standards for biodiesel astm d 6751-02
TRANSCRIPT
STANDARDS FOR BIODIESEL ASTM D 6751-02
Property Limits Units
Flash point, closed cup 130 min ° C
Kinematic viscosity, 40 ° C 1.9 – 6.0 mm2/s
Sulfated ash 0.020 max wt. %
Total Sulfur 0.05 max wt. %
Cetane number 47 min
Carbon residue 0.050 max wt. %
Total glycerin 0.240 wt. %
What are fuels??...• Fuel - material that is burned or altered to
obtain energy.
• Fuel releases its energy through a
chemical reaction means, such as
combustion .
Types of fuel....1. Non-renewable .
Cannot be produced, re-grown, regenerated, or reused . e.g... petrol, diesel, gasoline etc..
2. Renewable. Can be produced, re-grown, regenerated, or reused . e.g... Bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas etc…
What is Biodiesel?• Alternative fuel for diesel engines• Made from vegetable oil or animal fat.• Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.• Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters
produced usually from triglyceride esters by transesterification.
Fatty AcidAlcoholGlycerin
Vegetable Oil
BiodieselFA
FAFA
FA
Biodiesel can be used in existing Diesel Engines
• Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel (B20, BXX).
• Little or no engine modifications • Use existing fuel distribution network.• Available now
Environmental Issues…..• Burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric levels of carbon
dioxide.• Biodiesel – maintain the present CO2 level. Biodiesel’s Closed
Carbon Cycle
30% Increase
Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Total Unburned HCs
CO
Particulate Matter
**NOx
Sulfates
PAHs
n-PAHs
Mutagenicity
CO2
Percent
B100 **B20Diesel
Manufacturing of Bio Diesel….
1. Collection of J. seeds.
2. Crushing & grinding of seeds.
3. Tranesterification of oil.
4. Purification.
Methanol
Catalyst Raw material (seed)
Oil press Raw oil Transesterification reactor
By product meal
Phase separator
Esters layer Wash and separate
( biodiesel)
(Glycerin layer )
By product
Manufacturing flow chart….
Explorer or oil press.
Transesterification of oil…..
• Transesterification is the general term used to describethe important class of organic reactions where an ester is transformed into another through interchange of the alkoxy moiety.
Simple transesterification reaction
CCH3 + ROH
CH3 CH2O
O
C
RO
O
CH3 + CH3CH2OH
Ester + alcohol Different Ester + Different alcohol
Needs of transesterification
• High viscosity .• Poor volatility .• Polymerization in combustion chamber
leading to deposit. • Fuel line and filter clogging .
Jatrpha curcas oil has:
The easiest way to make it fuel grade is the transesterification process.
Advantages from transesterification
• Bio-diesel is non toxic and biodegradable • It reduces the emission of harmful pollutants from diesel
engine (80% less CO2 and 100% less sulpher dioxide) • It has a high cetane number than diesel. Cetane number
is a measure of fuels ignition quality. The high cetane number of bio-diesel contributes to easy cold starting and low idle noise.
• It increases the life of diesel engine as it is more lubricating
• Bio-diesel replaces the exhaust order of engine with a more pleasant smell.
Chemistry of Triglycerides• Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride(oil)
with a alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…). • What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of glycerol
and three fatty acids:
TransesterificationWhile actually a multi-step process, the overall reaction
looks like this:
CH2OOR1 catalyst CH2OH| |CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH 3CH3OORx + CHOH| |CH2OOR3 CH2OHTriglyceride 3 Methanols Biodiesel Glycerin
R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the same), and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved determine the final properties of the biodiesel (cetane number, cold flow properties, etc.)
Transesterification Reactor
Settling Tank
Production method…..1. First dissolve the Catalyst(KOH) into the methanol.
Shake or swirl until all has dissolved.
2. This may take 10 minutes. This mixture is called sodium methoxide or potassium methoxide.
3. Take the Jatropha Oil in a large vessel and heat it to about 60 °C.
4. The alcohol/catalyst mix is then charged into a closed reaction vessel and the biolipid (vegetable oil) is added. The system from here on is totally closed to the atmosphere to prevent the loss of alcohol.
5. Leave the vessel and let the different constituents separate by Sedimentation.
6. After 8 to 24 hours the sedimentation is complete and the glycerine can be drained off at the bottom; what remains is biodiesel.
Biodiesel Samples
JATROPHA The wonder oil bearing tree!
• Jatropha curcas belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae.
• Can grow almost anywhere even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils.
J. seeds
J. fruits
Uses of Jatropha curcas
• Jatropha oil as an alternative to diesel • Jatropha: As a fence• Jatropha oil: As raw material for
industrial use.• Jatropha: Potential as medicinal plant .• Jatropha- For enrichment of soil .