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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-89954-3 - Stars and Their Spectra: An Introduction to the Spectral Sequence Second EditionJames B. KalerIndexMore information
Star index
Stars are arranged by the Latin genitive of their constellation of residence, with other star
names interspersed alphabetically. Within a constellation, Bayer Greek letters are given first,
followed by Roman letters, Flamsteed numbers, variable stars arranged in traditional order
(see Section 1.11), and then other names that take on genitive form. Stellar spectra are
indicated by an asterisk. The best-known proper names have priority over their Greek-letter
names. Spectra of the Sun and of nebulae are included as well.
Abell 21 nucleus, see
Abell 78 nucleus, 327*
Achernar, 9, 243, 264, 274
Acrux, see Alpha Crucis
Adhara, see Epsilon Canis Majoris
Albireo, 26
Alcor, 26, 177, 241, 243, 272*
Aldebaran, 9, 27, 80*, 163, 165
Algol, 20, 26, 176–177, 271*, 333, 366
Altair, 9, 236, 241, 250
a Andromedae, 273, 273*b Andromedae, 164g Andromedae, 26u Andromedae A, 218*u Andromedae B, 109*Z Andromedae, 337
Antares, 10, 73, 104–105, 113, 115, 118,
122, 174*
53 Aquarii A, 195
53 Aquarii B, 195
R Aquarii, 337
a Aquilae, see Altairg Aquilae, 174*z Aquilae, 222Z Aquilae, 224, 225V603 Aquilae, see Nova Aquilae 1918
Nova Aquilae 1918, 318, 331*
y Arae, 272*Arcturus, 9, 73, 74*, 80*, 88, 162, 163*,
164, 164*, 187–188, 216, 241, 244, 341
g2 Arietis, 253d Arietis, 49*
a Aurigae, see Capellaε Aurigae, 178, 186z Aurigae, 177, 186Z Aurigae, 186, 269*AB Aurigae, 255
Barnard’s Star, 129–130, 131
Betelgeuse, 2, 9, 16, 18, 20, 73, 74*, 79,
80*, 88, 104–105, 106*, 110*, 113,
115, 118, 122, 187, 216, 264
image of, 114
BDþ28�4211, 285*Bl 253*
a Boötis, see Arcturusg Boötis, 243Z Boötis, 185l Boötis, 254, 280, 314s Boötis, 218*
T Camelopardalis, 112*
Z Camelopardalis, 335
d Cancri, 166Z Cancri, 16638 Cancri, 166
39 Cancri, 166, 172–173
a Canis Majoris, see Siriusb Canis Majoris, 215, 242, 275d Canis Majoris, 218*, 242ε Canis Majoris, 10o1 Canis Majoris, 168*
t Canis Majoris, 242a Canis Minoris, see Procyon
377
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Canopus, 9, 74*, 215–216, 241
a2 Canum Venaticorum, 252b Canum Venaticorum, 188*RS Canum Venaticorum, 211, 250, 332
Capella, 9, 73, 74*, 80*, 162, 185–187, 337
a Carinae, see CanopusZ Carinae, 216, 276–279, 278*, 279*, 300l (“el”) Carinae, 224
S Carinae, 108*
RR Carinae, 112*
b Cassiopeiae, 236g Cassiopeiae, 274k Cassiopeiae, 271*r Cassiopeiae, 178, 185, 211, 215, 239j Cassiopeiae, 246*U Cassiopeiae, 112*
V509 Cassiopeiae, see HR 8752
Castor, 26, 163
a Centauri, 9, 12, 16, 26, 171, 185, 241a Centauri A, 9, 195a Centauri B, 9, 163–164b Centauri, 9Proxima Centauri, 9, 26, 115, 126, 128, 185
b Cephei, 275d Cephei, 20, 211, 224l Cephei, 81*m Cephei, 118, 177, 26519 Cephei, 294*
U Cephei, 177
RW Cephei, 178, 211
VV Cephei, 115, 118, 177
DO Cephei, see Krüger 60
k1 Ceti, 188*o Ceti, see Mira
9 Ceti, 195
U Ceti, 108*
UV Ceti, 128
ZZ Ceti, 289
CFBDS J005910.83-011401.3, 160–161,
161*
a Circini, 215FK Comae Berenices, 211
a Coronae Borealis, 27, 242r Coronae Borealis, 195R Coronae Borealis, 110, 238*–239*
T Coronae Borealis, 335
b Corvi, 185Crab pulsar, 372
Crab Nebula, 373*
a Crucis, 9, 25, 264
b Crucis, 10, 264CS 22885-96, 180*
CS 30493-39, 180*
Cyg OB2 No. 12, 265, 267, 276, 283
a Cygni, see Denebb Cygni, see Albireog Cygni, 306Z Cygni, 376w Cygni, 119P Cygni, 277, 279*, 300
16 Cygni A, 195
16 Cygni B, 195
31 Cygni, 177
32 Cygni, 177
61 Cygni, 163, 167, 171
61 Cygni A, 109*, 164, 168*, 188*
61 Cygni B, 109*, 168*, 174*
R Cygni, 121
W Cygni, 80*
SS Cygni, 335–336
CH Cygni, 337, 339
CI Cygni, 338*
V1057 Cygni, 212
V1500 Cygni, see Novae Cygni 1975
V1974 Cygni, see Nova Cygni 1992
Nova Cygni 1975, 317–318
Nova Cygni 1992, 334
Cygnus OB2 No. 12, see Cyg OB2 No. 12
Cygnus X-1, 340, 375–376
DEN J0255–4700, 132, 134*
Deneb, 5, 10, 242–243, 317
Dog Star, see Sirius
b Doradus, 224–225g Doradus, 236S Doradus, 90, 300
s Draconis, 168*AG Draconis, 337, 338*
Egg Nebula, 362
Electra, see 17 Tauri
a Eridani, see Achernarb Eridani, 243ε Eridani, 168*, 25740 Eridani, 259
40 Eridani B, 92, 246*, 258–259, 364
40 Eridani C, 109*, 128, 258
58 Eridani, 206
Fomalhaut, 10, 241, 257–258
378 Star index
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a Geminorum, see Castorb Geminorum, see Polluxg Geminorum, 251*d Geminorum, 49*, 80*ε Geminorum, 189*z Geminorum, 224k Geminorum, 80*, 189*U Geminorum, 335
GL 229, 138–139
GL 229B, 95*, 138, 141
GL 411, 109*
GL 581, 131
GL 725B, 109*
Guest Star of 1054, 372–373
Hadar, see b CentauriHD 23585, 245*
HD 35155, 126*
HD 36936, 269*
HD 37061, 291
HD 46149, 295*
HD 46150, 294*–295*
HD 46202, 269*
HD 46223, 295*
HD 52432, 75*
HD 64568, 295*
HD 64802, 272*
HD 69464, 297*
HD 73710, 166
HD 73974, 166
HD 93128, 295*
HD 93129A, 276–277, 293, 299*
HD 93146, 197*
HD 95735, 168*
HD 97534, 279*
HD 101065, see Przybylski’s Star
HD 101190, 295*
HD 125248, 252, 252*
HD 126587, 181*
HD 163758, 297*
HD 177175, 112*
HD 190429, 81*, 294*
HD 190864, 297*
HD 191765, 81*
HD 192103, 81*, 298*
HD 192163, 298*, 300
HD 193077, 81*
HD 210134, 168*
HD 215441, 252
HD 226868, 376
He2-99, 328, 329*
a Herculis, 122p Herculis, 168*30 Herculis, 110*
AM Herculis, 336
BL Herculis, 229
DQ Herculis, 336, see also Nova Herculis
1934
Nova Herculis 1934, 318
Herschel’s Garnet Star, see m CepheiHH 30, 349
HH 34, 347
Hind’s Crimson Star, see R Leporis
R Horologii, 108*
HR 749 A, 269*
HR 1029, 269*
HR 1040, 87*, 246*
HR 3750, 206
HR 3974, 245*
HR 4345, 206
HR 5134, 112*
HR 5355, 252*
HR 8752, 185, 211
HR 8799, 257
HR 8832, 168*
HS B, 228
U Hydrae, 111*, 187
a Hydri, 215HZ 21, 285*
IC 351 (nebula), 66*
IC 3568 nucleus, 327*
ε Indi, 154–156ε Indi B, 155, 155*ε Indi Ba and Bb, 156, 156*IRCþ10 216, 125
Kapteyn’s Star, 88
Kelu-1, 144
Kepler’s Star, 366, 369
Krüger 60, 26, 128
L 970-30, 285*
L 1573-31, 285*
10 Lacertae, 295*
DK Lacertae, see Nova Lacertae 1950
Nova Lacertae 1950, 331*
a Leonis, see Regulusb Leonis, 245*Z Leonis, 243
Star index 379
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R Leonis, 121
CW Leonis, see IRCþ10 216R Leporis, 119
LHS 2065, 109*, 128
37 Librae, 174*
48 Librae, 274, 275*
w Lupi, 273a Lyrae, see Vegab Lyrae, 20, 233g Lyrae, 233d Lyrae, 233ε Lyrae, 233R Lyrae, 233
RR Lyrae 232–233
Merope, 268
Mimosa, see Beta Crucis
Mira, 20, 74*, 75*, 80*, 107*, 115, 119,
122, 187, 338
Mizar, 26, 177, 241, 243, 337
Mizar A, 177*
13 Monocerotis, 87*, 303
15 (S) Monocerotis, 295*
R Monocerotis, 348
V614 Monocerotis, see HD 52432
V838 Monocerotis, 141–143, 143*
NGC 1501 nucleus, 329, 330*
NGC 2440 (nebula), 322*–323*
NGC 6543 nucleus, 327*, 363
NGC 6905 nucleus, 330*
NGC 7009 (nebula), 47*
NGC 7009 nucleus, 327*
NGC 7027 (nebula), 324*
North Star, see Polaris
OH 231.8þ4.2, 123, see also CalabashNebula
OH 357.3–1.3, 124*
a Ophiuchi, 243z Ophiuchi, 290r Ophiuchi, 265, 345RS Ophiuchi, 335
Orion Molecular Cloud, 315*
Orion Nebula, 307*
a Orionis, see Betelgeuseb Orionis, see Rigelg Orionis, 271*d Orionis, 264, 290, 313ε Orionis, 74*, 80*, 290
z Orionis, 264, 290y1 Orionis, 26y1 Orionis C, 290, 305y2 Orionis, 291l Orionis A, 81*, 290, 313*p3 Orionis, 215r2 Orionis, 264s Orionis A, 294*u Orionis, 269*BL Orionis, 110*
FU Orionis, 212, 346
Orion’s Footstool, see Beta Eridani
51 Pegasi, 213
RZ Pegasi, 126*
a Persei, 219, 219*, 244b Persei, see Algolz Persei, 279*, 302x Persei, 302o Persei, 302
r Persei, 80*w Persei, 29048 Persei, 274, 275*
53 Persei, 276
Nova Persei 1901, 318
PG 1159–035, 289
PG 1533–057, 288*
b Pictoris, 257Nova Pictoris 1925, 318
a Piscis Austrini, see Fomalhaut19 (TX) Piscium, 111*, 126*, 187
54 Piscium, 188*
Pleione, see 28 Tauri
Polaris, 16, 215, 217, 224
Pollux, 10, 72, 163, 213
Procyon, 9, 80*, 215, 216–218, 218*, 219*,
239, 244, 259, 332
Procyon B, 92, 239, 259–260, 364
Proxima, see Proxima Centauri
Przybylski’s Star, 249*, 252–253
z Puppis, 74*, 88, 290, 294r Puppis, 236QX Puppis, see OH 231.8þ4.2Nova Puppis 1942, 318
R 136a1, 305
R 640, 285*
Regulus, 10, 264, 266
z1 Reticuli, 195z2 Reticuli, 195
380 Star index
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Rigel, 2, 9, 16, 271*
Rigil Kentaurus, see Alpha Centauri
a Scorpii, see Antaresb Scorpii, 271*d Scorpii, 274o1 Scorpii, 269*18 Scorpii, 195
22 Scorpii, 269*
U Scorpii, 335
V635 Scorpii, 112*
d Scuti, 235l Serpentis, 207*Sirius, 9, 25, 27, 72–73, 74*, 80*, 215–216,
241–242, 244*, 259, 332
Sirius B, 92, 242, 259–260, 364
orbit of, 261
Sk-69�202, 264, 367, 371Spica, 10, 264, 266, 276
Sun, 52*, 72*, 189*, 190*, 202*
flash spectrum of, 199*
Supernova 1979I, 369
Supernova 1987A, 264, 368*
a Tauri, see Aldebarang Tauri, 163, 165d1 Tauri, 163, 165, 165*, 180, 187ε Tauri, 163, 165Z Tauri, see Meropey1 Tauri, 163, 16517 Tauri, 274
19 Tauri, 80*
28 Tauri, 274
63 Tauri, 250, 251*
75 Tauri, 165
T Tauri, 182, 212, 254, 344, 349, 349*
RV Tauri, 211, 229, 235, 238
b Trianguli, 80*
2MASS J0036–1821, 134*
2MASS J0559–1404, 147*
2MASS J0746–2000, 134*
2MASS J1507–1627, 134*
2MASSs J0850359þ105716, 95*2MASSW J1146þ2230, 94*2MASSW J1239þ2029, 94*2MASSW J1632þ1904, 94*, 95*Tycho’s Star, 366, 369
a Ursae Majoris, 163, 173, 243b Ursae Majoris, 241ε Ursae Majoris, 252z Ursae Majoris, see MizarZ Ursae Majoris, 243, 26661 Ursae Majoris, 189*
a Ursae Minoris, see Polarisb Ursae Minoris, 163, 174*d Ursae Minoris, 217
VB 10, 115
Vega, 9, 73, 87*, 162, 215, 222*, 233, 241,
244*, 245*, 250, 269*
disk of, 256–257
g1 Velorum, 290g2 Velorum, 290AI Velorum, 236
a Virginis, see Spicag Virginis, 216y Virginis, 246*59 Virginis, 207*
78 Virginis, 252
W Virginis, 91, 211, 227, 229, 235
CS Virginis, see HR 5355
GW Virginis, 289
vMa 2, 285*
YM 29 nucleus, 365
Star index 381
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-89954-3 - Stars and Their Spectra: An Introduction to the Spectral Sequence Second EditionJames B. KalerIndexMore information
Subject index
A stars, 241–243
classification of, 246–247
rotations of, 250–251
spectra of, 243–247
AAVSO, see American Association of
Variable Star Observers
Abell 21, see YM 29
aberration of starlight, 171
absolute magnitudes, 17
absorption line profile, 52
absorption lines, 48
formation of, 48–50, 58–60
structure of, 51–53
accretion disk, 333
AGB, see asymptotic giant branch
age of Universe, 357
AI Velorum stars, 236
Algol paradox, 176–177
Alpha CV stars, see Ap stars
alpha particles, 43
alpha rays, 43
AM Herculis stars, see polars
Am stars, see metallic-line stars
American Association of Variable Star
Observers, 121
Andromeda myth, 8
Ångstrom unit, 15
angular momentum, 31
Ap stars, see magnetic peculiar A stars
apastron, 31
aphelion, 30, 31
apparent magnitude, 16
Argo, 8
associations, 27, see also OB associations
asteroids, 158, 255
asteroseismology, 208
astronomical unit, 12
asymptotic giant branch, 231, 354–355,
359–360
atomic number, 37
atomic weight, 37
atoms, 36–41
nuclei of, 36
Auriga, 186
aurora, 200, 204
auroral lines, 311
B stars, 264–266
classification of, 268–273
luminosity classes of, 271–273
masses of, 270
organization of, 266–268
rotations of, 274
B–V, see UBV system, color index
in carbon stars, 112
Baade, Walter, 370
Balmer continuum (limit), 47, 50, 83, 244,
310, 321–323
Balmer decrement, 312
Balmer series, 45, 47
effect of temperature on, 98–99
band head, 57
Bappu, V., 175
barium stars, 179, 332
Bayer, Johannes, 5
Be (B-emission) stars, 274–275
B[e] stars, 278
Beehive Cluster, see Praesepe
Bessell, Friedrich, 171
Beta Canis Majoris stars, see Beta Cephei
stars
Beta Cephei stars, 91, 275–276, 359
beta rays, 43
Big Dipper, 5, 6, 13, 16, 27, 163, 241, 243
383
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-89954-3 - Stars and Their Spectra: An Introduction to the Spectral Sequence Second EditionJames B. KalerIndexMore information
binary stars, 25–26
in classes L and T, 144–145, 153–157
in M dwarfs, 130
masses of, 32
BL Herculis stars, 91, 229
black hole(s), 333, 339–340, 375
at center of Galaxy, 21
blackbodies, 27–30
blackbody curves, see Planck curves
Blahzko effect, 233
blazed gratings, 63
blends, 56
blue loops, 358
blue sky, 284
blue stragglers, 366
bolometric correction, 19, 115, 117,
350, 352
bolometric magnitudes, 19, 115, 117
Bonner Durchmusterung, 10–11
bound–free radiation, 51
Bowen, I. S., 311
Bp stars, see Ap stars
Brackett series, 45, 47
in helium, 53, 293–294
brehmstrahlung, see free–free radiation
continuum
bright giants, 87
Bright Star Catalogue, 11
brown-dwarf desert, 145
brown dwarfs, 95, 127, 136–141,
see also L stars, T stars
limits to, 139–140
luminosities of, 153
and planets, 157–160
temperatures of, 140
buckminsterfullerenes, 314
Bunsen, Robert, 70
Ca II K line structure, 174
Calabash Nebula, 122, 123
Canis Major, 5, 215, 242
Canis Minor, 5
Cannon, Annie, 75
carbon atom, 37
carbon cycle, 220–221
carbon-14, 43
carbon stars, 75, 108–113, 124–125, 316,
321, 360
colors of, 112
dwarf variety of, see dwarf carbon stars
spectral class development of, 77–78,
84, 110
Carina, 216
Carina Nebula, 216, 276, 277, 304
Cassegrain spectrograph, 67, 68
Cas–Tau, 304
cataclysmic variables, 289, 318, 329–339
Cat’s Eye Nebula, see NGC 6543
CCD, see charge-coupled device
Centaurus, 27, 267
center of activity, 202
center of mass, 32
Cepheid variable stars, 91, 178, 211,
224–229, 359
CH stars, 179
Chandrasekhar, S., 263
Chandrasekhar limit, 263, 360
charge-coupled device, 17
chemical compositions/abundances
alteration of, 125–126
calculation of in stars, 60, 116,
247–249
of the Sun, 38–40, 192–193
chemical elements, 36–41
table of, 38–40
chemically peculiar (CP) stars, 223,
249–254, 273–275
chromosphere(s), 58, 174, 197–199
of M stars, 128
CIA bands, 147–148, 183
circumstellar disks, see accretion disk,
planetary disks
Clark, Alvan, 259
cluster variables, see RR Lyrae stars
clusters, 26–27, see also globular clusters,
open clusters
ages and evolution of, 356–357
CMD, see color–magnitude diagram
CN anomaly, 179
CN break, 168–169, 187
CN (CNO) cycle, see carbon cycle
Coalsack, 281
collimator, 65, 66
color, 18–19
color–color diagram, 100–102, 283
color excess, 283
color index, 18
along the spectral sequence, 97
color–magnitude diagram, 100–101
for globular clusters, 173, 231
384 Subject index
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for L and T stars, 152
for open clusters, 173
Coma Berenices cluster, 357
combination spectra, 337
comets, 158, 255
comparison spectra, 66–67
composite spectra, 337
conservation of angular momentum, 31
constellations, 5–8
constructive interference, 62–63
continuous spectra, 48, 50–51,
see also nebular continuum
convection, 205, 208
convective envelope, 208, 210, 221
Cordoba Durchmusterung, 11
corona(e), 197–201, 204
spectrum of, 200
of stars, 128
coronal mass ejection, 204
coronium, 200, 311
cosmic rays, 43, 344, 374
coudé spectrograph, 68
CP1 stars, see metallic-line stars
CP2 stars, see magnetic peculiar A stars
CP3 stars, see mercury–manganese stars
CP4 stars, see helium-weak stars
Crab Nebula, 372–375
spectrum of, 373
Crab pulsar, 372, 375
Crux, 22, 216, 264
Curtiss, R. H., 81–82
curve of growth, 248
CV stars, see cataclysmic variables
Cygnus, 5, 12, 22
diffuse nebulae in, 306
Cygnus Loop, 373–374
DA, DB white dwarfs, 260–261, 285–287
dark energy, 1
dark matter, 1
declination, 10
DEep Near Infrared Survey, 133
degeneracy, 138, 262–263
Delta Scuti stars, 91, 235–236, 359
destructive interference, 62–63
deuterium
in brown dwarfs, 140
differential rotation, 127, 200, 204
diffraction, 62–63
diffraction grating, 62–63
diffuse interstellar bands, 294–295, 314
diffuse nebulae, 59, 281, 304–310
distribution of, 267
diffusion of elements, 223, 251, 253, 274, 286
dispersion (of light)
by diffraction, 62–63
by refraction, 61–62
spectrographic, 64
distance modulus, 172
distance scale of Universe, 234, 369
Doppler effect, 60–61
double stars, see binary stars
double white dwarfs, 371
DOV stars, 289
Draper, Henry, 75
Draper sequence, see Harvard classes,
spectral sequence
Dumbbell Nebula, 318
dwarf carbon stars, 111, 179
dwarf novae, 329, 335–336
dwarf stars, see main sequence
dynamo theory, see solar dynamo
early AGB, 360
echelle spectrograph, 69
eclipsing binaries, 26, 114
among giants and supergiants, 175–178
Eddington limit, 276
effective temperature, 30
Egg Nebula, 362
electromagnetic force, 41
electromagnetic radiation, 13
electromagnetic spectrum, 13–16
electron shells, 41
electron temperature(s), 310, 320
electron volt, 46
electrons, 36
orbits of, 44–45
ellipse, 31
emission lines, 46–47, 50
formation of, 48–51
energy-level diagram, 45–46
Engagement Ring, 217
equivalent width, 248
Eridanus, 243
Eta Carinae, 216, 238, 276–279, 300
evolutionary tracks, 350, 354, 356, 364
extrasolar planets, 130–131, 212–214, 347,
350–351
imaged, 257–258
Subject index 385
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extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars, 129,
180–181, 193
extrinsic S stars, 112
F stars, 215–216
convection in, 221
dwarfs and giants among, 223
luminosity classes of, 217–219
nuclear reactions in, 220–221
rotations of, 221–223
spectra and classification of, 216–219
faculae, 184–185, 203
faint young Sun paradox, 353
false dawn, 256
fifth type, 73, see also Wolf–Rayet stars
fifty-three Persei stars, see slowly pulsating
B stars
filaments, 203
fine analysis, 248–249
first-magnitude stars, 9–10
fission, 43
FK Comae Berenices stars, 211
Flamsteed, John, 10
Atlas Coelestis of, 12
Flamsteed numbers, 10
flare stars, 91, 128–129, 205–206
in class L, 143–144
flash spectrum, 197, 199
Fleming, Williamina, 75
FLIERS, 319
Fm stars, see metallic–line stars
forbidden lines, 200, 278, 311–312
in the corona, 200
forces of nature, 41
Forty-seven Tucanae, 27, 226, 232
Fp stars, see Ap stars
Fraunhofer, Joseph von, 70
Fraunhofer lines, 70–72
free–bound radiation continuum, 51, 310
free–free radiation continuum, 51, 310
frequency of light, 13
FU Orionis stars, 212, 346
G stars, 184–185
activity on, 205–206
giants and subgiants of, 210–212
luminosity classification of, 186–187
mass loss from, 211
spectra and classification of, 185–187
supergiants of, 211
galaxies, 22
Galaxy, 20–22
age of, 356–357, 365
bulge of, 21, 180
chemical evolution of, 126, 179–181, 193,
321, 350, 360
halo of, 21, 267
magnetic field of, 284, 344
size of, 20–21, 234
galaxy evolution, 292, 312–313, 321
Gamma Doradus stars, 91, 236
gamma-ray bursts, 277, 370, 375
gamma rays, 15, 43
Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 252
gauss unit, 252
giant H II regions, 304
giant stars, 35, 85, 87
evolution of, 359–360
origin of, 353–355
globular clusters, 27, 33, 92, 230–235,
356–357
Gould, B. A., 266, 304
Gould Belt, 266–267, 304
granulation, 190, 196–197
gratings, 62
gravitational lensing, 212–213
gravity, 41
gravity darkening, 223
gravity waves, 372
Greek alphabet, 11
Grotrian diagram, see term diagram
ground state, 44
Gyllenberg, W., 86
h and Chi Persei, 357
H II regions, see diffuse nebulae
HAe/Be stars, see Herbig Ae/Be stars
half-life, 43
Halley’s Comet, 22
Haro, Guillermo, 345
Harvard classes, 73–81, see also spectral
sequence
original, 75–76
Hayashi, C., 138
HD numbers, 77
helium
atom, 37
discovery of, 191
energy-level diagram of, 54
flash, 358
386 Subject index
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fusion of, 358
spectrum of, 53, 293
helium-strong stars, 254, 270, 273
helium-weak stars, 254, 270, 273
Henry Draper Extension, 77
Henry Draper Memorial (Catalogue), 11,
77, 79
Herbig, George, 254, 345
Herbig Ae/Be stars, 254–255, 344, 348
Herbig–Haro objects, 345, 347, 349
Herschel, William, 146, 318, 319, 363
hertz, 13
Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 76, 85
Hertzsprung gap, 86, 223, 355
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, see HR
diagram
HH 30, 349
HH 34, 347
high-velocity stars, 25, 129
Hipparchus of Nicea, 16
Hipparcos numbers, 11
Hipparcos satellite, 171
homonuclear molecules, 58
Homunculus, 276–277
horizontal branch (HB), 229–235,
354–355, 358
hour circle, 8
HR diagram, 85–92
calibration of, 171–172
classic, 91
distribution of stars in, 92–93
historical, 86
for L and T stars, 152
HR numbers, 11
Hubble’s Variable Nebula, 348
Hubble–Sandage variables, 228, 238, 278, 300
Huggins, William, 73, 305, 311, 318, 363
Humphries–Davidson limit, 356, 359
Humphries series, 47
Hyades, 27, 163, 165, 171–173, 343, 357
hybrid stars, 211
hydrogen atom, 40
energy levels of, 45
spectrum of, 45–47
hydrostatic equilibrium, 208
hypergiant stars, 90, 276–279
hypernovae, 277, 375
IC 351, 66, 310, 320
IC 4997, 319, 320
Infrared Astronomical Satellite, see IRAS
infrared radiation, 15
discovery of, 146
instability strip, 91, 224, 354–355
origins of, 237–238
interference fringes, 62–63
interferometry, 113–114
intermediate polars, 336
International Ultraviolet Explorer, 272,
327
interstellar dust, 280–284
depletion of metals onto, 280, 314
effect on distances of, 280–283
interstellar extinction and reddening,
281–283, 312
interstellar lines, 313–316
interstellar medium, 267, 280–281,
313–316
interstellar polarization, 283–284
intrinsic S stars, 112
ionization potential, 46
ionization and temperature, 98
ions, 37, 41–42
IRAS, 256
IRCþ10 216, 125iron peak, 191, 193, 343
irregular variables, 118
isoelectronic sequence, 53
isotopes, 37, 42
isotopic wavelength shifts, 113
J stars, 113, 125
Jewel Box cluster, 27
Julian date, 236
K stars, 162–165
classification of, 164–169
luminosities of, 167–169
and the main sequence, 171–172
variation of, 175–178
Kappa Crucis, see Jewel Box
KBOs, see Kuiper Belt
Keenan, P. C., 84–85, 87
Kepler, Johannes, 30
Kepler’s laws, 30
as generalized by Newton, 31–32
Kids, 177, 186
Kirchhoff, Gustav, 52, 70
Kirchhoff’s laws, 50, 51–53
Kuiper, Gerard, 157
Subject index 387
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Kuiper Belt, 157, 255
Kumar, Shiv, 138
L stars, 93–95, 132–133, see also brown
dwarfs
binaries among, 144–145
chemistry of, 100, 135–136
colors of, 148–151
HR diagram for, 152
luminosities of, 135
numbers of, 136
rotation and variation of, 143–144
spectra of, 133–135
temperatures of, 135, 140, 148–151
Lagoon Nebula, 304
Lagrangian point, 332–333
Lambda Boötis stars, 254, 280, 314
Large Magellanic Cloud, 90, 137, 216, 225,
264, 301
lasers, see masers
Lb and Lc stars, 118
Leavitt, Henrietta, 224
Leo, 5
lifetimes of stars, 127, 172, 342
light, 13
speed of, 13
light echoes, 141
light-year, 13
limb-darkening, 184–185, 195–196
line blanketing, 116, 188
lithium, beryllium, and boron, 191
lithium depletion in stars, 141, 206–207, 223
Little Dipper, 5, 6, 163
Little Ice Age, 204
log L–log T plane, 100
long-period variables, see Mira variables
Lower-Centaurus–Crux association, 304
luminosity classes, 87–92
luminosity equation, 30
Luminous Blue Variables, 238, 276–279,
300, 359
lunar occultations, 114
Lyman series, 45, 47
Lyra, 12, 233
M 1, see Crab Nebula
M 3, 232, 234, 357
M 5, 231, 232
M 7, 105
M 8, see Lagoon Nebula
M 11, 357
M 13, 27, 232, 234
M 15, 230, 232
M 20, see Trifid Nebula
M 22, 232
M 27, see Dumbbell Nebula
M 31, 22, 25
M 32, 25
M 33, 228
M 41, 242, 357
M 42, see Orion Nebula
M 43, 291
M 44, see Praesepe
M 45, see Pleiades
M 51, 292
M 56, 233
M 57, see Ring Nebula in Lyra
M 63, 369
M 67, 357
M 80, 28
M 92, 234
M 101, 21, 24
M 104, 235
M stars, 104–105, see also red dwarfs
classification of, 77–78, 82, 105–108
colors of, 117
dimensions of, 113–115
dwarf sequence for, 109
dwarfs among, 126–129
luminosities of, 117
luminosity classification of, 107
magnetic fields in, 127–128
masses of, 117
spectra of, 105–108
temperatures of, 115–117
magnetic braking, 207, 222–223
magnetic field of Galaxy, 284, 344
magnetic peculiar A stars, 249, 251–254
magnetic white dwarfs, 288–289
magnitude equation, 17
magnitudes, 16–20
infrared, 132
main sequence 3, 34, 85, 87
ages, 206–207
fitting, 172, 234, 268
spectral sequence for, 83
masers, 122–123
mass loss, 121–125, 211, 298–302, 338–339
mass–luminosity relation, 34, 220, 342
mass transfer, 176–177, 333
388 Subject index
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Maunder minimum, 205
Maury, Antonia, 75
Maury classification system, 75–76
McNaught, Robert, 371
mercury–manganese stars, 254, 273
Merrill–Sanford bands, 112
Messier, Charles 21
metal-deficient stars, 180–181
metallic-line stars, 249–251, 332
classification of, 250
metastable states, 311
Michelson, A. A., 113
micron, 15
Milky Way, 20–22, 216, 265, 266–267, 317
diffuse nebula along, 267
dust in, 281
red supergiants along, 343
mineral clouds of L and T stars, 100,
135–136, 144, 151
Minkowski, R., 366
Mira variables, 91, 118–121, 178, 238, 316,
359–360
dust from, 122, 280
emission spectra of, 120
mass loss from, 121–125
MK classes, see luminosity classes
MK process, 92, 151, 287
MK system, 85–93
chemical variations in, 96
class in, 89
luminosity criteria for, 87, 90
MKK, see MK
molecular clouds, 281, 315–316
molecules, 43–44
spectra of, 56–58, 112
in the Sun, 191
Monoceros, 303
Monoceros OB1, OB2, 303–304
Morgan, Keenan, and Kellman, see MK
Morgan, W. W., 84–85, 87
moving cluster method, 171–172
MS stars, 112
multi-object spectrograph, 69
multiple stars, 26
multiplets, 56
N star class development, 77, 81, 84
Nakajima, T., 138
Nakano, T., 138
nanometer, 15
nebulae, 278–280, see also diffuse,
planetary, reflection nebulae
nebular continuum, 310
nebular lines, 311
nebular spectrum, 37, 307
analysis of, 312–313
formation of, 305–312
nebular stratification, 312, 321
nebulium, 311
negative hydrogen ion, 42, 195
negative luminosity effect, 107
neon novae, 333
neutrinos, 209–210
from supernovae, 371
neutron capture, 125, 181, 360, 370
neutron stars, 262–263, 339–340, 370,
372–375, see also pulsars
neutrons, 36
NGC 205, 25
NGC 752, 357
NGC 1501, 329–330
NGC 1647, 165
NGC 2074, 137
NGC 2244, 303
NGC 2264, 304
NGC 2362, 242, 357
NGC 2440, 310, 320–323
NGC 3603, 23, 268, 301
NGC 6543, 318, 363
NGC 6888, 298, 300
NGC 7000, see North America Nebula
NGC 7006, 234
NGC 7009, 310, 319
spectrum of, 47
NGC 7027, 324
non-DA desert, 287, 366
non-DA white dwarfs, 285–287, 365
non-radial pulsations, 235–236, 275
North America Nebula, 317
North Celestial Pole, 215, 217
Northern Cross, 22, see also Cygnus
nova(e), 317–318, 329–335
decay speeds of, 331
distance method for, 334–335
light curve of, 330
origins of, 332–334
remnants of, 334–335
spectra of, 331–332
types of, 331–332
nucleosynthesis, 193
Subject index 389
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O II energy-level diagram, 55
O VI stars, 329, 330
O-star classification and development,
77–78, 82, 293–297
O-star distribution, 267
O-star luminosities, 302
O stars, 290–293
OB associations, 27, 267, 302–304
naming of, 302
objective prism spectrograph, 68–69
oblique rotation, 253, 374
observational selection, 87
Of stars, 88, 294–296
in planetary nebulae, 326–327
OH 231.8þ4.2, 123OH 357.3–1.3, 124
OH/IR stars, 124–125
Omega Centauri, 27
Oort Cloud, 255
open clusters, 26–27, 223, 356–357
Ophiuchus, 8, 265
Orion, 2, 5, 8, 27, 104, 216, 259, 264, 267,
346
Belt of, 2, 16
Orion Bar, 291
Orion Molecular Cloud, 291, 309, 346,
see also Orion OB1
spectrum of, 315
Orion Nebula, 2, 26, 59, 278, 291, 304,
309, 346
protoplanetary disks in, 159
spectrum of, 307
Orion OB1, 302, 304
ozone layer, 15
P Cygni lines, 277–280, 298–299, 327
PAHs, see polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons
Palomar–Green survey of white dwarfs,
289
parallax, 11, 169–171
parsec, 13, 171
Paschen series, 45, 47
Payne–Gaposchkin, Cecilia, 96, 249
Pease, F. G., 113
perfect gas law, 208, 262
periastron, 31
perihelion, 30, 31
period–luminosity (P–L) relation, 224–229
calibration of, 227–229
periodic table, 191
Pfund series, 47
PG 1159 stars, 289, 329
phase space, 262
photoelectric photometer, 17
photoionization, 305–309
photon, 13
photosphere, 34, 184–185
photovisual magnitude, 18
Pickering, E. C., 73, 75
Pickering series, 53, 293–294
Planck, Max, 29
Planck curves, 29, 325
Planck’s constant, 14
planet formation, 157–159, 255, 347, 350
planetary disks, 255–258
planetary nebula nuclei (central stars), 318,
321, 323–329
classification of, 326–329
evolution of, 354–355
planetary nebulae, 47, 66, 125, 289,
318–329
distances of, 325–326, 335
electron temperatures of, 320
enrichment of, 321
formation and evolution of, 354–355,
360–365
spectra of, 66, 47, 320–324
structures of, 361
planetary transits, 212
planetesimals, 158, 255
planets, 157–159, see also extrasolar planets
Plaskett, J. S., 82
plasma, 309
Pleiades, 27, 173, 268, 274, 357
reflection nebula in, 268, 280
Plough, see Big Dipper
Pluto, 157
polarization of light, 252, 283–284, 288
polars, 336
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 314, 321
Population I, 21
age of, 33
chemical composition of, 33
Population II, 21
age of, 33
Cepheids, see W Virginis stars
chemical composition of, 33, 92, 179–180
positive luminosity effect, 107
positrons, 209
390 Subject index
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Praesepe, 27, 163, 166, 343, 357
precession, 10
prefixes, 88–89
prominences, 203
proper motion, 24
proton–proton chain, 208–209, 220
protons, 36
protoplanetary nebulae, 361
pulsars, 339–340, 372, 374–375,
see also neutron stars
purity, 64
quantitative classification, 169
quantum mechanics, 36, 44
R 136, 301, 305
R Coronae Borealis stars, 110, 238–239
R Lyrae, 233
R stars, 77–78, 84, 178–179
radial velocity, 24
radiation pressure, 237
radiative envelope, 208, 210
radiative recombination, see recombination
radio radiation, 15
radio recombination lines, 309
radio spectrograph, 69
radioactivity, 42–43
dating by, 43
rapidly rotating Ap stars, 252
rare earths, 39–40, 191, 219, 250
ratio of extinction to color excess, 283
Rayet, Georges, 296
recombination, 51, 307–309
recurrent novae, 329, 333, 335, 371
red dwarfs, 104, 126–129
spectral sequence for, 109
red-giant branch (RGB), 234, 355
red-giant clump, 354–355, 358
red supergiants, 104
distribution of, 343
reflection nebulae, 268, 280–281
refraction, 61–62
resonance lines, 59
in brown dwarfs and L stars, 93–94, 133
in T stars, 147
reversing layer, 58, 197
Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud, 265, 345
right ascension, 8
Ring Nebula in Lyra, 233, 318
ring nebulae, 299, 300
RoAp stars, see rapidly rotating Ap stars
Roche lobe, 332–333
Rosette Nebula, 303–304, 309
rotation, see stellar rotation
rotation break, 222
rotational states of molecules, 56
rough analysis, 248
r-process, see neutron capture
RR Lyrae gap, 231–232
RR Lyrae stars, 91, 227, 229–235, 359
RS Canum Venaticorum stars, 211, 250,
332
Rufus, W. C., 81–82
Russell, Henry Norris, 85
RV Tauri stars, 91, 211, 229, 235, 238
S Doradus stars, see hypergiant stars
S stars, 78, 81, 112–113, 179, 360
saturation, 248
Saturn Nebula, see NGC 7009
SC stars, 112
scattering of light, 280
Sco OB2, 304
Scorpius, 5, 27, 104–105, 264–267
Scorpius–Centaurus association, see Sco
OB2
sdB stars, see subdwarf O and B stars
sdO stars, 326, see also subdwarf O and
B stars
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,
214, 257
Secchi, Father Angelo, 72–73, 163
Secchi types, 72–73
second parameter problem, 233–234
seeing, 113, 187
self-absorption, 50, 175
semi-forbidden lines, 337
semi-regular variables, 118, 120
Serpens and Ophiuchus, 8
SETI, see Search for Extraterrestrial
Intelligence
Seven Sisters, see Pleiades
Shane, C. D., 84
shell stars, 274–275
Shelton, Ian, 371
slit spectrograph, 64
Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 133
slowly pulsating B stars, 91, 276
Small Magellanic Cloud, 22, 216, 224, 226
solar activity, 201–205
Subject index 391
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solar analogues, 195
solar core, 208–210
solar cycle, 202, 204–206
solar dynamo, 200, 205
solar eclipse, 197, 199
solar evolution, 351–353
solar flares, 128, 201, 203–204
solar magnetic cycle, see solar cycle
solar opacity, 195
solar spectrum, 187–192
Solar System, 157
age of, 34
solar wind, 200, 255
Southern Cross, see Crux
space velocity, 24
SPB stars, see slowly pulsating B stars
speckle interferometry, 114, 187
spectral nomenclature, 53–56
spectral sequence, 74, 80–81, 83
color indices along, 97
decimalization of, 76
ionization along, 98
for main sequence stars, 83
original Harvard, 74–76
physical basis of, 96–100
population of classes in, 92–93, 136
temperatures along, 97
spectrograph, 64–69
dispersion of, 64
spectroheliogram, 197
spectrometer, 69
spectroscope, 66
spectroscopic binaries, 26, 175, 177
spectroscopic distances, 172–173
spicules, 198
s-process, see neutron capture
SRa, SRb, and SRc stars, see semi-regular
variables
SRd stars, see yellow hypergiants
SS Cygni stars, see dwarf novae
star formation, 136–137, 157, 255,
344–350, 374
stars
activity on, 205–206
ages of, 141, 206–207
chemical compositions of, 59–60
chromosphere of, 197–198
clusters of, 26–27
color indices of, 97
colors of, 18–19, 117
compositions of, 32–33, 247–249
convection in, 34
coordinates of, 8–10
corona of, 197–199
defined, 3
dimensions of, 113–115
distances of, 11–13, 169–174, 281–283
end products of, 375
evolution of, 34–35, 341–344
first magnitude, 9–10
HR diagram for, 85–93
lifetimes of, 127, 172, 342
luminosities of, 34, 117, 220, 342
masses of, 3, 30–32, 117, 126, 290
motions of, 22–25
names of, 5, 9
rotations of, see stellar rotation
structures of, 33–34
temperatures of, 27–30, 97, 115–117
winds from, 121–122, 211
statistical parallaxes, 227–229
Stefan–Boltzmann law, 30
stellar atmosphere, see photosphere
stellar core, 33
stellar envelope, 33–34
stellar evolution, 34–35, 341–344
stellar rotation, 127–128, 143–144, 205,
221–223, 250–251, 274
oblique, 253, 374
synchronous, 211, 332
stimulated emission, 123
Strömgren, Bengt, 309
Strömgren sphere, 309, 323
strong (nuclear) force, 41
subdwarf O and B stars, 92, 302, 326
subdwarfs, 89–90, 92, 129–130, 182, 219,
356–357
of class L, 136
subgiant stars, 87, 181, 353
subordinate lines, 59
suffixes, 88–89
Sun, 4, 184–185, 193–194
activity of, 201–205
chemical composition of, 192–193
chromosphere of, 58, 197–199
convective envelope of, 208
core of, 209–210
corona of, 197–201
elements in, 191–192
evolution of, 351–353
392 Subject index
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flares on, 128, 201, 203–204
Fraunhofer lines in, 71–72
granulation on, 190, 196–197
interior of, 208–210
magnetic cycle of 202, 204–206
magnetic field of, 200
photosphere of, 184–185, 194
properties of, 3, 9, 193–194
radiative envelope of, 208
rotation of, 127, 200, 204
spectrum of, 52, 72, 187–192
structure of, 33
sunspot cycle, see solar cycle
sunspots, 184–185, 196, 201–202
superbubbles, 304
supergiant stars, 35, 85, 87, 104, 126, 356
supergiant variable stars, 118
super-metal-rich stars, 180
Supernova 1987A, 264, 366–368
supernova remnants (SNRs), 373–374
supernovae, 35, 293, 340, 366–372
origins of, 370–371
spectra of, 366, 368
of Type Ia, 335, 355, 366, 368–369,
371–372
of Types Ibc, II, 366, 370
of Type II, 366–371
symbiotic stars, 337–339
synchrotron mechanism (radiation), 374
T associations, 182
T stars, 93–95, see also brown dwarfs
binaries among, 153–157
chemistry of, 100
colors and temperatures of, 148–152
HR diagram for, 152
spectra of, 146–149
T Tauri stars, 182, 212, 254–255, 344–350
Tarantula Nebula, see Thirty Doradus
Taurus, 163–164
technetium, 43
in stars, 125–126, 253, 360
temperature(s)
differences between giants and dwarfs, 99
and ionization level, 98
of L and T stars, 135, 148–151
of stars, 78, 97
term diagram, 54–55
terminal velocity, 280, 298
terms, 54–55
thermal pulse, 360
thermal pulsing (TP) AGB, 360
thermonuclear fusion, 33, see also
proton–proton chain, CN cycle
Thirty Doradus, 301, 304–305, 366–367
three-alpha process, 358
tides, 332
Tololo classes, 331–332
Tr 14, 277
transverse velocity, 24
Trapezium, 26, 291, 304, see also y1 OrionisTrifid Nebula, 304
turbulence, 219
twenty-one centimeter line, 59, 314–315
twenty-two hundred bump, 282
two-quantum continuum (mechanism),
310, 321–322
Two-Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS),
93, 133
Type Ia supernovae, 335, 366, 368, 369,
371–372
Type Ibc supernovae, 366, 370–371
Type II supernovae, 366–371
U Geminorum stars, see dwarf novae
U–B, see UBV system, color index
UBV system, 19
color–color diagram in, 100, 102
UBVRI system, 19
ultraviolet, 15
Upper-Centaurus–Lupus association, 304
Upper-Scorpius association, 304
uranium-238, 42
Uranometria, 5
Ursa Major, 5, 6
Ursa Major open cluster, 27, 241–242, 243
Ursa Minor, 5, 7
UV Ceti stars, see flare stars
valence electrons, 41
Variable Star Section of the BAA, 121
variable stars, 19–20
names of, 20
Vega-type stars, 257
Vela supernova remnant, 290
Vernal Equinox, 8
vibrational states, 56
visual binaries, 25
visual radiation, 14–15
Vulpecula, 12
Subject index 393
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W Virginis stars, 91, 211, 227, 229, 235
wavelength of light, 13
WC stars, see Wolf–Rayet stars
weak force, 41
Whirlpool Galaxy, see M 51
white-dwarf limit, see Chandrasekhar limit
white dwarfs, 35, 89–92, 96, 138, 182–183,
236, 239–240, 246–247, 258–263,
265–266, 284–289
compositions and classes of, 260–261,
284–287
degeneracy in, 262–263
in dwarf novae, 335–336
magnetic, 288–289
in novae, 332–334
origins and development of, 324,
363–366
in recurrent novae, 335
spectra of, 284–285
as supernova progenitors, 371–372
in symbiotic stars, 337–338
as variable stars, 91, 236–237, 289
Wien law, 27
wiggly lines, 190
Wilson, O. C., 175
Wilson–Bappu effect, 174–175, 186
wind-blown bubbles, 299
Winter Triangle, 216
WN stars, see Wolf–Rayet stars
WO stars, see Wolf–Rayet stars
Wolf, Charles, 296
Wolf–Rayet stars, 81–82, 110, 290, 370
of planetary nebulae, 329–330
spectra, kinds, and classes of, 296–298
supernovae from, 371
Wollaston, William, 70
X-ray bursters, 333, 340
X-ray stars, 333
X-rays, 15
Y stars, 93, 95, 100, 160–161
yellow hypergiants, 91, 178, 185, 211–212,
215, 223, 359
YHG stars, see yellow hypergiants
YM 29, 365
Z Andromedae stars, see symbiotic stars
Z Camelopardalis stars, see dwarf novae
ZAMS, see zero–age main sequence
Zanstra, Hermann, 305, 324
Zanstra mechanism, 305–310, 324–326
Zanstra temperatures, 324–326
Zeeman effect, 202, 252
zero-age main sequence, 348, 350
Zodiac, 5, 8
zodiacal light, 22, 256
zone of avoidance, 267, 281
Zwicky, Fritz, 370
ZZ Ceti stars, 289
394 Subject index
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