Start of GCSE!

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Chemistry

How science works

ideas

conclusion

observation

prediction

questions

testing

reliable

evidence

So what do I need to do to make sure I get the best grade possible ?

In the past Successful students have:1. -Completed all class work2. -Completed all homework3. -Asked questions when they did not understand something

(in and outside of lessons).4. -Looked up parts of the topics they found difficult to

understand.5. -Regularly looked over their notes.6. -Copied up their notes into neat revision aids7. -Practised past exam questions8. -Got friends and family to test their knowledge9. -Attended revision sessions.

Chapter 1 States of Matter

Card sort

Describe the ways that particles are arranged in a solid a liquid and a gas (4-6)

Kinetic particles theory

1.Particles are attracted to each other, some strongly others weakly.2.Particles move randomly3.Particles have kinetic energy (they can move)4.How much they move (kinetic energy) depends on temperature.

Particle

A small unit of matter with similar characteristics.

A few examples of particles are

Task-2 mins to find and state at least 3 examples (no more than 1 sentence each)

Stuck ?Remember the 4 B’s

BrainBoardBook

Buddy

Stuck ?Remember the 4 B’s

BrainBoardBook

Buddy

Chapter 1 States of Matter

shape

volume

Particle arrangement

Can it be compressed ?

Particles motion

Forces between particles

shape

volume

Particle arrangement

Can it be compressed ?

Particles motion

Forces between particles

Chapter 1 States of Matter

A substance can be a solid liquid or a gas it has different characteristics in each state the differences are due to the way particles are arranged and move.

A substance can be a solid liquid or a gas it has different characteristics in each state the differences are due to the way particles are arranged and move.

Lesson 2 Kinetic theory and diffusion

• Starter• Title and date• complete exam question

04/21/23

Lesson 2 Kinetic theory and diffusion

Lesson 2 Kinetic theory and diffusion

Aims

04/21/23

Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation

     

Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic theory     

Describe and explain Brownian motion in terms of random molecular bombardment

    

State evidence for Brownian motion      

Describe qualitatively the pressure and temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its particles

     

Describe and explain diffusion     

Show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension (sometimes known as Brownian motion) as evidence for the kinetic particle (atoms, molecules or ions) model of matter

 

   

Describe and explain dependence of rate of diffusion on molecular mass     

Task 1. Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and

sublimation

a. Draw and label changes of state

Task 1. Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and

sublimation b. Describe changes in terms of kinetic theory.Kinetic theory is the theory used to explain how particles move.

•all matter is made of particles•Particles move randomly•The amount of energy particles have determines their state (overcoming the forces of attraction).

Task 1. Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and

sublimation Melting.

As you increase the temp. of a solid, you give the particles more ……………….At the m…………. P………… particles have enough energy to break from their l……………and slip and slide over each other.

BoilingAt the b.p. of a liquid the particles have enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces between particles (forces of attraction), so the particles separate and become a vapor or a gas.

ExtensionThe boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius. So why does a puddle evaporate on a hot day ?

BA

DC

Some particles have more energy than others.

In a closed container particles with enough energy will evaporate. An equilibrium between evaporation and condensation will occur.

A compressible, fluid

B non-compressible, fluid

C compressible, no fixed shape

D non-compressible, very low density

2. Which of the following describes a liquid?

3. Which of these is only true for a gas?

A can flow

B exerts pressure on its container

C will occupy the whole of the container it is placed in

D has no shape of its own

Diffusion 1

• Diffusion is SPREADING OUT,,,the movement of one type of particle into and through another. For example, the smell of after-shave or perfume diffuses across a room.

Particles do not “try “ to spread out.

They move randomly so eventually will spread out.

Methane particles travel at about 600m/sBut why don´t we smell a fart in 1 second ?

-each particle is moving in a different direction and bouncing off other air particles.

Insects communicate by smells that diffuse through the air.

Brownian movement and diffusion

http://labs.minutelabs.io/Brownian-Motion/

BROWNIAN MOTION IS THE RANDOM MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES

Brownian movement and diffusion

Botanist Brown Discovery

Botanist Brown Discovery

In 1827 Robert Brown was studying pollen grains under a microscope. The pollen grains were suspended in water. He noticed that they were jiggling about. He was annoyed because this was messing up his experiment.He went to bed. In the morning he hoped this movement had stopped when he restarted his investigations but the pollen grains were still moving around.

Then he got interested. He found the same effect with tiny fragments of wood, window glass and stone dust. In water the tiny particles jiggled about.

This motion is now called Brownian motion after Mr Brown but he couldn’t

explain it

DESCRIBE what you observedEXPLAIN

Einstein explained Brownian motion in 1905

Einstein realised that Brown’s discovery was a crucial piece of evidence to support the kinetic theory of matter.The pollen grains are bumped by invisible water molecules making them move randomly

Although pollen grains are 10 000 times larger than the water molecules, the water molecules are able to push them around when they collide with them. This is what causes the jerky and unpredictable movement of the pollen grains.

Brownian motion

Einstein's Explanation of Brownian Motion

I described it first! But I

explained it!

BROWNIAN MOTIONcopy and complete•Brownian motion is the r_______movement of particles suspended in a f______ (i.e. a liquid or gas).

•Brownian motion happens when particles that are f_____ to move around

•C_______ of P________ make them bounce off each other in different directions to create the random paths we observe the particles taking.

Kelvin Temperature

The kelvin Temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

Note that they are not all travelling at the same speed.

Temperature

The hotter the temperature, the faster the average speed of the particles

Note that they are not all travelling at the same speed.

CONSOLIDATING WHAT WE HAVE LEARNT

C. DESCRIBE OBSERVATIONS

B. EXPLAIN OBERVATIONS USING BROWNIAN MOTION OR PARTICLE THEORY

A. DETAIL AND CONSISE EXPLANATIONS USING SCIENTIFIC VOLCABULARY

Example

1. Describe what happens when the glass jar lids are removed.

The brown bromine gas starts to diffuse through the colourless air and the colourless air will start to diffuse through the brown bromine gas.

After a long period of time both glass jars will look the same pale brown colour.

Start

End

colours

StateKeyword

Example

1. Explain these observations.

Particles move randomly. When the gas jar lids are removed the bromine and air particles are free to move in both gas jars, this spreading out is called diffusion. It does not happen immediately because each particle is bouncing off endless air particles on its way.

Key word

Kinetic theory

Explaining why it takes so long

Example

1. Describe what happens when the glass jar lids are removed.

The brown bromine gas starts to diffuse through the colourless air and the colourless air will start to diffuse through the brown bromine gas.

After a long period of time both glass jars will look the same pale brown colour.

Start

End

colours

StateKeyword

Example

1. Explain these observations.

Particles move randomly. When the gas jar lids are removed the bromine and air particles are free to move in both gas jars, this spreading out is called diffusion. It does not happen immediately because each particle is bouncing off endless air particles on its way.

Key word

Kinetic theory

Explaining why it takes so long

To Describe and explain1. A Potassium permanganate crystal in cold water.Describe-Explain-

2. A potassium permanganate crystal in hot water.Describe-Explain-

3. State 3 pieces of evidence for Brownian motion

Diffusion- plenary

Pick one questionRead the possible answersWhich answer best answers the question

and why ?Be ready to share your ideas

Diffusion- Starter

Diffusion- plenary

Diffusion- plenary

04/21/23Lesson 3 Gases, pressure, exam

technique• Title and date• As you pump up a tire

the pressure increases, why ?

Pressure in a gas

Collisions of the gas particles with the side of a container give rise to a force, which is measured as the pressure of the gas

EXAM ANSWERWhat is gas pressure?

• In a sealed container, gas particles move randomly and repeatedly collide with the walls of the container.

• Every time a gas molecule hits the wall of the container it exerts a force.

• If there are millions of molecules then the number of molecules hitting the walls of the container is always the same and so the force per unit area is constant..

EXAM ANSWERWhat is gas pressure?

• There are two factor which can effect gas pressure

-volume and temperature

Down load link

• http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gas-properties

Exam questions

1. Explain why the pressure of a gas in a sealed container increases when its temperature is increased ? (3)

H/W due next Monday

Pg 14 Q3 a-d4 a-c7.

Task 1. Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and

sublimation b. Describe changes in terms of kinetic theory.Kinetic theory is the theory used to explain how particles move.

•all matter is made of particles•Particles move randomly•The amount of energy particles have determines their state (overcoming the forces of attraction).

Lesson 2 changes of state heating and cooling curves.

AimsFollow safety instructions (5)Follow instructions carefully (5)EVERYONE to make accurate recordings in a well drawn table (5)Plot a graph of steric acid cooling curve (5)

04/21/23

Why are their plateaus ?

time

time

time

time

Steric acid cooling curveIndependent variable(thing you change)

Dependent variable(thing you measure in response to change)

Practical

Steric acid cooling curveSet up apparatus as in diagram

Heat water bath to 90oC

Remove boiling tube using clamp

Begin to time

Measurements should be taken every 30 s

Prize for best plotted cooling curve

10 (2)-set Friday (theory lesson)Collect Tuesday (prac lesson)

10(4)-Set Monday (theory lesson)Collect Friday (prac lesson)

04/21/23 Gases, pressure, exam

technique1. Title and date2. Worksheet• As you pump up a tire

the pressure increases, why ?

Boiling pointBoiling point

Melting point Melting point

Pressure in a gas

Collisions of the gas particles with the side of a container give rise to a force, which is measured as the pressure of the gas

EXAM ANSWERWhat is gas pressure?

• In a sealed container, gas particles move randomly and repeatedly collide with the walls of the container.

• Every time a gas molecule hits the wall of the container it exerts a force.

• If there are millions of molecules then the number of molecules hitting the walls of the container is always the same and so the force per unit area is constant..

EXAM ANSWERWhat is gas pressure?

• There are two factor which can effect gas pressure

-volume and temperature

Down load link

• http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gas-properties

Exam questions

1. Explain why the pressure of a gas in a sealed container increases when its temperature is increased ? (3)

Diffusion- plenary

Pick one questionRead the possible answersWhich answer best answers the question

and why ?Be ready to share your ideas

Diffusion- plenary

Diffusion- plenary

Diffusion- plenary

H/W due next Monday

Pg 14 Q3 a-d4 a-c7.

04/21/23 Rate of diffusion in gases-the ammonia and hydrochloric acid

experiment

Which as do you think will diffuse (spread out) a. fastest ? B. slowest ?

Mr 10Mr 10

Mr 10Mr 10

Mr 10 Mr 10

Mr 10Mr 10 Mr 20Mr 20

Mr 20Mr 20

Mr 20Mr 20

Mr 20 Mr 20

Big and light Small and light

Small and heavy

Big and heavy

04/21/23 Rate of diffusion in gases-the ammonia

and hydrochloric acid experiment

• How heavy something s for its size is called ?

• Density• We not use-bigger, smaller, lighter or

heavier.• We must use either-density or relative molar mass.

04/21/23 Lesson 3 Rate of diffusion in gases-the ammonia and hydrochloric

acid experiment

• Two factors that effect rate of diffusion:

• -Temperature (the higher the temperature the faster a gas will diffuse)

• -Density (the lower the relative molecular mass, the faster a gas will diffuse)

04/21/23 Lesson 3 Rate of diffusion in gases-the ammonia and hydrochloric

acid experiment

Ammonia + hydrochloric acid ammonium chloride

Cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution

Cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid (concentrated)

NH3HCl

Low densityMr17

High densityMr 36.5

Diffusion 3

When they meet they react to form a solid white ring of ammonium chloride

Cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution

Cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid (concentrated)

NH3 (g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rf9j0ztzcs4

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L41KhBPBymA&feature=autoplay&list=PL8B431189E243D9D0&playnext=2

Plenary answer these questions

• The ring of solid ammonium chloride forms closer to the hydrochloric acid end because…………..

• If we repeated the experiment at a higher temperature do you think the result would change ? If so how.

Extension

How many (interconversions) changes of state can you name1.Solid to liquid ?2.Liquid to gas?3.Gas to liquid ?4.Liquid to solid ?5.Solid to gas?6.What is the difference between boiling and evaporation ?7.Can you explain changes of state in terms of forces of attraction and energy ?

H/W look on page 9

• Can you explain the plateau ?

Chapter 1 States of Matter

shape

volume

Particle arrangement

Particles motion

Forces between particles

shape

volume

Particle arrangement

Particles motion

Forces between particles

Chapter 1 States of Matter

fixed changes changes

fixed fixed changes

lattice Close but can move

Far apart

vibrations Slip and slide

Freely in all directions

strong medium Almost none

You should have

SOLIDSOLID LIQUIDLIQUID GASGAS•Particles make only small movements/ vibrations

•And so are tightly packed

•have little energy

•And strongly attracted to each other

•Particles can slip and slide over each other

•And so are randomly arranged BUT STILL tightly packed

•Particles have more energy

•Some attraction to each other

•Can flow

•Particles whizz around

•And so are far apart

•have lots of energy

•No attraction to each other

•Can flow

Match the correct statements to the correct pictures

SOLIDSOLID LIQUIDLIQUID GASGAS

•Particles make only small movements/ vibrations

•And so are tightly packed

•have little energy

•And strongly attracted to each other

•Particles can slip and slide over each other

•And so are randomly arranged BUT STILL tightly packed

•Particles have more energy

•Some attraction to each other

•Particles whizz around

•And so are far apart

•have lots of energy

•No attraction to each other

Aims:

1) To explain properties of solid , liquid and gases using “particle” and “weak bonds” (chapter 1)

2) To recap changes of state. To explain changes of state in terms of kinetic theory. (chapter 1)

3) To recap key words (chapter 5)

What do I mean by a particle ?

Particle 2 or more atoms chemically joined

Atom A unit of matter, can be atoms molecules or compounds.

Element 2 more atoms not chemically joined.

Compound 2 or more DIFFERENT atoms chemically joined.

Mixture General term for ANY type of matter

Substance The smallest unit of matter that retains the same properties.

Molecule Made from only 1 type of atom

Task 1.

1. Draw particles in a solid liquid and gas.

2. Explain how particles are arranged using.......“Forces of attraction”

Particles are strongly attracted, particles are weakly attracted, particles are not attracted to each other.

Kinetic theory-explains solids liquids and gases

1. Every thing (substances) are made of particles. 2. Particles are attracted to each other, some strongly others weakly.3. Particles have kinetic energy (they can move)4. How much they move (kinetic energy) depends on temperature.

Complete work sheet to show your understanding

of kinetic theory

Kinetic Theory

The existence of solids, liquids and gases isexplained by the kinetic theory.

This is based on the following ideas:1. All substances are made up of particles

(atoms, ions and molecules, compounds).2. That these particles are attracted to each

other, some strongly and others weakly.3. That these particles move around (i.e.

have kinetickinetic energy).4. That their kinetic energy increases with

temperature.

1) To recap changes of state. To explain changes of state in terms of kinetic theory. (chapter 1)

Solid to Liquid = melting

When you heat a solid give particles energy to vibrate faster and faster finally the forces of attraction between particles are not strong enough to hold the particles in a fixed position and they start to slip and slide over each other.

1) To recap changes of state. To explain changes of state in terms of kinetic theory. (chapter 1)

Solid to Liquid= freezing or solidifying

Freezing, freezing point

When you heat a solid the particles have more energy. Finally the forces of attraction between particles are not strong enough and they hold the particles in a fixed position.

1) To recap changes of state. To explain changes of state in terms of kinetic theory. (chapter 1)

Liquid to gas to liquid

When you h_____ a l_____ the particles have m_____ energy. Finally a____the forces of attraction between particles are broken. When a gas is c_____ed the particles have less energy and the f_____ of a_____ start to hold the p______ together. (C__________)

Key words

Boiling = when particles of liquid turn to gas at or above the boiling point….ALL PARTICLES ARE GIVEN ENOUGH ENERGY TO DO THIS.

Key words

Evaporation = Not all particles have the same amount of energy. ONLY SOME particles have enough energy to turn into a gas

Draw on board

Gas-Liquid equilibrium

In a closed container some liquid will turn to gas and some gas will stick back to the surface of the liquid again. An equilibrium will be met.