standardized emissions inventory methodology for open pit ......meca trónica automotriz...

Centro de Investigación en Meca trónica Automotriz

Standardized emissions inventory methodology for open pit mining areas

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

José Ignacio Huertas. ME, MSc, DSC. Dumar Andrés Camacho ChE, MSc.

María Elena Huertas EnvE.

Automotive Engineering Research Center-CIMA Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Toluca

Augusts 2012

1


Outline

• Introduction

• Objetives

• Standardized emission inventory methodology • Emission factors and emission

• Emission control measures

• Implementation of the methodology on a spreadsheet

• Results

• Conclusions

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Centro de Investigación en Meca trónica Automotriz 3

• The mining area of the Cesar Department, Colombia is one of the world’s largest open pit coal mining regions.

• Six mining companies : 70*106 tons of coal per year

• Colombia is the number 12 country in the list of the largest coal producer countries in the world and second with the largest coal reserve in Latin America

Introduction


Introduction

• Fugitive emission sources

• Pollutant TSP and PM10

• The emission inventories so far made differ in the emission factors used for each activity and the activities considered

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Objective

To establish a standardized emission inventory methodology


Open pit mining general process

Removal of soil layer Removal of overburden

Stock of coal

Removal of coal

Transportation of materials Transportation of coal


Emission Factor and Emission

Where:

Sa Characteristics inherent to the emitting activity

Mp Material’s properties

Mc Meteorological conditions

𝞪𝞪, a, b, c Experimental constants

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cc

bp

af MMSE aα= ( )η−= 1fEAE

Where: A Intensity of the activity

carried out η Efficiency of the emission control measures implemented Emission factor

fE


Emission control measures

Where:

Efficiency of the spray control measurement

p Daytime evaporation speed (mm/hr)

d Daily average traffic (vehicles/hr)

i Intensity of the applications (L/m2)

t Average time between spray applications (hr)

8

−=

itdp

r8.0100η

−

=n

mnllη

Where: nll Efficiency of natural rainfall in

mitigating particulate matter emissions

n Number of days in the period m Number of rainy days in the period

with precipitation levels exceeding 0.254 mm.

rη


Implementation Operations and sources

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Operations

Soil handling operations

Drilling and blasting

Handling overburden

Handling coal

Wind erosion

Transportation

Sources

Pit

Dump

Coal storage piles

Roads: Pit to the dump Pit to the storage piles Storage piles to the mine limits


Implementation

• Validated by

– Colombian environment authority

– Companies

– Consultants

• Three years

• Algorithms to alert the user about potential errors in the emission inventory


Implementation

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Results

12

y = 0.726x + 31084R² = 0.909

0.0E+00

2.0E+06

4.0E+06

6.0E+06

8.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.2E+07

1.4E+07

1.6E+07

0.E+00 5.E+06 1.E+07 2.E+07 2.E+07

Kg

TSP

/yea

r

Production (Mg/year)

4

6

7

351

2

y = 0.180x + 83540R² = 0.849

0.0E+00

5.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.5E+06

2.0E+06

2.5E+06

3.0E+06

3.5E+06

4.0E+06

0.E+00 5.E+06 1.E+07 2.E+07 2.E+07

Kg

PM

10 /y

ear


2

4

7

5

3

y = 1.148x + 33515R² = 0.945

0.0E+0

5.0E+6

1.0E+7

1.5E+7

2.0E+7

2.5E+7

0.0E+0 5.0E+6 1.0E+7 1.5E+7 2.0E+7

Are

a (m

2 )



Results

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0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Con

trib

utio

n to

TSP

em

issio

ns

Mining company

Wind erosionTransportationCoal handlingOverburden handlingDrilling and blastingTopsoil removal

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Con

trib

utio

n to

PM

10

emiss

ions

Mining company

Wind erosionTransportationCoal handlingOverburden handlingDrilling and blastingTopsoil removal

Pit, 42%

Dump,18%

Stock,14%

Vía-Pit-Dump, 15%

Vía-Pit-Stock, 7%

Vía-Perim,4%

Pit16%

Dump60%

Stock11%

Vía-Pit-Dump11%

Vía-Pit-Stock1%

Vía-Perim1%


Recommendations

• It is recommend to establish the following metrics to evaluate the performance of the emission control programs implemented by open pit mining companies:

– Emission index: Total mass of particulate matter emitted to the

atmosphere divided by the company’s annual production

– Land use index : Total area exposed divided by the company´s annual production

– Emission control efficiency by water spraying

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Conclusions

• A standardized methodology to carry TSP and PM10 emissions inventories for open pit mining was presented

• The standardized emissions inventory methodology was applied in the open pit coal mining region in the northern part of Colombia

• It was implemented in a spreadsheet and made available to the public, mining companies and environmental authority of Colombia

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Conclusions

• Results showed that mining companies on average emit 0.726 kg TPS and 0.180 kg of PM10 per Ton of coal produced yearly

• On average mining companies use 1.148 m2 per ton of coal produced yearly

• By spraying water between 1 and 2 L/m2 between 2 to 4 times every hour: – 99% of emission control efficiency is achieved

– On average 72% of TSP emission is reduced

• Transportation of material over unpaved roads is the main source of TSP followed by coal handling and wind erosion

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Thank you

Eng. María Elena Huertas

[email protected]

Dr. José Ignacio Huertas

[email protected]

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