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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LAB

TOOL KIT

by

Anjali (0802710014)

Ankush Gupta (0802710018)

Deepa Gahlot (0802710031)

Aman Jain (0802710412)

Submitted to the Department of Computer Science &

Engineering

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in

Computer Science & Engineering

Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad

Gautam Buddh Technical University

June, 2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

DECLARATION.......................................................................................................v

CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................................vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................vii

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................viii

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ix

LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................x

LIST OF SYMBOLS........................................................................................................xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................xiii

CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION)

1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO A.I......01

1.2 A.I. LAB TOOL KIT1...01

1.2.1 OBJECTIVE.....01

1.2.2 INTRODUCTION....02

CHAPTER 2 (BASICS)

2.1 ABOUT A.I......03

2.1.1 BRANCHES OF A.I....03

2.1.2 APPLICATIONS OF A.I. ...04

2.2 NEURAL NETWORKS.......05

2.3 ROBOTICS AND A.I......062.4 GENETIC ALGORITHM........06

2.5 NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING........08

CHAPTER 3 (LOGIC)

3.1 KNOWLEDGE.........09

3.1.1 FORWARD CHAINING......09

3.1.2 BACKWARD CHAINING..........10

3.1.3 MATCHING.....12

3.1.4 SEMANTIC NETS...13

3.2 REASONING........14

3.2.1 DEMPSTER APPROACH...14

3.2.2 MYCIN RULE.....15

CHAPTER 4 (SEARCH ALGORITHM)

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4.1 SEARCH TECHNIQUE......16

4.1.1 DEPTH LIMITED SEARCH......16

4.1.2 BFS...174.1.3 BIDIRECTIONAL SEARCH..18

4.2 HEURISTIC APPROACH...19

4.2.1 MIN MAX SEARCH...19

4.2.2 ALPHA BETA PRUNING...20

4.3 PROBLEMS.21

4.3.1 TOH......21

4.3.2 8 PUZZLE PROBLEM22

CHAPTER 5 (MACHINE LEARNING AND PR)

5.1 MACHINE LEARNING......24

5.1.1 APPROACHES.....25

5.2 PR..26

5.2.1 STASTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION.26

5.2.2 CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE......28

5.2.2.1 NN RULE......28

5.2.2.2 BAYES CLASSIFIER...29

CHAPTER 6 (GAMES)

6.1 TIC TAC TOE...31

6.2 CHECKERS..31

6.3 MAGIC SQUARE.....32CHAPTER 7 (LAB WORK AND AI PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES)

7.1 LAB WORK..33

7.2 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES OF AI34

7.2.1 LISP...34

7.2.2 PROLOG...35

CHAPTER 8 (MYCIN EXPERT SYSTEM)

8.1 VARIOUS DEFINITIONS.......37

8.2 CRITERIA FOR BUILDING AN EXPERT SYSTEM....37

8.3 PERSONNEL INVOLVED......38

8.3.1 DOMAIN EXPERT......38

8.3.2 USER........38

8.3.3 KNOWLEDGE ENGINEER...38

8.4 MAIN PLAYERS IN DEVELOPENT TEAM.....39

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8.5 STRUCTURE.....40

8.6 OPERATION OF SYSTEM ......40

8.7 MYCIN EXPERT SYSTEM .....43

CHAPTER 9 (SNAPSHOTS)

9.1 SNAPSHOT OF AI LAB TOOL KIT........45

9.2 SNAPSHOT OF MYCIN EXPERT SYSTEM.......54

9.3 LIST OF TABLES USED IN DATABASE...70

CHAPTER 10(CONCLUSION)

10.1 LIMITATIONS OF PROJECT...74

10.1.1. Limitations of AI Lab Tool Kit...74

10.1.2 LIMITATIONS OF MYCIN EXPERT SYSTEM..74

10.2 FURTHER WORK......74

REFERENCES..75

APPENDIX A...76APPENDIX B...79

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DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another

person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of anyother degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except

where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Signature :

Name :Anjali

Roll No : 0802710014

Date :

Signature :

Name : Ankush Gupta

Roll No : 0802710018

Date :

Signature :

Name :Deepa Gahlot

Roll No : 0802710031Date :

Signature :

Name :Aman Jain

Roll No : 0802710412

Date :

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken during

B. Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Mr. Ajay Kumar and Mr. Akhilesh Verma,Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College,

Ghaziabad for their constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work. Theirsincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is

only their cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the day.

We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor B. M. Kalra, Head,

Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College,Ghaziabad for his full support and assistance during the development of the project.

We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty and staffmembers of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our

project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion

of the project.

Signature :

Name :Anjali

Roll No : 0802710014

Date :

Signature :

Name : Ankush Gupta

Roll No : 0802710018

Date :

Signature :

Name :Deepa Gahlot

Roll No : 0802710031

Date :

Signature :

Name :Aman Jain

Roll No : 0802710412

Date :

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ABSTRACT

The project titled Artificial Intelligence Lab Tool Kit aims to showcase certain basic concepts

of A.I by successfully applying these concepts in practice of knowledge, learning etc. Our mainobjective is to develop an educational software package to train future and current students on

artificial intelligence techniques such as fuzzy logic, machine learning, pattern reorganization,

search algorithm etc. The software will be designed to be completely user-friendly, and providehands-on interactive lessons to enhance understanding and knowledge of these powerful

methods. In A.I. Lab Tool Kit, we have provided the basic theoretical knowledge of the artificial

intelligence to the AI toolkit user. After that some practical problem on the each topic ofartificial intelligence are defined and solution are also provided.

The toolkit is also including all the lab work practical with implementation and tutorials for

students. The basics of using toolkit and programming languages used to code the AI based

programming to implement various problems. Some games are also developed using AI conceptin this AI toolkit. We are also providing some viva questions for students to prepare for practical

exams.

Our project also include Mycin Expert System this is defined as a model and associated

procedure that exhibits, within a specific domain, a degree of expertise in problem solving thatis comparable to that of a human expert Mycin was one of the earliest expert systems, and its

design has strongly influenced the design of commercial expert systems and expert system shells.

Its job was to diagnose and recommend treatment for certain infections. To do the diagnosisproperly involves growing cultures of the infecting organism. Unfortunately this takes around

48 hours, and if doctors waited until this was complete their patient might be dead! So, doctors

have to come up with quick guesses about likely problems from the available data, and use theseguesses to provide a covering treatment where drugs are given which should deal with anypossible problem.

This project has successfully executed and the setup of this project is provided along with thisreport in the form of CD.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table name Page No

9.3.1 Disease Master Table 70

9.3.2 Symptoms Master Table 70

9.3.3 Salts Master Table 70

9.3.4 Test Master Table 71

9.3.5 Mapping Table - Test for Disease 71

9.3.6 Mapping Table Symptoms for Disease 71

9.3.7 Patient details Table 72

9.3.8 Others Details table 72

9.3.9 Doctors Prescription Table 73

9.3.10 Prescription Salts Table 73

9.3.11 Prescription Tests Table 73

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Page No

Fig 2.1 Genetic Algorithm 07

Fig 3.1 Forward Chaining 10

Fig 3.2 Backward Chaining 12

Fig 4.1 Depth Limited Search 17

Fig 4.2 Breadth first Search 18

Fig 4.3 Bidirectional Search 19

Fig 4.4 Minmax Search 20

Fig 4.5 Alpha Beta Pruning 21

Fig 4.6 Tower of Hanoi 22

Fig 4.7 Puzzle Problem 22

Fig 5.1 Machine Learning 24

Fig 5.2 Stastical Pattern Recognition 27

Fig 5.3 Stastical Learning 28

Fig 5.4 NN Rule 29

Fig 5.5 Bayes Classifier 30

Fig 6.1 Tic Tac Toe 31

Fig 8.1 Expert System 40

Fig 8.2 Knowledge Acquisition 41

Fig 9.1.1 Loading page of AI lab tool kit 45

Fig 9.1.2 Main page of AI lab tool kit 46

Fig 9.1.3 Lab work of tool kit 47

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Fig 9.1.4 Snapshot of Practical 1 48

Fig 9.1.5 Snapshot of Practical 2 49

Fig 9.1.6 Snapshot of AI Programming Languages 50

Fig 9.1.7 Snapshot of NN Rule 51

Fig 9.1.8 Snapshot of Magic Square 52

Fig 9.1.9 Snapshot of video page of Magic Square 53

Fig 9.2.1 Snapshot of main page of MYCIN Expert System 54

Fig 9.2.2 Snapshot of Disease Master 55

Fig 9.2.3 Snapshot of Symptoms master 56

Fig 9.2.4 Snapshot of Tests master 57

Fig 9.2.5 Snapshot of Salts master 58

Fig 9.2.6 Snapshot of Symptoms for Disease form 59

Fig 9.2.7 Snapshot of Tests for Disease form 60

Fig 9.2.8 Snapshot of Tests for Disease form 61

Fig 9.2.9 Snapshot of patient menu form 62

Fig 9.2.10 Snapshot of patient detail form 63

Fig 9.2.11 Snapshot of view patient form 64

Fig 9.2.12 Snapshot of patient symptoms form 65

Fig 9.2.13 Snapshot of patient analysis form 66

Fig 9.2.14 Snapshot of recommended test form 67

Fig 9.2.15 Snapshot of recommended test form 68

Fig 9.2.16 Snapshot of patient history form 69

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

= equal to

almost equal to

/ division slash

infinity

( ornate left parenthesis

) ornate right parenthesis

[ left square bracket

] right square bracket

< less than

> greater than

less-than or equal to

greater-than or equal to

, single low-9 quotation

- en dash

+ plus sign

. decimal point

* multiplication sign

{ left curly bracket

} right curly bracket

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LISP List Programming

PROLOG Programming in Logic

NN Nearest Neighbor rule

DAG Directed Acyclic Graph

SVM Support Vector Machine

ILP Inductive Logic Programming

GA Genetic Algorithm

ANN Artificial Neural Network

TOH Tower Of Hanoi

BFS Breadth First Search

DFS Depth First Search

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