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Welcome to the Museum ofWelcome to the Museum ofThe Georgia and Modern Civil Rights The Georgia and Modern Civil Rights

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Curator’s OfficeWe have done a presentation based on the standards we had to do to teach you on Georgia and Modern Civil Rights Movement!!!! Thank you and enjoy!!!!!!!

Ashley, Hannah, and A.J.

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These are all pictures of Herman E. Talmadge during his life span

•Served as governor of Georgia early 1947 to 1948-1954•Elected as Senate, served until defeated in 1980•He was Democratic•Served in Senate during great political change in nation•Staunch opponent of civil rights legislation, he began to reach our for black votes in 1970’s •During administration the state enacted it’s first sale tax, which helped fund a vast improvement in state’s public education system by school construction was initiated, teacher salaries raised, school term raised by nine months, 1,000 new school buses acquired, and 12 th grade mandatory in public schools•Talmadge was a staunch segregationist who resisted all attempts to integrate the public schools system•May 1954 when the U.S. Supreme Court struck down segregation as unconstitutional, Talmadge was the loudest critics of the court and wrote a book

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Herman Talmadge

These are pictures of Mays

•Sensed that education would be his salvation •Benjamin E. Mays was a significant mentor to Martin Luther King Jr. Mays was among most articulate and outspoken critics of segregation before rise of modern civil rights movement in United States•During early months of 1970 Benjamin E. Mays was elected chairman of the A.B.E. he was the first black chairman•Mays sought to improve the quality of education in Atlanta and secure integrated schools for its students•The 1st proposed remedy to desegregation involved re-zoning pubic school districts. This suggested that black students should be bused into white schools. This option promised necessary changes to public schools, the rigors of organization with such opportunities were futile

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Benjamin E. Mays

Left upper corner; Herman Talmadge Right upper corner; Elilis Arnall Below; Mevin Thompson

•In 1946, the courts ruled that the Democratic white primary in Georgia was an unconstitutional violation of the 14th Amendment (the “equal protection” clause). •In November 1946, Eugene Talmadge was elected for a fourth term as governor, but died before taking office. A struggle ensued, with three men claiming office•The Talmadge forces wanted legislature to elect Herman Talmadge•Melvin Thompson’s allies lobbied for General Assembly to declare Thompson governor•Ellis Arnall announced he wouldn’t relinquish office until it was clear who the new governor was •On January 15, 1947 General Assembly elected Herman Talmadge as governor•Thompson began legal proceeding appeal to Georgia Supreme Court • Meanwhile Arnall had actions galvanized Talmadge’s supporters, Talmadge followers bitterly hated anti-Talmadge policies •Legislatures election of Talmadge provoked confrontation between Talmadge and Arnall camps•Although the two protagonists maintained decorum, fistfights broke out among followers•On the day of the election Talmdge asked Arnall to honor the election but Arnall refused to step aside, then Talmadge ordered troops to remove Arnall from the capitol and Arnall relinquished his claim as governor and supported Thompson

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1946 Governor’s Race

The newspaper shows the court banning segregation; the school one shows a little black girl in a white school

•Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) acknowledged as one of greatest Supreme Court decisions of 20th century •Unanimously held racial segregation of children in public schools violated Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment this put Constitution on side of racial quality an nascent civil rights movement in full revolution•In 1954, large portions of the United States had racially segregated schools, made legal by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which held that segregated public facilities were constitutional so long as the black and white facilities were equal to each other•One of these class actions, Brown v. Board of Education was filed against the Topeka, Kansas school board by representative-plaintiff Oliver Brown, parent of one of the children denied access to Topeka's white schools. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. •The federal district court dismissed his claim, ruling that the segregated public schools were "substantially" equal enough to be constitutional under the Plessy doctrine. Brown appealed to the Supreme Court then reviewed all the school segregation actions together. •Thanks to the astute leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court spoke in a unanimous decision written by Warren himself. The decision held that racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, when drafting the Fourteenth Amendment in the 1860s, it didn't express integration of public schools. The Court asserted that the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal education today.

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Brown vs. Board of Education

Right upper corner; MLK giving a speech left upper corner; MLK speech middle; a poster

•Drawing inspiration from both his Christian faith and the peaceful teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. King led a nonviolent movement in the late 1950’s and ‘60s to achieve legal equality for African-Americans in the United States. While others were advocating for freedom by “any means necessary,” including violence, Martin Luther King, Jr. used the power of words and acts of nonviolent resistance, such as protests, grassroots organizing, and civil disobedience to achieve seemingly-impossible goals. He went on to lead similar campaigns against poverty and international conflict, always maintaining fidelity to his principles that men and women everywhere, regardless of color or creed, are equal members of the human family.•Doctor King was a very powerful man he did not have to use force to get a point across unlike Malcolm X who used brute force to get his point across. Dr. King would march for days to certain places to show their pier to be together to be seen and not to be segregated because of their skin color. They are not any different than a regular white person ( No offense ) .•Before Martin Luther King Jr. knew about Gandhi he had the same attics as Malcolm X like self defense and obtaining guns to protect themselves from attackers but, when he learned about Gandhi he changed and started the non violent protest. For using non violent protest and his good work he received the noble piece prize.•Dr. King also got some of his influence from Henry Davis book on Civil Disobedience.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

All Eight flags in Georgia from 1879 to present time

•On May 8, 2003, Governor Sonny Perdue signed legislation creating a new state flag for Georgia. The new banner became effective immediately, giving Georgia its third state flag in only twenty-seven months—a national record. Georgia also leads the nation in the number and variety of different state flags•On the eve of the Civil War (1861-65), Georgia did not have an official state flag. After the state's secession from the Union on January 19, 1861, there were several newspaper reports of secession flags consisting of a single star on a solid background. Although the "Bonnie Blue Flag" is the best known example, a better documented flag consisted of a single red star on a white field•There are 8 different versions of this flag to this day but one of the flags are controversial because it had the confederate flag in it and people became angry and demanded the flag not be used. Critics say that the adoption of the flag was a sign of racist protest. The nation looked at Georgia to be the leader in segregation

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1956 State Flag

Upper right corner: a logo of SNNC; Lower left corner a sit-in at a local store; Upper right corner: blacks and whites march together; Lower left corner; A sign on

SNNC

•Organization which provided larger roles for younger African Americans regarding to and Civil Right and receive immediate change•Key organization in civil rights movement of 1960’s •Concentrated on Albany and Atlanta•SNNC’s strategy was much different from already established civil right’s organizations•Atlanta was the center of SNCC activity home to a sizable black professional and middle class and black colleges and universities. Atlanta King’s birth place and home to SCLC •October 1960 SNCC held a conference in Atlanta which is the chosen city as headquarters•SNCC staged massive sit-ins at lunch counters of several stores•SNNC changed during 1966. Change came in part of Atlanta Project •Atlanta Project emerged in wake of riots in African American communities. Atlanta Project aimed to increase black community •Although Carmichael opposed Atlanta Project staff, he influenced many positions, some he adopted as SNCC chairman•Atlanta Project ran counter to SNNC leadership and in a year Carmichael assumed leadership, he fired Atlanta Projects ending the program. The project spirit lives through programs

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Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNNC)

Upper Left Corner; Martin Luther King Jr. standing at March of Washington Upper Right Corner; A. Phillip Randolph Lower Left

Corner; King and many others protesting Lower Right Corner; a sign showing The March

•On August 28,1963 a quarter of a million Americans from across the United States converged on the nation's capitol in what was to become a defining moment in the Civil Rights movement. •Plans for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom began in 1962 when A. Philip Randolph, founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, put forth the idea of a mass gathering on Washington, D.C. to draw attention to the economic plight of the county's African American population.•Randolph called upon the nations leading civil rights organizations to lend their support to the march and persuaded President John F. Kennedy to endorse the demonstration.•As plans progressed, Randolph charged noted civil rights activist, Bayard Rustin, with the arduous task of coordinating and directing the logistics for the march. Rustin and his crew of volunteers worked around the clock to make necessary arrangements as word of the upcoming march spread throughout the country, and thousands of anxious supporters prepared to make their descent on the nation's capitol.•a crowd of 250,000 people, including 450 members of Congress, gathered at Lincoln Memorial to listen to performances and speeches.•Randolph along with Roy Wilkins, John Lewis delivered riveting speeches before Martin Luther King took his place at the podium and delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. The speech was the most memorable event of the day and confirmed him as black America's most prominent spokesperson.

•The March on Washington succeeded in dramatizing and politicizing the need to secure federal legislation banning segregation and racial discrimination

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March on Washington

Left upper corner; newspaper on admission Bottom left; Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter middle; UGA

logo of 1960’s

•Until 1961 the University of Georgia, like all Georgia state institutions of higher education, was segregated by both state law and social tradition.•On January 6, 1961 W.A. Bootle a Federal Judge ruled a court ruling that ordered immediate admission of two African Americans, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter, ending 160 years of segregation at the school. This set the stage for the university to be thrust into national spotlight as it dealt with the ensuing controversy, violence and change. •On January 11,1961 a crowd began to gather outside Charlayne Hunter's Myers Hall dormitory window. This unruly group, numbering over 1000 shouted racial insults, and tossed firecrackers, bottles and bricks at the dormitory window. She was driven away with police.

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Admission to University of Georgia

Albany Georgia and the movement in 1961

•(SNCC members) Charles Sherrod and Cordell Reagon traveled to Albany in October 1961 to galvanize the black community into direct action protest against institutionalized segregation •The interstate commerce commission's ban of racial segregation in interstate bus terminals went into effect•Charles Sherrod and Cordell Reagon sent nine students from Albany state College to help a conduct a sit in at the bus terminal •The Albany Movement aimed to end all forms of racial segregation in the city, focusing initially on desegregation travel facilities, forming a permanent biracial committee to discuss further desegregation, and release of those jailed in segregation protests

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Albany Movement

Upper Left Corner; people discussing integration Upper Left Corner; Ernest Vandiver Lower Right Corner; government

discussing integration Lower Left Corner; People protesting

•John Sibley is a respected Atlanta businessman, lawyer, and president of the University of Georgia Alumni Association•Sibley is the head of commission. He was elected because he opposed integration. Although a staunch segregationist, Sibley also believed that massive resistance was futile. In an effort to generate support for a "local option" concept in which school boards could determine for themselves whether or not to desegregate. Sibley chaired a series of hearings orchestrated to minimize support for massive resistance. •In ten hearings held across the state during March 1960, Sibley allowed witnesses to state their choice of two options: continuing massive resistance at the expense of the school system or amending state law to allow token integration while keeping segregation largely intact. Despite Sibley's efforts to minimize support for resistance, 60 percent of witnesses favored total segregation. •On April 28, 1960, Sibley, ignoring the results of the hearings, presented the commission's report to state leaders offering measures that would allow schools to remain largely segregated. The Generally Assembly was scheduled to make a decision on January 1961. Before the legislature had a chance to vote, however, a new crisis forced Ernest Vandiver , the governor at the time, make a decision regarding segregation.•In January 1961 a federal judge ordered that two black students, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter be admitted to The University of Georgia Citing state law, Vandiver issued a statement ordering the university closed. The next day, a federal judge reversed the governor's decision, creating the potential for a showdown between the state and federal governments.

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Sibley Commission

All pictures of Maynard Jackson; Maynard Jackson on a copy of a biography

•Elected mayor in 1973 •First African American served as mayor of major southern city•Served eight years•Returned third term in 1990, following of Andrew Young•Instituted programs by Jackson in his two terms•Portion of city businesses going to minority firms rose dramatically•Remained highly influential force in city politics after leaving office•He worked closely with Andrew Young during third term also with Billy Payne who was the organizing chair of Atlanta Olympics and others to being the 1996 Olympics Games to Atlanta

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Maynard Jackson

Pictures of Lester Maddox

•Tumultuous political and social change in Georgia during 1960’s •Brought to office in 1966 by widespread dissatisfaction with desegregation, Lester Maddox surprised many by serving as an unquestionable colorful chief executive•1957 Maddox decided to put words into action and challenged William B. Hartsfield in Atlanta mayoral race, he lost•4 years later he lost again by Ivan Allen Jr.•He championed integrity and economy in govern and segregation•1962 Maddox believed a political career was not meant to be•Maddox remained stubborn to segregation from Jim Crow policies. The passage of art put Maddox on collision course with “forces of interrogation” he opposed as a symbol of defiance the Prickrick became target of civil rights activists seeking to test law •After losing a year battle which challenged public section of Civil Rights Act of 1964. Maddox elected to close restaurant than desegregate•Maddox entered 1966 contest and shocked many by defeating former governor Ellis Arnall in Democratic primary •Following Georgia Constitution of the day, legislature, controlled by Democrats, elected Maddox•Maddox proved progressive on racial matters. He backed significant prison reform, issues with African Americans. Appointed African Americans to government positions than previous Georgia governs combined, including first black officer in Georgia State Portal and first black official to state Board of Correction. He increased funding for University of Georgia. Maddox fought against civil rights aims for the party

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Lester Maddox

Pictures of Andrew Young

•Young left position as pastor in 1961 to work with SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) •Church centered Atlanta civil rights organization by Martin Luther King Jr. •Young assisted in “citizenship schools” for SCLC with workshops that taught nonviolent strategies to people whom were members •Difference of education and economic background between young and other leaders may caused some to consider Young a elitist. Citizenship schools educated a generation of civic leaders and registered thousands of voters throughout the South•Martin Luther King Jr. trusted Young and eventually rose to executive directorship of SCLC. He registered campaigns in Albany, Birmingham, Selma, Alabama, and Washington D.C.•He was with King when he was assassinated•He won Georgia's Fifth District seat in United States of Representatives in 1972. he was the first African American since Reconstruction •1981 he was elected mayor. His election signaled institutionalization of black political power he helped to create Georgia •Won reelection in 1985 •Defeated in 1990•1993 Morehouse College established Center of International Studies, renamed Andrew Young Center for International Studies in 1998•Young currently a professor at Georgia State •Remained active in Georgia affairs•Served as cochairman of Atlanta Committee for 1996 Olympics Games been vocal on economic development and state flag

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Andrew Young

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