2570.6). Limited permits to practice are available for those who have met the qualification requirements but are awaiting examination results (Cal. Business & Prof’l Code § 2570.5(a)). License renewal shall be prescribed by the board (Cal. Business & Prof’l Code § 2570.10). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required, but must work with an occupational therapist (Cal. Business & Prof’l Code § 2570.2(b)). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must obtain approval from the state Board to practice. To be approved, applicants must graduate from an educational program for physical therapy approved by the Board or from an educational program that the Board deems to be equivalent to such a program. Applicants must also be at least 18 years old, not addicted to alcohol or drugs, pass an examination, and background checks (Cal. Business & Prof’l Code §§ 2630, 2632, 2635). Applicants who are already licensed in another state may not need to take the exam if the Board determines that the license obtained was sufficiently rigorous (Cal. Business & Prof’l Code § 2635). License must be renewed every two years (Cal. Business & Prof’l Code § 2644). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required, but must work with a physical therapist (Cal. Business & Prof’l Code § 2630.4). Speech-Language Pathology Aide, Audiology Aide: Must meet the academic and supervised training requirements of the Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Board and work under the direct supervision of a speech-language pathologist or audiologist (Cal. Bus. & Prof’l Code § 2530.2(h), .6).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Bilingual Office Employee: Must be employed in K–12 schools where at least 15 percent of the students speak a primary language other than English. At least one bilingual person who speaks that primary language will be hired to serve as a bilingual community liaison person or a paraeducator or clerical person in that school (Cal. Educ. Code §§ 45400-45403). Bilingual Cross-Cultural Teacher Aide: Must be fluent in both English and the primary language of the students of limited English proficiency in a bilingual-bicultural program. The aide must be familiar with the cultural heritage of the students of limited English proficiency in the bilingual classes to which they are assigned (Cal. Educ. Code § 52163(i)).

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Instructional Aide: Must demonstrate proficiency in basic reading, writing, and math skills by passing their district’s proficiency test (Cal. Educ. Code §§ 45344.5; 45361.5). Teacher’s Aide: Must successfully complete a 2-year course of study at a California Community College culminating in the award of an associate of arts, teacher assistant degree and pass an examination developed and administered for this purpose by the state Commission on Teacher Credentialing (Cal. Educ. Code § 45350). Teacher’s Assistant: Must show proficiency in basic reading, writing, and math skills (Cal. Educ. Code § 45361.5). NOTE: NCLB Requirement—both Instructional Aides and Teacher’s Aides who assist with instruction in reading, writing, or math in districts that receive federal Title I funding must complete 2 years of higher education, have an associate’s degree, or pass a state or local assessment that tests their knowledge and ability to assist in instructing reading, writing, or math (Cal. Educ. Code § 45330).

SECURITY SERVICES School districts may establish security or police departments supplementary to city and county law enforcement agencies (Cal. Educ. Code § 38000). School peace officers working more than 20 hours per week must complete a training course approved by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training that relates directly to the role of school peace officers (Cal. Penal Code § 832.3(f-h) and Cal. Educ. Code § 38001.5(b)).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must pass an examination and become certified (Cal. Labor Code §§ 108, 108.2). Plumber: Must receive education and training regarding exposure to hazards during plumbing pipe installation and the fostering of safe work habits (Cal. Health & Safety Code § 17921.9(d)(1)(A)).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a valid driver’s license for the appropriate vehicle class, obtain a special certificate by meeting all eligibility and training requirements specified for school bus drivers, which includes a medical exam, fingerprinting, background checks, and a first aid exam. The training course is developed by the state Department of Education in cooperation with the Department of Motor Vehicles and the California Highway Patrol. The initial course is a minimum of 20 hours of instruction (10 hours in class, 10 hours behind the wheel). The certificate must be renewed each year by completing a minimum of 2 hours of refresher training. A school bus driver reaching the age of 65, and each 12 months thereafter, shall undergo a medical exam (Cal. Veh. Code §§ 12517, .2, .3, .4, 12522, 12523).

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Colorado Colorado has fewer relevant mandates than most states. The state does have statutes that mandate licensing and training of workers in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must complete specific training to hold a school bus driver's license. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Certification by division (conducted in accordance with the mandates of the federal Asbestos Hazard Emergency Act of 1988) is required to perform inspection and abatement and to draw up management plans for schools (Colo. Stat. §§ 25-7-502, -504 -507). Renewal of a certificate may be made for a period not to exceed five years as established in rules promulgated by the commission (Colo. Stat. § 25-7-507.5). Boilers: No license is required to operate a boiler, but boilers are subject to inspection certification requirements. The certificate of inspection or a copy of the certificate of inspection shall be posted in the room containing the boiler (Colo. Stat. §§ 9-4-101, -107). Failure to perform duties is a misdemeanor (Colo. Stat. § 9-4-111).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Colo. Stat. § 6-1-707). LPN: Must be licensed by the state Board of Nursing, which requires completing an educational program for practical nurses approved by the Board, passing the Board’s exam, or obtaining the Board’s endorsement of LPN credential obtained from another state (Colo. Stat. §§ 12-38-103, -110, -112). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years, but no more than 20 hours of continuing education may be required as a condition of renewal (Colo. Stat. § 12-38-127). Nurse’s Aide: Must be certified every 2 years by the Board, which requires passing a clinical competency exam or obtaining the Board’s approval of certification obtained from another state (Colo. Stat. §§ 12-38.1-102, -107, -109). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, complete academic requirements (Colo. Stat. §§ 12-40.5-103, 105, 106.5). Complete 16 weeks of supervised fieldwork. License renewal time is set by the director (Colo. Stat. § 12-40.5-106.5). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license needed. Provides support to Occupational therapists and Occupational therapist assistants (Colo. Stat. § 12-40.5-103). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed (Colo. Stat. § 12-41-103, -204), which requires either successfully completing a physical therapy program or its equivalent and passing an exam (Colo. Stat. § 12-41-205) or obtaining the Director of the state Division of Regulation’s approval to practice based on certification from another state (Colo. Stat. § 12-41-206). Licenses shall be valid for a period not to exceed 2 years (Colo. Stat. § 12-41-208).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Paraprofessionals: A paraprofessional working in a Title I program may demonstrate that he or she is highly qualified in several ways, including completion of at least two years of postsecondary study, obtaining an associates or higher degree, or successfully taking an assessment selected by the state or by the employing school district that meets state and federal standards and that demonstrates knowledge of and the ability to assist in instruction of reading, writing, and mathematics (Colo. Stat. § 23-1-121.7).

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SECURITY SERVICES Security Personnel: Must be certified by fulfilling a training program approved by the Peace Officer Standards and Training Board (POST Board), successfully completing high school or its equivalent, passing an examination administered by the POST Board, and holding current certificates in first aid and CPR (Colo. Stat. § 24-31-305). The board may authorize a provisional certificate to persons authorized to act as a police officer in other jurisdictions upon meeting the criteria set by the statute (Colo. Stat. § 24-31-308).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be licensed, which requires passing an exam (Colo. Stat. §§ 12-23-101, -105, -106). The Board shall issue an electrician’s license by endorsement or reciprocity (Colo. Stat. §§ 12-23-104, -109). Plumber: Must be licensed, which requires passing an exam and meeting certain work experience requirements (Colo. Stat. §§ 12-58-101, -105, -107). The Board shall issue a plumber’s license by endorsement or reciprocity (Colo. Stat. § 12-58-111). License shall be valid for a period not to exceed 2 years (Colorado Dept of Regulatory Agencies).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 18 years old, have experience in operating motor vehicles, and be examined on qualifications (Colo. Stat. §§ 42-2-101, -105). School bus drivers must also successfully complete training for driving on mountainous terrain and in adverse weather conditions (Colo. Stat. §§ 42-4-1901, -1902).

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Connecticut Connecticut follows the federal standards regarding school asbestos abatement. The state has fairly standard mandates for workers in the health services area. In addition, the state subjects school bus drivers to background checks and training requirements. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: The state Department of Public Health must adopt regulations for dealing with asbestos-containing materials in schools that meet or exceed the requirements mandated by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (Conn. Stat. §§ 19a-332, -333). Any contractor who will be conducting asbestos abatement activities or any person who will be conducting demolition activities shall notify the commissioner at least ten days prior to undertaking such activities (Conn. Stat. § 19a-332b). Boilers: Operators must have an operating certificate or be subject to penalties (Conn. Stat. §§ 29-238, -239, -243). Contractor: May be licensed by the state Department of Consumer Protection (Conn. Stat. § 20-338). Lead: Abatement workers must be certified, the certification must be renewed annually, must take and pass the proper training courses as prescribed by the Department of Health (Conn. Stat. §§ 20-474, -476, -477).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: It does not appear that Connecticut requires persons to be licensed or registered. However, they do have statutes related to being a registered dietitian. LPN: Must hold a certificate, which requires taking an approved nursing program and passing an exam. A practical nurse from another state may receive a temporary license if requirements for practice in that state are substantively similar to those of Connecticut (Conn. Stat. §§ 20-87a, 20-97, -98). Licenses are renewed annually (Conn. Stat. § 19a-88) (Connecticut Dept. of Public Health). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires holding an associate’s degree, graduating from an occupational therapy assistant educational program approved by the American Occupational Therapy Association, successfully completing no less than 8 weeks supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Conn. Stat. §§ 20-74a, -74b). The department may issue a license to a person licensed in another state or territory (Conn. Stat. § 20-74c). Licenses are renewed biennially (Conn. Stat. § 20-24h). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from a physical therapy assistant program or physical therapy school approved by the state Board of Examiners for Physical Therapists or having 20 years of experience in the field and passing an exam (Conn. Stat. §§ 20-66, -70). The department may issue a license to a person licensed in another state or territory (Conn. Stat. § 20-71). Licenses are renewed annually (Conn. Stat. § 19a-88).


SECURITY SERVICES Establishes special police forces for state campuses that have the same duties, responsibilities, and authority as local police departments, but whose jurisdiction is limited to the geographic limits of the campus (Conn. Stat. § 10a-142). The Police Officer Standards and Training Council provides training to security personnel employed in public schools, including training on drug detection and gang identification (Conn. Stat. § 7-294x).


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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Although there are licensing requirements for trades and craft workers, those requirements do not apply to public school employees (Conn. Stat. § 20-340).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must hold a commercial driver's license or a special school endorsement, meet the minimum physical requirements set by the state Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, successfully complete a course in safety training, and pass a proficiency exam. Must be at least 18 years old, pass a background check, and pass a drug test. A person who is 70 years old or older may have to pass a physical twice a year, if requested to do so by the superintendent of the school system (Conn. Stat. §§ 14-212, 14-276, 14-276a; 14-44).

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Delaware Delaware has more extensive mandates than many states for workers in the health services area. In addition, public school bus drivers must undergo a rigorous background check and take a specific training course to hold a school bus driver's license. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers must be certified, which requires having the physical ability to do abatement work, being able to wear respiratory gear, and completing training as well as periodic retraining in abatement procedures approved by the state Department of Administrative Services. Asbestos workers from other states may request certification by reciprocity (Del. Code §§ 16-7802, 7803).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: To use the title Licensed Dietitian a person must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Del. Code §§ 24-3802, 3806, 3810). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for Delaware (Del. Code § 24-3807). License must be renewed every two years (Del. Code §§ 24-3808, 3809). Thirty hours of continuing education are required every two years (Del. Code § 24-3808). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires graduating and holding a certificate from a state Board of Nursing-approved practical nursing educational program, demonstrating competence in English related to nursing, a high school degree or its equivalent, satisfactory physical and mental health, and passing a standard national exam for practical nursing (Del. Code §§ 24-1902, -1909, -1914, -1915). May also receive license by endorsement of an out-of-state license if an individual can demonstrate active employment in nursing for prior 5 years or completion of a practical nursing refresher program within the past 2 years (Del. Code § 24-1914). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Del. Code § 24-1918). The Board may also grant licenses to applicants licensed in another state whose license standards are substantively similar to those of Delaware (Del. Code § 24-1916). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires completing the academic requirements of an accredited occupational therapy educational program approved by the state Board of Occupational Therapy, successfully completing a period of supervised fieldwork, passing an exam, being physically and mentally able, and not having a felony conviction (Del. Code §§ 24-2002, -07 -08). The Board may also grant licenses to applicants licensed in another state whose license standards are substantively similar to those of Delaware (Del. Code § 24-2011). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Del. Code § 24-2014). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from an accredited physical therapy assistant program, passing a national exam administered or designated by the state Examining Board of Physical Therapists and satisfying any additional requirements established by that Board, having no impairment related to drug or alcohol use, being of sound mind, and not being a convicted felon (Del. Code §§ 24-2602, -05 -06). Licensure requirements do not apply to those engaged in such activities, but not limited to, physical education teachers, coaches, and health and recreation directors (Del. Code § 24-2605). The Board may also grant licenses to applicants licensed in another state whose license standards are substantively similar to those of Delaware (Del. Code § 24-2610). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Del. Code § 24-2607). Speech Pathology Aide: Must meet the minimum qualifications established by the state Board of Speech-Language Pathologists, Audiologists, and Dispensers and work under the direct supervision of a licensed speech-language pathologist (Del. Code § 24-3702). Speech Audiology Aide: Must be certified by the Council of Accreditation of Occupational Hearing Conservationists or equivalent and work under the direct supervision of a licensed audiologist (Del. Code § 24-3702).

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PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) No mandates, but there is a non-mandatory credentialing system.




TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must hold a commercial driver's license with a special school bus endorsement, pass a physical exam, be at least 18 years old, have at least 1 year of driving experience, complete a training course the content of which is determined by the state Board of Education and that consists of a minimum of 12 hours of classroom training and 6 hours of bus driving training, pass a road test, not have more than 5 points on their driving record or have had their license suspended, revoked, or disqualified for moving violations in the past 5 years, and not have been convicted of any of the following crimes: a crime involving drugs, a crime against a child, a class A or B felony, felony homicide, felony sexual offense, and an offense involving bribery or abuse of public office (Del. Code §§ 21-2701, -02, -07, -08). Bus drivers are subject to drug and alcohol testing (Del. Code § 21-2908). Out-of-state school bus drivers shall meet the requirements of their home state for driving a school bus and supplemental Delaware Department of Education training as determined by the Department of Education (Del. Code § 21-2709).

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Florida Florida has more extensive mandates for workers in the health and student services area than most other states, including a requirement that school coaches be certified. The state also requires public school bus drivers to meet physical and mental qualification requirements and to hold a valid commercial driver's license. Florida is one of the few states that has qualification requirements for school crossing guards. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Anyone who directly performs abatement work must complete an approved course of no less than 4 days (Fl. Stat. §§ 469.001, .012). Anyone who conducts a survey, develops an operation and maintenance plan, or monitors and evaluates abatement must be trained and licensed (Fl. Stat. §§ 469.001, .003, .004, .005, .012-.015). Contractor: Contractors may seek certification or, if they do not, must register with the state and comply with all local examination and licensing requirements (Fl. Stat. §§ 489.105, .111, .117). Contractors may be grandfathered in if they meet the provisions set by the Board (Fl. Stat. § 489.118).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Athletic Coach: Coaches employed by a school district must hold a valid temporary or professional certificate or an athletic coaching certificate. This does not apply to volunteers who are not employed by the school system (Fl. Stat. § 1012.55). Audiology Assistant: Must be certified, which requires graduating from high school or its equivalent and meeting any other requirements established by the Board (Fl. Stat. §§ 468.1125, .1215). Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Fl. Stat. §§ 468.503, 504, 508, 509).The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for Florida (Fl. Stat. § 468.513). License must be renewed every two years (Fl. Stat. § 468.514). Junior Reserve Officer: Need not obtain teacher certification (except must file fingerprints as teachers are required to do) so long as they are certified by the military, have an exemplary military record, and are retired from active duty (Fl. Stat. §§ 1012.01, .55). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being in good mental and physical health, graduating from high school or equivalent, and an approved practical nursing educational program, passing an exam, and being able to communicate effectively in English (Fl. Stat. §§ 464.003, .008). Individuals licensed by another state with substantively the same licensure requirements may obtain a Florida license by endorsement (Fl. Stat. §§ 464.009, .019). License must be renewed every two years (Fl. Stat. § 464.013). The board shall by rule prescribe up to 30 hours of continuing education biannually (Fl. Stat. § 464.013). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires completing the academic requirements of an occupational therapy assistant educational program recognized by the state Board of Occupational Therapy Practice, passing an exam, and completing at least 2 months of supervised fieldwork. Assistants who completed 6 months of supervised fieldwork prior to 1988 may obtain a license upon examination without meeting any educational requirements (Fl. Stat. § 468.203, .207, .209, .211, .213). The Board may also waive the exam requirement for those licensed by another state or country (Fl. Stat. § 468.213). License must be renewed every two years (Fl. Stat. § 468.219). The board may by rule prescribe up to 30 hours of continuing education biannually (Fl. Stat. § 468.219). Occupational Therapy Aide: May assist with occupational therapy under the direct supervision of an occupational therapist, but need not have any professional or advanced training (Fl. Stat. § 468.203).

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Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old, of good moral character, graduating from a school that gives a course of at least 2 years for physical therapy assistants and passing an exam. Licenses must be renewed every 2 years and renewal is conditional on completing 24 hours of continuing education. (Fl. Stat. §§ 486.021, .102, .109). Individuals licensed by another state with substantively the same licensure requirements may obtain a Florida license by endorsement (Fl. Stat. § 486.107). School Nurse: Must hold a valid state license in their field (Fl. Stat. § 1012.55). Speech-Language Pathology Assistant: Must be certified, which requires graduating from college with a Bachelor’s degree, completing 24 semester hours of coursework approved by the Board, and meeting any other requirements established by the Board (Fl. Stat. §§ 468.1125, .1215).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Crossing Guard: Must complete training required by the state Department of Transportation, unless the individual received such training as a law enforcement officer or receives less than $5,000 a year in compensation and works in a county with a population of less than 75,000 (Fl. Stat. §§ 316.003, .75).

SECURITY SERVICES School Safety Officer: School boards may employ school resource officers, who shall be certified law enforcement officers (Fl. Stat. § 1006.12). To obtain certification, applicants must be at least 19 years old, be a United States citizen, be a high school graduate or equivalent, pass a physical exam, have good moral character as determined by a background investigation, complete a basic recruit training program (unless they previously worked full time as a law enforcement officer for another state or the federal government), and be neither a convicted felon, convicted of any misdemeanor involving perjury, nor dishonorably discharged from the military (Fl. Stat. §§ 943.10, .13). Officers are also required to complete at least 40 hours of continuing education every 4 years (Fl. Stat. § 943.135).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be at least 18 years old, of good moral character, meet education and experience requirements, and pass an exam to obtain certification (Fl. Stat. §§ 489.505, .511). Fire Alarm Contractor: Must be certified, at least 18 years old and has completed a minimum of 14 hours of specified training and conform to other requirements as specified (Fl. Stat. §§ 489.505, .5185).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must hold a valid commercial driver's license with a passenger endorsement, be of good moral character, vision, and hearing, be able-bodied, free from communicable disease, and mentally alert, and be sufficiently strong to handle a bus with ease. Must also meet any additional requirements, including training requirements, established by the state Board of Education or a local school board (Fl. Stat. § 1012.45).

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Georgia Georgia is one of the few states that has decided to apply the NCLB qualification requirements for certain paraprofessionals to all paraprofessionals. The state also has fairly extensive mandates for individuals working in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must complete specific training to hold a school bus driver's license. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: The state Board of Education may approve school asbestos management plans in accordance with the criteria set forth in the federal Asbestos Hazardous Emergency Response Act, which require, among other things, that individuals abating asbestos in schools be certified and trained (Ga. Code § 20-2-19). Boilers: No license is required to operate a boiler, but operating a boiler that does not have a valid inspection certificate is a crime (Ga. Code §§ 34-11-2, -16, -17).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires being at least 18 years old, earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Ga. Code §§ 43-11A-3, -9, -16).The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for Georgia (Ga. Code § 43-11A-8). License must be renewed every two years (Ga. Code § 43-11A-14). LPN: Must be licensed by the state Board of Examiners of LPNs. To obtain licenses, individuals must be 18, have a high school degree or its equivalent, have completed a nursing educational program approved by the Board or a program substantively similar to such a program, be in good physical and mental health, and pass an exam. In the case of an applicant who has graduated from a program conducted in a foreign country, has demonstrated the ability to speak, write, and understand the English language. A person who is at least 17 years old and meets the other criteria may apply for special consideration (Ga. Code §§ 43-26-32, -36). The Board may waive the exam requirement for individuals with a current license from another state that has licensure requirements substantively similar to those of Georgia (Ga. Code § 43-26-38). License must be renewed every two years (Ga. Code § 43-26-39). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed by the state Board of Occupational Therapy, which requires successfully completing the academic requirements of an educational program in occupational therapy approved by the Board, completing a minimum of 2 months of supervised fieldwork, passing an exam, and being of good moral character (Ga. Code §§ 43-28-3, -8, -9, -10). The Board may waive the exam requirement for applicants who hold a current license from another state that has substantively similar licensure requirements (Ga. Code § 43-28-11). License must be renewed every two years (Ga. Code § 43-28-14). Occupational Therapy Aide: May assist a licensed occupational therapist and occupational therapist assistant in the practice of occupational therapy so long as they work under their direct supervision (Ga. Code § 43-28-3). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed by the state Board of Physical Therapy, which requires passing an exam and graduating from an educational program that prepares physical therapy assistants and is approved by the Board and can prove the ability to read, write, and understand English. They need to complete 3 months of board approved training (Ga. Code §§ 43-33--3, -11, -13). The Board may waive the exam requirement for individuals holding a license from another state that has substantively similar licensure standards as Georgia (Ga. Code § 43-33-15). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years. Renewal requires completing at least 4 hours of continuing education (Ga. Code § 43-33-16). Physical Therapy Aide: As needed, assist a licensed physical therapist and physical therapist assistant in the practice of physical therapy so long as they work under their direct supervision (Ga. Code §§ 43-33-3, -13.1).

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Speech-Language Aide: Public education communication aides need not register as speech-language pathology aides provided no fees are charged for their services (Ga. Code §§ 43-44-3, -7).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Paraprofessional: Must be certified by the Professional Standards Commission, which requires a high school degree or its equivalent and satisfying all NCLB related criteria (Ga. Admin. Code § 505-2-19; Ga. Code § 20-2-204). Certificates must be renewed every 5 years, and renewal is conditional on completing 6 semester hours or 10 staff development units and a criminal record check.

SECURITY SERVICES School Security Personnel: Must be certified if they exercise law enforcement powers. Certification is obtained from the state Peace Officer Standards and Training Council and requires completing the basic training requirements for peace officers (Ga. Code §§ 20-8-1, -3, -5).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrical Contractor/Master Plumber: Must be licensed and renew that license every 2 years. Individuals working for an electrical contractor and receiving only a salary or hourly wage need not be licensed. For electrical contractors, renewal requires completing at least 4 hours of continuing education every year (Ga. Code §§ 43-14-2, -5, -6, -8).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 18 years old, hold a class A, B, or C commercial driver's license with a passenger endorsement, take a physical exam, and satisfactorily complete an initial training program of at least 18 hours as well as, subsequently, annual in-service training and safety courses (Ga. Code § 160-5-3-.08).

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Hawaii Hawaii has fewer mandates for workers in ESP job groups than most states. Boilers may not be operated without inspection. Further, there are some mandates in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must follow rules and regulations established by the state departments of Education and Transportation. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Contractors must be licensed, which requires passing an exam and registering and training their employees, the board may exempt certain activities (Haw. Stat. § 444-7.5). Boilers: Operation requires a permit issued when the boiler passes a safety inspection. The state Department of Labor and Industrial Relations may offer training for operators (Haw. Stat. §§ 397-3, -4).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: To use the title Licensed Dietitian a person must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Haw. Stat. §§ 448B-1, -4, -5). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for Hawaii (Haw. Stat. § 448B-6). License must be renewed every three years (Haw. Stat. § 448B-8). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires completing a LPN program or its equivalent, passing an exam or obtaining endorsement of an out-of-state license (Haw. Stat. §§ 457-2.6, -8). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Haw. Stat. § 457-9). Occupational Therapy Support Personnel: May be certified by the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (Haw. Stat. §§ 457G-1, -1.5, -2).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Traffic Monitor (Crossing Guard): Are appointed, trained, and compensated by the chief of police. Their duty is to protect public health, safety, and welfare on and about the streets surrounding any school (Haw. Stat. § 52D-7).



TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Journey Worker Electrician and Plumber: Must be licensed, which requires passing an exam and satisfying experience requirements. Licenses must be renewed every 3 years (Haw. Stat. §§ 448E-1, -5, -5.5, -8, -8.5).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must meet standards established by the state departments of Education and Transportation (Haw. Stat. § 286-181).

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Idaho Idaho has mandates for workers in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must have a commercial driver’s license with endorsements and also a special school bus permit. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.



HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires completing academic requirements as approved by the board, completing the prescribed supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Idaho Code §§ 54-3502, -3503, -3506, -3507). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for Idaho (Idaho Code § 54-3508). License must be renewed every year (Idaho Code § 54-3709). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing the basic curriculum of an 11 month practical nursing educational program, passing an exam or holding a LPN license from another state that was issued upon passing a similar exam, and being of sound physical and mental health (Idaho Code §§ 54-1402, -1407). The Board may waive the exam requirement for applicants who hold a current license from another state that has substantively similar licensure requirements (Idaho Code § 54-1407). License must be renewed every two years (Idaho Code § 54-1411). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing academic requirements approved by the state Board, a minimum of 2 months supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam. Under certain situations exemptions can be obtained. License is subject to annual renewal (Idaho Code §§ 54-3702, -3703, -3704, -3706, -3708, -3710, -3711). The Board may waive the exam requirement for applicants who hold a current license from another state that has substantively similar licensure requirements (Idaho Code § 54-3709). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required, but must work for a licensed occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant (Idaho Code § 54-3702). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, graduating from a school of physical therapy with a curriculum approved by the Board and passing an exam or obtaining the Board’s endorsement of an out-of-state license (Idaho Code §§ 54-2203, -2207-2211). License is subject to annual renewal (Idaho Code §§ 54-2214, -2215). Sixteen hours of board approved continuing education is required each year (Idaho Code § 54-2214).




TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Generally, must be licensed by the state Division of Building Safety. However, maintenance electricians who are regularly employed to service, maintain, or repair electrical apparatus or to make minor repairs or alterations to existing electrical wires or equipment located on the employer's premises are not required to obtain licenses (Idaho Code §§ 54-1003, 1003A, -1016). The Board may issue a license to qualified out of state persons (Idaho Code § 54-1007). All licenses are issued for a period of three years (Idaho Code § 54-1008). Plumber: Must have a certificate of competency, but work on a plumbing system on a premises owned or operated by an employer who regularly employs maintenance plumbers is exempted (Idaho Code §§ 54-2602, 2610, 2620).

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TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be over 18 years old, of good moral character, not addicted to the use of intoxicants or narcotics, complete a background check, have a commercial driver's license with endorsements and a school bus driver's permit, and have completed the minimum training prescribed by the state Board of Education (Idaho Code §§ 33-1508, -1509).

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Illinois Illinois has some mandates in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must have a school bus driver permit. Numerous job groups do not appear to have any statutory mandates and likely are regulated administratively or by localities. Several of Illinois statutes related to Health and Student Services are scheduled to be repealed in 2014, 2016, or 2018. However, it looks like an administrative move and should not materially affect the state mandates. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: The state Department of Public Health is required to issue rules for training and licensing all individuals who perform asbestos inspection or abatement in schools (105 ILCS 105/3, -105/6, 105/10a). Boilers: There does not appear to be any mandates related to the operation of a boiler. However, a license is needed to repair a boiler (225 ILCS 203/10, 203/5).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: There does not seem to be a requirement to be licensed, but Illinois does have statutes related to Licensed Dietitians. LPN: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from a practical nursing program approved by the state Department, passing an exam (either the Illinois exam or the exam of another jurisdiction that has been approved by the Department), and satisfying any other requirements established by rule (225 ILCS 65/55-10). An applicant who is licensed in another state may seek a license by endorsement of their existing license (225 ILCS 65/55-10). License must be renewed every two years (per Division of Professional Regulation) (225 ILCS 65/55-15). The Department may adopt rules of continuing education that require 20 hours of continuing education (225 ILCS 65/55-35). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing a 2-year occupational therapy program, leading to an associates degree or its equivalent, that has been approved by the Department and passing an exam (225 ILCS 75/2, 75/3, 75/3.5, 75/9). The Department may waive the exam requirement for applicants holding a license from another state (225 ILCS 75/13). License must be renewed every two years (per Division of Professional Regulation) (225 ILCS 75/11). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old, of good moral character, graduating from a 2 year, college-level physical therapy program approved by the Department and passing an exam (225 ILCS 90/1, 90/8.1). The Department may waive the exam requirement for applicants holding a license from another state (225 ILCS 90/11). License must be renewed every two years, conditional on 20 hours of continuing education (per Division of Professional Regulation) (225 ILCS 90/14, -90/14.1). Physical Therapy Aide: Receives on-the-job training and needs no license (225 ILCS 90/1).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Teacher Aide: Complete 30 semester hours of college credit at a regionally accredited institution of higher education; or complete an approved paraprofessional training program, or pass tone of the tests offered (225 ILCS 25/510b).



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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Plumber: Must be licensed. Requirements vary depending on type of license sought. A regular plumber’s license requires 2 years of high school or equivalent study and either a 4-year apprenticeship or evidence that the applicant has successfully completed an approved course of instruction at a college or trade school (225 ILCS 320/2, 320/3, 320/10). Expiration and renewal will be set by rules (225 ILCS 320/14).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must obtain a school bus driver’s permit from the Secretary of State, which is issued only to applicants over 21 years old who hold a valid driver’s license, with at least one year of driving experience, that has not been revoked, suspended, or cancelled within the previous 3 years, who submit to a background check, pass a written exam, and complete an initial classroom course (as well as, subsequently, annual refresher courses), and who are physically fit and have not been convicted of 2 or more serious traffic offenses, reckless driving, or an array of other criminal offenses (625 ILCS 6-104, 6-106.1). School bus drivers are subject to both drug and alcohol testing (625 ILCS 6-106.1a, 6-106.1b).

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Indiana Indiana requires that asbestos workers be accredited. The state also has the standard mandates for practice in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must hold a special license and comply with initial and ongoing training requirements. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Individuals who inspect, manage, or abate asbestos must be accredited, which requires training and passing an exam as well as ongoing compliance with training and re-examination requirements (Ind. Code § 13-17-6-1). Boilers: Operators need not be licensed, but boilers cannot lawfully be operated if they do not have a valid inspection certificate (Ind. Code § 22-15-6-2, -3).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: There does not seem to be a requirement to be licensed, but Indiana does have statutes related to Certified Dietitians. LPN: Must be licensed, which requires completing a state-accredited LPN program, which requires a high school degree or its equivalent, or a substantively similar program in another country, being physically and mentally capable of practicing nursing, and passing an exam (Ind. Code §§ 25-23-1-1, -12). A practical nurse from another state may receive a license by endorsement if the licensure requirements in that state are substantively similar to those of Indiana (Ind. Code § 25-23-1-12). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Ind. Code § 25-23-1-16.1). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be certified, which requires graduating from a program for occupational therapy approved by the state Medical Licensing Board, passing an exam, and not being the subject of a disciplinary action related to their certification or convicted of certain offenses (Ind. Code §§ 25-23.5-5-1, -2, -4, -6). The Board also may require that applicants complete a certain amount of supervised fieldwork (Ind. Code § 25-23.5-5-1) and may waive the exam requirement for individuals licensed by another state (Ind. Code § 25-23.5-5-14). Certificates must be renewed every 2 years (Ind. Code § 25-23.5-5-9). Occupational Therapy Aide: Need not be licensed but must work under the direct supervision of a licensed occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant (Ind. Code §§ 25-23.5-1-6, -5-1, -5-5). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be certified, which requires graduating from a 2-year college-level program for physical therapy assistants, passing an exam, and not being convicted of certain offenses (Ind. Code §§ 25-27-1-1, -2, -6, -7). Individuals licensed by another state may obtain an Indiana license by endorsement of their out-of-state license (Ind. Code § 25-27-1-9). License must be renewed every 2 years (Ind. Code § 25-27-1-8). Speech-Language Pathology Aide, Audiology Aide: Must meet any qualification requirements established by the Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Board and work under the direct supervision of a licensed speech pathologist or audiologist (Ind. Code § 25-35.6-1-2). NOTE: Indiana uses the term Audiology Assistant.

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) School Crossing Guard: Must be at least 18 years old and appointed by either the safety board, board of public works, town board, board of public safety, or sheriff (Ind. Code § 9-13-2-161.3).

SECURITY SERVICES Campus Security Officer: The state Law Enforcement Training Board may establish training programs for campus safety and security personnel (Ind. Code § 5-2-1-11).


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TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 21 years old, hold a valid public passenger chauffeur’s license or commercial driver’s license, have sufficient physical ability to be a school bus driver as determined by the state school bus committee, be of good moral character, not be addicted to drugs or drink liquor during school hours, and attend an initial driver safety education course as well as a safety meeting or workshop annually every year thereafter (Ind. Code §§ 20-27-8-1, -3, -9, 10). Must obtain a physical examination certificate (Ind. Code §§ 20-27-8-4, -5).

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Iowa Iowa has the standard mandates for employees who provide health services. The state also requires that public school bus drivers obtain a special permit, which is conditional on meeting certain training requirements. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Anyone working as a contractor or supervisor on an asbestos project or as an asbestos inspector, management planner, or project designer for a school or public building must be licensed, which requires completing training required by the federal Environmental Protection Agency and obtaining medical clearance for working while wearing a respirator (Iowa Code §§ 88B.1, -.4, -.6). A license is valid for one year from the completion date of the required training (Iowa Code § 88B.6).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires completing academic requirements as approved by the board, completing the prescribed supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Iowa Code §§ 152A.1, -2). Exemptions to the licensing rules are set forth in the statute (Iowa Code § 152A.3). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from high school or its equivalent, passing an exam, and completing an approved course of study (Iowa Code §§ 152.1, -.7). The Board may issue a license to persons of other jurisdictions who meets the requirements of Iowa (Iowa Code § 152.8). License must be renewed every 2 years (per Iowa Board of Nursing). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing the academic requirements of an educational program in occupational therapy approved by the American Occupational Therapy Association, completing at least 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Iowa Code §§ 148B.2, -.5). The Board may waive the requirement of license under certain situations (Iowa Code § 148B.6). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing a course for physical therapy assistants accredited by the Commission on Accreditation in Education of the American Physical Therapy Association or another appropriate body and passing an exam (Iowa Code §§ 148A.1, -2, -.6).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Paraprofessionals: Special education assistants may be employed to provide assistance to professionals in special education and shall: a. Complete appropriate preservice and continuing education specific to the functions to be performed. The agency shall make provisions for or require such completion prior to the beginning of service wherever practicable and within a reasonable time of the beginning of service where the preentry completion is not practicable. b. Work under the supervision of professional personnel who are appropriately authorized to provide direct services in the same area where the paraprofessional provides assistive services. c. Not serve as a substitute for appropriately authorized professional personnel (Iowa Code §§ 256B.2, -6).

SECURITY SERVICES Special Security Officer: The state Board of Regents may authorize any campus under its control to commission one or more of its employees as special security officers and shall provide such individuals with adequate training at the state Law Enforcement Academy or an equivalent training program, unless they have already received such training (Iowa Code § 262.13).



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TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 18 years old, physically and mentally competent, and of good moral character, possess a current physician’s certificate of qualification to operate a commercial motor vehicle, hold a driver’s license to operate a school bus, and successfully complete a state Department of Education-approved course for school bus drivers before or within the first 6 months of employment (Iowa Code §§ 321.375-.376). Drivers must complete further training every 2 years thereafter (Iowa Code § 321.376).

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Kansas Kansas has mandates primarily for individuals working in the health services area. The state also has a permit system that recognizes three different types of paraeducators. Public school bus drivers must have a commercial driver's license. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Business license and certification of employees are required, except if the business uses its own employees to perform asbestos work in its own buildings (Kan. Stat. §§ 65-5301, 5302, 5304, 5308). To qualify for certification a person must successfully complete a basic safety course on asbestos removal (Kan. Stat. § 65-5308). Boilers: Cannot be legally operated without a valid inspection certificate (Kan. Stat. §§ 44-914, -925). Contractor: Counties may require licensing and examination of general contractors, building contractors, and residential contractors (Kan. Stat. § 12-1557). Lead: Any individual engaging in lead-based activities must hold a certificate, which requires successfully completing an accredited training program and passing an exam (Kan. Stat. §§ 65-1,201, -1,203).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Kan. Stat. §§ 65-5902, 5903, 5906, 5908). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for Kansas (Kan. Stat. § 65-5910). License must be renewed every 2 years (Kan. Stat. §§ 65-5906, 5909). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from an accredited high school or obtaining an equivalent education, graduating from an approved school of practical nursing, and passing an exam (Kan. Stat. §§ 65-1113, -1116). License must be renewed every 2 years and renewal is conditional on completing continuing education requirements (Kan. Stat. § 65-1117). The Board may issue a license to an applicant who has been licensed by another state or territory (Kan. Stat. § 65-1116). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed (Kan. Stat. §§ 65-5402, 5414), which requires completing an educational program in occupational therapy approved by the state Board of Healing Arts, completing required fieldwork, and passing an exam (Kan. Stat. §§ 65-5406, 5407). The Board may waive the exam requirement for those already licensed by another state with substantively similar standards (Kan. Stat. § 65-5408). License must be renewed every year (Kan. Stat. § 65-5412, Kansas Board of the Healing Arts). Occupational Therapy Aide: Need not be licensed. Provides support services to licensed occupational therapists and their assistants. (Kan. Stat. § 65-5402). Must operate under the guidance of an occupational therapist or assistant (Kan. Stat. § 65-5419). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be certified by the state Board of Healing Arts, which requires completing a Board-approved educational program and passing an exam (Kan. Stat. §§ 65-2901, 2906). No exam is required if the applicant is licensed by another state that the Board determines has licensing standards at least as high as those of Kansas (Kan. Stat. § 65-2909). Certificate must be renewed every year (Kan. Stat. § 65-2910, Kansas Board of the Healing Arts). Speech and Language Aides: Must meet minimum qualifications established by the state Secretary of Health and Environment and work under the supervision of a licensed speech-language pathologist or audiologist (Kan. Stat. § 65-6501).

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No mandates, but the state Department of Education does have the authority to regulate qualifications if it desires. In the past, the state has used the permit system outlined below, which is now optional for use by school districts.

Level I permit, requires 20 clock hours of in-service training* per school year. Level II permit, requires 2 years experience as an instructional paraeducator, completion of 30 semester hours or 450 clock hours of in-service training*, or a combination of the two totaling 450 clock hours. Also requires at least four sessions totaling at least 20 clock hours of in-service training per school year. Level III permit, requires 3 years experience as an instructional paraeducator, completion of 60 semester college hours, an associate’s degree from an approved training program for instructional paraeducators, a certificate from an approved training program for instructional paraeducators from a vocational technical school, 900 equivalent clock hours, and 20 clock hours of in-service training* per school year. *Each district can decide whether to pay for in-service training.

SECURITY SERVICES School Security Officers: Possess and exercise all general law enforcement powers, rights, privileges, protections, and immunities while engaged in the protection of school districts or community colleges (Kan. Stat. § 72-8222).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician and Plumber: Must be licensed (Kan. Stat. §§ 12-1508, 12-1509, 12-1525, 12-1526, 12-1527).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES Must be at least 18 years old and have an appropriate commercial driver's license (Kan. Stat. §§ 8-234b, -238).

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Kentucky Kentucky requires training for school food service workers, which is unusual. The state also has the standard mandates for jobs in the health services area and has extensive licensing and training requirements for public school bus drivers. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: The state has adopted the federal Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act standards, and its Department for Environmental Protection is charged with accrediting asbestos workers (Ky. Stat. §§ 224.20.300, -320). Lead: Persons who perform lead detection or lead hazard abatement services in child-occupied facilities must be certified and obtain a permit for performing the work. Persons must also meet any training and testing requirements and procedures established by the Board (Ky. Stat. §§ 211.9061, -9063). Any person who has been issued a certificate in another state which has certification, educational, and experience requirements substantially equal to or greater than those of this state, and which grants equal certification privileges to persons certified in this state, may be issued an equivalent certificate in this state upon terms and conditions determined by the department. (Ky. Stat. § 211.9069). Radon: Persons who engage in radon analysis, mitigation, or testing must be certified (Ky. Stat. §§ 211.9101, -9107). Certificates are renewed annually (Ky. Stat. § 211.9121).

FOOD SERVICES School food Service Workers: Must complete an initial training course prescribed by the state Board of Education and obtain a school food safety certificate, which must be renewed each year by completing a minimum of 4 hours of in-service training (702 Ky. Admin. Regs. § 6:045).

HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing the prescribed supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Ky. Stat. §§ 310.005, .021). License must be renewed every year (Ky. Stat. § 310.050). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires a high school degree or its equivalent, graduating from an approved school of practical nursing, passing an exam, and being able to speak and write English understandably. Licenses must be renewed every 2 years and are conditional upon completing a prescribed course on AIDS. The Board may issue a license to an applicant who has been licensed by another state or territory (Ky. Stat. §§ 314.011, .051, .071, 214.615(1)). All licensed individuals shall document continuing competency (Ky. Stat. § 314.073). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing an educational program in occupational therapy approved by the American Occupational Therapy Association, completing 16 weeks of supervised fieldwork, passing an exam, and being of good moral character (Ky. Stat. §§ 319A.010, .110, .120). License must be renewed every year (Ky. Stat. § 319A.160). Occupational Therapy Aide: A person who is not licensed by the board who provides supportive services to occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants. An aide shall function under the guidance and responsibility of a licensed occupational therapist and is supervised by an occupational therapist or an occupational therapy assistant (Ky. Stat. § 319A.010). Physical Therapy Assistant: The state Board of Physical Therapy regulates physical therapy assistants by administrative regulations addressing, among other things, certification and educational requirements (Ky. Stat. §§ 327.010, .040). Speech-Language Pathology Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires a baccalaureate degree in speech pathology, completing postgraduate professional experience deemed appropriate by the Board, and identifying a supervisor who will provide the required ongoing supervision. Assistants must work under the direct supervision of an appropriate supervisor for a specified number of hours every week (Ky. Stat. §§ 334A.020, 033). The Board may waive the examination and grant a license to applicants who present proof of current licensure in a state which has standards that are at least equivalent to this state (Ky. Stat. § 334A.060). License must be renewed every 2 years (Ky. Stat. § 334A.170).

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Instructional Teacher’s Aide: Those employed after July 1, 1986, must have a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Districts must provide training for instructional teacher aides with the certified employee with whom they work (Ky. Stat. §§ 161.010, .044).

SECURITY SERVICES Special Security Officer: Employed by local boards of education are special law enforcement officers and must be certified (Ky. Stat. § 15.380) and meet the conditions for appointment as a special law enforcement officer under Ky. Stat. § 61.900-.930. These include graduating from an accredited high school or equivalent program and completing no less than 80 hours of approved training, having worked as a full-time sworn public peace officer or military policeman for at least 1 of the prior 5 years, or successfully completing a written, oral, and practical exam and has reached his 21st birthday. No person shall be eligible who has committed one or more of the offenses listed in the statute (Ky. Stat. § 61.906).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be licensed (Ky. Stat. §§ 227A.010, .020). To qualify for a license must meet the qualifications set by the statute (Ky. Stat. § 227A.060) The office shall license by endorsement an applicant who is registered, licensed, or certified in another state if the requirements are equal to or greater than Kentucky’s (Ky. Stat. § 227A.070). Plumber: Generally, must be licensed (Ky. Stat. §§ 318.010, .030, .040), but maintenance workers are exempt from this requirement (Ky. Stat. § 318.020). The office may issue a license to an applicant who holds a license in another state if the requirements are equal to or greater than Kentucky’s (Ky. Stat. § 318.040).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 21 years old, have a commercial driver's license with the passenger endorsement for a school bus, pass a pre-employment road test, submit to a background check, and complete the training course developed by the state Department of Education as well as three additional driving courses (of 2 or 3 hours duration). Drivers must complete an 8-hour in-service update every year and are subject to drug and alcohol testing (702 Ky. Admin. Regs. § 5:080).

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Louisiana Louisiana has mandates primarily for individuals working in the health services area. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: The state may not issue regulations regarding the training of school maintenance and custodial staff in asbestos removal that are more stringent than those issued by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (La. Rev. Stat. §§ 30:2343, -2344). Boilers: May not be operated without a valid inspection certificate (La. Rev. Stat. §§ 23:537-8). Lead: Lead abatement contractors must be licensed, which requires abiding by certain worker protection provisions (La. Rev. Stat. §§ 2351.4, .9). Lead abatement workers must be certified, which requires completing appropriate training as well as refresher training every year thereafter (La. Rev. Stat. §§ 30:2351.1, -.6,-.7,-.9).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing the prescribed supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (La. Rev. Stat. §§ 37-3081, -3083, -3086, -3091). The board may provide reciprocal recognition for registered, certified or licensed dietitians/nutritionists from other jurisdictions, provided that the standards of registration, certification and licensure in the jurisdiction are reasonably equivalent to those set forth by Louisiana. License must be renewed every year (La. Rev. Stat. § 37:3088). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing coursework in an accredited school for the training of practical nurses, passing an exam, being of good moral character, and being a citizen of the United States (or having applied for same) (La. Rev. Stat. §§ 37-970, -961, -971). The state Board of Practical Nursing may issue licenses without examination to persons who are licensed in another state if their licenses meet state qualifications (La. Rev. Stat. § 37:972). Licenses must be renewed every year (La. Rev. Stat. § 37:973). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be certified by the American Occupational Therapy Association and licensed, which requires completing academic and fieldwork requirements, being of good moral character, and passing an exam (La. Rev. Stat. §§ 37:3003, -3004, -3006, -3007). Licenses must be renewed each year and renewal is conditional on completing continuing education requirements (La. Rev. Stat. § 37:3012). The Board shall waive the requirement under certain situations, including reciprocity (La. Rev. Stat. § 37:3008). The license must be conspicuously displayed (La. Rev. Stat. § 37:3010). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 19 years old, being of good moral character, graduating from an accredited school of physical therapy assistance approved by the American Physical Therapy Association or the Louisiana State Board of Physical Therapy Examiners, and passing an exam (La. Rev. Stat. §§ 37-2407, -2408, -2411). The Board may license applicants without examination who hold a license from another state with substantively similar licensure standards as those of Louisiana (La. Rev. Stat. § 37:2412). Licenses must be renewed each year and renewal is conditional on complying with continuing education requirements (La. Rev. Stat. §§ 37:2417, -2424). Speech-Language Pathology Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires holding at least a bachelor’s degree from an accredited educational institution and completing the required supervised clinical practice in the field as well as supervised on-the-job training, and is of good moral character (La. Rev. Stat. § 37:2659).

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PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Teacher’s Aide: Any person employed by a city or parish school board on a full-time basis to assist a teacher in a public elementary or secondary classroom with the routine tasks inherent in conducting such class including but not limited to record keeping, preparation of class work, the preparation of displays, assistance in student discipline matters, and grading student work, who has all of the following qualifications: (1) Is at least twenty years of age. (2) Possesses a high school diploma or its equivalent. (3) Has taken a nationally validated achievement test and scored such as to demonstrate a level of achievement equivalent to the normal achievement level of a tenth grade student (La. Rev. Stat. § 17:411).

SECURITY SERVICES Campus Security Officers: Must have completed and graduated from the 6-week program of the Basic Law Enforcement Training Academy of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College or possess equivalent training or experience (La. Rev. Stat. § 17:1805).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: No state mandates. Plumber: Generally, a license is required. However, municipal employees are exempt from the licensing requirements (La. Rev. Stat. §§ 37:1367, -1375, -1377). License must be renewed every year (La. Rev. Stat. § 37:1370).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 21 years old, have satisfied any school bus driver training and physical examination requirements promulgated by the state Department of Education, and have their driving record examined. At the discretion of the school board employees of a city, parish, and other local school boards drivers may be exempt from the age requirement (La. Rev. Stat. §§ 17:491, -491.1).

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Maine Maine requires licenses for asbestos abatement and boiler operation. The state also has the standard mandates for individuals working in the health services area as well as fairly standard licensing and training requirements for public school bus drivers. The state is unusual in that it has a statutory system by which paraprofessionals can obtain authorizations reflecting that they have met certain educational standards for their work. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Must be licensed or certified. In most cases notification of asbestos abatement is required (Me. Stat. Tit. 38 §§ 12A-1272, 1273). The state Department of Environmental Protection may adopt and amend rules governing the licensing of businesses performing asbestos-related work as well as rules regarding the certification of asbestos professionals undertaking asbestos abatement activities (Me. Stat. Tit. 38 § 12A-1274-A). License and certificates must be renewed annually (Me. Stat. Tit. 38 § 12A-1279). Boilers: Operators must be licensed. Different classes of licenses are required depending on the types of boilers operated, pass an exam, license must be renewed every 3 years (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 §§ 131-15101, 15109). Lead: Workers performing abatement work (defined as attempting to remove lead that has been in an area for at least 20 years) must be certified, which requires completing specified training (Me. Stat. Tit. 38 §§ 12B-1291, 1293-1295). The commissioner may develop reciprocity agreements with other states and with federally recognized tribes when the states and tribes have established licensing and certification and accreditation requirements that are at least as stringent as those set forth in this chapter. (Me. Stat. Tit. 38 § 12B-1294). Radon: Unless registered, a person may not perform, evaluate, or advertise to perform or evaluate tests for the presence of radon in buildings or on building lots (Me. Stat. Tit. 22 §§ 165-772, 774, 775). Any person required to register shall only use authorized testing devices (Me. Stat. Tit. 22 § 165-777).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires being trustworthy and competent, earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing the prescribed supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 §§ 104-9902, 9906, 9907). The board may provide reciprocal recognition for registered, certified or licensed dietitians/nutritionists from other jurisdictions, provided that the standards of registration, certification and licensure in the jurisdiction are reasonably equivalent to those set forth by Maine (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 104-9912). License must be renewed every year (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 104-9909). Dietetic Technician: Must be licensed which requires being trustworthy and competent, must have graduated from a dietetic technician program approved by the Commission on Accreditation of the American Dietetic Association or its equivalent, as determined by the board, or graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Food and Nutrition from an approved 4-year program, completing the prescribed supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 §§ 104-9902, 9906, 9907). The board may provide reciprocal recognition for registered, certified or licensed dietetic technicians from other jurisdictions, provided that the standards of registration, certification and licensure in the jurisdiction are reasonably equivalent to those set forth by Maine (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 104-9912). License must be renewed every year (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 104-9909). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing a prescribed curriculum in a state-approved program for the preparation of practical nurses and passing an exam (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 §§ 31-2251-A, 2202, 2252). Individuals licensed by another state may obtain a license by endorsement if the licensure standards for that state (including the education and examination requirements) are equivalent to those of Maine (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 31-2254-A). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 31-2255).

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Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing the academic and fieldwork requirements of an educational program in occupational therapy assistance and passing an exam (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 §§ 32-2272, 2276, 2279, 2280-A). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years ((Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 32-2283, per Board of Occupational Therapy) and are conditional on completing continuing education requirements (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 32-2283). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being trustworthy and competent to engage in practice as a physical therapy assistant, graduating from a physical therapy educational program accredited by an agency recognized by the United States Commissioner of Education or the Council on Post-Secondary Accreditation (or an equivalent program in another country) and passing an exam (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 §§ 45A-3111, 3113-A, 3114-A). The licensing board may waive exam requirements for individuals already licensed by another state or country (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 §§ 45A-3114-A, -3115). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 45-A-3116). Speech-Language Pathology Aide: Maine repealed its statute related to Aides in 2011.

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Paraprofessionals may obtain an authorization from the state Education Commissioner indicating that they have satisfied certain educational standards. The authorizations may be renewed every 5 years upon showing that the individual has completed at least 3 hours of professional or academic study or in-service training (Me. Stat. Tit. 20-A, § 502-13023).



TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be licensed to perform electrical installations (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 §§ 17-1101, 1201). Renewal is determined by the board (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 17-1204). The board shall issue a license to any person who files a sworn application, who is licensed under the laws of another state or territory of the United States and who has been licensed and actively engaged in an electrician's work for a minimum of 6 years, as long as that state or territory has licensing standards and experience requirements at least equivalent to this State's and as long as that state or territory grants similar privileges to persons licensed under this chapter. Reciprocal licenses may not be denied on the basis of current residency. (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 17-1206). Plumber: Must be licensed and must renew the license every 2 years (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 §§ 49-3301, 3501, 3501-A, 3504). The board shall issue a license to any person who files a sworn application and who is licensed under the laws of another state or territory of the United States as long as that state or territory has licensing standards and experience requirements at least equivalent to this State's and as long as that state or territory grants similar privileges to persons licensed under this chapter. Reciprocal licenses may not be denied on the basis of current residency (Me. Stat. Tit. 32 § 49-3504A).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must obtain a special endorsement by successfully passing an exam, be at least 21 years old and have held a valid driver’s license for at least 1 year, meet all training, physical, mental, and moral requirements set by the state Commissioner of Education, be qualified as a driver under the motor carrier safety regulations of the federal Highway Administration, and neither had their license revoked within the preceding 6 years nor received a conviction for operating under the influence within the preceding 10 year period (Me Stat. Tit. 29-A §§ 11-1251, -1252, 19-2301, -2303).

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Maryland Maryland has licensure requirements for asbestos abatement that require compliance with federal standards. The state also extends limited law enforcement authority to a Baltimore school police force and has the standard mandates regarding qualifications for health services area jobs. As a general rule, electricians and plumbers must be licensed, but most school employees should fall into exemptions from these requirements. The state also has special licensure requirements for public school bus drivers. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Any business or public unit that performs identification, enclosure, removal, renovation, or demolition work involving asbestos must be licensed, which requires that it train all employees who come in contact with asbestos on federal standards for asbestos removal and encapsulation and ensure that all such employees complete a course on asbestos removal and encapsulation. (Md. Code Envir. §§ 6-401, 6-409, 6-410). Asbestos inspectors, project designers, management planners, contractors, supervisors, and abatement workers must also be accredited, which requires successfully completing state and federally mandated training programs and completing refresher courses each year to renew accreditation (Md. Code Envir. § 6-417). License must be renewed annually (Md. Code Envir. § 6-413).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: To use the title Licensed Dietitian a person must be licensed which requires being at least 18 years old, being of good moral character, earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing the prescribed supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam. Also demonstrate an oral and written competency in the English language (Md. Code Health Occ. §§ 5-101, 5-301, 5-302). The board may provide reciprocal recognition for registered, certified or licensed dietitians/nutritionists from other jurisdictions, provided that the standards of registration, certification and licensure in the jurisdiction are reasonably equivalent to those set forth by Maryland (Md. Code Health Occ. §§ 5-303, 5-305). License must be renewed every 2 years (Md. Code Health Occ. § 5-308). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires a high school diploma or its equivalent, successfully completing a state Board-approved program for the training of practical nurses, and passing an exam. Also demonstrate an oral and written competency in the English language (Md. Code Health Occ. §§ 8-101, 8-301, 8-302). The exam requirement may be waived for those already licensed by another state (Md. Code Health Occ. § 8-307). Licenses must be renewed each year and renewal is conditional upon showing 1,000 hours of active nursing practice during the previous 5 years, completing a refresher course, or completing a preceptorship program provided by an employer. After January 1, 2013 license must be renewed every two years (Md. Code Health Occ. § 8-312). The Board may waive any appropriate examination requirement of this title for an applicant who is licensed or registered to practice registered nursing or licensed practical nursing in any other state or country (Md. Code Health Occ. § 8-307). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, at least 18 years old, graduating from an educational program for occupational therapy assistants recognized by the Board and accredited by the American Occupational Therapy Association or its equivalent, completing at least 4 months of supervised full-time fieldwork, and passing an exam. Also demonstrate an oral and written competency in the English language (Md. Code Health Occ. §§ 10-101, 10-301, 10-302, 10-401). The examination will be waived under certain situations (Md. Code Health Occ. § 10-307). Licenses must be periodically renewed, which may be conditional upon completing continuing education requirements (Md. Code Health Occ. § 10-311). Occupational Therapy Aide: Subject to the rules and regulations adopted by the Board, performs only procedures that do not require the professional skills of a licensed occupational therapist or a licensed occupational therapist assistant. Performs procedures only under the direct supervision of a licensed occupational therapist who personally is present in the area where the procedures are performed (Md. Code Health Occ. § 10-301).

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Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from a curriculum for physical therapy assistants approved by the American Physical Therapy Association, completing the clinical training requirements of that curriculum, passing an exam, and being of good moral character. Also demonstrate an oral and written competency in the English language (Md. Code Health Occ. §§ 13-101, 13-301, 13-302, 13-304). The exam requirement may be waived for individuals licensed by another state who earned a score on that state’s exam at least as high as Maryland requires (Md. Code Health Occ. § 13-307). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years and may be conditional on completing continuing education requirements (Md. Code Health Occ. § 13-311). Physical Therapy Aide: Subject to the rules and regulations adopted by the Board, performs only procedures that do not require the professional skills of a licensed physical therapist or a licensed physical therapist assistant. Performs procedures only under the direct supervision of a licensed physical therapist who personally is present in the area where the procedures are performed (Md. Code Health Occ. § 13-301).


SECURITY SERVICES The Baltimore City Board of Education may employ a school police force, whose members have all the powers of a state law enforcement officer except that they may not carry firearms on school premises while school is in session. Officers must comply with requirements for education, training, human and public relations skills, and moral character set by the Civil Service Commission of Baltimore City (Md. Code Educ. § 4-318).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Master Electrician: Must be licensed, but individuals who work under their supervision and control need not be (Md. Code Bus. Occ. & Prof. §§ 6-101, 6-303). Qualifications for license, renewal, and reciprocity are set by statute (Md. Code Bus. Occ. & Prof. §§ 6-301, 6-304, 6-307, 6-308, 6-310). Plumber: Must be licensed, unless plumbing work is incidental to that of a licensed plumber or constitutes only minor plumbing repairs (Md. Code Bus. Occ. & Prof. § 12-301). Qualifications for license, renewal, and reciprocity are set by statute (Md. Code Bus. Occ. & Prof. §§ 12-302, 12-305, 12-308).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a commercial driver's license with a school bus endorsement, pass an appropriate medical exam, and meet any other requirements for school bus drivers established by the state Department of Education (Md. Code Transp. § 16-816).

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Massachusetts Massachusetts requires licenses to perform asbestos abatement, to operate boilers, and to perform electrical and plumbing work. The state requires a written policy outlining the training campus security personnel receive. The state has limited mandates in the health services area and extensive licensure requirements for public school bus drivers. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers engaged in removing, containing, or encapsulating asbestos must be licensed, and contractors must provide adequate instruction and training to their workers (Mass. Gen. Stat. Ch. 149, §§ 6A, -6B). Boilers: A second-or third-class license is required to operate a boiler (Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 146, §§ 1, -49). The different licenses have different qualification requirements, but completing at least 30 hours of continuing education every 5 years is required to maintain any license (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 146, § 49). Lead Paint Inspector: Must be licensed (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 268, § 33A, Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 111, § 197B).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: To use the title Licensed Dietitian a person must be licensed which requires being at least 18 years old, being of good moral character, earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 112 §§ 201, -203, -204). The board may provide reciprocal recognition for registered, certified or licensed dietitians/nutritionists from other jurisdictions, provided that the standards of registration, certification and licensure in the jurisdiction are reasonably equivalent to those set forth by Massachusetts (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 112, § 208). License must be renewed every 2 years. Must provide evidence of successful completion of 30 hours of continuing education biannually (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 112, § 207). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from an approved school for practical nursing or its equivalent and passing an exam. Licenses must be renewed every 2 years and renewal is conditional upon completing at least 15 hours of continuing education (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 112, § 74A). Individuals licensed in another state with substantively similar requirements may obtain a Massachusetts license by endorsement. Those licensed in Canada may be eligible for the reciprocity endorsement, if they meet certain requirements (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 112, §§ 76, -76B). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing an accredited occupational therapy assistant educational program approved by the state Board of Allied Health Professions, completing at least 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 112 §§ 23A, -23H, -23O). Individuals licensed in another state with substantively similar requirements may obtain a Massachusetts license by endorsement (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 112, § 23D). License must be renewed every 2 years (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 112, § 23B). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from a 3-or 4-year secondary school or passing an acceptable high school equivalency test, graduating from an accredited educational program leading to professional qualification as a physical therapy assistant that has been approved by the Board, and passing an exam (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 112 § 23J). Individuals licensed in another state with substantively similar requirements may obtain a Massachusetts license by endorsement (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 112, § 23D). License must be renewed every 2 years (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 112, §§ 23A, 23B, 23P).


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SECURITY SERVICES Trustees may appoint campus police officers (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 75, §§ 1A, 32A) and must report on the training provided to them (Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 6, § 168C).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be licensed. Differing requirements apply to different types of licenses (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 141, §§ 1, 1A). The examiners may license without examination any person who has been licensed as an electrician in another state under laws which, in the opinion of the examiners, maintain standards substantially the same as those of the commonwealth for electricians (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 141, § 2B). It appears that individuals regularly employed may do installations on their employer’s property with a journeyman’s license (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 141, § 8). Plumber: Must be licensed or registered (Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 142, §§ 1, -3). A licensed plumber shall complete a course of continuing education as determined by the examiners (Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 142, § 6A).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be over 18 years old, have been a duly licensed motor vehicle operator for 3 continuous years, be of good moral character, and successfully complete a driving performance test, a visual test, a written test, and a physical exam by a licensed physician (Mass. Gen. Laws. Ch. 90, §§ 8A, -8A1/2).

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Michigan Michigan is unusual in that it has limited mandates for jobs in the health services area but requires paraeducators in certain preschool programs to meet certain education and experience criteria and, as well, requires training for crossing guards. The state has fairly standard mandates for school bus drivers. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Anyone performing asbestos-related work in schools (defined as inspecting, preparing an asbestos management plan, or designing or conducting a response action beyond the scope of a small-scale, short-duration operation, maintenance, and repair activity) must obtain a certificate of accreditation, which requires completing a period of initial training and maintaining that accreditation through training, examination, and continuing education. A person who completes the refresher training course shall receive an annual certificate of reaccreditation (Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 338.3103, 3402, 3403, 3405). Asbestos abatement contractors must also be licensed, unless a project is incidental to the primary licensed trade and involves no more than 160 square feet or 260 linear feet of friable asbestos (Mich. Comp. Laws § 338.3207). Boilers: May not be operated without a valid inspection certificate (Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 408.752, 774). Lead: Workers must be certified to engage in lead abatement, which requires completing a course of at least 16 hours, 8 of which are devoted to hands-on instruction (Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 333.5461, 63, 69).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Repealed July 1, 2014. LPN: Must be licensed (Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 333.17201, 08, 11). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be certified by meeting the requirements established by the state Board (Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 333.18301, 03, 09). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed which requires, being 18 years of age, of good moral character, graduating a program of physical therapist assistants approved by the board, and pass an exam (Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 333.16174, 17801, 20, 26). The board shall promulgate rules to establish professional development requirements (Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.17823).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Crossing Guard: Must receive a minimum of 4 hours instruction before performing crossing guard duties and an additional 2 hours of instruction each year. The courses of instruction shall be approved by the state Department of Education and state police and shall be conducted by the local law enforcement agency with jurisdiction over the crossing guard (Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 257.613c). Paraprofessionals in the Michigan School Readiness Program: Must obtain an associate’s degree in early childhood, preschool education, child development, child care, or the equivalent, as well as complete supervised or fieldwork implementing education activities for young children (Mich. State Board of Education, Standards of Quality and Curriculum Guidelines for Preschool Programs for Four Year Olds).

SECURITY SERVICES Public Safety Officer: Colleges and universities may grant their security officers the same powers and authority as peace and police officers (Mich. Comp. Laws § 390.1511). Such officers must meet the minimum employment standards of the state Law Enforcement Officers Training Council Act of 1965 (Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 390.1513, 28.609).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be licensed, unless performing only minor repairs (Mich. Comp. Laws § 338.887). Plumber: Must be licensed, unless performing only minor repairs (Mich. Comp. Laws § 338.3525).

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TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

School Bus Driver: Must be at least 18 years old, hold a valid chauffeur’s license with the appropriate vehicle designation and a passenger vehicle endorsement, have no more than six penalty points for moving violations, have completed the entry level school bus safety course, have the certificate in their possession, and must not have committed any of the disqualifying offenses listed in the statute (Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 257.1849, .1851). Drivers must also complete a 6-hour continuing education course once every 2 years (Mich. Comp. Laws § 257.1851).

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Minnesota Minnesota is unique in specifically requiring school custodial engineers to have a license to operate a boiler. Electricians and plumbers are also required to have licenses, but most education support personnel could fall into an exemption from the electrician licensure requirements. The state has limited mandates for jobs in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must be licensed, which requires both pre-employment training and screening and continuing education after hire. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: A license is required for asbestos-related work done for profit or on one’s own property, the license must be posted (Minn. Stat. §§ 326.71, 72). Persons performing asbestos-related work must be certified, which requires showing evidence of training or experience in the construction trades, taking a course in asbestos control and removal, passing an exam, and demonstrating one’s ability to work safely (Minn. Stat. § 326.73). Written notice shall be given to the commissioner of an asbestos-related work project by the person holding the license (Minn. Stat. § 326.74). Boilers: Custodial engineers in schools must have a license to operate a boiler (Minn. Stat. § 326B.974). License classification and requirements differ depending on the type of boiler (Minn. Stat. § 326B.978). Lead: Lead workers must be licensed, which requires completing a training course in lead hazard control. The license must be carried and be readily available for review (Minn. Stat. §§ 144.9501, 05).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed. Requires a baccalaureate or post graduate degree, has completed not less than 900 hours of supervised professional practice experience. License shall be renewed at the time prescribed by the board (Minn. Stat. §§ 148.621, .624, .630). The board may issue a license to an applicant in another state or the District of Columbia where standards are not less stringent than Minnesota’s (Minn. Stat. § 148.628). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires either passing an exam or securing the endorsement of the state Board of Nursing for an out-of-state license (Minn. Stat. § 148.211). The Board may condition license renewal on completing up to 50 hours of continuing education every year (Minn. Stat. § 214.12). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing an accredited occupational therapy assistant educational program approved by the state Board, completing at least 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Minn. Stat. §§ 148.6402, .6403, .6410). The board may issue a license to an applicant in another state or the District of Columbia where standards are not less stringent than Minnesota’s (Minn. Stat. § 148.6415). Licenses are generally renewed biannually, however there are special provisions to renew licenses for four years (Minn. Stat. § 214.6402, .6425). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed which requires passing an exam, graduating from a physical therapy assistant program accredited by CAPTE (Minn. Stat. §§ 148.65, .70, .722, .723). Licenses are renewed annually (Minn. Stat. § 148.73). Physical Therapy Aide: No license needed, works under the direct supervision of a physical therapist (Minn. Stat. § 148.65).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) No specific mandates, but the use of paraeducators is mandated and the Board of Teaching will adopt rules to implement a statewide credential for education paraprofessionals (Minn. Stat. § 120B.363).



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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS

Electrician: May be licensed or work under the personal supervision of a licensed electrician (Minn. Stat. §§ 326B.31, .33). Plumber: Must be licensed if they work in a city that has more than 5,000 residents (Minn. Stat. § 326B.46). All plumber apprentices must be registered (Minn. Stat. § 326B.47).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a valid class A, B, or C driver’s license with a school bus endorsement, present evidence of having been medically examined and certified as physically qualified to operate a commercial motor vehicle within the prior 2 years, participate in special training if working as a Head Start bus driver, pass a background check of one’s criminal and driving record, and have completed adequate training in school bus operation, and demonstrated sufficient skills to transport students in a safe and legal manner (Minn. Stat. § 171.321). Thereafter, in-service training and license validation is required every year (Minn. Stat. § 171.321).

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Mississippi Mississippi requires that asbestos workers be certified. The state has standard mandates for individuals who work in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must meet the training requirements set by the state Board of Education. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers on asbestos projects must be certified, which requires completing a commission-approved training course for abatement workers, demonstrating familiarity and being capable of complying with all applicable federal and state laws and regulations, and passing a physical exam (Miss. Code §§ 37-138-5, 21). Certificates must be renewed every year (Miss. Code § 37-138-21). The commission may establish requirements for reciprocity for accreditation and certification of management planners, project designers, contractors, supervisors, inspectors and workers with other states that have established accreditation and certification programs that meet or exceed the Model Plan and the accreditation and certification requirements of this state (Miss. Code § 37-138-29). Boilers: No license is required to operate a boiler. However, boilers must have a valid inspection certificate, which must be renewed annually or biennially depending on the type of boiler (Miss. Code §§ 45-23-5, 33). Lead: Workers must be certified to work on lead-based paint abatement activity, which requires successfully completing an accredited training program and demonstrating to the satisfaction of the Commission that the applicant is familiar and capable of complying fully with all applicable federal and state laws and regulations (Miss. Code §§ 49-17-505, 519).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be registered or licensed and meet the requirements set forth in the statutes (Miss Code §§ 73-10-3, 5, 7, 9). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for Mississippi (Miss Code § 73-10-15). A nonresident dietitian may practice dietetics in Mississippi for five days per year with current other state’s licensure (Miss Code § 73-10-15). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires a high school diploma or its equivalent, completing a practical nursing program approved by the state Department of Education, English competency, and passing an exam (Miss. Code §§ 73-15-5, 21). The state Board of Nursing may waive the examination requirement for individuals licensed in another state who previously demonstrated satisfactory scores on a licensing exam (Miss. Code § 73-15-21). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Miss. Code § 73-15-27). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, earning a degree in an educational program accredited by the American Occupational Therapy Association, successfully completing a period of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Miss. Code §§ 73-24-3, 19). The Board may waive examination, education, and/or experience requirements for applicants licensed by another state that the Board deems to have equivalent licensure standards (Miss. Code § 73-24-21). Any license shall be subject to renewal by a manner prescribed by the Board (Miss. Code § 73-24-27). Occupational Therapy Aide: A person not licensed in the field of occupational therapy who assists occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants in the practice of occupational therapy, is under the direct supervision of the licensed occupational therapist or licensed occupational therapy assistant, and whose activities require an understanding of occupational therapy. (Miss. Code § 73-24-3).

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Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, graduating from a physical therapy or physical therapy assistant’s program that is accredited by an agency recognized by the federal Department of Education, and passing an exam (Miss. Code §§ 73-23-33, 35, 47). Licenses must be renewed every other year (per Board of Physical Therapy) (Miss Code §§ 73-23-49, 57). The Board may license a physical therapist assistant, and furnish a certificate of licensure without examination to, any applicant who presents evidence, satisfactory to the board, of having passed an examination before a similar lawfully authorized examining agency or Board in physical therapy of another state or the District of Columbia, if the standards are determined by the Board to be as high as those of this state (Miss Code § 73-23-51). Speech-Language Pathology Aide, Audiology Aide: No examination shall be required (Miss. Code §§ 73-38-3, -9). Must be 18 and have high school diploma or equivalent, must register with the Department (per Mississippi State Characteristics of Licensure Law).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) No specific mandates, but the use of paraeducators is mandated.



TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Plumbing, electrical, and construction work must be performed in accordance with the minimum standards set by construction codes published by a nationally recognized code group (Miss. Code § 19-5-9).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must meet regulatory standards set by the state Board of Education (Miss. Code § 37-41-1) and be at least 17 years old (Miss. Code § 63-1-9).

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Missouri Missouri requires school districts to file public reports on the state of any asbestos in their buildings. The state has standard mandates for individuals working in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must pass a medical exam (including hearing and vision screening) to obtain the required permit. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: School districts must file reports with the state Department of Health regarding any asbestos in their buildings, the condition thereof, and plans for dealing with it (Mo. Stat. §§ 643.020, 263). The reports are public information and are to be readily available to employees (Mo. Stat. § 643.263). As a general rule, all individuals engaged in asbestos abatement work, inspection, management, or air sampling must be certified, which requires successfully completing training. Such training shall be obtained biannually (Mo. Stat. §§ 643.225, .228). In addition, all asbestos abatement contractors must be registered and may use only certified individuals on their projects (Mo. Stat. § 643.232). Lead: Any person engaged in lead abatement or inspection (other than for a de minimis area) must be licensed, which requires completing specified training and education requirements (Mo. Stat. §§ 701.300, 701.312). Must provide notification to the proper authorities if dwelling or facility involves children (Mo. Stat. § 701.306).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, completing two years of high school or its equivalent, successfully completing the basic professional curriculum in an accredited or approved school of nursing and earning a nursing degree or diploma, and passing an exam (Mo. Stat. §§ 335.016, 335.046, 335.076). Licenses will also be granted to applicants licensed in another state if they met the qualifications required for nurses in Missouri at the time they were licensed elsewhere (Mo. Stat. § 335.051). License must be renewed every two years (per Missouri Board of Nursing) (Mo. Stat. § 335.056). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 19 years old, graduating from high school or its equivalent, completing an associate’s degree program for physical therapy education accredited by the commission on accreditation of physical therapy education, and passing an exam (Mo. Stat. §§ 334.650, 334.655). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants licensed in another state that has substantively similar licensure standards (Mo. Stat. § 334.660). License must be renewed every two years (Mo. Stat. § 334.675, per Missouri Board of Physical Therapy). Speech-Language Pathology Aide, Audiology Aide: Must be registered, which requires being at least 18 years old, of good moral character, a high school graduate or equivalent, and employed in a setting in which direct and indirect supervision is provided on a regular and systematic basis by a licensed speech-language pathologist (Mo. Stat. § 345.015).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Teacher’s Assistant: The state Board of Education has the authority to issue rules regarding the minimum qualifications for teacher’s assistants working under the special state program for grades K–3 (Mo. Stat. § 167.263).



TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Plumber: Anyone working at the business of plumbing in a city or town with 15,000 or more inhabitants must be certified, and pass an exam (Mo. Stat. §§ 341.010, .020, 060, 090).

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TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a school bus driver’s permit, which requires being at least 21 years old, passing a medical exam (including vision and hearing tests), passing an exam and a driving test, and holding a valid state driver’s license. An applicant from another state who possesses a valid driver’s license with a school bus endorsement shall not be required to obtain a Missouri license (Mo. Stat. §§ 302.010, 302.272).

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Montana Montana has rules regarding the certification of asbestos-related occupations that are consistent with federal law. The state also has significant mandates regarding the qualifications of individuals in the health services area and requires public school bus drivers to have a commercial driver’s license. The Montana statues for Health and Student Services tend to be somewhat vague. Interested persons should also review specific Montana Board requirements. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: The State Department of Environmental Quality must issue rules regarding the accreditation of asbestos-related occupations that are consistent with federal law and that establish standards for training, accreditation, continuing education, and exam requirements (Mont. Code §§ 75-2-103, 502, 503). To qualify for accreditation in a particular asbestos-related occupation requires successfully completing an asbestos training course or satisfactorily demonstrate equivalent previous training or experience, and taking an exam (Mont. Code § 75-2-511). Boilers: Boilers cannot be legally operated without a certificate of inspection (Mont. Code § 50-74-208). Must be licensed to operate a boiler (Mont. Code § 50-74-301). Radon: To be publicly listed as proficient by the Department in a radon-related occupation requires passing a federal Environmental Protection Agency proficiency exam approved by the state Department (Mont. Code §§ 75-3-602, 603).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Montana has repealed its Dietitian statutes in 2009. It does have statutes related to Nutritionist, which requires a license and being registered with the board (Mont. Code §§ 37-25-102, 301, 302). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires a high school diploma or its equivalent, graduating from an approved practical nursing educational program, and passing an exam (Mont. Code §§ 37-8-102, 401, 415, 416). Licenses must be renewed every two years (per Board of Nursing). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing the academic requirements of an educational program recognized by the state Board for the license sought, as well as two months supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Mont. Code §§ 37-24-103, 301, 303, 310). License must be renewed yearly (per Board of Occupational Therapy). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required, but must work under the direct supervision of an occupational therapist or an occupational therapy assistant (Mont. Code § 37-24-103). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old, being of good moral character, graduating from an accredited physical therapy assistant curriculum approved by the Board, and passing an exam (Mont. Code §§ 37-11-101, 301, 303). The Board may waive the exam requirement for applicants licensed by another state with equivalent licensure requirements (Mont. Code § 37-11-307). License must be renewed annually (per Board of Physical Therapy). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required, but must be supervised by a physical therapist or a physical therapy assistant (Mont. Code § 37-11-101). Speech-Language Pathology Aide, Audiology Aide: Must meet the minimum requirements established by the Board of Speech-Language Pathologists and work directly under the supervision of a licensed speech-language pathologist or clinical audiologist (Mont. Code §§ 37-15-102(3, 9)).




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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician and Plumber: Must be licensed (Mont. Code §§ 37-68-301, 37-69-301).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be no less than 18 years old and of good moral character, hold a valid commercial driver's license, have filed with the district a satisfactory medical examination report and completed a basic first aid course, hold a basic first aid certificate, and comply with any other qualifications established by the state Board of Public Education, including filing the appropriate certificate with the county superintendent (Mont. Code §§ 20-10-101, 103).

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Nebraska Nebraska empowers its state to issue regulations governing asbestos abatement that are no less stringent than the federal standards. Boilers may not be operated without an annual certificate of inspection. There are numerous mandates for jobs in the health services area. Electricians and plumbers must be licensed. Public school bus drivers must pass annual physical and driving exams. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers must be certified, which requires completing a training course, being declared by a physician to be physically capable of working while wearing a respirator, and passing an exam (Neb. Stat. §§ 71-6301, -6310). Business entities that perform asbestos work must be licensed (Neb. Stat. § 71-6304). The state may issue regulations governing asbestos projects that are no less stringent than federal standards (Neb. Stat. § 71-6303). Must complete continuing activities as required by the Department (Neb. Stat. § 71-6310.02). Boilers: Boilers may not be operated unless inspected annually by the state boiler inspector (Neb. Stat. § 48-722). Lead: Firms performing permanent abatement of lead paint must be certified (Neb. Stat. § 71-6323). Certification is not required, however, for renovation, remodeling, or other activities that are not designed to permanently eliminate lead-based paint hazards even if the projects may incidentally have that effect (Neb. Stat. § 71-6319.02). An individual is required to hold a license (Neb. Stat. § 71-6326). Radon: Persons providing measurement and/or mitigation of radon must be licensed, which requires meeting education, experience, training, and exam requirements (Neb. Stat. § 71-3507).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES LPN: Must be licensed, completing 4 years of high school or its equivalent, completing the basic curriculum in and graduating from an approved program of nursing, and passing an exam (Neb. Stat. §§ 38-2210, -2217, -2221, -2222). Individuals licensed in another state may secure licensure through the state Board of Nursing’s endorsement of their existing license (Neb. Stat. §§ 38-2223, -2224). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years and renewal is conditional on completing continuing competency activities (Neb. Stat. § 38-1616). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing an educational program in occupational therapy recognized by the state Department of Health and Human Services Regulation and Licensure, completing a minimum of 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Neb. Stat. §§ 38-2512, -2519). Individuals licensed in another state may secure licensure through the state Board’s endorsement of their existing license (Neb. Stat. § 38-2523). License must be renewed every 2 years and renewal is conditional upon completing continuing competency activities (Neb. Stat. § 38-2521). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required, but provides supportive services to licensed occupational therapists and their assistants (Neb. Stat. § 38-2511). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must work under certificate of approval issued to supervising physician, which can be obtained only if the assistant graduated from a physical therapy program approved by the Department (Neb. Stat. §§ 38-2913, -2922, -2927). Individuals licensed in another state may secure licensure through the state Board’s endorsement of their existing license (Neb. Stat. § 38-2924). Certificates of approval and/or licenses must be renewed every other year (Neb. Stat. § 38-2920). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required, but provides supportive services to licensed physical therapists and their assistants (Neb. Stat. § 38-2915).



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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Individuals engaged in wiring or installing electrical wiring must be licensed (Neb. Stat. § 81-2108). Plumber: Must be licensed and renew license every 1 or 2 years (Neb. Stat. §§ 18-1909, 10).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a school bus operator’s permit, which is obtained by passing an annual physical exam and driving test (Neb. Stat. §§ 79-607, 608).

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Nevada Nevada has numerous mandates for individuals working in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must complete 20 hours of initial training and pass annual written exams. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers actually engaged in work directly related to asbestos must be licensed, which requires completing training and passing an exam (Nev. Stat. §§ 618.750, .800). License must be renewed each year and renewal is conditional on complying with continuing education requirements. Additionally, the applicant must indicate if they have a state business license (Nev. Stat. § 618.807). The Division may issue a license in an occupation to an applicant who holds a valid license in that occupation issued to him or her by the District of Columbia or any state or territory of the United States, or who has met the requirements for that occupation set by the Environmental Protection Agency (Nev. Stat. § 618.815). Boilers: Boilers may only be operated if the owner has obtained a permit for operation (Nev. Stat. §§ 455C.020, 080, 100).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, having a high school degree or its equivalent, being at least 18 years old, successfully completing the prescribed course of study in an approved school of practical nursing or having been licensed in another state, and passing the practical nurse’s exam (Nev. Stat. §§ 632.016-.017, .270, 280). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants licensed by another state if the Board determines that that state’s exam was equivalent to Nevada’s (Nev. Stat. § 632.280). License must be renewed every 2 years (Nevada Board of Nursing). Nursing Assistant: Must be certified, which requires being of good moral character and in good physical and mental health, being at least 16 years old, and satisfying such other reasonable requirements as the Board prescribes (Nev. Stat. §§ 632.0166, .285, .2852). Certification by examination and by endorsement of an out-of-state license is also available (Nev. Stat. § 632.2852). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, satisfying the academic requirements of an educational program approved by the Board and accredited by the American Occupational Therapy Association, completing 8 weeks of supervised work, and passing an exam (Nev. Stat. §§ 640A.060, .120). Education and supervised work requirements may be waived for applicants that graduated from a foreign school through which they obtained substantively equivalent education and experience (Nev. Stat. § 640A.130). The exam requirement may also be waived for applicants licensed by another state (Nev. Stat. § 640A.160). License must be renewed every year and renewal may be conditional on completing continuing education requirements (Nev. Stat. § 640A.180). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old, of good moral character, graduating from an approved high school, completing an education curriculum approved by the Board for physical therapy assistants, and passing an exam (Nev. Stat. §§ 640.0213, .230, .240). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants licensed by another state (Nev. Stat. § 640.270). License must be renewed each year and renewal is conditional on completing continuing education requirements (Nev. Stat. § 640.280). Physical Therapy Technician: No license required, but must work under the direction of a licensed physical therapist (Nev. Stat. §§ 640.0216, .310).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Paraprofessionals: A person who is initially hired by the board of trustees of a school district on or after January 8, 2002, to teach in a program supported with money from Title I must possess the qualifications required by 20 U.S.C. § 6319(a). (Nev. Stat. § 391.100)


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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Plumber: All plumbing work done must be in compliance with the Uniform Plumbing Code of the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (Nev. Stat. § 444.350).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be of good and sober character, be competent and qualified by experience and disposition to operate a school bus, be licensed to drive a school bus, have completed a training course that includes 10 hours of hands-on driving training and 10 hours of instruction in various specified subjects, and pass a written exam (Nev. Stat. § 392.380). Under certain circumstances a board may employ a pupil attending a school (Nev. Stat. § 392.380). .

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New Hampshire New Hampshire has standards for asbestos abatement training and certification that are no less stringent than those of the federal Environmental Protection Agency. The state has numerous mandates for jobs in the health services area. The state has a paraeducator certification program. Public school bus drivers must have a special school bus driver's certification, which is obtained by meeting special licensing requirements. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers engaged in asbestos abatement activities must be certified (N.H. Stat. §§ 141-E:2, 3, 11) or licensed (N.H. Stat. § 141-E:10). Training, licensure, and certification requirements must be at least as stringent as those of the federal Environmental Protection Agency (N.H. Stat. § 141-E:4). License must be renewed every 12 months (N.H. Stat. § 141-E:10). The department may grant certification if the employee is certified by another state whose certification is substantially equivalent to the provisions of this section and the rules adopted by the commissioner (N.H. Stat. § 141-E:11). Boilers: It is unlawful to operate a boiler that does not have a valid inspection certificate (N.H. Stat. §§ 157-A:2, 10). Lead: Workers involved in lead-based substance abatement must be certified and contractors involved in such work must be licensed. The license and certificate are valid for 12 months (N.H. Stat. §§ 130-A:1, 2, 12). Individuals involved in related work, such as the installation of exterior siding, carpet, or paving or the application of encapsulants, need not be certified (N.H. Stat. § 130-A:9).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing the prescribed supervised fieldwork, including a dietetic internship of at least 900 hours, and passing an exam (N.H. Stat. §§ 326-H:3, 5, 12, 12a). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for New Hampshire (N.H. Stat. § 328-H:13). License must be renewed every 2 years (N.H. Stat. § 328-H:14). Complete 20 hours of continuing education in the previous 24 months (N.H. Stat. § 326-H:15). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from a state Board-approved nursing educational program or its equivalent, passing an exam, and having the ability to read and write English (N.H. Stat. §§ 326-B:2, 13, 16, 17). Applicants who are licensed in any state or country may obtain a license through endorsement (N.H. Stat. § 326-B:20). License must be renewed every 2 years (N.H. Stat. § 326-B:22). Must complete 30 hours of continuing education every 2 years (N.H. Stat. § 326-B:31). Nursing Assistant: School boards may employ or contract with certified nursing assistants who hold an unencumbered New Hampshire license for work under the direct supervision of the school registered nurse (N.H. Stat. § 200:31). Submit documentation of successful completion and certification from a board approved nursing assistant education program, and pass an exam (N.H. Stat. § 326B:19). Applicants who are licensed in any state or country may obtain a license through endorsement (N.H. Stat. § 326-B:21). Certificate must be renewed every year contingent on completing 12 hours of continuing education (N.H. Stat. §§ 326-B:22, 31). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 17 years old and of good moral character, successfully completing an academic program in occupational therapy accredited by the American Occupational Therapy Association, passing an exam, and completing a minimum of 2 months of supervised fieldwork (N.H. Stat. §§ 326-C:1, 3, 5). Persons licensed as occupational therapy assistants are eligible for renewal of their licenses if they meet any continuing competency requirements and any requirements for continuing education, clinical experience, or training established by the board (N.H. Stat. § 326-C:6).

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Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, graduating from a physical therapy educational program accredited by the Commission on the Accreditation of Physical Therapy Education or another Board-approved accrediting organization, passing the national exam approved by the Board, and maintaining continuing competency in physical therapy for a period of 1 year prior to filing (N.H. Stat. §§ 328-A:2, 5). Persons licensed as physical therapy assistants are eligible for renewal of their licenses if they meet any continuing competency requirements and any requirements for continuing education, clinical experience, or training established by the board (N.H. Stat. § 328-A:15a). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required, but is a support person trained under the direction of a physical therapist who performs designated and supervised routine tasks related to physical therapy (N.H. Stat. § 328-A:2).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Paraprofessional: Can be certified by the state Board of Education, which requires a high school degree or its equivalent and at least 1 year of experience as an educational paraprofessional, a certificate of proficiency, or completion of a 2-week program focusing on special education in a school setting (N.H. Code Adm. Regs. Educ. 504.05). Certification must be renewed every 3 years and renewal is conditional on completing at least 50 hours of continuing education requirements (N.H. Code Adm. Regs. Educ. 504.05).



TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be licensed, except for those employees performing incidental electrical work (N.H. Stat. §§ 319-C:1, 2, 3, 7). All licenses shall be valid for 3 years (N.H. Stat. § 319-C:9). Plumber: Must be licensed, except for regularly employed maintenance personnel whose duties include installation and maintenance of plumbing License and certificates shall expire every 2 years (N.H. Stat. §§ 153.27, 27B, 30).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a special school bus driver’s certificate, which requires passing a written exam, having an annual review of one’s driving record, having documented driver training, and passing a background check and physical exam (N.H. Stat. §§ 263:29, 29a).

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New Jersey New Jersey requires that asbestos workers have permits and that employers be licensed to perform asbestos abatement work. The state has numerous mandates in the health services area and requires a very long period of fieldwork (12 weeks) for occupational therapy assistants. The state also imposes training requirements on crossing guards that are unusual. Public school bus drivers must have a commercial driver's license and a special school bus endorsement. CLERICAL SERVICES

School Secretary: All school employees who have regular contact with students are subject to criminal background checks and may not be hired or retained if convicted of certain offenses, including any drug or perjury offense (N.J. Stat. §§ 18A:1-1, 6-7.1).

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Employees that apply, enclose, repair, remove, or encapsulate asbestos must obtain a performance permit, which is issued only if the employee takes a training course on asbestos control and removal, passes an exam, and demonstrates the ability to safely perform asbestos control and removal (N.J. Stat. §§ 34:5A-34, 37). Employers that perform asbestos-related work must be licensed (N.J. Stat. § 34:5A-36), and if they contract that work out must ensure that the contractors are licensed (N.J. Stat. § 34:5A-35). Licenses are valid for 12 months (N.J. Stat. § 34:5A-38). Boilers: Operators must be licensed, which requires submitting an application identifying the applicant and their qualifying experience, applicants must be a citizen of the U.S. or have officially declared his intention to become a citizen (N.J. Stat. §§ 34:7-1, -2). Maintenance: All school employees who have regular contact with students are subject to a criminal background check and may not be hired or retained if convicted of certain offenses, including any drug or perjury offense (N.J. Stat. § 18A:6-7.1).

FOOD SERVICES Cafeteria Worker: All school employees who have regular contact with students are subject to a criminal background check and may not be hired or retained if convicted of certain offenses, including any drug or perjury offense (N.J. Stat. § 18A:6-7.1).

HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old and of good moral character, having been neither convicted of nor pled no contest to a criminal charge relating to narcotics, completing 2 years of high school or its equivalent, graduating from a state Board-approved nursing educational program, and passing an exam (N.J. Stat. §§ 45:11-23, 27). The exam requirement may be waived if the Board determines the applicant is otherwise qualified (N.J. Stat. § 45:11-27). The license must be renewed biannually (per N.J. Board of Nursing) (N.J. Stat. § 45:11-34). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old and of good moral character, successfully completing the academic requirements of an educational program in occupational therapy approved by the Director of the state Division of Consumer Affairs, completing 12 weeks of fieldwork, and passing an exam (N.J. Stat. §§ 45:9-37.53, .59, .62). Director may waive the exam requirement for applicants licensed by another state that has licensure standards substantively equivalent to those of New Jersey (N.J. Stat. § 45:9-37.66). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old and of good moral character, possessing at least an Associate of Arts degree from an accredited college or university, completing a 2-year physical therapy assistant program at an accredited college or university, having a satisfactory amount of experience, and passing an exam (N.J. Stat. §§ 45:9-37.13, .19, .34b). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants licensed by another state with licensure standards substantively equivalent to those of New Jersey (N.J. Stat. § 45:9-37.28).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Crossing Guard: Must be a citizen and resident of New Jersey, be of sound body, health, and morals, and not have been convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude, must be appointed by an authorized official for terms not exceeding one year (N.J. Stat. § 40A:9-154.1). Crossing guards shall have 2 hours of classroom instruction with information on traffic control and the duties and responsibilities of adult crossing guards, and a minimum of 20 hours of field training in which the trainee shall be supervised by an experienced school crossing guard or a regular police officer, this training requirement may be waived for an adult crossing guard who is also a police officer (N.J. Stat. § 40A:9-154.2).

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SECURITY SERVICES School Security Officer: The state Commissioner of Education may authorize any board of education to employ public school law enforcement officers subject to the ordinary civil service requirements applicable to such officers (N.J. Stat. § 18A:17-43). Police security officers of educational institutions may be admitted to training courses conducted by the Division of State Police for state, county, and municipal law enforcement officers (N.J. Stat. § 18A:6-4.1).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Master Plumber and Electrical Contractor: Must be licensed (N.J. Stat. §§ 45:14C-12.2, 45:14C-12.3, 45:5A-9).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a commercial driver's license with a school bus endorsement, pass a background check, and submit to drug and alcohol testing (N.J. Stat. §§ 18A:39-19.1, 18A:39-20, 39:3-10.1a).

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New Mexico New Mexico has numerous mandates in the health services area. There are three different levels of licensure for education assistants. Public school bus drivers must have a commercial driver's license and a special school bus endorsement. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.



HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing the prescribed supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (N.M. Stat. §§ 61-7A-3, 4, 7) (to be repealed effective July 1, 2016). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for New Mexico (N.M. Stat. § 61-7A-8) (to be repealed effective July 1, 2016). License must be renewed every year (N.M. Stat. § 61-7A-10) (to be repealed effective July 1, 2016). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing an approved program of nursing, undergoing a background check, and passing the national licensing exam for practical nurses (N.M. Stat. §§ 61-3-3, 5, 18, 19). License must be renewed every two years (N.M. Stat. § 61-3-24). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is an LPN in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for New Mexico (N.M. Stat. § 61-3-19). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires having at least an associate’s degree in occupational therapy, being certified by the American Occupational Therapy Certification Board, successfully completing fieldwork, passing an exam, and completing 16 weeks of supervised fieldwork (N.M. Stat. § 61-12A-3, 6, 11) (to be repealed effective July 1, 2016). Licenses must be renewed each year and are subject to proof of having completed the required amount of continuing education (N.M. Stat. § 61-12A-15) (to be repealed effective July 1, 2016). Upon verification, the board may grant a license to an applicant who presents a current license in good standing as an occupational therapist or an occupational therapy assistant in another state, the District of Columbia or a territory of the United States that meets the requirements of New Mexico (N.M. Stat. § 61-12A-14). Occupational Therapy Aide or Technician: Does not need a license, but must work under the direct supervision of a registered occupational therapist or a certified occupational therapy assistant (N.M. Stat. § 61-12A-3) (to be repealed effective July 1, 2016). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, graduating from an accredited physical therapy assistant program approved by the state Physical Therapy Board, passing the national physical therapy exam approved by the Board, and passing the state jurisprudence exam (N.M. Stat. §§ 61-12D-3, 8, 10). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required but a person trained under the direction of a physical therapist who performs designated and supervised routine physical therapy tasks (N.M. Stat. § 61-12D-3). Speech-Language Paraeducator: No license required, but is to provide adjunct speech pathology or audiology services under the direct supervision of a licensed speech-language pathologist or audiologist (N.M. Stat. § 61-14B-2) (to be repealed effective July 1, 2016).

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PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Educational Assistant: Must hold a Level I, II, or III license, which requires meeting the following requirements:

Level 1, license requires a high school diploma or its equivalent, being at least 18 years old, and obtaining a certificate from the superintendent that the applicant satisfactorily completed an orientation session pertinent to their assignment (N.M. Admin. Code § 6.63.9.8). Level 2, license requires meeting all the requirements for a Level I license plus obtaining a certificate from the superintendent that documents satisfactory compliance with the state Board of Education’s educational assistant competencies (N.M. Admin. Code § 6.63.9.8). Level 3, license requires meeting all the requirements for a Level II license plus either earning an associate’s degree from an accredited college or university that included at least 15 semester hours of non-remedial coursework in specified subjects, completing at least 48 semester hours of academic credit at an accredited college or university that includes at least 12 semester hours in non-remedial coursework in specified subjects, or passing a test (N.M. Admin. Code § 6.63.9.10).

SECURITY SERVICES University Police Officer: The Board of Regents of each state educational institution may employ university police officers, which have the powers of peace officers within each campus’ jurisdiction (N.M. Stat. § 29-5-2). University police officers must be certified (N.M. Stat. § 29-5-3), which requires being a United States citizen, being a high school graduate or its equivalent, holding a valid driver’s license, not having been convicted of nor having pled guilty to certain crimes, passing a physical and psychological exam, being of good moral character, and meeting any other regulatory requirements for certification (N.M. Stat. § 29-7-6).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Journeyman, Electrician, and Plumber: Must hold certificates of competency, which are obtained by passing exams (N.M. Stat. §§ 60-13-38, -39).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a commercial driver's license with a school bus endorsement and provide a physician’s certificate stating that the applicant is free from all communicable diseases in a transmissible stage dangerous to the health of students (N.M. Stat. §§ 22-10A-34, 66-5-65).

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New York New York requires workers engaged in asbestos abatement to have an asbestos-handling certificate. The state has fairly standard mandates for jobs in the health services area, but it does not have statutory provisions permitting individuals to obtain a license via endorsement of a valid license obtained from another state. New York is one of the few states that has any mandates relative to school bus attendants. Public school bus drivers must have a valid driver’s license and are subject to extensive background, examination, and training requirements. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers must have an asbestos-handling certificate, which requires completing appropriate training approved by the state Commissioner of Health, and must have the certificate in their possession at all times when on an asbestos project (N.Y. Labor Law Art. 30, §§ -901, 902). Certificate must be renewed every year, and renewal is conditional on completing additional training (N.Y. Labor Law Art. 30 § 903). Boilers: Must be inspected every 2 years for proper operation (N.Y. Labor Law Art. 7, § 204).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: To use the title Licensed Dietitian a person must be licensed which requires being at least 18 years old, earning a baccalaureate degree or equivalent from accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing the prescribed supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (N.Y. Educ. Law, Art. 157, §§ 8001, 8002, 8004). A person shall be certified without examination if they are registered by a national association which has standards acceptable to the department and meet all other requirements (N.Y. Educ. Law, Art. 157, § 8006). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 17 years old, being of good moral character, completing high school or its equivalent, completing a program in practical nursing, and passing an exam, must register triennially (N.Y. Educ. Law, Art. 139, §§ 6901, 6902, 6903, 6906). Individuals licensed in another state may secure licensure through the state Board’s endorsement of their existing license (N.Y. Educ. Law, Art. 139, § 6909). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be certified, which requires completing a program for occupational therapy assistants in accordance with the Commissioner's regulations and working under the direct supervision of a licensed occupational therapist and/or physician, must register triennially (N.Y. Educ. Law Art. 156 §§ 7901, 7906). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be certified, which requires completing a 2-year college program in a physical therapy assistant program, having satisfactory experience, passing an exam, being at least 18 years old, being of good moral character, must register triennially (N.Y. Educ. Law Art. 136 §§ 6731, 6739, 6740).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) No statutory mandates, but there are extensive regulatory requirements in place, including the following: Teaching Assistant: Must hold one of the following credentials—a temporary license, a continuing certificate, or a Level I, II, or III Pre-Professional Certificate. Individuals holding a teaching, pupil personnel, or administrative certificate need not obtain any further licensure or certification unless required to by the employing school district. (NYSED, Teaching Assistants (Paraprofessionals) Qualification Requirements, available at www.highered.nysed.gov/tcert/career/ta.htm).



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TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Attendant: May be subject to a background check and must receive school bus safety training and instruction relating to the special needs of disabled students if they serve such students in their work (N.Y. Veh. & Tr. Law, Art. 33 § 1229-d). School Bus Driver: Must be at least 18 years old, have a valid driver’s license to operate a school bus, pass the bus driver’s physical exam, not be disqualified to drive a motor vehicle, pass an extensive background check, pass an annual physical exam, complete annual defensive driving training, and complete periodic behind-the-wheel exams (N.Y. Veh. & Tr. Law Art. 19-A §§ 509-b, d; N.Y. Educ. Law Art. 73 § 3624).

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North Carolina North Carolina requires asbestos workers to meet the federal Asbestos Hazardous Emergency Response Act standards. The state has the standard mandates for workers in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must have a commercial driver's license and a special school bus endorsement. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: No one may commence or continue to perform asbestos management activities unless they have been accredited by the state Department of Health and Human Services, which means meeting specified education, training, and experience requirements (N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 130A-444, 447). No person shall engage in asbestos abatement, excluding small projects outlined in the statute, without a removal permit (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-449). Lead: Workers involved in lead-abatement of a child-occupied facility must be certified (N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 130A-453.01, .03). Certification requires proper education, training, experience, and passing an exam (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-453.05). Certification must be renewed every year (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-453.06).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: To use the title Licensed Dietitian a person must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 90-352, 357, 365). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for North Carolina (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-360). License must be renewed every year (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-362). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from a nursing program approved by the state Board and passing an exam (N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 90-171.20, 90-171.29, 90-171.43). Licensure may be granted without an exam to any applicant licensed in another state with licensure standards substantively equivalent to those of North Carolina (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-171.32). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-171.34). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, successfully completing an accredited occupational therapy assistant educational curriculum and supervised fieldwork of at least 2 month's duration, and passing an exam (N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 90-270.67, .70). Licensure may be granted without examination to any applicant licensed in another state with licensure standards substantively equivalent to those of North Carolina (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-270.72). License must be renewed each year and renewal may be conditional on meeting continuing education requirements (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-270.67, .75). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, graduating from a physical therapy assistant educational program accredited by an agency recognized by either the federal Office of Education or the Council on Post-secondary Accreditation, and passing an exam (N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 90-270.24, .29, .31). Licensure may be granted without examination to any applicant licensed in another state with licensure standards substantively equivalent to those of North Carolina (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-270.31). Licenses must be renewed each year. Renewal is contingent on completing continuing education requirements (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-270.32). Physical Therapy Aide: Does not need a license, but must at all times work under the supervision of a licensed physical therapist or physical therapy assistant (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-270-24). Speech-Language Assistant, Audiology Assistant: Must be registered by the licensee who supervises the assistant and meet the qualifications adopted by the Board (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-298.1).


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SECURITY SERVICES Campus Police Officer: The Board of Trustees of any University of North Carolina institution may establish a campus law enforcement agency and employ campus police officers provided the officers meet the general requirements for law enforcement officers set forth in Chapter 17C of the North Carolina Statutes (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 116-40.5).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Plumber: Must be licensed, which requires passing an exam. However, no license is required to make minor repairs or replacements to an already installed system of plumbing, heating, or air conditioning (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 87-21). License must be renewed every year (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 87-22). Electrician: Must be licensed (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 87-43). However, work performed for state institutions is exempted, as is work done by a bona fide employee of a valid license (N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 87-43, 43.1, 43.2). To the extent that other states which provide for the licensing of electrical contractors provide for similar action, the Board may grant licenses of the same or equivalent classification to electrical contractors licensed by other states without written examination upon satisfactory proof furnished to the Board that the qualifications of such applicants are equal to the qualifications of holders of similar licenses in North Carolina (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 87-50).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 18 years old, have at least 6 months of driving experience as an operator of a motor vehicle before employment, hold a commercial driver’s license with a school bus driver’s certificate, and pass an exam (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-218; 115C-245).

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North Dakota North Dakota has statutes that mandate licensure and training in the health services area. The state has less rigorous standards for public school bus drivers than other states. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers involved in the abatement of more than three hundred square feet or three hundred linear feet of asbestos must be certified, which requires completing training (N.D. Code §§ 23-25-01, -03.1). Lead: Workers involved in lead abatement must be certified, which requires completing training (N.D. Code § 23-25-03.1).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Audiology Aide: No license required for providing hearing screening and working in cooperation with a licensed audiologist as part of a public service project solely intended to identify hearing impairments (N.D. Code §§ 43-37-02, -03). Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing the prescribed fieldwork, and passing an exam year (N.D. Code §§ 43-44-01, -06, -07, -08). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for North Dakota (N.D. Code § 43-44-13). The license must be renewed annually (N.D. Code § 43-44-14). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires completing an approved nursing educational program and passing an exam (N.D. Code §§ 43-12.1-02, -03, -09). An applicant licensed in another state may obtain a license by endorsement provided the exam the applicant initially took meets North Dakota’s standards (N.D. Code § 43-12.1-09). License must be renewed periodically and renewal is conditional on meeting continuing education requirements (per N.D. Board of Nursing) (N.D. Code § 43-12.1-10). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires demonstrating competency, agreeing to abide by the state Board of Occupational Therapy’s code of ethics, successfully completing the academic requirements of an educational program in occupational therapy recognized by the Board and accredited by a national occupational therapy accrediting agency, successfully completing a period of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (N.D. Code §§ 43-40-01, -02, -08). The board may waive the examination, education, or experience requirements and grant a license to any applicant who presents proof of current licensure or registration as an occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant in another state which requires standards for licensure or registration considered by the board to be equivalent to the requirements for licensure of this chapter (N.D. Code § 43-40-12). License must be renewed every 2 years and renewal may be conditional on demonstrating continued competency (N.D. Code § 43-40-15). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required, but must work under the direct supervision of an occupational therapist or an occupational therapy assistant (N.D. Code §§ 43-40-01, 03.1). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be registered, which requires being of good moral character, graduating from a school of physical therapy or a program of physical therapy assistant training approved by the state Physical Therapy Committee, and passing an exam (N.D. Code §§ 43-26.1-01, -04, -05). The exam requirement may be waived for those already licensed by another state (N.D. Code § 43-26.1-06). Registration must be renewed each year (N.D. Code § 43-26.1-08). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required, but must work under the direct supervision of a physical therapist or a physical therapy assistant (N.D. Code § 43-26.1-01).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Paraprofessionals: Providing instructional support in a program supported with title I funds and paraprofessionals serving students with disabilities, except paraprofessionals providing services only in the speech-language pathology discipline, must hold the North Dakota certificate of completion for their respective discipline (N.D. Code §§ 67-11-00.1, -01).

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SECURITY SERVICES

No mandates.


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be licensed, for which there are a variety of qualifications depending on the level of license sought (N.D. Code §§ 43-09-01, -09, -10, -11, -12). Plumber: A license is generally required, for which there are a variety of qualifications depending on the level of license sought (N.D. Code §§ 43-18-01, -11, -13). But full-time maintenance workers may perform plumbing repair work without a license so long as a local ordinance does not provide otherwise (N.D. Code § 43-18-11). The board may register without examination nonresident applicants registered under the laws of other states having requirements for regulating plumbers which the board determines are substantially equivalent to the requirements of this state in those instances when such other state grants similar privileges to North Dakota residents licensed under this chapter (N.D. Code § 43-18-13.1). Certificates and licenses are valid for one year (N.D. Code § 43-18-17). Depending on the license, continuing education may be required (N.D. Code § 43-18-17.1).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

School Bus Driver: If a school board contracts for such services it shall contract with a provider who has competent and responsible drivers (N.D. Code § 15.1-30-12). School bus drivers must hold a commercial driver’s license with a school bus endorsement (N.D. Code § 39-06.2-09).

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Ohio Ohio requires asbestos workers to be trained and certified. The state has numerous mandates in the health services area as well as permit and licensure requirements for education assistants. Public school bus drivers must comply with the state Department of Public Safety’s regulations. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers involved in removing, renovating, enclosing, repairing, or encapsulating more than fifty square feet or fifty linear feet of friable asbestos must be certified, which requires completing training and meeting any other requirements imposed by the state Department (Ohio Code §§ 3710.01, .051). Certificate must be renewed yearly and is dependent on completing an annual review course (Ohio Code § 3710.06). Boilers: May not be operated without a valid inspection certificate (Ohio Code §§ 4104.01, .20). Radon: Any person performing radon testing or radon mitigation must be licensed (Ohio Code §§ 3723.01, .02). License must be renewed biennially (Ohio Code § 3723.06).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires being of good moral character, earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing prescribed supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Ohio Code §§ 4759.01, .02, .06). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires passing an exam, passing a background check, and completing a state-approved course of study in nursing (Ohio Code §§ 4723.01, .03, .09). Applicants licensed in another state may obtain a license by endorsement if they satisfied substantively similar examination and educational requirements as those of Ohio to obtain their license (Ohio Code § 4723.09). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years, which requires 24 hours of continuing education (Ohio Code § 4723.24). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, successfully completing the academic requirements of an approved educational program and completing at least 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Ohio Code §§ 4755.04, .07). The board may waive the examination for any applicant for licensure as an occupational therapy assistant who either has met educational, training, and job experience requirements established by the section, or presents proof of current certification or licensure in another state that requires standards for licensure at least equal to those for licensure in this state (Ohio Code § 4755.09). License must be renewed biennially, which requires 20 hours of continuing education (Ohio Code § 4755.10). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, completing an approved educational program of at least 2 years duration at an accredited college, and passing an exam (Ohio Code §§ 4755.40, .421, .431). License must be renewed biennially and renewal is conditional on completing at least twelve units of approved continuing education courses (Ohio Code §§ 4755.46, .511). The board may waive the exam if the applicant meets the criteria set in the statute (Ohio Code § 4755.451). Speech-Language Pathology Aide, Audiology Aide: Must comply with the requirements of the Board of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology and work under the direct supervision of a licensed pathologist or audiologist (Ohio Code §§ 4753.01, 072).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) The State Board of Education issues educational aide permits and educational paraprofessional licenses and sets qualification criteria for each by rule (Ohio Code § 3319.088). The Board may require that applicants complete certain training and education requirements to obtain a permit or license (Ohio Code § 3319.088).

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SECURITY SERVICES Campus Police Officer: Are subject to training and certification by the state Peace Officer Training Commission (Ohio Code § 109.78). Education institutions may employ only individuals meeting those requirements, except for individuals who have served for 20 years or more as a peace officer (Ohio Code § 109.78).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician and Plumber: Must be licensed by the Ohio Construction Examining Board (Ohio Code § 4740.01, .06, .13). The Board may issue a license when a written reciprocity agreement between the states exists, and the individual is registered, licensed, or certified in another state (Ohio Code § 4740.08).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 18 years old, of good moral character, and pass both a background check and an annual physical exam, must be certified by the Board or have a certificate issued by the school administrator or a contractor (Ohio Code § 3327.10). Bus drivers must comply with the regulations of the state Department of Public Safety (Ohio Code § 4511.76).

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Oklahoma Oklahoma requires asbestos workers to be certified. The state has the standard mandates for employees in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must complete a training course approved by the state Department of Education. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Abatement contractors must be licensed, but the state and its political subdivisions are exempt from any certification fees when they act as abatement contractors (Okla. Stat. Tit. 40 §§ 451, -452). Boilers: May not be legally operated without a certificate of operation (Okla. Stat. Tit. 40 §§ 141.1, -.15). Lead: Individuals may not identify lead-based paint hazards or abate them without completing lead-based training by an accredited provider (Okla. Stat. Tit. 27A §§ 2-12-102, -301). Testing, training, experience, or exam requirements for certification may be waived if the applicant presents a current valid certificate or license from another state with qualifications equal or greater than Oklahoma’s (Okla. Stat. Tit. 27A § 2-12-301).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: There does not seem to be a requirement to be licensed, but Oklahoma does have statutes related to Licensed Dietitians. LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old, graduating from high school or its equivalent, successfully completing the prescribed curriculum in a state-approved program of practical nursing and graduating there from, passing a criminal background check, not having been convicted of a felony within the prior 5 years, and passing an exam (Okla. Stat. Tit. 59 § 567.6). Applicants licensed in another state need not take the exam to be licensed in Oklahoma (Okla. Stat. Tit. 59 §§ 567.3a, .6). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Okla. Stat. Tit. 59 §§ 567.7, -567.3). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, successfully completing an educational program approved by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), completing at least 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Okla. Stat. Tit. 59 §§ 888.3, .6). The exam requirement is waived for individuals already certified as an occupational therapy assistant by AOTA and it may be waived for applicants already licensed in another state (Okla. Stat. Tit. 59, § 888.8). License must be renewed every year, which requires continuing education as prescribed by the board (Okla. Stat. Tit. 59 § 888.10). Occupational Therapy Aide: Does not need a license, but can only assist with the provision of occupational therapy (Okla. Stat. Tit. 59 §§ 888.3, .4). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, passing an exam, and graduating from a program for physical therapy assistants that has been approved for at least 2 years, which requires continuing education as prescribed by the board (Okla. Stat. Tit. 59 §§ 887.2, .3, .6). License must be renewed every year (Okla. Stat. Tit. 59 § 887.12). The exam requirement may be waived for those already licensed by another state (Okla. Stat. Tit. 59 § 887.9). Speech Pathology Assistant, Audiology Assistant: Must be licensed and work for and under the supervision of a licensed speech pathologist or audiologist (Okla. Stat. Tit. 59 § 1605).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Teacher's Assistant: Schools must employ a teacher's assistant or a volunteer for each class in grades K–2 with more than twenty students. The qualifications and duties of teacher’s assistants are governed by regulations promulgated by the state Board of Education (Okla. Stat. Tit. 70 § 6-127). Paraeducator: All support personnel who serve students with disabilities are entitled to receive the same training and education that paraprofessionals are required to complete (Okla. Stat. Tit. 70 § 13-105).

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SECURITY SERVICES Campus Police Officer: Must be appointed by the governing board of an institution of higher education or a school board (Okla. Stat. Tit. 74 §§ 360.16, .17).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician and Plumber: Although electricians and plumbers must be licensed, there are exceptions for regular employees performing minor plumbing repairs (Okla. Stat. Tit. 19 § 864.4, Tit. 59 §§ 27-1003, 1016, 1017, Tit. 59 §§ 40a-1682, 1685).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be appropriately licensed and have completed a course of instruction pertaining to the operation of a school bus that is approved by the state Department of Education and the district involved (Okla. Stat. Tit. 70 § 9-118).

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Oregon Oregon has fairly standard mandates in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must comply with training and qualification requirements set by the Department of Education. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: The state Department of Administrative Services must develop and administer worker training, awareness, and protection programs for asbestos abatement work (Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 283.417, 419). Boilers: Boilers may not be operated unless a valid inspection permit is attached thereto or conspicuously displayed nearby (Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 480.515, .585). No one may install, repair, or alter a boiler without a license to do so (Or. Rev. Stat. § 480.630).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam year (Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 691.405, .415, .435). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for Oregon (Or. Rev. Stat. § 691.445). Renewal of license is yearly and dependent on meeting the continuing education requirements set in the statute (Or. Rev. Stat. § 691.465, per Board of Licensed Dietitians). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires submitting satisfactory evidence of physical and mental health, graduating from a licensed practical nurse educational program accredited by the Oregon State Board of Nursing or another state licensing board or an equivalent educational program in another country, and passing an exam (Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 678.010, 021, .040, .050, .113). License must be renewed every 2 years (Or. Rev. Stat. § 678.101). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old, successfully completing the academic requirements of an educational program for occupational therapy assistants recognized by the Occupational Therapy Licensing Board, passing an exam, and completing 2 months of supervised fieldwork (Or. Rev. Stat §§ 675.210, .220, .250). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants already licensed by another state (Or. Rev. Stat. § 675.270). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Or. Rev. Stat. § 675.280). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old and of good moral character, completing a course for physical therapy assistants approved by the Physical Therapist Licensing Board, and passing an exam (Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 688.010, .020, .055). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants already licensed by another state (Or. Rev. Stat § 688.080). Licenses must be renewed every year (per Physical Therapy Licensing Board) (Or. Rev. Stat. § 688.100). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required, but a person who is trained by a physical therapist or physical therapist assistant to perform designated and supervised routine tasks related to physical therapy and who works under the direct on-site supervision of a physical therapist or physical therapist assistant. (Or. Rev. Stat. § 688.010).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Teacher Aides: Have a high school diploma or such knowledge and experience determined by the local district superintendent to be sufficient to function as an educational assistant. Also, have standards of moral character as required of teachers (OAR § 581-037-0006).

SECURITY SERVICES School Officer: A school district may establish a law enforcement agency and employ such persons as necessary, including duly sworn peace officers as defined in Or. Rev. Stat. § 161.015(4). Such officers do not qualify as police officers within the meaning of Or. Rev. Stat. § 243.736 (see Or. Rev. Stat. § 332.531).

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TECHNICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Generally, must be licensed. Although there are a number of exceptions to this rule, none appear to apply to regular school maintenance employees (Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 479.530, .540, .620, .630). Plumber: Generally, must be licensed, but there are exceptions for regular employees performing plumbing work for the benefit of property owned by their employer (Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 447.010, .040, .060).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be over 18 years old and comply with the training and qualification requirements set by the state Department of Education (Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 820.110, .190)

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Pennsylvania Pennsylvania requires asbestos abatement workers to be trained and certified. The state has fairly standard mandates for workers in the health services areas but is unusual in not requiring that physical therapy assistants be licensed. Public school bus drivers must complete a special school bus driver's training course in addition to meeting other requirements. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers in asbestos occupations must be certified, which requires completing training and passing an exam (63 P.S. §§ 2102, 2103, 2105). A license is required by all contractors whose primary business is asbestos abatement (63 P.S. § 2105.1). Radon: Workers may not test for or mitigate radon without being certified (25 PA Code §§ 240.101, .111). A person conducting radon-related activities shall have a radon education program to assure that the applicant and all employees have a minimum of 4 hours initial training, and the certified person shall participate in a continuing education program consisting of a minimum of 8 hours of Department-approved courses or seminars on radon testing or mitigation each year (25 PA Code § 240.306). The Department may enter into a reciprocal agreement with another state recognizing each state’s radon certification program. The Department will not recognize another state’s program unless the program’s certification is compatible with the one established for Pennsylvania (25 PA Code § 240.131).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (49 PA Code §§ 21.701, .721). Renewal of license is every 2 years dependent on meeting the continuing education requirements set in the statute, which includes 30 CPE credits (49 PA Code §§ 21.723, .724). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old and of good moral character, completing high school or its equivalent as well as an approved educational program in practical nursing, and passing an exam (49 PA Code §§ 21.141, .158). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants already licensed by another state (49 PA Code § 21.155). License must be renewed every 2 years (49 PA Code § 21.156). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good character, completing a 2-year approved educational program in occupational therapy as well as at least 2 months of fieldwork, and passing an exam (49 PA Code §§ 42.1, .13). May be licensed without examination if already licensed by another state with substantively equivalent licensing standards (49 PA Code § 42.12). License must be renewed every 2 years (49 PA Code § 42.16). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be registered, which requires being at least 18 years old and of good moral character, not being addicted to drugs, graduating from an approved physical therapy assistant educational program, and passing an exam (49 PA Code §§ 40.152, .161, .163). Registration must be renewed every 2 years (49 PA Code § 40.191). Speech or Hearing Specialist: Need not be licensed if credentialed by the state Department of Education to provide speech or hearing services in schools (49 PA Code § 45.14(3)).




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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Plumber: Must be licensed and registered with local authorities (53 P.S. §§ 4591, 4593, 4595).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have successfully completed a course of instruction, be at least 18 years old, pass an annual physical exam and provide a physician’s and optometrist’s or ophthalmologist’s certificate that one is physically able to perform the job, and be qualified to operate school buses in accordance with the laws of Pennsylvania (67 PA, Code §71.2, 75 Pa, C.S. §1509).

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Puerto Rico The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has few mandates for training or licensing education support personnel. The commonwealth has fairly standard mandates for workers in the health services area. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.


FOOD SERVICES School Lunch Worker: Are employed 12 months a year, 1 month of which is “devoted to educational activities intended to facilitate the academic and occupational improvement of said personnel” or to such other activities proper to their office as designated by the commonwealth Secretary of Education. Workers may be excused from participating in the 1-month activity if they are using school vacation to pursue academic studies in an accepted school, college, or university (18 L.P.R.A. § 185).

HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires being 18 years old, living in Puerto Rico for at least 6 months, earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, and passing an exam year (20 L.P.R.A. §§ 2181, 2186). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for Puerto Rico (20 L.P.R.A. § 2188). LPN: Must be certified, which requires successfully completing an approved nursing program, passing an exam, and paying a fee (20 L.P.R.A. § 203m). A practical nurse certified by another country or state must take a revalidation exam unless waived by the commonwealth Board of Nursing upon its conclusion that the applicant is qualified or meets the standards of a country or state with whom the Board has a reciprocal arrangement (20 L.P.R.A. § 203l). Nurses must be recertified every 3 years, which requires completing an application and paying a fee (20 L.P.R.A. § 203q). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing an assistant in occupational therapy program of study at an approved educational institution, being at least 18 years old, and residing in Puerto Rico for at least 6 months (20 L.P.R.A. §§ 1032, 1035). Licensed assistants must work under the supervision of a licensed occupational therapist (20 L.P.R.A. § 1031). Professional Counselor: Must be licensed, which requires being of legal age, being a legal resident of Puerto Rico, having a Master’s Degree in Counseling, taking the required courses, paying a fee, not having been convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude, and swearing to comply with the Ethics Code for Professional Counselors (20 L.P.R.A. §§ 3241, 3247).


SECURITY SERVICES School Security Officer: Must be a member of the public security corps, which is subject to oversight by the commonwealth Secretary of Education (18 L.P.R.A. § 141). To become a member of the corps, one must obtain a certificate of good conduct from the Police of Puerto Rico and pass both a psychological exam and a background check (18 L.P.R.A. § 141j). Corp members are uniformed officers, with authority to make arrests and execute searches and seizures, but who may carry arms only if the Secretary of Education requests and the Superintendent of Police provides permission to do so (18 L.P.R.A. § 141g).


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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Expert electricians, their assistants, and apprentices must be licensed (20 L.P.R.A. §§ 2702, 2707).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES No mandates.

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Rhode Island Rhode Island requires maintenance workers doing asbestos work to be trained and certified. The state has mandates for workers in the health services area similar to those in other states. Rhode Island is unusual in requiring that all instructional teacher’s assistants meet certain qualification criteria drawn from NCLB. The state also requires that public school bus drivers hold a commercial driver's license with a school bus endorsement. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Maintenance workers must be certified, which requires completing training and obtaining an asbestos-certified photo identity card (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 23-24.5-2, -12, -13, -14). Only certified workers can perform spot repairs on asbestos in buildings (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 23-24.5-14). Radon: Persons who screen for or mitigate radon must be certified or licensed (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 23-61-3, -5). Lead: Lead abatement workers must be certified or licensed which includes a certified training program (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 23-24.6-4, -20).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree that provides a major course of study in nutrition or dietetics, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam year (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 5-64-3, -4, -6). License must be renewed every 2 years and is dependent on meeting the continuing education requirements set in the statute, which requires a minimum of 20 hours of continuing education credits (R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-64-13). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires completing the preliminary educational requirements prescribed by the state Board of Nursing, successfully completing the prescribed curriculum in an approved program of practical nursing, passing an exam, and being of good moral character (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 5-34-2, -3, -14, -15). License will be issued without an exam to any applicant licensed by examination in another jurisdiction if the Board of Nursing determines the applicant meets the requirements to practice as an LPN (R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-34-15). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-34-19). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old and of good moral character, successfully completing the academic requirements of an educational program in occupational therapy accredited by the American Occupational Therapy Association or other entity approved by the state Board, successfully completing 12 weeks of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 5-40.1-3, -6, -8). License by endorsement of an out-of-state license is available (R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-40.1-8). License must be renewed every 2 years, which requires a minimum of 20 hours of continuing education credits (R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-40.1-12). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required, but must work under supervision of a licensed occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant (R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-40.1-3). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old and of good moral character, graduating from an accredited educational program in physical therapy, and passing an approved exam (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 5-40-1, -6.1, -7.1). A license may be issued without examination to applicants already licensed by another state (R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-40-7.1). License must be renewed every 2 years, contingent on completing 24 continuing education hours (R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-40-10).

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PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Teacher’s Assistant: All persons who provide instructional or other direct services to students (and/or to their parents) under the supervision and direction of the classroom teacher or other appropriately certified professional staff (R.I. Gen. Laws § 16-11.2-1) must be of good character and hold a high school diploma or its equivalent. In addition, assistants hired after January 1, 1999, must complete a training program that complies with standards set by the state Department of Elementary and Secondary Education unless certified by another state. Individuals hired after January 8, 2002, who provide instructional services must complete at least 2 years of higher education study, obtain an associate’s or higher degree, or pass an exam demonstrating appropriate skills (assistants hired before January 8, 2002, who provide instructional services must obtain one of these three credentials by January 8, 2006) (R.I. Gen. Laws § 16-11.2-2). As a condition of continued employment every person employed as a teacher’s assistant shall participate in ongoing professional development (R.I. Gen. Laws § 16-11.2-3). Any person employed as a teacher’s assistant on August 5, 1996 shall not be required to meet the requirement set forth in § 16-11.2-2(2) and (3), but shall meet all other requirements imposed by this section no later than August 5, 1996 R.I. Gen. Laws § 16-11.2-4).

SECURITY SERVICES Campus Police Officer: The state Board of Governors for Higher Education may appoint campus police officers with the same powers and authority as municipal police officers, except they may not carry firearms unless expressly authorized by the Board (R.I. Gen. Laws § 16-52-2). Campus police must undergo a criminal background check (R.I. Gen. Laws § 16-52-3).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be licensed, for which there are varying requirements depending on type of license sought (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 5-6-2, -7, -8, -9). All certificates and/or license must be renewed every two years (R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-6-20). Plumber: Must be licensed to serve as a master plumber, master plumbers must be a citizen or legal resident of the U.S. (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 5-20-3, -4, -8, -9, -16, -17). License must be renewed every 2 years (R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-20-23).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a commercial driver's license with a school bus endorsement, be at least 21 years old with at least 3 years of driving experience, and have a background check (R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 31-10.3-3, -14). School Bus Monitor: Are required for transporting K–5 students on all school-and home-bound routes unless a variance is granted. Monitors must be at least 16 years old (R.I. Gen. Laws § 16-21-1).

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South Carolina South Carolina requires licensure for asbestos workers and training for campus police officers. The state has fairly standard mandates in the health services area. Plumbing statutes can be different for cities with over 15,000 residents and over 150,000 residents. Public school bus drivers must have a bus driver's certificate, which requires completing a training course. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Abatement workers must be licensed, which requires complying with standards set by the state Department of Health and Environmental Control (S.C. Code Ann. §§ 44-87-10, -30).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires passing an exam. The license must be renewed every two years. (S.D. Codified Laws §§ 40-20-20, -30, -60, -80). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old, successfully completing at least 2 years of work in an accredited high school or its equivalent, successfully completing a state Board-approved course of study for preparing LPNs, and passing an exam (S.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 40-33-20, 30). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years, which requires a demonstration of competence (S.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 40-33-38, -40). An applicant for a license who currently holds or has held an authorization to practice nursing in another state or jurisdiction in this country or territory or dependency of the United States may be licensed by the board by endorsement, without examination (S.C. Gen. Stat. § 40-33-35). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from an occupational therapy assistant educational program approved by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education or that the state Board considers equivalent, completing at least 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing a Board-approved exam (S.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 40-36-20, -40, -230, -300). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants currently licensed by another state with substantively equivalent licensing standards (S.C. Gen. Stat. § 40-36-250). License must be renewed every two years, which requires 16 hours of continuing education (S.C. Gen. Stat. § 40-36-260). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required, but must work under the direct supervision of a licensed occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant (S.C. Gen. Stat. § 40-36-20). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from a physical therapy assistant educational program approved by the state Board of Physical Therapy Examiners, passing an exam approved by the Board, and speaking English proficiently (S.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 40-45-20, -30, -220, 230). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants currently licensed by another state with substantively equivalent licensing standards (S.C. Gen. Stat. § 40-45-240). License must be renewed every two years, which requires 3.0 units of continuing education (S.C. Gen. Stat. § 40-45-250). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required, but must assist a licensed physical therapist or physical therapy assistant (S.C. Gen. Stat. § 40-45-20).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Instructional Paraprofessional: Must be at least 18 years old, hold a high school diploma or equivalency certificate, work under the direct supervision of a certified teacher, and participate in pre-service and in-service training (S.C. Code Regs. 43-209). In addition, instructional paraprofessionals who work in a Title I school or a Title I-targeted assistant program must comply with federal NCLB qualification requirements.

SECURITY SERVICES Campus Police Officer: Must be at least 21 years old, have successfully completed the training requirements of the state Criminal Justice Academy (or requirements which may be prescribed for campus police by the state Law Enforcement Training Council), be commissioned as a constable, and possess any additional qualifications prescribed by the governing board of the employer institution (S.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 59-116-40, -110).

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TECHNICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Plumber: Those who install sanitary plumbing must be certified (S.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 40-49-10, 270). License must be renewed every year (S.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 40-49-70, -330).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be experienced and of good moral character, may not drink or smoke while operating the school bus (S.C. Gen. Stat. § 59-67-150), must be 16 years or older, must pass an exam by the state Board of Education, and must have a school bus driver's certificate, which is obtained by successfully completing a school bus driver training course developed by the Board and which must be renewed every 3 years (S.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 59-67-108, -470). A school bus driver shall have a physical exam before the testing required to operate a school bus and every two years thereafter (S.C. Gen. Stat. § 59-67-160).

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South Dakota South Dakota provides for certification of asbestos workers. The state has fairly typical mandates for individuals working in the health services area. Electricians and plumbers generally must be licensed, although no license is required to perform plumbing repair work on the premises where one regularly works. Public school bus drivers must have a commercial driver's license. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers who perform abatement work may obtain a certificate indicating that they are trained workers with knowledge of the health and safety aspects of working with asbestos (S.D. Codified Laws §§ 34-44-1, -5, -14). The board shall promulgate rules to establish provisions for reciprocity to allow a worker or asbestos contractor trained in another state to use such training to satisfy South Dakota certification requirements, if the department finds that the training received in the other state would meet the requirements of South Dakota (S.D. Codified Laws § 34-44-26). Boilers: May not be operated without a valid operation and inspection certificate (S.D. Codified Laws §§ 34-29A-1, 25, 26). The certificate must be posted (S.D. Codified Laws § 34-29A-40).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam year (S.D. Codified Laws §§ 36-10B-1, -2, -6). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a dietitian or nutritionist in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for South Dakota (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-10B-11) Renewal of license is dependent on meeting the continuing education requirements set in the statute, which includes 15 hours or 75 over a five year period (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-10B-9). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires completing high school or its equivalent, completing an approved program for the preparation of licensed practical nurses, and passing an exam (S.D. Codified Laws §§ 36-9-1, -37, -38, -44). Applicants already licensed in another state may apply for a license by endorsement of their existing license (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-9-39). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-9-45). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, completing an occupational therapy educational program approved by the American Occupational Therapy Association, completing 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (S.D. Codified Laws §§ 36-31-1, -6). Licenses must be renewed every year (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-31-11). The board may waive the examination, education or experience requirements and grant a license to any applicant who shall present proof of current licensure as an occupational therapy assistant in another state, the District of Columbia, or territory of the United States which requires standards for licensure considered by the board to be equivalent to the requirements of this state (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-31-8). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required to assist in the practice of occupational therapy under the direct supervision of a licensed occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-31-1). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be certified, which requires passing an exam and graduating from an accredited physical therapy assistant’s educational program recognized by the state Board (S.D. Codified Laws §§ 36-10-18, 35.1). The board may waive the examination, education or experience requirements and grant a license to any applicant who shall present proof of current licensure as a physical therapy assistant in another state, the District of Columbia, or territory of the United States which requires standards for licensure considered by the board to be equivalent to the requirements of this state (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-10-31). Certificate must be renewed every year (S.D. Codified Laws §§ 36-10-35.1, -35.2).

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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be licensed, which requires meeting differing qualification requirements depending on the type of license sought (S.D. Codified Laws §§ 36-16-2, -13, -17). Reciprocal licenses to electricians from other states. To the extent that other states which provide for the licensing or registering of electricians provide for similar action, the State Electrical Commission may grant a license of the same grade or class to electricians registered or licensed by other states, upon payment by the applicant of the required fee, after being furnished with proof that the qualifications of the applicant are equal to the qualifications of the holders of a similar license in South Dakota (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-16-23). License must be renewed every 2 years (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-16-17). Plumber: Generally, must be licensed. However, no license is required to perform plumbing repair work on the premises where the person is employed and performing the plumbing repair work (S.D. Codified Laws §§ 36-25-1, -17). Under certain situations a license may be issued without an examination (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-25-17.1). The board may issue a license to an applicant who is licensed as a plumber in another state or territory of the United States if the standards for licensure in that state are not less stringent than the requirements for South Dakota (S.D. Codified Laws § 36-25-21).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a commercial driver's license with a school bus endorsement, meet the physical requirements, and be at least 18 year old (S.D. Codified Laws §§ 32-12A-1, -22, -24). The names and Social Security numbers of all school bus drivers must be reported to the state Department of Education (S.D. Codified Laws § 32-12A-27).

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Tennessee Tennessee has fairly typical mandates for individuals working in the health services area. The state is unusual in that it subjects school bus drivers to annual physical and mental examinations. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: The state Commissioner of the Environment may promulgate rules and regulations regarding the accreditation of asbestos contractors (Tenn. Code § 62-41-103). Boilers: Boiler repair and boiler erection require a license, which requires passing an exam (Tenn. Code §§ 68-122-202, 204). License must be renewed every year (Tenn. Code § 68-122-205). Lead Abatement: All individuals involved in lead-based paint abatement activities must be certified (Tenn. Code § 68-131-402).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires being of good moral character, earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Tenn. Code §§ 63-25-103, 104, 108). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants already licensed by another state (Tenn. Code § 63-25-109). License must be renewed every two years (Tenn. Code § 63-25-112). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being in good physical and mental health, completing the twelfth grade or its equivalent, successfully completing an approved course of study for the preparation of LPNs, and passing an exam (Tenn. Code §§ 63-7-103, 108, 109, 110, 112). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants already licensed by another state (Tenn. Code § 63-7-110). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Tenn. Code § 63-7-114). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, completing the academic requirements of an approved educational program for occupational therapy assistants, completing 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Tenn. Code §§ 63-13-103, 202, 211, 212). License must be renewed every two years (Tenn. Code § 63-13-204). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants already licensed by another state (Tenn. Code § 63-13-213). Occupational Therapy Aide or Technician: May assist in the practice of occupational therapy without professional or advanced training provided they do so under the direct supervision of an occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant (Tenn. Code § 63-13-103). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old and of good moral character, graduating from an approved physical therapy assistant educational program, and passing an exam (Tenn. Code §§ 63-13-103, 306, 307). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants already licensed by another state (Tenn. Code § 63-13-307). License renewal is prescribed by the board (Tenn. Code § 63-13-308). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required, but must work under the direction of a physical therapist and perform designated and supervised routine physical therapy tasks (Tenn. Code § 63-13-103). Speech-Language Pathology Assistant: Must meet the minimum qualifications set by the Board of Communications Disorders and Sciences and work under the supervision of a licensed speech-language pathologist (Tenn. Code § 63-17-103).


SECURITY SERVICES Campus Security Officer: Boards of regents of institutions of higher education may employ security officers (Tenn. Code § 49-7-118). If those officers carry firearms on duty they must meet certification requirements equivalent to the certification requirements of the Peace Officer Standards and Training Commission (Tenn. Code § 49-7-118).

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TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a certificate issued by the county Board of Education, which requires passing a criminal background check and not having been convicted of certain specified offenses within 5 years (Tenn. Code § 49-6-2107). Drivers must pass annual physical and mental exams (Tenn. Code § 49-6-2108).

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Texas Texas requires that asbestos workers be licensed. The state has fairly standard mandates for workers in the health services area. Public school bus drivers must pass an exam, which includes a physical component, and complete training to operate a school bus. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: License required to remove, encapsulate, or enclose asbestos in a public building or to supervise such activity as well as to perform or supervise maintenance, repair, installation, renovation, or cleaning work that dislodges, breaks, cuts, abrades, or impinges on asbestos materials in a public building (Tex. Occ. Code Ann. §§ 1954.002, 101). The Board has set up several license classifications (Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 1954.102). To obtain a license, individuals must complete specified training (Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 1954.256). Boilers: Must have a valid certificate of operation, which is obtained when the boiler is given a certificate of inspection (Tex. Health & Safety §§ 755.001, .021, .025, .029).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: To use the title Licensed Dietitian a person must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Tex. Occ. Code §§ 701.002, .251, .253, .254). License must be renewed every two years (Tex. Occ. Code § 701.301). The board may establish a minimum number of continuing education hours (Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 701.303). Nurse: Must be licensed, which requires (for registered nurses) passing a background check, being of good professional character, successfully completing an approved program of professional or vocational nursing education or an acceptable alternative, and passing an exam (Tex. Occ. Code §§ 301.002, .251, .252, .253). Licenses must be renewed every two years and renewal may be conditional on demonstrating continued competency (Tex. Occ. Code §§ 301.301, .303). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires having an associate’s degree in occupational therapy or an occupational therapy assistant certificate, completing at least 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Tex. Occ. Code §§ 454.002, .201-.207). License must be renewed every two years (per Board of Occupational Therapy) (Tex. Occ. Code § 454.252). License renewal requires compliance with continuing education requirements (Tex. Occ. Code § 454.254). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required, but may only assist in the practice of occupational therapy under the on-site supervision of an occupational therapist or an occupational therapy assistant (Tex. Occ. Code § 454.001). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires completing an accredited physical therapy assistant program or an accredited physical therapy educational program that includes courses specified by the state Board and passing an exam (Tex. Occ. Code §§ 453.001, .201, .203, .205). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Tex. Occ. Code §§ 453.251, .252). Physical Therapy Aide or Technician: No license required to assist in the practice of physical therapy under the direct supervision of a physical therapist or physical therapy assistant (Tex. Occ. Code § 453.001). Speech-Language Pathology Assistant, Audiology Assistant: Must meet the minimum qualifications set by the state Board and work under the direct supervision of an appropriately licensed professional (Tex. Occ. Code § 401.312). Texas uses the term Licensed Assistant, which means a license is required (Tex. Occ. Code § 401.001). License must be renewed annually (Tex. Occ. Code § 401.351).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Educational aides: Must hold the appropriate state certification (Tex. Educ. Code § 21.003(0)).

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SECURITY SERVICES Campus Police Officers: School district trustees may employ security personnel, who must be commissioned police officers if the district authorizes them to carry weapons (Tex. Educ. Code § 37.081). Such commissioned peace officers must meet all the minimum standards for peace officers established by the Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education (Tex. Educ. Code § 37.081).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician: Must be licensed, which requires meeting differing experience and exam requirements, depending on the type of license sought (Tex. Occ. Code §§ 1305.001, .151, .153-.158). Plumber: Generally, must be licensed. But persons without a license may work subject to the supervision of a licensed plumber (Tex. Occ. Code §§ 1301.002, .351, .352).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 18 years old, meet the mental and physical capability requirements established by the State Department, pass an exam including a physical exam, have an acceptable driving record, have taken (or be taking) a driver training course, and pass a criminal background check (Tex. Trans. Code § 521.022).

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Utah Utah has fairly standard mandates for many jobs in the health services area, but is unusual in not having a state licensing requirement for physical therapy assistants. The state requires licenses for electricians and plumbers, and it requires that public school bus drivers have a commercial driver's license. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Boilers: Are subject to annual inspection requirements (Utah Code Ann. § 34A-7-103).

FOOD SERVICES Cafeteria Worker: Any organization in which potentially hazardous foods are prepared is required (defined to include raw meat and uncooked eggs) to have a certified food safety manager (Utah Code Ann. § 26-15a-102). By its terms, the statute applies to school cafeterias and would require that at least one worker in each cafeteria be certified, which requires passing an exam and completing renewal requirements every 3 years (Utah Code Ann. § 26-15a-102, -106, -107).

HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires being of good moral character, earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing prescribed supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Utah Code Ann. §§ 58-49-2, -4). The Board may issue a certification to an individual who holds a valid dietitian license or certificate issued by another state or territory of the United States, provided his qualifications meet Utah’s requirements (Utah Code Ann. § 58-49-6). License must be renewed every two years (Utah Code Ann. § 58-49-8). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires having a high school diploma or its equivalent, being in appropriate physical and mental condition, completing an approved practical nursing educational program or its equivalent as determined by the state Board, and passing an exam (Utah Code Ann. §§ 58-31b-102, -301, -302). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Utah Code Ann. § 58-31b-305). The division in collaboration with the board may prescribe continuing education requirements (Utah Code Ann. § 58-31b-309). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, graduating with a 2-year associate’s degree in occupational therapy from a program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy, and being certified by the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (Utah Code Ann. §§ 58-42a-102, -301, -302). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Utah Code Ann. § 58-42a-303). Even licensed occupational therapy assistants must practice under the supervision of a licensed occupational therapist (Utah Code Ann. § 58-42a-305). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed which requires being of good moral character, graduate from an accredited physical therapy assistant program, be able to read, write, and understand English, and pass an exam (Utah Code Ann. §§ 58-24b-102, -302). License must be renewed every 2 years (Utah Code Ann. § 58-24b-303). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required, but must perform activities related to physical therapy under the immediate supervision of a physical therapist (Utah Code Ann. § 58-24b-102). Speech-Language Pathology Aide, Audiology Aide: Must meet the minimum qualifications established by the state Board and work under the personal direction and direct supervision of a licensed audiologist who accepts responsibility for the aide’s actions (Utah Code Ann. § 58-41-2).


SECURITY SERVICES Campus Security Department: The state Board may appoint police or security officers (Utah Code Ann. §§ 53B-3-104, -105). Such officers are peace officers and must comply with the training requirements set by the Peace Officer Standards and Training Division (Utah Code Ann. § 53-6-103).

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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician and Plumber: Must be licensed. Licensure requirements, renewals, and exemptions differ depending on type of license sought (Utah Code Ann. §§ 58-55-102, -302, 303).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 21 years old, hold a commercial driver's license with a school bus endorsement, and pass an exam that includes a physical component and a background check (Utah Code Ann. §§ 53-3-102, -213, -206, -412, -416).

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Vermont Vermont has fairly extensive mandates for workers in the health services area. The state excepts plumbing maintenance work from licensing requirements. Public school bus drivers are subject to annual physical and vision certification requirements. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Any person may apply to the state Commissioner of Health for certification as an asbestos contractor, the standards for which are specified by rule (Vt. Stat. Tit. 18 Ch. 26 §§ 1331, 1332). Lead: Workers must be certified, which requires successfully completing an accredited training program (Vt. Stat. Tit. 18 Ch. 38 §§ 1751, 1752).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be certified which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 73 §§ 3381, 3385, 3386). Certificates shall be renewed every two years, provided the person applying for renewal completes at least 30 hours of continuing education (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 73 § 3389). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires completing all requirements in an approved educational program for nursing and passing an exam (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26, Ch. 28 §§ 1572, 1576). Licensure by endorsement of an out-of-state license is available (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 28 § 1576). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch, 28 § 1579). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing the academic requirements of an educational program for occupational therapy assistants accredited by the American Occupational Therapy Association’s Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education or predecessor or successor organizations, completing a minimum of 16 weeks of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 71 §§ 3351, 3355). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years, and renewal is conditional on completing at least 20 hours of continuing education (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 71 § 3359). The director may waive the examination requirement if the applicant is an occupational therapy assistant regulated under the laws of another state, the District of Columbia or territory, and, in the opinion of the director, the standards and qualifications required for regulation of occupational therapy in that state or territory are currently at least equal to those required by Vermont. The director may not waive any required period of supervised experience (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 71 § 3358). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from a physical therapy educational program accredited by an agency recognized by the federal Education Department of the Council on Postsecondary Accreditation, pass an English proficiency exam if English is not native language, and passing an exam (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 38 §§ 2081a, 2082, 2101). An applicant may secure a license without passing an exam if the applicant is licensed by another state with licensure standards substantively equivalent to those of Vermont (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 38 § 2104). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years, which could include continuing competency requirements set by the director (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 38 § 2107). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required to perform designated and supervised routine physical therapy tasks (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 38 § 2081a).


SECURITY SERVICES Police Services: An educational institution’s Board of Trustees may establish a department of police services, but officers appointed thereto shall have no law enforcement authority until satisfactorily completing the course of training for municipal police officers ( Vt. Stat. Tit. 16 Ch. 75 § 2283).


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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS

Electrician: Individuals who install, repair, or replace electrical installations must be licensed, and there are no applicable exceptions for maintenance on electrical installations in schools (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 15 §§ 881, 902-05, 911). A master's or journeyman's license, shall be issued to a person to whom a master electrician's license or a journeyman electrician's license has been previously issued by another state, whose standards are equivalent to those of this state, if under the laws or regulations of the state issuing the license a similar privilege is granted to electricians licensed under the laws of this state (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 15 § 906). License must be renewed every three years, conditional on meeting continuing training requirements (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 15 § 908). Plumber: Generally, must be licensed, but a regularly employed maintenance worker may maintain plumbing on their employer’s property without a license (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 39 §§ 2172, 2198). A master plumber's license or a journeyman plumber's license shall be issued without examination to persons who have been previously issued a license by another state or municipality, provided that state or municipality maintained a standard of requirements equivalent to those of this state (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 39 § 2194). License must be renewed every 2 years, conditional on meeting continuing training requirements (Vt. Stat. Tit. 26 Ch. 39 § 2195).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a commercial driver's license with a school bus endorsement (or a passenger endorsement for drivers of Type I school buses), provide a physician’s certificate of mental and physical ability, complete training in school bus operation including evacuation and emergency procedures, and furnish a 3-year driving record (Vt. Stat. Tit. 23 Ch. 13 § 1282). Drivers must resubmit a physician’s certificate every year as well as a certificate from a licensed medical professional showing they meet or exceed the minimum vision standards (Vt. Stat. Tit. 23 Ch. 13 § 1282).

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Virginia Virginia requires licenses for workers who abate asbestos and lead. While the state has standard mandates for workers in the health services area, it has less stringent requirements for most occupational therapy assistants. Public school bus drivers must have a commercial driver's license and pass rigorous physical and background checks. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos and Lead: Work is regulated by the state Board for Asbestos, Lead, and Home Inspectors. Asbestos and lead abatement workers must be licensed, unless the asbestos work results from an emergency situation (Va. Code Ann. §§ 54.1-500, -503, -505, -512). Boilers: May not be operated without a valid inspection certificate, which must be posted in the room where the boiler is located (Va. Code Ann. §§ 40.1-51.5, -.12, -.13). Radon: Persons providing radon screening, testing, or mitigation must be listed as proficient by the federal Environmental Protection Agency, the National Radon Measurement Proficiency Program, the National Radon Safety Board Certified Radon Professional Program, or any other proficiency program accepted by the state Board of Health (Va. Code Ann. § 32.1-229.01).

FOOD SERVICES

No mandates.

HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-2731). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires completing 2 years of high school or its equivalent, receiving a diploma from an approved practical nursing program, and passing an exam (Va. Code Ann. §§ 54.1-3000, -19, -20). License must be renewed every 2 years (Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-3011). The Board may issue a license by endorsement to any applicant to practice as a licensed practical nurse if the applicant has been licensed as a practical nurse or a person entitled to perform similar services under laws of another state, the District of Columbia or a United States possession or territory and, in the opinion of the Board, the applicant meets the requirements for licensed practical nurses in this Commonwealth. (Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-3021). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed as such by a credentialing organization approved by the state Board (Va. Code Ann. §§ 54.1-2900, -2956.5). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old, graduating from a 2-year college-level educational program for physical therapy assistants, and passing an exam (Va. Code Ann. §§ 54.1-3473, -3474, -3478, -3479). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants already licensed by another state (Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-3479). License must be renewed every 2 years, which requires biannual courses approved by the board (per Va. Department of Health Professions) (Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-3480.1). School Health Services: School boards may employ school nurses, physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech therapists. No such personnel shall be employed unless they meet such standards as may be determined by the state Board of Education (Va. Code Ann. § 22.1-274).


SECURITY SERVICES Campus Police Force: The governing board of each public institution of higher education may establish a campus police department (Va. Code Ann. § 23-232). To be qualified to use the word “police” to describe a department or its officers, individual officers must comply with the training or other requirements for law enforcement officers established by the Department of Criminal Justice Services (Va. Code Ann. § 23-232.1). Need to comply with the requirements established by the Department of Criminal Justice Services (Va. Code Ann. § 23-235).

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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electrician and Plumber: Electrical and plumbing contractors must be at least 18 years or older and obtain a tradesman license or certification from the state Board for Contractors (18 Va. Admin. Code §§ 50-22-20, -30-30). License must be renewed every 2 years (18 Va. Admin. Code § 50-30-120).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must pass a physical exam, provide their driving record, submit statements from two reputable persons as to moral character, pass an exam, be at least 18 years old, have a reasonable amount of experience driving motor vehicles, and have a commercial driver's license with a school bus endorsement (Va. Code Ann. §§ 22.1-178, 46.2-339).

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Washington Washington requires certification of workers performing asbestos abatement. The state has fairly standard mandates for workers in the health services area, but it is unusual in that it does not require licenses for physical therapy assistants. Regular employees may perform electrical work on their employer’s property without a license. Public school bus drivers must have a commercial driver's license. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers may not remove or encapsulate asbestos unless they are both certified (which requires completing a 4-day training course and passing an exam) and working under the direct on-site supervision of a certified asbestos supervisor (Wash. Rev. Code §§ 49.26.100, .110, .120). Boilers: Power boilers shall be inspected annually, low pressure boilers shall be inspected biannually, except where exempt by statute (Wash. Rev. Code §§ 70.79.080, .090, .240). Lead: Workers involved in the permanent abatement of lead paint (not just renovation or repair work involving lead paint) must be certified by the Washington State Department of Community Trade and Development (Wash. Rev. Code §§ 70.103.020,.040, .080).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Must be licensed which requires being at least 18 years of age, completing a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, receiving a baccalaureate or higher degree from a college or university accredited by the Western association of schools and colleges or a similar accreditation agency or colleges and universities approved by the secretary, and passing an exam (Wash. Rev. Code §§ 18.138.010, .020, .030). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants already licensed by another state (Wash. Admin. Code § 18.138.050). Renewal requirements shall be prescribed by the secretary (Wash. Admin. Code § 18.138.060). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being over 18 years old, graduating from an approved practical nursing program, completing high school or its equivalent, and passing an exam (Wash. Rev. Code §§ 18.79.020, .030, .060, .160, .170). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants already licensed by another state (Wash. Admin. Code § 18.79.190). Renewal requirements shall be prescribed by the secretary (Wash. Admin. Code § 18.79.210). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, successfully completing the academic requirements of a nationally accredited educational program in occupational therapy, successfully completing 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Wash. Rev. Code §§ 18.59.020, .050). The board may grant a license to any applicant who presents proof of current licensure as an occupational therapy assistant in another state, the District of Columbia, or a territory of the United States, which requires standards for licensure considered by the board to be equivalent to the requirements for licensure under this chapter (Wash. Rev. Code § 18.59.070). The board shall prescribe renewal and continuing competency requirements (Wash. Rev. Code § 18.59.090). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required, but must be trained to perform specific occupational therapy techniques under professional supervision (Wash. Rev. Code § 18.59.020). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must satisfy educational and training requirements set by the State Physical Therapy Board, including being of good moral character, successfully graduating from a board approved physical therapy assistant program, and passing an exam (Wash. Rev. Code §§ 18.74.010, .023, .030, .035). The board may grant a license to any applicant who presents proof of current licensure as a physical therapy assistant in another state, the District of Columbia, or a territory of the United States, which requires standards for licensure considered by the board to be equivalent to the requirements for licensure under this chapter (Wash. Rev. Code § 18.74.060). Renewal requirements shall be prescribed by the secretary (Wash. Admin. Code § 18-74.070). Physical Therapy Aide: No license needed, but must be involved in direct physical therapy patient care and who does not meet the definition of a physical therapist or physical therapist assistant and receives ongoing on-the-job training (Wash. Rev. Code § 18.74.010).

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PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Paraeducators: There is a state paraprofessional training program that allocates funds to school districts to provide such training (Wash. Rev. Code § 28A.415.310).

SECURITY SERVICES Campus Police: The boards of regents of state universities may establish police forces for their institutions, which function under the conditions and regulations prescribed by each board (Wash. Rev. Code § 28B.10.550). Any police officers hired for such departments shall be peace officers of the state and have such powers as are vested generally in sheriffs and peace officers (Wash. Rev. Code § 28B.10.555).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electricians: Generally, must be licensed; however, regular employees working on the premises of their employer are exempted from the licensing requirement unless the electrical work involves new construction (Wash. Rev. Code §§ 19.28.006, .041, .061, .091, .261). Plumbers: Must obtain a certificate of competency by taking an exam, but no certification is required for a corporation’s employees to perform plumbing repairs on the corporation’s property (Wash. Rev. Code §§ 18.106.010, .040, .070, .150). The board may grant a license to any applicant who presents proof of current licensure as a plumber in another state, the District of Columbia, or a territory of the United States, which requires standards for licensure considered by the board to be equivalent to the requirements for licensure under this chapter (Wash. Rev. Code § 18.106.155).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a commercial driver's license with a school bus endorsement (Wash. Rev. Code § 46.25.080). Drivers must be at least 18 years old (Wash. Rev. Code § 46.20.045).

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West Virginia West Virginia is unique in that its statutes define all the various education support personnel job categories, although many of these categories do not have specific mandated licensing or credentialing requirements. West Virginia requires a license to perform asbestos work. The state has more extensive background and character requirements for workers in the health services area than other states. The state defines several different categories of paraeducators by statute. West Virginia is also unique in that it provides by statute that bus drivers get reimbursed for the cost of their commercial driver’s licenses. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers must be licensed to perform asbestos work, which requires satisfactorily completing an Environmental Protection Agency-approved training program for asbestos workers (W. Va. Code §§ 16-32-2, -9). The director may grant licenses to individuals from other states if that other state has as stringent licensing requirements as West Virginia (W. Va. Code § 16-32-13). Boilers: Must have a permit to operate a boiler (W. Va. Code § 21-3-7). Lead: An appropriate lead discipline license is required to carry out any lead-risk assessment, inspection, or abatement activity. To obtain the license the applicant must complete a training course and meet other requirements set by the director. The director may grant licenses to individuals from other states if that other state has as stringent licensing requirements as West Virginia (W. Va. Code §§ 16-35-2, -3, -5). Radon: A license is required to test for or mitigate radon (W. Va. Code §§ 16-34-2, -3, -5). The director may grant licenses to individuals from other states if that other state has as stringent licensing requirements as West Virginia (W. Va. Code § 16-34-11).

FOOD SERVICES No mandates; however, the various job categories in this job group are defined by statute.

HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Anyone who uses the title Dietitian must be licensed (W. Va. Code §§ 30-35-1, -2). Licensing requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board, completing at least 900 hours of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (W. Va. Code § 30-35-7). License must be renewed annually (W. Va. Code § 30-35-8). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, completing the 10th grade or its educational equivalent, receiving a diploma from an approved practical nursing program, and passing an exam (W. Va. Code §§ 30-7A-1, -3, -6). Licenses must be renewed annually (W. Va. Code § 30-7A-7). School Nurse: Any person employed as a school nurse must be a registered professional nurse and properly licensed by West Virginia (W. Va. Code § 18-5-22). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good moral character, successfully completing the academic requirements of an occupational therapy educational program approved by the American Occupational Therapy Association as well as 2 months of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (W. Va. Code §§ 30-28-3, -4, -7, -8, -10, -11). The board may waive the examination and grant a license to any applicant who shall present proof of current licensure as an occupational therapist or an occupational therapy assistant in another state, the District of Columbia or territory of the United States, which requires standards for licensure considered by the board to be equivalent to the requirements for West Virginia (W. Va. Code § 30-28-12). License must be renewed every 2 years (W. Va. Code § 30-28-14). Occupational Therapy Aide: No license required to assist in the practice of occupational therapy under the direct supervision of a licensed occupational therapist or therapy assistant (W. Va. Code § 30-28-3).

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Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old, being of good moral character and not addicted to drugs or alcohol, not having been convicted of a felony within the past 10 years, graduating from a 2-year college-level program that meets the standards established by the American Physical Therapy Association, and passing an exam (W. Va. Code §§ 30-20-2, -3, -6, -10). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants already licensed by another state with licensure standards at least as demanding as those of West Virginia (W. Va. Code § 30-20-11). License must be renewed every 2 years, which requires completing the continuing education prescribed by the board (W. Va. Code § 30-20-14). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required to assist in the practice of physical therapy under the direct supervision of a licensed physical therapist (W. Va. Code § 30-20-2). Speech-Language Pathology Assistant, Audiology Assistant: Must meet the qualification requirements set by the West Virginia Board of Examiners for Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology (W. Va. Code §§ 30-32-2, -3).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) W. Va. Code § 18A-4-8 defines numerous categories of aides, including: Aide I, meaning personnel trained for teacher aide classifications such as monitor aide, clerical aide, classroom aide, or general aide. Aide II, meaning Aide Is who have completed a training program approved by the State Board, who hold a high school diploma, or who have received a general educational development certification. Only Aide IIs or higher may work in special education programs. Aide III, meaning Aide Is who hold a high school diploma or its equivalent and have completed 6 semester hours of college credit or have 1 year’s worth of experience as a special education aide. Aide IV, meaning Aide Is who hold a high school diploma or its equivalent and who have completed 18 hours of State Board-approved college credit or 15 hours of such credits together with an in-service training program equivalent to 3 hours college credit. Additionally, special education aides hired after July 1, 1989, must take in-service course work relating to specialized health procedures (W. Va. Code § 18-5-22).

SECURITY SERVICES Campus Security Officers: Security officers at state institutions of higher education are specifically recognized as law enforcement officers and as such must undergo law enforcement training at a state training facility (W. Va. Code §§ 30-29-1, -5).


TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electricians: Must be licensed, except where exempt by statute (W. Va. Code §§ 29-3B-2, -3).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must be at least 18 years old and not convicted of a listed offense. If the local board of education requires drivers to obtain a commercial driver’s license with a school bus endorsement, it must pay for the cost of them doing so (W. Va. Code §§ 17B-2-4, 18A-2-4).

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Wisconsin Wisconsin requires certification of those performing asbestos abatement. The state has less extensive mandates for workers in the health services area than some other states. Public school bus drivers must have a commercial driver's license and pass a rigorous background check as well as driving and physical exams. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Workers who perform abatement work must hold a valid certification card, which requires passing an exam and complying with any training required by the State Department. The card is valid for one year (Wis. Stat. §§ 254.11, .20). Lead: The State Department may establish certification requirements for persons involved in lead hazard reduction or lead management activity, including the completion of a training program (Wis. Stat. § 254.176).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES Dietitian: Anyone who uses the title Dietitian must be licensed. Licensing requires earning a baccalaureate or post-baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university that provides a major course of study in human nutrition, food and nutrition, dietetics, or food systems management, or an equivalent major course of study as approved by the board (Wis. Stat. §§ 448.70, .72, .78). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants licensed by another state with licensure requirements comparable to those of Wisconsin (Wis. Stat. § 448.82). License must be renewed every 2 years (Wis. Stat. §§ 448.86, 440.03). LPN: Must be licensed, which requires being at least 18 years old, not having an arrest or conviction record, completing 2 years of high school or its equivalent, graduating from an accredited school for licensed practical nursing with a program of study of at least 9 months, and passing an exam (Wis. Stat. §§ 441.001, .10). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants licensed by another state with licensure requirements comparable to those of Wisconsin (Wis. Stat. § 441.10). License must be renewed every 2 years (per Wisconsin License and Registration Services). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires successfully completing the academic requirements and supervised internship of an educational program in occupational therapy, receiving an initial certificate as an occupational therapy assistant from the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy, and passing an exam (Wis. Stat. §§ 448.96, .961, .962, .963). The exam requirement may be waived for applicants licensed by another state with licensure requirements comparable to those of Wisconsin (Wis. Stat. § 448.966). License must be renewed every 2 years (Wis. Stat. §§ 448.967, 440.03). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires not having an arrest or conviction record, graduating from an approved physical therapy assistant educational program, and passing an exam (Wis. Stat. §§ 448.50, .51, .535, .54). The education and exam requirements may be waived for applicants licensed by another state (Wis. Stat. § 448.535). License must be renewed every 2 years (Wis. Stat. §§ 448.56, 440.03).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Paraeducators: The Department of Public Instruction may issue a regular special educational program aide license to any individual who is at least 18 years old and is recommended by the District Administrator of the employing school district for same. (Wis. Dept. of Public Instruction PI 34.34).

SECURITY SERVICES Campus Police: The Board of Regents may employ police officers who meet the minimum standards for police officers established by the Law Enforcement Standards Board or a comparable agency. Such police must cooperate with and be responsive to local law enforcement authorities (Wis. Stat. § 36.11(2)).

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TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electricians and Plumbers: Must be licensed, but minor plumbing repair work is exempted from the licensing requirements (Wis. Stat. §§ 101.862, .87, 145.06, .07, .08). A license may be issued to someone licensed in another state or to someone who has practical experience in plumbing in another state that the department determines is equivalent to the experience required by Wisconsin (Wis. Stat. §§ 145.09).

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must have a commercial driver’s license with a school bus endorsement. Drivers must pass a physical exam, a background check, and a driving skills test. Drivers must be at least 18 years old, those 70 years or older must meet additional requirements (Wis. Stat. § 343.12).

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Wyoming Wyoming has mandates for workers in the health services area. The state also requires public school bus drivers to undergo annual training. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.



HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES LPN: Must be licensed, which requires graduating from a State Board-approved practical nursing program, passing a Board-approved national nursing licensure exam, and passing a background check (Wyo. Stat. §§ 33-21-120, -127, -128). Licenses must be renewed every 2 years, which requires completion of requirements established by the board (Wyo. Stat. § 33-21-129). Occupational Therapy Assistant: Must be licensed, which requires being of good character, successfully completing the academic requirements of an occupational therapy educational program approved by the American Occupational Therapy Association, completing 8 weeks of supervised fieldwork, and passing an exam (Wyo. Stat. §§ 33-40-102, 103, 106). Licenses must be renewed annually and renewal may be conditional on completing no more than 16 hours of continuing education (Wyo. Stat. § 33-40-106). The board may waive the examination, education, or experience requirements and grant a license to any applicant who presents proof of current licensure or regulation as a certified occupational therapy assistant in another state, the District of Columbia, or territory of the United States whose standards for licensure or regulation are equivalent to or at least as stringent as the requirements for licensure of this act (Wyo. Stat. § 33-40-108). License must be renewed every year (Wyo. Stat. § 33-40-110). Physical Therapy Assistant: Must be registered, which requires submitting evidence of graduation from a physical therapy assistant educational program approved by the State Board (Wyo. Stat. §§ 33-25-101, -102, -105, -107). The board shall license or register without examination those applicants who meet the requirements set forth in W.S. 33-25-108 and who are certified as a physical therapist assistant by another state or territory of the United States or the District of Columbia if the requirements for license, registration or certification in the state, territory or district were, at the date of licensure or registration substantially equal to the requirements for licensing or registration set forth in this act. (Wyo. Stat. § 33-25-108). License must be renewed every year, which requires meeting continuing competency requirements set by the board (Wyo. Stat. § 33-25-110). Physical Therapy Aide: No license required, but a person trained under the direction of a licensed physical therapist who performs designated and supervised components of care related to physical therapy (Wyo. Stat. § 33-25-101). Speech Pathology Aide, Audiology Aide: Must meet minimum qualifications established by the State Board and work under the direct supervision of an appropriately licensed professional (Wyo. Stat. § 33-33-102).




TRADES, CRAFTS, MACHINE OPERATORS Electricians: Must be licensed, but certain minor electrical repairs are exempt from the licensing requirements (Wyo. Stat. §§ 35-9-102, -123, -125, -126, -127).

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TRANSPORTATION SERVICES School Bus Driver: Must comply with district standards, which shall include requirements for a check of all driving records, annual training of no less than 6 hours, and submission of a medical certificate of fitness from each driver (Wyo. Stat. § 21-3-131).

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Federal Statutes Typically, the federal government does not impose licensing and credentialing requirements but leaves such matters up to state governments. But there are a few notable exceptions to this general rule. Most significantly, states that accept funds under the federal Elementary and Secondary Act of 2001 (ESEA, popularly known as “No Child Left Behind”) must enforce certain qualification requirements on paraeducators working in schools or programs that receive ESEA Title I funding. In addition, the federal government has established training requirements for workers who deal with hazardous materials, including asbestos, lead, and radon. CLERICAL SERVICES

No mandates.

CUSTODIAL SERVICES Asbestos: Schools must follow federal standards in monitoring and responding to asbestos in schools, including complying with federal standards regarding the training and accreditation of asbestos abatement contractors and workers (15 U.S.C. §§ 2641-49). Schools that direct employees to conduct emergency repairs in any building containing asbestos or suspected of containing asbestos must provide those employees with proper training in the safe conduct of the work in order to prevent potential exposure to asbestos, must provide them with proper equipment, and must follow work practices to prevent such exposure (15 U.S.C. § 2655). Lead: The Environmental Protection Agency administrator is charged with issuing regulations governing lead-based paint activities, including regulations regarding worker training requirements (15 U.S.C. §§ 2681-2). Radon: The EPA administrator is also charged with providing voluntary guidelines for radon abatement training and proficiency rating criteria (15 U.S.C. §§ 2662, 2665). The administrator must also conduct a national survey of radon in schools and undertake remediation measures in certain high-risk school buildings (15 U.S.C. § 2667). Upon application of colleges, universities, and other institutions of higher education, they may help establish radon training centers (15 U.S.C. § 2668).


HEALTH AND STUDENT SERVICES LPN: Nurses are represented on the National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice, which advises the Secretary of Health and Human Services on nursing policy issues, including nurse shortage issues and educational and practice requirements (42 U.S.C. § 297t). Occupational Therapy Assistant, Physical Therapy Assistant: There are funds available for award on a competitive grant basis for training personnel in the area of vocational rehabilitation (29 U.S.C. §§ 771-72).

PARAEDUCATORS (INSTRUCTIONAL/NON-INSTRUCTIONAL) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): Provides funds to school districts that may be used for, among other things, training personnel who work with special education students (20 U.S.C. § 1413). 2001 Reauthorization of ESEA: Requires, among numerous other things, that states accepting Title I ESEA funds ensure that all paraprofessionals hired after January 2002 who work in a program supported with Title I ESEA funds must have completed at least 2 years of study at an institution of higher education, obtained an associate’s degree, or met a rigorous standard of quality and can demonstrate, through a formal state or local academic assessment, either the ability to assist in instructing reading, writing, or math or knowledge of instructing in reading readiness, writing readiness, or math readiness, as appropriate (20 U.S.C. § 6319).

SECURITY SERVICES Drug-free and Violence-free Schools Act of 1994: Provides money to states and school districts for community and staff training on drug and violence awareness/ prevention. Activities that may be funded under the Act include creating partnership programs with law enforcement agencies and hiring security personnel (20 U.S.C. §§ 7102, 7112, 7114, 5965).

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TECHNICAL SERVICES No mandates. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (referenced at 15 U.S.C. § 278g) is charged with developing standards, guidelines, and associated methods and techniques for computer systems. The Institute is also responsible for providing technical assistance to operators of federal computer systems.


TRANSPORTATION SERVICES No mandates.

state and federal licensing, certification, and training...

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