Starter: Tell whether the underline Starter: Tell whether the underline word is a DO, IO, PN, PA or Prep.word is a DO, IO, PN, PA or Prep.

1.1. Anne saw many of her family Anne saw many of her family membersmembers die.die.

2. Anne gave her 2. Anne gave her familyfamily many gifts. many gifts.

3. Otto Frank is Anne’s 3. Otto Frank is Anne’s fatherfather. .

4. Otto Frank is 4. Otto Frank is well-knownwell-known..

5. What are we 5. What are we aboutabout to do? to do?

Today’s Assignment:Today’s Assignment:

1)1) StarterStarter2)2) Portfolio Portfolio 3)3) Finish Background/ Begin Finish Background/ Begin

Background on Hitler.Background on Hitler.4)4) Interpretation of Anne’s Quote Interpretation of Anne’s Quote

and Holocaust Picture.and Holocaust Picture.5)5) Begin Begin Anne FrankAnne Frank..

BackgroundBackground

The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. "Holocaust" is a regime and its collaborators. "Holocaust" is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and that the Jews, deemed "racially superior" and that the Jews, deemed "inferior," were an alien threat to the so-called "inferior," were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. German racial community.

Background 2Background 2

During the era of the Holocaust, German During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups authorities also targeted other groups because of their perceived "racial because of their perceived "racial inferiority": inferiority": RomaRoma (Gypsies), the disabled, (Gypsies), the disabled, and some of the Slavic peoples (and some of the Slavic peoples (PolesPoles, , Russians, and others). Other groups were Russians, and others). Other groups were persecuted on political, ideological, and persecuted on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds, among them behavioral grounds, among them Communists, Socialists, Communists, Socialists, Jehovah's WitnessesJehovah's Witnesses, and , and homosexualshomosexuals. .

Background 3Background 3 In 1933, the In 1933, the Jewish population of EuropeJewish population of Europe stood at over stood at over

nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany would occupy or influence during Nazi Germany would occupy or influence during World War IIWorld War II. By 1945, the Germans and their . By 1945, the Germans and their collaboratorscollaborators killed nearly two out of every three killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the "European Jews as part of the "Final SolutionFinal Solution," the Nazi ," the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, whom the Nazis deemed a priority danger to Germany, whom the Nazis deemed a priority danger to Germany, were the primary victims of Nazi racism, other victims were the primary victims of Nazi racism, other victims included some 200,000 Roma (Gypsies). At least included some 200,000 Roma (Gypsies). At least 200,000 mentally or physically disabled patients, mainly 200,000 mentally or physically disabled patients, mainly Germans, living in institutional settings, were murdered Germans, living in institutional settings, were murdered in the so-called in the so-called Euthanasia ProgramEuthanasia Program. .

Background 4Background 4

As Nazi tyranny spread across Europe, the Germans As Nazi tyranny spread across Europe, the Germans and their collaborators persecuted and murdered millions and their collaborators persecuted and murdered millions of other people. Between two and three million of other people. Between two and three million Soviet prisoners of warSoviet prisoners of war were murdered or died of were murdered or died of starvation, disease, neglect, or maltreatment. The starvation, disease, neglect, or maltreatment. The Germans targeted the non-Jewish Polish intelligentsia for Germans targeted the non-Jewish Polish intelligentsia for killing, and deported millions of Polish and Soviet killing, and deported millions of Polish and Soviet civilians for civilians for forced laborforced labor in Germany or in occupied in Germany or in occupied PolandPoland, where these individuals worked and often died , where these individuals worked and often died under deplorable conditions. From the earliest years of under deplorable conditions. From the earliest years of the Nazi regime, German authorities persecuted the Nazi regime, German authorities persecuted homosexuals and others whose behavior did not match homosexuals and others whose behavior did not match prescribed social norms. German police officials targeted prescribed social norms. German police officials targeted thousands of political opponents (including Communists, thousands of political opponents (including Communists, Socialists, and trade unionists) and religious dissidents Socialists, and trade unionists) and religious dissidents (such as Jehovah's Witnesses). Many of these (such as Jehovah's Witnesses). Many of these individuals died as a result of incarceration and individuals died as a result of incarceration and maltreatment.maltreatment.

Background 5Background 5 In the early years of the In the early years of the Nazi regimeNazi regime, the National , the National

Socialist government established Socialist government established concentration campsconcentration camps to to detain real and imagined political and ideological detain real and imagined political and ideological opponents. Increasingly in the years before the outbreak opponents. Increasingly in the years before the outbreak of war, SS and police officials incarcerated Jews, Roma, of war, SS and police officials incarcerated Jews, Roma, and other victims of ethnic and racial hatred in these and other victims of ethnic and racial hatred in these camps. To concentrate and monitor the Jewish camps. To concentrate and monitor the Jewish population as well as to facilitate later deportation of the population as well as to facilitate later deportation of the Jews, the Germans and their collaborators created Jews, the Germans and their collaborators created ghettosghettos, transit camps, and forced-labor camps for Jews , transit camps, and forced-labor camps for Jews during the war years. The German authorities also during the war years. The German authorities also established numerous forced-labor camps, both in the established numerous forced-labor camps, both in the so-called Greater German Reich and in German-so-called Greater German Reich and in German-occupied territory, for non-Jews whose labor the occupied territory, for non-Jews whose labor the Germans sought to exploit. Germans sought to exploit.

Background 6Background 6 Following the Following the invasion of the Soviet Unioninvasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, in June 1941,

EinsatzgruppenEinsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) and, later, (mobile killing units) and, later, militarized battalions of Order Police officials, moved militarized battalions of Order Police officials, moved behind German lines to carry out mass-murder behind German lines to carry out mass-murder operations against Jews, Roma, and Soviet state and operations against Jews, Roma, and Soviet state and Communist Party officials. German SS and police units, Communist Party officials. German SS and police units, supported by units of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen supported by units of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS, murdered more than a million Jewish men, women, SS, murdered more than a million Jewish men, women, and children, and hundreds of thousands of others. and children, and hundreds of thousands of others. Between 1941 and 1944, Nazi German authorities Between 1941 and 1944, Nazi German authorities deported millions of Jews from Germany, from occupied deported millions of Jews from Germany, from occupied territories, and from the countries of many of its Axis territories, and from the countries of many of its Axis allies to ghettos and to allies to ghettos and to killing centerskilling centers, often called , often called extermination camps, where they were murdered in extermination camps, where they were murdered in specially developed specially developed gassing facilitiesgassing facilities. .

Background 7Background 7 In the final months of the war, SS guards moved camp In the final months of the war, SS guards moved camp

inmates by train or on forced marches, often called “inmates by train or on forced marches, often called “death marchesdeath marches,” in an attempt to prevent the Allied ,” in an attempt to prevent the Allied liberation of large numbers of prisoners. As Allied forces liberation of large numbers of prisoners. As Allied forces moved across Europe in a series of offensives against moved across Europe in a series of offensives against Germany, they began to encounter and Germany, they began to encounter and liberateliberate concentration camp prisoners, as well as prisoners en concentration camp prisoners, as well as prisoners en route by forced march from one camp to another. The route by forced march from one camp to another. The marches continued until May 7, 1945, the day the marches continued until May 7, 1945, the day the German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the Allies. For the western Allies, World War II officially Allies. For the western Allies, World War II officially ended in Europe on the next day, May 8 (V-E Day), while ended in Europe on the next day, May 8 (V-E Day), while Soviet forces announced their “Victory Day” on May 9, Soviet forces announced their “Victory Day” on May 9, 1945. 1945.

Background 8Background 8 In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the

survivors found shelter in displaced persons survivors found shelter in displaced persons (DP) camps administered by the Allied powers. (DP) camps administered by the Allied powers. Between 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews Between 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, including 136,000 Jewish emigrated to Israel, including 136,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Other Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Other Jewish DPs emigrated to the United States and other DPs emigrated to the United States and other nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957. The nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957. The crimes committed during the Holocaust crimes committed during the Holocaust devastated most European Jewish communities devastated most European Jewish communities and eliminated hundreds of Jewish communities and eliminated hundreds of Jewish communities in occupied eastern Europe entirely.in occupied eastern Europe entirely.

Hitler’s BackgroundHitler’s Background

Hitler's background was not a very privileged Hitler's background was not a very privileged one. Born in Austria near the German border in one. Born in Austria near the German border in Braunau to a lowly customs official and a former Braunau to a lowly customs official and a former maid he had a childhood which was dominated maid he had a childhood which was dominated by his overbearing and often violent father. On by his overbearing and often violent father. On his father's death though he was able to became his father's death though he was able to became act more freely. From an educational point of act more freely. From an educational point of view Hitler was no genius as party members view Hitler was no genius as party members would later claim, he achieved nothing more would later claim, he achieved nothing more than poor to mediocre marks in most classes at than poor to mediocre marks in most classes at secondary school. secondary school.

ContinueContinue

He was however inspired by a nationalist history He was however inspired by a nationalist history teacher called Dr. Leonard Poetsch, who was a teacher called Dr. Leonard Poetsch, who was a through German nationalist. On leaving school through German nationalist. On leaving school he went to Vienna to apply to the Viennese he went to Vienna to apply to the Viennese School of Fine Arts, however he failed the School of Fine Arts, however he failed the entrance exam twice and was also rejected by entrance exam twice and was also rejected by the Architectural school. This was the start of a the Architectural school. This was the start of a change in Hitler's outlook on life, he now began change in Hitler's outlook on life, he now began to see enemies in people and institutions around to see enemies in people and institutions around him because of these rejections. him because of these rejections.

ContinueContinue Also there can be no doubt that he was heavily Also there can be no doubt that he was heavily

influenced by the strong Anti-Semitic feelings in Vienna influenced by the strong Anti-Semitic feelings in Vienna at this time. It was also during his time in Vienna that he at this time. It was also during his time in Vienna that he began to read many books. However his reading was began to read many books. However his reading was highly selective, and he only read what supported his highly selective, and he only read what supported his forming ideas. Undoubtedly he read some of the authors forming ideas. Undoubtedly he read some of the authors already discussed such as Chamberlain, Nietzche, and already discussed such as Chamberlain, Nietzche, and Lanz von Liebenfels as well as many authors in favour of Lanz von Liebenfels as well as many authors in favour of a pan-Germany. These increased his belief in the a pan-Germany. These increased his belief in the völkisch movement, and created a synthesis in Hitler's völkisch movement, and created a synthesis in Hitler's mind between a large German empire and a pure mind between a large German empire and a pure German Volk. German Volk.

ContinueContinue The First World War was for Hitler a turning point in his The First World War was for Hitler a turning point in his

life. He managed to join Bavarian infantry regiment, and life. He managed to join Bavarian infantry regiment, and became a runner. He also won the Iron Cross, and was became a runner. He also won the Iron Cross, and was gassed twice. It was here however that Hitler found a gassed twice. It was here however that Hitler found a place to belong, he enjoyed the order and structure place to belong, he enjoyed the order and structure which the military brought to his life. When news reached which the military brought to his life. When news reached Hitler convalescing from a Gas attack, about the German Hitler convalescing from a Gas attack, about the German capitulation he was devastated by it, capitulation he was devastated by it,

"Since the day when I had stood a my mother's grave, I "Since the day when I had stood a my mother's grave, I had not wept... But now I could not help it... had not wept... But now I could not help it...

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And so it had all been in vain... Did all this And so it had all been in vain... Did all this happen only so that a gang of wretched happen only so that a gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the fatherland?" criminals could lay hands on the fatherland?"

This was for him, like many others, "a stab in the This was for him, like many others, "a stab in the back" by the Novemberverbrecher. He felt let back" by the Novemberverbrecher. He felt let down and disappointed, and again like may down and disappointed, and again like may other of his comrades, he wanted to strike back other of his comrades, he wanted to strike back against the system which had disappointed him. against the system which had disappointed him. It was the beginning of his political career.It was the beginning of his political career.

ContinueContinue After the end of the war Hitler worked for military After the end of the war Hitler worked for military

intelligence and indoctrinating the troops. It was in this intelligence and indoctrinating the troops. It was in this role that he began to discover he had a talent for role that he began to discover he had a talent for speaking. Later he was also used to report on various speaking. Later he was also used to report on various political meetings, one such meeting was the DAP political meetings, one such meeting was the DAP (Deutsche Arbeiter Partei.) Hitler eventually joined, or (Deutsche Arbeiter Partei.) Hitler eventually joined, or was ordered to join this party, in order to build it up. This was ordered to join this party, in order to build it up. This he succeeded in doing with government help, and his he succeeded in doing with government help, and his great oratory talent in the Munich beer halls. great oratory talent in the Munich beer halls.

Hitler Final SlideHitler Final Slide

It was during the speeches he made there It was during the speeches he made there that his Weltanschauung began to take a that his Weltanschauung began to take a more concrete form. Eventually the drive more concrete form. Eventually the drive for power lead him to attempt the failed for power lead him to attempt the failed Kapp-Putsch and resulted in him being Kapp-Putsch and resulted in him being sent to Landsberg prison. It was there sent to Landsberg prison. It was there however that he was able to write Mein however that he was able to write Mein Kampf, and firmly establish his political Kampf, and firmly establish his political opinion and his leadership over the party. opinion and his leadership over the party.