stat ch 1 definitions_and_types_of_data_for_class
TRANSCRIPT
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Everywhere we turn we are bombarded with the vast amount of information. Consider just a few examples.
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Since the 19th century, human activity has caused more than 200 strong earthquakes, says a report in the German newspaper Die Zeit. Mining triggered half of these quakes. Other causes appear to be the extraction of gas, oil, or water; fluid injection; and the creation of reservoirs. A 1989 earthquake in Newcastle, Australia, which scientists attribute to underground coal mining, left 13 people dead, 165 injured, and damage to the tune of $3.5 billion (U.S.). It is calculated that the losses caused by that quake exceeded the total amount of money earned from mining in Newcastle since operations began there two centuries ago.
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▪ “100 million deaths were caused by tobacco in the 20th century.”—WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, SWITZERLAND.
▪ “For almost 9000 patients who had heart surgery in the [United Kingdom] between 1996 and 2003, receiving a red cell transfusion was associated with three times the risk of dying in the following year and an almost sixfold risk of dying within 30 days of surgery compared with not receiving one.”—NEW SCIENTIST, BRITAIN.
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A comprehensive study of the health of reef-forming coral species indicates that 32.8 percent of those classified are at “elevated risk of extinction” as a result of climate change or local human interference.—SCIENCE, U.S.A.
Of the more than 2,000 children with breathing problems examined at a hospital pediatric unit in Athens, Greece, some “65 percent were found to have been exposed to [tobacco] smoke by one or both of their parents.”—KATHIMERINI—ENGLISH EDITION, GREECE.
In Poland, 17 percent of the boys and 18 percent of the girls have tried drugs by age 15.—ŻYCIE WARSZAWY, POLAND.
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Created by Tom Wegleitner, Centreville, VirginiaEdited by Olga Pilipets, San Diego, California
Overview
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Overview
A common goal of studies and surveys and other data collecting tools is to collect data from a small part of a larger group so we can learn something about the larger group.
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Population is the complete collection of all elements to be studied; it includes all subjects to be studied
Sample is a Subcollection of members selected from a population
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Suppose that you want to know how far College students in San Diego travel to their school. You surveyed 152 students and found out that they travel 5.2 mi on average.
Which group represents population?
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Data
observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected
Census Collection of data from every
member of a population
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a collection of methods for :planning studies and experiments obtaining dataorganizing, summarizing presentinganalyzing, interpretingdrawing conclusions based on the data
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Created by Tom Wegleitner, Centreville, VirginiaEdited by Olga Pilipets, San Diego, California
Types of Data
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Parameter a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population.
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population
parameter
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Definition
Statistic a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample.
sample
statistic
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numbers representing counts or measurements.
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can be separated into different categories that are distinguished by some nonnumeric characteristic
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Working with Quantitative Data
Quantitative data can further be described by distinguishing between discrete and continuous types.
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Consists of counting (natural) numbers such as 0, I, 2, 3,…
Applied to objects that cannot be divided in parts: people, houses, cars, etc.
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results from measuring infinitely many possible values that
correspond to some continuous scale covers a range of values without gaps,
interruptions, or jumps
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Levels of Measurement
Another way to classify data is to use levels of measurement. Four of these levels are discussed in the following slides.
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names, labels, or categories only the data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high)
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data that can be arranged in some order differences between data values either
cannot be determined or are meaningless
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like the ordinal level, with the additional property that the difference between any two data values is meaningful
no natural zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present)
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the interval level with the additional property that there is also a natural zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present);
differences and ratios are meaningful
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Nominal - categories only Ordinal - categories with some order Interval - differences but no natural
starting point Ratio - differences and a natural
starting point
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Summary - Levels of Measurement
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Recap
Basic definitions and terms describing data Parameters versus statistics Types of data (quantitative and qualitative) Levels of measurement
In this section we have looked at:
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#6 p.10Currently, 42% of the governors of the 50
United States are Democrats. Is the given value a statistic or a parameter?
Parameter
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#10 p.10In New York City , there are 3250 walk
buttons that pedestrians can press at traffic intersections, and 2500 of them do not work.
Is the given value from a discrete or continuous data set?
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#16 p.10Determine which of the four levels of
measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ration) is most appropriate for the following survey results:
The number of “yes” responses received when 500 students are asked if they have ever done binge drinking in college.
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#23 p.10Identify a (a) sample and a (b) population In a Gallup poll of 1059 randomly selected
adults, 39% answered “yes” when asked “Do you have a gun in your home?”
Sample: 1059 randomly selected adultsPopulation: all adult population
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