standardized fire station design: exploring the possibilities
TRANSCRIPT
Standardized Fire Station Design 1
Running Head: Standardized Fire Station Design
Standardized Fire Station Design: Exploring the Possibilities
Cedric D. Scott
Savannah Fire & Emergency Services, Savannah, Georgia
Standardized Fire Station Design 2
CERTIFICATION STATEMENT
I hereby certify that this paper constitutes my own product, that where the language of others is
set forth, quotation marks so indicate, and that appropriate credit is given where I have used the
language, ideas, expressions, or writings of another.
Signed: __________________________________
Standardized Fire Station Design 3
Abstract
The problem was that Savannah Fire and Emergency Services did not possess the information
necessary to develop an official position on standardized fire station design, which had resulted
in the bureau not being prepared to properly plan for financing and constructing new fire
stations. The purpose of this research paper was to identify a standardized informational
framework in which decisions can be made and positions can be presented to address the
construction of fire stations in the coming years.
The descriptive research method was used to answer the following questions: a) what is the
meaning of standardized fire station design? , b) What is the cost savings associated with
standardized building design? , c) What is the impact of using green technology in building
construction? , d) How does the implementation of a standardized design philosophy affect the
various communities in which the building will be built?
This research project included a survey and interviews with professional engineers, which
resulted in an interesting conclusion, which is that a standardized fire station design does not
necessarily mean strict duplication in every project.
The research project produced numerous recommendations which included: Implementing a
standardized fire station design philosophy as the means for building new fire stations,
considering the implementation of Green Technology as a standard in fire station construction
and the importance of the need to review and evaluate each community or neighborhood to
assure that the fire station’s exterior fits into the area appropriately.
Standardized Fire Station Design 4
Table of Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………. 3
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….. 4
Introduction………………………………………………………………………... 5
Background and Significance……………………………………………………… 6
Literature Review…………………………………………………………………...8
Procedures………………………………………………………………………….. 17
Results……………………………………………………………………………… 19
Discussion………………………………………………………………………….. 22
Recommendations………………………………………………………………….. 26
Reference List……………………………………………………………………… 30
Appendices
Appendix A………………………………………………………………………… 33
Appendix B………………………………………………………………………… 39
Appendix C………………………………………………………………………… 44
Standardized Fire Station Design 5
Introduction
In an era of increasing cost with fixed budgets and numerous financial restraints, fire
departments are seeking creative alternatives to address the need to expand services, especially
the need to build new fire stations. One such alternative plan is the implementation of a
standardized design philosophy.
Fire Stations are often called, “fire houses” a term likely used because of the time that fire
fighters spend at work and the family like atmosphere present in these revered buildings of
community prominence. The building that fire fighters work in is critical to the organization as a
whole and the stress level is often high. In fact, the profession was recently named the 2nd most
stressful job of 2012. The article goes on to say that whether firefighters are going into structures
on fire or headed to incidents of great severity, they place themselves in great danger attempting
to rescue people in need (Brienza,2011). Consequently, station designs have to be approached
carefully and thoughtfully so as not to add stress by having them in a building that doesn’t work.
The problem is that Savannah Fire and Emergency Services does not possess the information
necessary to develop an official position on standardized fire station design, which has resulted
in the bureau not being prepared to properly plan for financing and constructing new fire
stations. The purpose of this research paper is to identify a standardized informational framework
in which decisions can be made and positions can be presented to address the construction of fire
stations in the coming years.
The descriptive research method will be used to answer the following questions: a) what is the
meaning of standardized fire station design? , b) What is the cost savings associated with
standardized building design? , c) What is the impact of using green technology in building
Standardized Fire Station Design 6
construction? , d) How does the implementation of a standardized design philosophy affect the
various communities in which the building will be built? This research project includes a survey
and interviews with professional engineers.
Background and Significance
Savannah’s fire district spans 103 square miles and is composed of a growing population of
136,000 residents. The Fire Bureau has 330 personnel operating out of 15 fire stations. Savannah
is the county seat of Chatham County and continues to grow by leaps and bounds; in fact
Savannah has annexed a significant amount of county land over the past 20 years. This continued
growth has presented the fire bureau with the challenge of building more fire stations to keep
pace with the number of people who are moving to the newly annexed areas. Numerous housing
sub-divisions are being erected and a new high school is scheduled to open this fall. The closest
fire station to the new high school is 10 miles away. The Fire Chief is projecting that at least five
new fire stations will be required to meet the fire service demands of Savannah’s future.
Consequently, in the current financial environment the City will find it tough to address this most
important public safety capital need.
Finding an effective way of expanding the Fire Bureau’s network of fire stations will
undoubtedly assist in reducing the loss of life to citizens and firefighters by providing an
opportunity for a quicker response. The mere fact that the organization is planning for the future
shows a sincere desire to respond appropriately in a timely manner to emerging issues, which is a
direct connection to the United States Fire Administrations Operational Objectives (FEMA,
2008).
Standardized Fire Station Design 7
Since the beginning of the Nations financial woes, the author has been exposed to conversations
involving questions about whether or not a standardized fire station design would save money
and be more economical. After all, standardized designs have been used in other areas
throughout the community such as, restaurants, gas stations, and banks. Perhaps the private
sector has looked upon standardized design as a significant marketing tool for their business or
even as a means of assisting in the training of their employees. Whatever the reason for the
private sectors fixation with a standardized design philosophy, the author believes that the
conversation should be explored and vetted in the context of an applied research project, so that
all questions can be answered and the feasibility, if any, can be revealed.
As stated in the Executive Leadership (EL) Student Manual, the goal of the class was to grow the
aptitude of the students to understand and deploy the critical methods and relationship building
proficiencies exercised by those who are successful in positions of top level leadership. This goal
is derived out of the Adaptive Leadership framework which recognizes two important pieces:
analysis followed by immediately moving toward a goal (SM 1-7).
The goal of the class is in direct relation to the purpose of this project in that the issue of building
new fire stations will require a complete analysis of all the issues surrounding such a
monumental undertaking. This is an important area to research, review, and report on because
the results may have a direct impact on the future construction plans of the Fire Bureau. This
project displays an exact resemblance of a process that will surely mean an exhaustive process of
analysis. An analysis of all the information available so that recommendations and strategic plans
can be created and a course can be charted to build and place into service 5 new fire stations.
Also, clearly revealed from the goal of the EL class is the opportunity for action and moving
forward with future plans which will require action. Action from the standpoint of moving the
Standardized Fire Station Design 8
fire bureau forward in a manner that will allow for a comprehensive knowledge base that will
determine if a standardized fire station design is a worthwhile venture; one that will save money
as well as get the stations built without breaking the city – wide budget; and wreaking havoc on
the fire bureau’s budget in the process.
Literature Review
A fully involved structure fire quite often creates an image in one’s psyche of a courageous
group of people attempting to extinguish the blaze. Though this is probably true, the profession
has only been around for a short time. Its beginning traces itself back to the first monetarily
compensated fire organization in the mid-1850s in Cincinnati. However, being a firsthand
observer of the devastating fires in Boston during his childhood and after the horrific blazes in
Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin began to assemble fire brigades to be ready to respond to blazes
all over the City in various neighborhoods. Each of the brigades used their own money to acquire
their tools and other necessary items and also placed them in strategic locations around the City
(Swichtenberg, 2003).
Erecting structures is a very old practice that goes back to the distant past of humans. The
practice started out as a means to create an atmosphere that was more temperate and tolerable
during the different seasons of the year. The erection of structures allowed people to exist in a
multiplicity of types of weather which allowed for people to be universal in their thoughts and
ideas. In the early era of the formation and design of shelters the structure itself probably only
lasted for a short time. The components were unpreserved and consisted of foliage, limbs, and
the skins of animals. Eventually, more sturdy products were used such as wood, masonry, steel,
and also other types of synthetic substances. The construction industry these days is rooted in
Standardized Fire Station Design 9
structures that are higher and extend great distances; this is mainly due to the creation of more
physically powerful products and the information that’s been gathered surrounding the
characteristics of certain materials and how they react to weight and other stressors. Overall, the
construction of buildings and structures has become a very multifaceted process. Consequently,
the building has to be designed, a process that calls for skilled technicians to produce a lay out
that is usable and able to accommodate the growing need to control the environment of the
structures ability to provide warmth and cooling, as well as regulate its reliance on energy. The
structure has to meet various implementations that are in place for the protection of those who
will inhabit or visit the building (Chang & Swenson, 2012).
Those who study structural design from an academic stand-point have recognized for quite some
time the strong visual impression of standardized design and construction processes on the
United States suburban scenery in the after war environment. The large number of housing
developments that have been constructed with an indistinguishable facade and obvious
uniformity gives credence to efficiency and standardized design. This can only be described as
an incredible degree of sameness that has permeated the countryside. During the 1900’s the U.S.
Army wholeheartedly implemented a standardized design philosophy, consequently creating the
general consensus that they were experts on the subject. The United States Treasury Department
implemented a standardized design plan as well; they mainly concentrated on structures that
were non-service related. The main emphasis for the Treasury was based on limiting prices, not
because funding was scarce but because there was an abundance of money. In clear dissimilarity,
the Army was concerned with price because of a lack of funding; consequently, standardization
was an approach to extend the funding they possessed. Even though the Army is frequently
linked to standardization and strict organization, which contributed to them obtaining great
Standardized Fire Station Design 10
achievement in its armaments, clothing, and apparatus, they were unable to repeat that level of
achievement in standardizing its structural design process. One reason that contributed to their
failure was the disapproval from public servants and those living in the structures; mainly
complaining of the structures being poorly planned and laid-out. Another issue that derailed the
success of standardization was the importance of involving Architects and the ability to make
materials readily available in various areas thus opening the door for changes in construction
(Hoagland, 1998).
New Jersey Governor Chris Christie is proposing that the State adopt a standardized school
design policy. This proposal is receiving a failing grade from designers throughout the state.
However, the Governor hopes that the plan will produce the following: certainty of approval, less
evaluation time, reduction of change orders, few errors, better observance to development
timetables and overall development effectiveness. The plan to implement standardization
involves three parts; meeting with different organizations to build a model for each development,
create a model that has common parts and pieces that can be placed in various locations, creating
the design so that it can be readily deployed. The architects argue that they will lose money
because their services would only be needed once, when they would usually be called upon
multiple times. Architects also are concerned that they will expose themselves from a legal
standpoint in that, since they designed the structure they may be legally responsible down the
road when the design will be used on another site. The school system is hopeful that
standardization will work in different neighborhoods and not place an extra load on those who
pay taxes. The practicability of a standardized design will have to be evaluated to determine if
the direction is effective (Lee, 2011).
Standardized Fire Station Design 11
Bailer (2010) stated that “A fire station is more than a house with a big garage – as anyone who has
experienced the travails of funding, designing and constructing a new one (or remodeling an old
one) can attest” (p. 107).
With Municipalities encountering losses in revenues and extremely reduced finances, the
responsibility has been placed on architects and designers to design buildings that can be usable
in this era tight finances. This approach challenges the architectural field to develop proposals
and answers that identify the necessity for alternative plans and designs that can be completed
for a reduced cost. Designs that can be replicated numerous times will unavoidably become an
entry into the discussion because of its overwhelming ability to save money. Instead of avoiding
the discussion it should be accepted, because municipalities will react in a favorable manner to
company’s who can produce options that can assist them in meeting the financial difficulties they
are encountering (Anonymous, 2011).
The choice of a vendor (contractor and subcontractor) has a strong effect on a structural venture.
There are numerous methods for granting building and construction contracts, but the top method
deployed is the low-bid system. The name of this system can be misleading because there is no
surety that at the end of the project the customer will be achieving a project that resulted in the
selection of the most affordable contractor. To assure that a customer has accepted the best bid
and price. The customer must review all pauses in construction, request for payments, and assure
that the builder will provide assurances after the project is completed. There are seven areas that
account for the disparity between the bid price and the final cost, they are: change orders, level
of scope definition, bid process, contract risks, market conditions, risk management and
performance issues. When beginning a project it is also important to review benchmarks from
the construction field, seek out expert views that provide explanations for variations between
Standardized Fire Station Design 12
proposal cost and concluding cost, enumerate the price impact connected with the ending cost
determining reasons under alternative project circumstances and where possible develop generic
models using the impact levels of these circumstances in assessing the likely final cost of
improving, specifically, the low bid award procurement process (Nutakor, 2007).
Connor, Clark, Damiano, Vincent and Kulkarni (2009) stated the following:
Why don’t we all have custom-made cars and clothes? A good reason is because it would
be incredible expensive. So, why hasn’t the industry been more successful in applying
that lesson to capital projects? In fact, many organizations have attempted to build
duplicate plants, striving to achieve significant cost and schedule savings by building
from existing drawings. But, for many reasons, it never seems to work (p.47).
The United Kingdom’s Scape Framework plan with the Willmott Dixon Group, a large
construction company, is very much out of the ordinary. Scape provides an environment where
government agencies reduce time and cost on developments up to 38 million dollars in cost by
conducting business directly with Willmott Dixon. Conducting business in this manner reduces
purchasing time, misuse of money, and replication, thereby decreasing completion time. Since
the inception of this framework all ventures have been completed by the expected due date and
within the expected budget. The Framework belongs to six neighboring authorities which are
community based (Willmott Dixon Group, 2010).
The Willmott Dixon Group is putting together a group of school blueprints that can be replicated
in school construction throughout the nationwide Scape framework in the United Kingdom. They
are of the belief that by selecting from a list of plans that are of standard design it will decrease
fees by 30 per cent for the construction of schools for years to come (Anonymous, 2011).
Standardized Fire Station Design 13
Interestingly, Mason (2000) wrote that, “Architects are under fire from a new DTI consultation
paper that says they often “over-engineer” buildings and recommends design standardization as
the best way forward for the construction sector” (p.6). There is also the benefit of safety during
the building phase and there are many desirable qualities of repetition in design such as
production of essential parts occurring through computerization in a production plant
consequently, resulting in cost savings from reduced injuries and loss time (Mason, 2000).
Over the past 20 years, the use of precast systems, slender masonry closely arranged featuring
panelized steel-stud frames, have been introduced into the discussion of standardization for many
advantages including the longevity of the products, quicker completion times, reliability in
design, unrestricted choices in shape, unlimited paint selection, a variety in choice of surface,
less mass, seamless production process and more affordable (Anonymous, 2010).
Green Technology as a standard in building construction has been adopted by the company Pizza
Fusion, a south Florida based pizzeria that has 70 franchises nationwide. The company intends to
lead the way as a restaurant and be the first green restaurant in the region. Their restaurants are
designed to decrease the act of wasting water by 40 percent and power usage by 20 percent
yearly. To further demonstrate their intent to be a leader in this area they utilize hybrid
automobiles for their deliveries (Satchell, 2008).
Green Technology has as its top promoter of information, the U.S. Green Building Council who
created the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) process for listing a
buildings adherence to its strict standards such as, design methods, and power consumption
(Hilliard, 2004). The Chicago Center for Green Technology is among the tops in local
governmental buildings in that they are the first to be given the Platinum LEED Rating for
Standardized Fire Station Design 14
achieving in the areas of water, power, environment, and creativity in blueprint creation
(Anonymous, 2004).
Wilmoth (2007) said that, “Municipalities across the nation are requesting green options for new
construction (p. 1). In fact, One California city has adopted a green design stance that calls for
buildings over 5,000 square feet to achieve the LEED Silver Standard. The city is San Diego;
and its local legislators have put in place a course of action that will necessitate that 10% of its
buildings power be self-produced from environmentally friendly sources. Fire Stations in
Cincinnati and Roanoke, Virginia have adopted the LEED certified building philosophy in their
new fire stations. Green Technology in the field of fire organizations is of grave importance,
therefore the fire service has to continue to question themselves in the arena of green technology,
and understand that concentrating on products that can be reused is not enough (Wilmoth, 2007).
Angelo (2004) stated the following:
Owners and construction team members concerned about high energy consumption, high
operating and maintenance costs, mold and sick building syndrome and environmental
degradation on projects are starting to embrace green building programs as a smart way
to address their problems (p. 32).
Orlando, Florida based Darden’s Restaurants has initiated a sustainability program that will
affect 8 of its restaurants including its most admired trade names, Olive Garden, Red Lobster,
and Longhorn Steakhouse. The goal is to construct them in a manner that lends itself to green
technology in the areas of design and process. The pieces of the plan are rooted in the intent to
use reprocessed construction products, boost the consumption of daylight, using tools that use
less power, and retrieved water. The process also strives toward replacing bulbs to ones that that
Standardized Fire Station Design 15
operate more efficiently, installing more energy efficient appliances, such as dishwashers,
assuring that the temperature ranges are the same at all restaurants, and repairing water leaks in
all preexisting stores (Greener Buildings Staff, 2010). Beal (2008) said that, “The fire engines
are still red, but the buildings that house them are going green (p. 1). The Municipal legislators
of Tucson charged the City Government with the task of achieving the Silver Certification, and
they achieved it with the design completion of the new Fire house. The fire station features
isolating materials to help regulate the temperature, layered boards attached to foam, windows
consisting of two layers, walls consisting of reused metal and reusable wood. The building also
has a tremendously sizable roof and parts that drape over the sides, adding to the history of the
thought that if you’re in the desert you should be wearing something on your head. Though there
is a larger upfront cost they believe the investment will pay off in big ways (Beal, 2008).
Stranzl (2004) said that, “Firefighters are like one big family, so they make friends with
firefighters in other cities and visit their fire stations and see all the old, beautiful fire houses …
(p. 1). The City of Eugene, Oregon began with its first effort toward Green Technology in the
City’s Fire Station 1, which gives firefighters an up to date sustainable living space while
maintaining its history back to the 1800’s. The results were today’s designs mixed with the ideas
from the past. This approach met the needs of those pushing for a show place, and those wishing
for a more standardized contemporary green appeal, as well as the fire fighters who desired a
station like the ones from the early days (Stranzl, 2004).
Carter (2008) said that, “When fire stations are properly located and built, the public will often
see their service delivery dollars in action. Where stations are built and how well they are
designed can have long term consequences for the community (p. 1). In fact, the fire service has
Standardized Fire Station Design 16
endeavored through the past to guarantee that neighborhood fire houses are appropriate for the
area they reside (Wilmoth, 2007).
McDonald’s is encountering a few problems attempting to place one of its restaurants in
downtown Savannah, Georgia. Those resisting the development point toward a number of issues
including awful cooking, and increased rubbish; with the prevailing issue being its traditional
structural design. After all, Savannah is known for its historic residences that feature designs that
date back before the American Civil War. In fact, the new eatery is slated to be placed in one of
the city’s notably celebrated downtown structures (Montoya, 2010).
Wendy’s restaurant is planning to construct one of its trade mark brand dining facilities in
Bridgeport, Connecticut. The restaurant is being greeted by many as an opportunity to brighten
up an otherwise unused building and area in need of increased safety. Also, there are those who
believe that the restaurant will detract from its community based appeal and charm. There were
also detractors who spoke of concerns of automobile congestion and overloading an already
stressed parking situation. To address the aesthetic concerns of the restaurant the developer is
planning to add plants and large perennial woody plants (Johnson, 2006).
Arby’s has established its base of operations for its international operations in Miami Beach,
Florida. With the presence of its international operations comes a new Arby’s Restaurant,
coincidentally, the facility will be located across from this facility and will be frequently visited
by those who own franchises across the world. They will see one big difference when they arrive
at the new restaurant. The eatery will not display the company wide familiar colors of red and
tan. The restaurant will be designed to favor its new home base. It will feature color schemes
from the Art deco era with numerous colors and an inviting feel that’s present in the community.
Standardized Fire Station Design 17
The company has said that it will seek out other sites to operate from in the southern region of
Florida and the stores will carry the new design approach and will depart from the standardized
design philosophy that has represented the company for many years (Sokler, 1992).
Procedures
The descriptive research method was used to answer the following questions?
What is the meaning of standardized fire station design?
What is the cost savings associated with standardized building design?
What is the impact of using green technology in building construction?
How does the implementation of a standardized design philosophy affect the various
communities in which the building will be built?
The research for this project included two in-depth interviews with two engineers who have
spent their entire careers studying design and construction. Their knowledge and level of
expertise includes the construction of new buildings as well as historic district renovations and
park development.
The first interview was a phone interview with Liberto Chacon on January 18, 2012. He is the
Interim Director of Development Services. The Development Services Department is responsible
for all governmental construction projects in the City of Savannah. The interview focused on a
number of areas such as, standardization in building design, cost savings in building
construction, and the affects of fire station designs on neighborhoods. The interview also focused
on the question of whether or not a standardized design philosophy will work in the city of
Savannah (Appendix A).
Standardized Fire Station Design 18
The second interview was with Alexander Heyward on January 20, 2012 in the office of the
author at 121 East Oglethorpe Avenue Savannah, Georgia. He is a professional engineer that
specializes in design and construction. Currently, he is the Construction Coordinator for
Savannah Fire Emergency Services. The interview focused on a number of areas such as,
standardization in building design, cost savings in building construction, and the affects of fire
station designs on neighborhoods. The interview also focused on the question of whether or not a
standardized design philosophy will work in the city of Savannah (Appendix B).
The author also prepared and distributed a survey (Appendix C). The purpose of the survey was
to gather critical information on the subject of standardization in fire station design from those
who have knowledge of the fire service and the difficulty of building fire stations. The survey
was developed to answer questions and provide insight into each of the four research questions.
The survey included six questions that asked the respondents to answer questions on their
department’s plans to build new fire stations, as well as if their department was planning to use
one station design for multiple locations. Also, the question was asked how does a standardized
design affect the various communities that the fire station will be built. The final question asked
the respondents to affirm whether or not their department experienced a cost savings as a result
of having a standardized design philosophy.
The survey sample size was based on the number of agencies that the author has encountered
over the years at the National Fire Academy. The individuals involved in the Executive Fire
Officer Program share a common interest in adding to the body of research that’s available on a
given subject. There is one obvious limitation of a survey conducted in this manner and the
author should point that out. The limitation is the fact that everyone that participated in the
survey are probably professionals at answering survey questions. This may have an effect on the
Standardized Fire Station Design 19
results which could be negative or positive. A negative result would be that the respondents are
aware that you’re working on a paper and may attempt to give you a broad range of answers to
make your survey look better. A positive result would be that the respondents provide honest
answers and really take the time to think about the question and answer with their best response.
The survey was initially emailed to one person to assure that it was understandable and capable
of meeting the goal of the survey. The respondent answered the questions appropriately and the
author felt the survey was ready to release to the entire group. The survey was delivered
electronically through surveymonkey.com, a very popular online company that assists with
templates to arrange your survey questions and track the progress of those who have responded.
The survey was completed January 12, 2012 and was sent to numerous parts of the country,
including Detroit, Maryland, Hawaii, and Georgia. The survey was sent to 27 people and resulted
in 16 respondents. The departments surveyed were of varying sizes and serving populations from
just a few thousand to hundreds of thousands of people. Also no emphasis was placed on the
economic position of the department’s community or if they had been experiencing a loss in
revenue or decreased budgets.
Results
In reviewing the findings for a definition for a standardized fire station design the author
revealed through an interview with a professional engineer that his definition would be a model
that applies to several locations that will be used for service in a specific area that meets all the
requirements provided by the fire department. (L. Chacon, personal communication, January 18,
2012).
Standardized Fire Station Design 20
The author also interviewed another professional engineer to assist with defining a standardized
fire station design. The results outlined his definition which is a proven concept that becomes a
functional fire station with all the necessary components of which the design can be applied to
various locations, similar to a cookie cutter. The aesthetics may differ, however what may be
different is the necessary components such as, the bays, square footage, offices, and rooms. (A.
Heyward, personal communication, January 20, 2012).
The author also reviewed from the findings of the survey to assist in providing information on
the question of a definition of a standardized fire station design. 80% of the respondents
indicated that a standardized fire station design would consist of the exterior design for each
station differing depending on location while the interior components remain the same. Only
20% indicated that the definition should mean the exterior design and the internal components
for each station remain the same.
In reviewing the potential cost savings associated with a standardized building design the author
spoke with a professional engineer and he revealed that standardization in building design would
minimize or eliminate the potential for change orders due to the fact that we know the elements
for that building and there will not be hidden conditions and it will result in less construction
time because you can see where potential problems could be and you pay attention to those areas
(L. Chacon, personal communications, January 18, 2012).
In conducting an interview with a professional engineer, the dialogue revealed that he is
confident that there will be a tremendous cost savings in design. Basically, the first design would
be the highest cost. After that, the core functions are already included. A higher upfront charge in
the beginning, also the ongoing cost would be in the aesthetics side of the building. On
Standardized Fire Station Design 21
subsequent buildings the key would be to make sure the design you come up with is applicable in
other areas of the city. (A. Heyward, personal communication, January 20, 2012).
The survey question addressing the question of cost savings in standardized building design
revealed that 80% of the respondents experienced a cost savings associated with a standardized
building design; only 20% revealed that they did not experience a cost savings as a result of
having standardized building plan.
When evaluating the information on implementing green technology as standard in building
design, the following was revealed from an interview with a professional engineer: He remarked
that going green reduces our carbon foot print and makes us better neighbors for the area. (L.
Chacon, personal communications, January 18, 2012). In another interview the following was
revealed, the engineer pointed out that he had done LEED projects and they have upfront cost,
but they pay for themselves over time though. Environmentally, going green has a tremendous
upside and this is not quantified in dollars. The other side in going green as a standard in
building design is having the money to pay for that standard. If there were federal funds
available then you should go for the technology otherwise going green will cost. (A. Heyward,
personal communications, January 20, 2012).
The survey results when addressing the issue of having green technology as a standardized
design philosophy revealed that 100% of the respondents were going to add green technology to
their new station as part of their standardized design philosophy.
A look at the affects of how a standardized design philosophy may affect the community, the
following was discussed in an interview: The engineer revealed that there is no negative impact
because the aesthetics will fit the community it’s in. There are times we may use brick or stucco
Standardized Fire Station Design 22
either way the station must be on par with the community where it resides and the builder should
have that as a goal. (A. Heyward, personal communications, January 20, 2012). The survey
results revealed that 100% of the respondents believe that a standardized design will have a
positive effect on the community.
The author asked in an interview with an engineer, what is your overall thought of a standardized
fire station design and do you think it can work in Savannah? The answer was yes he believes
that it can work in Savannah and that he would be in favor of standardization. It will cut down on
design time. If the first one we build is a success we can use that in other communities
throughout the city. The hard part will be aesthetics and site work. A benefit of standardization
would be there is no guess work. (A. Heyward, personal communications, January 20, 2012).
Discussion
In reviewing all the information available to provide a definition for a standardized fire station
design, the author found the definition to be stated in several different ways. Those who study
structural design from an academic stand-point have recognized for quite some time the strong
visual impression of standardized design and construction processes on the United States
suburban scenery in the after war environment. The large number of housing developments that
have been constructed with an indistinguishable facade and obvious uniformity gives credence to
efficiency and standardized design (Hoagland, 1998).
One engineer described a standardized fire station design as a proven concept that becomes a
functional fire station with all the necessary components of which the design can be applied to
various locations, similar to a cookie cutter. The aesthetics may differ, however what may be
different is the necessary components such as, the bays, square footage, offices, and rooms. (A.
Standardized Fire Station Design 23
Heyward, personal communication, January 20, 2012). Another professional engineer stated that
his definition would be a model that applies to several locations that will be used for service in a
specific area that meets all the requirements provided by the fire department. (L. Chacon,
personal communication, January 18, 2012).
The findings of the survey, in reference to the definition of a standardized fire station design,
reveals that 80% of the respondents indicated that a standardized fire station design would
consist of the exterior design for each station differing depending on location while the interior
components remain the same. Only 20% indicated that the definition should mean the exterior
design and the internal components for each station remain the same.
In reviewing the information collected to determine the cost savings associated with a
standardized building design it was stated that when beginning a project it is also important to
review benchmarks from the construction field, seek out expert views that provide explanations
for variations between proposal cost and concluding cost, enumerate the price impact connected
with the ending cost determining reasons under alternative project circumstances and where
possible develop generic models using the impact levels of these circumstances in assessing the
likely final cost of improving, specifically, the low bid award procurement process (Nutakor,
2007).
New Jersey Governor Chris Christie is proposing that the State adopt a standardized school
design policy. This proposal is receiving a failing grade from designers throughout the state.
However, the Governor hopes that the plan will produce the following: certainty of approval, less
evaluation time, reduction of change orders, few errors, better observance to development
timetables and overall development effectiveness (Lee, 2011).
Standardized Fire Station Design 24
The question of cost savings in standardized building design revealed that 80% of the
respondents to the survey experienced a cost savings associated with a standardized building
design; only 20% revealed that they did not experience a cost savings as a result of having
standardized building plan.
In reviewing the potential cost savings associated with a standardized building design the author
spoke with a professional engineer and he revealed that standardization in building design would
minimize or eliminate the potential for change orders due to the fact that we know the elements
for that building and there will not be hidden conditions and it will result in less construction
time because you can see where potential problems could be and you pay attention to those areas
(L. Chacon, personal communications, January 18, 2012).
In reviewing the information on green technology as a standard in building construction the
author observed that Angelo (2004) stated the following:
Owners and construction team members concerned about high energy consumption, high
operating and maintenance costs, mold and sick building syndrome and environmental
degradation on projects are starting to embrace green building programs as a smart way
to address their problems (p. 32).
Green Technology has as its top promoter of information, the U.S. Green Building Council who
created the Leadership in Energy and Environmental design (LEED) process for listing a
buildings adherence to its strict standards such as, design methods, and power consumption
(Hilliard, 2004). The author also noted that the Chicago Center for Green Technology is among
the tops in local governmental buildings, in that they are the first to be given the Platinum LEED
Standardized Fire Station Design 25
Rating for achieving in the areas of water, power, environment, and creativity in blueprint
creation (Anonymous, 2004).
Also it is important to mention that Orlando, Florida based Darden’s Restaurants has initiated a
sustainability program that will affect 8 of its restaurants including its most admired trade names,
Olive Garden, Red Lobster, and Longhorn Steakhouse. The goal is to construct them in a manner
that lends itself to green technology in the areas of design and process. The pieces of the plan are
rooted in the intent to use reprocessed construction products, boost the consumption of daylight,
using tools that use less power, and retrieved water. The process also strives toward replacing
bulbs to ones that that operate more efficiently, installing more energy efficient appliances, such
as dishwashers, assuring that the temperature ranges are the same at all restaurants, and repairing
water leaks in all preexisting stores (Greener Buildings Staff, 2010).
When evaluating the information on implementing green technology as standard in building
design, the following was revealed from an interview with a professional engineer: He remarked
that going green reduces our carbon foot print and makes us better neighbors for the area. (L.
Chacon, personal communications, January 18, 2012).
The survey results when addressing the issue of having green technology as a standardized
design philosophy revealed that 100% of the respondents were going to add green technology to
their new station as part of their standardized design philosophy.
When reviewing the information for an answer to the question of how does the implementation
of a standard design philosophy affect the various communities in which the building will be
built the author noted that Carter (2008) said that, “When fire stations are properly located and
built, the public will often see their service delivery dollars in action. Where stations are built
Standardized Fire Station Design 26
and how well they are designed can have long term consequences for the community (p. 1). In
fact, the fire service has endeavored through the past to guarantee that neighborhood fire houses
are appropriate for the area they reside (Wilmoth, 2007).
The author found that McDonald’s is encountering a few problems attempting to place one of its
restaurants in downtown Savannah, Georgia. Those resisting the development point toward a
number of issues including awful cooking, and increased rubbish; with the prevailing issue being
its traditional structural design. After all, Savannah is known for its historic residences that
feature designs that date back before the American Civil War. In fact, the new eatery is slated to
be placed in one of the city’s notably celebrated downtown structures (Montoya, 2010).
The author asked in an interview with an engineer, what is your overall thought of a standardized
fire station design and do you think it can work in Savannah? The answer was yes he believes
that it can work in Savannah and that he would be in favor of standardization. It will cut down on
design time. If the first one we build is a success we can use that in other communities
throughout the city. The hard part will be aesthetics and site work. A benefit of standardization
would be there is no guess work. (A. Heyward, personal communications, January 20, 2012).
Finally, it is important to note that the survey results revealed that 100% of the respondents
believe that a standardized design will have a positive effect on the community.
Recommendations
After a thorough review of all information collected, analyzed, and contained within this
research paper the author is prepared to make the following recommendations for our
department:
Standardized Fire Station Design 27
1. Implement a standardized fire station design philosophy as the means for building new
fire stations. (Implementation – May 2012)
2. Define and explain fire station standardization to the department and other interested
people and city departments. (Implementation – simultaneously with the announcement
of the plan)
3. Schedule a meeting with the Department of Design and Construction and develop a
prototype for the standardized design. (Implementation – Immediately)
4. Design the prototype to allow for the exterior of each station to differ depending on
location while the interior components remain the same. (Implementation – introduce this
idea during the design phase)
5. Select an Architect to design the fire station prototype. (Implementation – Immediately
after prototype is prepared)
6. Schedule a meeting with Finance and Research and Budget to determine the process for
tracking this process to assure there are cost savings associated with this venture.
(Implementation – should be scheduled simultaneously with the beginning of the process)
7. Consider the implementation of Green Technology as a standard in fire station
construction. (Implementation – Discuss during the design stage)
8. Seek grant funding for Green Technology. ( Implementation – pursue during the course
of the year after it is decided that green technology will be a fire station standard)
9. Review and evaluate each community or neighborhood to assure that the fire station’s
exterior fits into the area appropriately. (Implementation – on going for each new site)
10. Even though the choice of an architect will be selected through the lowest best bid
process, it is critical that the Fire Bureau review what Nutakor (2007) said, “the seven
Standardized Fire Station Design 28
areas that account for the disparity between the bid price and the final cost, they are:
change orders, level of scope definition, bid process, contract risks, market conditions,
risk management and performance issues” (p. 1). (Implementation – this should be
conducted during the vendor selection phase)
The recommendations listed above outline the direction that the author believes should
implemented by the Fire Bureau, all of which is based on the data and results of the research.
The organization stands to benefit greatly from this paper and its recommendations. Some of
the benefits are: an improved approach to building fire stations and a definitive plan for
decreasing the cost building stations. The effort put forth in the development of this research
outweighs any concern in not performing this project, especially with its very informative
outcome. The author has attached the expectation time to the recommendations, with the
hope of not only hoping it should happen, but when as well, so as to keep the organization on
track and focused on implementation. There should be a tremendous amount of research into
the design process to assure that a proper prototype is developed. Overall, the
implementation of the above recommendations will require that someone take the lead to
assure continuity throughout each process. This should probably be the main responsibility of
the bureau’s construction coordinator, Alex Heyward.
In conclusion, the author recommends that future researchers understand that there isn’t a lot
of information on this subject and this could be challenging if one is not accustomed to being
among the first to research the subject. The important thought here is that future researchers
explore other disciplines in the private sector as well as other governmental agencies and the
military. Another recommendation for future researchers would be to interview organizations
that have a standardized design philosophy, such as restaurants like Wendy’s, McDonalds,
Standardized Fire Station Design 29
and other organizations that have the signature building design. Some questions that could be
asked are: Why did you develop a standardized building design philosophy? Does this
philosophy save money, and was this implemented strictly for marketing purposes or other
reasons like cost? Also, one could ask them if they would recommend this approach for the
design of fire stations.
Standardized Fire Station Design 30
References Angelo, W. J. (2004). Push for Green Building Fits With Design-Build. ENR: Engineering
News-Record, 25232.
Anonymous. (2004, January/February). Chicago center for green technology is first municipal building to receive platinum leed rating. Environmental Design Construction, 7(1).
Anonymous. (2010, June). Studcast cladding boosts precast benefits, cost savings. Concrete Products, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/366285063?accountid=9988
Anonymous. (2011). Willmott Dixon aims to cash in on standardized schools building. Construction News, 1. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/848166752?accountid=9988
Anonymous. (2011). Should standardization be the future of school design?. Building Design, 9. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/849502324?accountid=9988
Bailer, B. (2010, July). Fire station design Firehouse, 35(7), 106-113.
Beal, T. (2008, July 12). Firehouses going green: New stations here designed to high-efficiency standard. McClatchy - Tribune Business News, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/464731862?accountid=9988
Brienza, V. (2011, December 23). The 10 most stressful jobs of 2012. CareerCast.com, Retrieved from http://www.careercast.com/jobs-rated/10-most-stressful-jobs-2012
Carter, H. (2009, December 13). [Web Blog] Retrieved from http://www.firehouse.com/blog/10459995/fire-station-design-an-introduction
Chang, P., & Swenson, A. (2012). Building construction. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com.proxygsu-cel1.galileo.usg.edu/EBchecked/topic/83859/building-construction?cameFromBol=true
Connor, J., Clark, P., Damiano, V., & Kulkarni, R. (2009). Executing a standard plant design using the 4x model. Hydrocarbon Processing, 47-53. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/225204963?accountid=9988
FEMA. (2011). Executive leadership - student manual. (6th Ed.).
FEMA. (2008). Executive fire officer program - operational policies and procedures - applied research guidelines frequently asked questions (faq's). Department of Homeland Security U.S. Fire Administration - National Fire Academy.
Standardized Fire Station Design 31
Greener Buildings Staff. (2010, February 23). Olive garden, red lobster lead darden's push to green restaurants. GreenBiz.com, Retrieved from http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2010/02/23/olive-garden-red-lobster-lead-dardens-push-green-restaurants
Hermans, R. (2002). Modular design: The lab building block. Highlands Ranch: Advantage Business Media.
Hilliard, M. (2004, November 1). Green design yields sustainable benefit. Fire Chief, Retrieved from http://firechief.com/station-design/firefighting_green_design_yields/
Hoagland, A. (1998). The invariable model: standardzation and military architecture in Wyoming. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 57(3), 298-315.
Johnson, R. (2009, September 19). Zba oks wend'ys west end location. . Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/380341233?accountid=9988
Lee, E. (2011, April 11). Architects point to flaws in standard school designs. NJBIZ, 24(16), 23. http://search.proquest.com.proxygsucel1.galileo.usg.edu/docview/449026780?accountid=9988
Markley, R. (2008, November 1). Assembly required Fire Chief, Retrieved from http://firechief.com/station-design/assembly_required_1108/
Mason, S. (2000, September 15). Dti demands more standardized design. Building Design, 6. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/274534726?accountid=9988
Montoya, O. (2010, April 4). McDonald’s sparks opposition in savannah. GPBNews. Retrieved from http://www.gpb.org/news/2010/04/04/mcdonalds-sparks-opposition-in-savannah
Nutakor, G. (2007, June). Assessing final cost of construction at bid time. Cost Engineering, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/220452003?accountid=9988
PERRON, C. (2010). De-stressing Design. Prevention, 62(11), 147.
Satchell, A. (2008, May 2). No pie in the sky from dream to reality: South Florida-based pizza fusion turns eco-friendly and organic dining concept into 70 franchises nationwide. South Florida Sun - Sentinel. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxygsu-cel1.galileo.usg.edu/docview/389895844?accountid=9988
Sokler, L. (1992, June 29). Arby’s newest restaurant has a taste of company’s new hometown. Business Wire, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/447052883?accountid=9988
Standardized Fire Station Design 32
Stranzl, J. (2004). Eugene fire station merges retro features, green design. Journal of Commerce, 1.
Swichtenberg, B. (2003, March). Firefighting in America: Some of the pioneers. Water Engineering & Management, 150(3), 8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/214968555?accountid=9988
Willmott Dixon Group. (2010, May). Scape framework. Retrieved from http://www.willmottdixongroup.co.uk/being-unique/scape-framework
Wilmoth, J. (2007, November 1). Easier being green. Fire Chief, Retrieved from http://firechief.com/station-design/firefighting_easier_green/
Standardized Fire Station Design 33
Appendix A
Phone interview with Liberto Chacon
January 18, 2012
Interview Questions
1. Define Standardized Fire Station Design? 2. What do you believe would be the cost savings associated with a Standardized Building
Design? 3. What is the impact of using green technology as a standard in building construction? 4. How does the implementation of a standardized design philosophy affect the various
communities in which the building will be built? 5. What are your thoughts on the implementation of a standardized fire station design
philosophy and do you believe it will work in Savannah?
Standardized Fire Station Design 34
Liberto Chacon, P.E., 4 Windjammer Way, Savannah, GA 31419 Accomplishments
• Georgia Professional Engineering License. • Thirteen years’ experience supervising, directing and evaluating employees for City of
Savannah and Augusta-Richmond County, including overseeing personnel concerns and problems, doing employee performance reviews, and directing their work.
• Serving as a liaison between contractors, developers, design staff, and City inspectors for City of Savannah and Augusta-Richmond County.
• Responsible for assessing site locations for constructability. • Eleven years assigning projects, monitoring progress, and providing technical guidance to
staff and others as needed. • Twelve years managing projects. • Twenty three years designing private development and capital improvement projects. • Twelve years directing the inspection of development projects during construction or site
improvements. • Twenty three years directing survey activities for private development and City projects. • Nine years reviewing and approving private development plans and plats. • Five years directing geographic information system activities. • Twelve years preparing requests for proposals and bid documents. • Twenty years preparing and maintaining technical records and reports. • Four years Coordinating Emergency Management Operations for Public Development
Bureau. • Five years preparing and modifying annual work programs and budget for Engineering and
Design and Construction Divisions of Development Services Department. • Thirteen years recruiting and hiring personnel for the City of Savannah. • Responsible for enforcement of state regulations for Erosion and Sediment Control. • Certified ICS 100, 200, 300, 400, 700, and 800 for Emergency Management Institute. • Level II Certified Plan Reviewer • Five years representing the City in public meetings for CIP’s.
Professional Experience
• Twenty years of increasing responsibility in several City of Savannah Departments, including Engineering Department, Water and Sewer Director’s Department, and Development Services Department.
Standardized Fire Station Design 35
Assistant City Engineer, City of Savannah, Savannah, GA September, 2009 – present
• Review, manage, and coordinate CIP and other City projects. • Supervise and administer the Engineering and Design and Construction Groups of
Development Services Department (GIS group, Private Development Inspection group, Survey Team, Liaison Officer and Design and Construction group)
• Prepare requests for proposals for CIP projects. • Prepare budget for Engineering and Design and Construction Groups. • Prepare correspondence, memoranda, monthly and annual reports. • Review and produce design documents. • Review and approve pay applications for consultants. • Inspect project sites. • Review and approve private development plans and plats as needed.
Engineering Administrator, City of Savannah, Savannah, GA June, 2006 - September 2009
• Reviewed, managed, and coordinated CIP and other City projects. • Administered the Engineering Group of the Development Services Department (GIS group,
Private Development group, Survey Team, and Civil Engineer) • Enforced NPDES Environmental Regulations for City and Private Development Projects. • Prepared contracts for CIP projects. • Prepared budget for Engineering Group. • Prepared correspondence, memoranda, monthly and annual reports. • Reviewed and produced design documents. • Reviewed and approved pay applications for consultants. • Inspected project sites. • Reviewed and approved private development plans as needed. • Reviewed plats as needed.
Civil Engineer, City of Savannah, GA Oct., 2003 - June 2006
• Supervised GIS group and supervised field Civil Engineer. • Enforced NPDES Environmental Regulations on work sites. • Conducted field inspections for compliance with construction, environmental, and contract
regulations for CIP projects. • Prepared correspondence, memoranda, monthly and annual reports. • Reviewed and produced design documents. • Reviewed and approved pay applications for consultants. • Inspected project sites. • Reviewed and approved private development plans as needed.
Standardized Fire Station Design 36
• Reviewed plats as needed.
Assistant County Engineer, Augusta-Richmond County Sept. 2002 - Oct., 2003
• Complied with Federal, State and Local Environmental and Developmental regulations while preparing drainage designs and storm-water management plans.
• Prepared annual budget for Engineering Department. • Scheduled and assigned work for the survey crew. • Directed work of six employees in Engineering Department, oversaw personnel concerns and
problems, did annual performance reviews. • Provided engineering reviews of private development plans. Enforced Federal, State and Local
Design, Development and Environmental regulations. • Assisted in the implementation of drainage related projects by coordinating field assessments,
problem identification and resolution, surveying, plan production and technical support. • Reviewed and approved private development plans.
Civil Engineer, City of Savannah July, 1994- Sept. 2002
• Prepared contracts for CIP projects. • Managed CIP projects • Designed civil projects. • Supervised Inspectors and Engineering Tech. • Earned Certificates of Project Planning and Management I and II. • Negotiated and administered engineering agreements. • Scheduled and assigned work for the survey crew. • Earned Certificate of Achievement, Emergency Management Institute, Digital Flood Insurance Rate
Map (DFIRM), Feb. 10-14, 1997. • Served as City representative of Emergency Operation Center of Chatham County. • Earned Certificate of Participation, APWA, Effective Disaster Recovery Techniques, April, 2008.
Engineer Technician , City of Savannah Feb., 1993-July 1994
• Assisted with the site development of buildings and other city facilities. • Inspected sites with inspectors and contractors. • Prepared contracts and plans for biddings. • Managed AutoCAD systems, which included making decisions for upgrading and purchasing
software and hardware. • Served other City Departments and the public by collecting information and producing drawings and
prints. • Scheduled, assigned, and assisted work for the survey crew.
Standardized Fire Station Design 37
Senior Engineering Aide, City of Savannah Sept., 1990 – Feb., 1993
• Designed civil projects, such as streets, storm drainage, sanitary sewers and water lines, sidewalks and playgrounds.
• Provided information for site development of buildings and other city facilities. • Inspected sites with inspectors and contractors. • Prepared contracts and plans for buildings. • Served other City Departments and the public by collecting information and producing drawings and
designs. • Assisted, scheduled and assigned work for the survey crew.
Engineering Technician,
Connor-Hinesley, Inc., Bluffton, SC Nov. 1989 – March, 1990
• Produced site plans and plats. • Designed water, sewer, and storm drainage systems. • Produced construction details. • Assisted in survey work.
AutoCad Operator and Inspector,
Savannah Housing Authority,
Modernization Department June, 1989 – Nov., 1989
• Drafted drawings to be used for projects and details of sites. • Prepared RFP and contract documents. • Inspected sites and projects.
Junior Design Engineer,
Heller and Associates Engineering Firm,
Florence, SC May, 1988 – June, 1989
• Produced site plans, plats and details. • Designed private development projects such as subdivisions, streets, storm drainage, and sanitary
sewer and water line systems. • Inspected construction sites. • Assisted the survey crew and assigned work.
Education • May, 2000: Bachelors Degree in Civil Engineering Technology, Savannah State University,
Savannah, GA.
Standardized Fire Station Design 38
• May, 1988: Bachelors Degree in Civil Engineering Technology, Francis Marion University, Florence, South Carolina.
• March, 1988: Associates Degree in Civil Engineering Technology, Florence-Darlington Technical College, Florence, South Carolina.
• 1983-1985: Studied Civil Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
Other Skills
• Excellent people skills; tactful, patient, friendly but firm, able to get along well with all types of people.
• Exceptionally thorough and detail-oriented. • Bilingual; speak, write, read, and understand both English and Spanish well. • Strong mathematical ability. • Well-informed about current events, politics, news •
Personal
• Originally from Caracas, Venezuela; came to the United States on scholarship in 1981; naturalized as a U.S. citizen on Sept. 19, 1990.
• Married 25 years to Dr. Eleanor Agnew, an educator; one son, two step-sons. •
References:
• Dianne Clabaugh, Director of Real Property Services Department – City of Savannah, 651-3191.
• Jim Laplander, PE, Director of the Water and Conveyance Department – City of Savannah, 651-6584.
• Peter Shonka, PE, City Engineer/Director of Development Services Department – City of Savannah, 651-6510
• Donald Atwell, PE, Assistant County Engineer – Marion County, Florida 1-352-671-8691.
Standardized Fire Station Design 39
Appendix B
Interview with Alexander Heyward
January 20, 2012
Interview Questions
1. Define Standardized Fire Station Design? 2. What do you believe would be the cost savings associated with a Standardized Building
Design? 3. What is the impact of using green technology as a standard in building construction? 4. How does the implementation of a standardized design philosophy affect the various
communities in which the building will be built? 5. What are your thoughts on the implementation of a standardized fire station design
philosophy and do you believe it will work in Savannah?
Standardized Fire Station Design 40
Alexander Heyward, II 1131 East 32nd Street
Savannah, GA 31404 (912) 596-3567 (B)
(912) 234-8237 (H)
OBJECTIVE: Seeking an Engineering/Planning position,which can utilize my skill and education in the Civil Engineering and Construction Management Field. I plan to become an asset to my employer while gaining valuable knowledge and experience in the Planning and Engineering industry. I will then use the knowledge I have gained to further my career within this chosen field.
QUALIFICATIONS: I have 12 years of combined experience in engineering related employment. I am capable of adhering to detail, accuracy, and quality of work. I interact well with other both co-workers and supervisors. I receive, understand, and execute assigned tasks efficiently.
EDUCATION: Graduated from Savannah State University in May 2001with a Bachelor’s degree – Major Civil Engineering; Minor Mechanical Engineering
WORK EXPERIENCE:
Current Employment: Savannah Fire and Emergency Services
February 2011 – Present
Construction Coordinator
Previous Employment: City of Savannah Design Construction/Development Services
October 2008 – February 2011
Construction Coordinator
Current duties include but are not limited to coordinating work plans with contractors from the bid process through the completion of the project; reviews contract documents; approves scheduling and change orders. Reviews drawings and specifications during construction phases. Reviews the progress of projects; resolves problems caused by field conditions; works with the Contract Analyst to process pay applications, RFIs, RFPs, and pre-bid and pre-construction conferences; develops
Standardized Fire Station Design 41
scope of work for new projects. Works with design staff and consultants on project design; reviews designs for conflicts and possible errors that could occur after the project is under contract. Coordinates in-house projects with design team, consultants, and subcontractors during all phases of the construction process.
Saussy Engineering, LLC
July 2006 – October 2008
Design Engineer
Current duties include but not limited to design engineer on civil projects team, performing engineering tasks, plan, review, field inspection and construction management; preparing record drawings, site research, and project analysis, responsible for conceptual design and with final design of various site development and environmental projects; serve as plan reviewer for the city of Port Wentworth and Effingham County—residential and commercial developments proposed for construction
W.K. Dickson
July 2005 – July 2006
Project Engineer
Duties included but were not limited to working with experienced project team on site, civil, stormwater management, infrastructure design, transportation project engineering; site planning, layout, grading, drainage, utilities, roadway design, water resources experience with storm water management system of various site development and environmental projects.
• Site development – San Jose Mexican Restaurant, Lady’s Island, SC ($250,000)
• Site development – Baymont Inn & Suites, Savannah, GA ($225,000)
• Site/Environmental development – Ice Plus Properties, Hardeeville,SC ($15 million)
Heavily involved in construction management of all projects in office (5 construction; 15 in design phases)
Standardized Fire Station Design 42
City of Savannah Storm water Management
July 2004 – July 2005
Storm water Management Supervisor
Duties included but were not limited to supervision and coordination of personnel assignments that require storm water engineering and management, building, zoning, fire safety, and heating and plumbing assessments, responsible for the design and efficiency of pipe used during construction, functionality of catch basins and manholes within city right of way, supervision of staff training and development; approval of time sheets; direct relationship with project officials and management/director of operations of approval process of site development with the City; responsible for reports that are concerned with project status, assignment completion, and inventory; provides instruction to individuals on technical aspects of engineering to assist in problem-solving
Building and Earth Sciences
October 2003 – July 2004
Construction Materials Engineering Technician
Duties included project management, geotechnical, material, and environmental testing. Construction management and specification compliance; planned, supervised, and coordinated personnel on projects that involved building, zoning, fire safety, electrical, and heating and plumbing inspections; conferred with planners and local government officials to offer ideas on controlling efforts of land use; managed approval process for site development; provided technical advice to individuals, private organizations, and public agencies on specifics of reconstruction, rehabilitation, and preservation of buildings; involved in building construction; conducted site, layout, design inspections; responsible for issues of compliance; in charge of inspecting and grading projects involving asphalt and concrete; consulted on technical engineering issues
HNTB – Architects, Engineers, Planners
October 2002 – July 2003
Construction Manager
Standardized Fire Station Design 43
Duties included assisting project manager with the design/construction of roadways/walkways of the GA Tech Engineering campus; responsible for state aide development as project manager in Waycross. While in Waycross, my duties included planning the timing of construction with contractors and also conducting erosion control and compliance inspections. After working in Waycross, I was moved to the DaimlerChrysler project in Pooler.
City of Savannah Traffic Engineering February 2001 – October 2002
Engineering Assistant
Under direction of Traffic Engineer/Traffic Planner, duties included conducting traffic studies and analysis; provided base level insight on traffic situations and operations; researched current intersection codes, took measurements, and collected data on existing conditions; performed computations and calculations required for intersection traffic movement improvements, whether it be pavement related or traffic signal reconfiguration or re-timing; involved in intersection design, construction analysis; accountable for aspects of research and development; experienced in writing recommendations and assisting with written reports.
Standardized Fire Station Design 44
Appendix C
Executive Leadership
Survey
Cedric Scott, Savannah Fire & Emergency Services
Hello, I am conducting a survey in conjunction with my final EFO-Applied Research Project, and your response would be very much appreciated. If you can, I would really be grateful if you can complete the 6 question survey as soon as possible. Here is a link to the survey: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx This link is uniquely tied to this survey and your email address. Please do not forward this message. Thanks for your participation! Sincerely, Cedric Scott Please note: If you do not wish to receive further emails from me, please click the link below, and you will be automatically removed from my mailing list. http://www.surveymonkey.com/optout.aspx
1. Is your department planning to build new fire stations? A. Yes B. No C. If no, please stop here and submit your survey
2. Are you planning to use one standard design? A. Yes B. No C. If no, please stop here and submit your survey.
Standardized Fire Station Design 45
3. What does a standardized fire station design mean in your organization? A. Exterior design and Interior components in each station are the same B. Exterior design for each station is the same while interior components change based
on need C. Exterior design differs depending on the location of the station while internal
components remain the same D. None of the above
4. Is the use of green technology a part of your departments standardized design philosophy? A. Yes B. No
5. How does the implementation of a standardized fire station design philosophy affect the various communities in which the building will be built?
A. Yes B. No
6. Did your department experience a cost savings associated with having a standardized design? A. Yes B. No