stages of a revolution. today’s objectives: 1. we will learn about the four stages of revolution....
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Stages of a Revolution
Today’s Objectives:Today’s Objectives:
1. We will learn about 1. We will learn about the four stages of the four stages of revolution.revolution.
2. We will be able to 2. We will be able to explain how the explain how the French Revolution French Revolution fits into those four fits into those four stages.stages.
Who is Crane Brinton and what is this all about?
• Crane Brinton was a historian who analyzed revolutions and found commonalities between them.
• He found that there are four phases that most revolutions go through.
Crane Brinton
• He wrote a very important book about these phases called, The Anatomy of a Revolution.
• This book was first published in the 1930s but is still referred to today.
The English Civil War and English The English Civil War and English Republic (1642-1661)Republic (1642-1661)
King Charles IKing Charles I Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell
The American Revolution and the The American Revolution and the Creation of the United States (1774-1783)Creation of the United States (1774-1783)
King George IIIKing George III George WashingtonGeorge Washington
The French Revolution to the Fall of The French Revolution to the Fall of Napoleon (1789-1815)Napoleon (1789-1815)
King Louis XVIKing Louis XVI Maximilien RobespierreMaximilien Robespierre
The Russian Revolution and Creation of The Russian Revolution and Creation of Soviet Union (1917-1922)Soviet Union (1917-1922)
Czar Nicholas IICzar Nicholas II Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin
Brinton's Definition of Brinton's Definition of “Revolution”“Revolution”
A drastic, sudden substitution of A drastic, sudden substitution of one group in charge of the running one group in charge of the running of a territorial political entity by of a territorial political entity by another.another.
Revolutions as a DiseaseRevolutions as a Disease Brinton compared a Brinton compared a
revolution to a disease revolution to a disease with a high fever.with a high fever.
Just as the human Just as the human body tries to fight off a body tries to fight off a disease and restore disease and restore itself to its original itself to its original state, so too do state, so too do revolutions eventually revolutions eventually fade to a state similar fade to a state similar to the old order they to the old order they replaced.replaced.
Convalescence
Crisis Stage
Symptomatic Stage
Incubation Stage
FEVER MODEL OF REVOLUTION
Much like an illness, revolutions can also be studied in stages
Convalescence
Crisis Stage
Symptomatic Stage
Incubation Stage
This stage in an illness is when the cause of the sickness first comes into contact with the individual, infecting them, but not yet causing any symptoms to present themselves. What would this stage be like in a revolution?
In a revolution, this stage would involve the political, social, intellectual,or economic causes. In some cases, these causes could fester formany years before showing themselves in the form of actualrevolutionary action.
Sickness affects person in observable ways Temp may rise; cough might present ; individual might become weak & queasy.
What would this stage be like in a revolution?
Convalescence
Crisis Stage
Symptomatic Stage
Incubation Stage
1st part to involve direct action resulting from social, political, intellectual, or economic causes of incubation stage. Might involve the publication of works calling for a change, street level riots by common people, or more direct attempts at changing society.
Crisis Stage
Convalescence
Symptomatic Stage
Incubation Stage
Make or break part of struggle. May involve conflict where sides for & against revolution compete. (could take the form of debate or full-scale war) Successful revolutions survive this stage- those that don’t are failed rebellions.
Critical stage 2 things can happen individual either breaks the fever after a heightened stage of illness OR gets progressively worse & does not recover.
What would this stage be like in a revolution?
Convalescence
Crisis Stage
Symptomatic Stage
Incubation Stage
Recovery from illness. Individual might be weakened from experience, but he or she will eventually emerge healthy & w/ new knowledge & experience that might prevent illness from occurring again.
What would this stage be like in a revolution?
Recovery from the extreme disruptions of crisis stage. Political, social, intellectual, or economic causes of revolution must be addressed insome way, though not necessarily to satisfaction of all revolutionaries.
Conditions Present Before a Revolution
Takes Place1) People from all social classes are discontented.
2) People feel restless & held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, & the economy or gov’t
3) People are hopeful about the future, but are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for
4) People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, & there is bitterness b/t social classes
5) Social classes closest to each other are the most hostile
Conditions Present Before a Revolution
Takes Place6) Scholars & thinkers give up on the way
their society operates7) Gov’t does not respond to needs of its
society8) Leaders of gov’t & ruling class begin to
doubt themselves some join w/ opposition groups
9) Gov’t is unable to get enough support from any group to save itself.
10)Gov’t cannot organize its finances correctly & is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily & unjustly.
The Course that Revolutions Seem
to Take1) Impossible demands made of government which, if granted, would mean its end
2) Unsuccessful gov’t attempts to suppress revolutionaries
3) Revolutionaries gain power & seem united4) Once in power, revolutionaries begin to
quarrel among themselves, & unity begins to dissolves
5) Moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further changes
The Course that Revolutions Seem
to Take6) Power is gained by progressively more radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost complete control
7) Strong man emerges & assumes great power
8) Extremists try to create a “heaven-on-earth” by introducing their whole program & punishing all of their opponents
9) Period of terror or extreme violence occurs10)Moderate groups regain power.
THE REVOLUTION IS OVER!!!!
The French RevolutionApplication of the Fever
Model
Causes - Incubation
• Social Inequality - three estates– Three estates– First Estate (upper clergy) - 1%
of population, taxed peasants– Second Estate (nobles) - 2-3%
of population, paid no taxes, taxed peasants
– Third Estate (Bourgeoisie, peasants, workers) - paid up to 1/2 of income in taxes
Causes - Incubation
• Enlightenment Ideas/American Rev.– Belief all men should have liberal freedoms– Right and just to remove unjust gov’t– Equality for all– United States Dec. of Independence and
Constitution
Causes - Incubation
• King Louis XVI– Weak leader– Preferred personal interests, delegated
authority– Incapable of decisive action
Causes - Incubation
• Economic Crisis– French economy bankrupt– Wars, Louis XVI lifestyle– Nobles not taxed– Crop failures– Debt - 1/2 budget goes to interest– Bourgeoisie begin questioning King
Moderate Stage - Symptoms
• Estates General called, Third Estate demands reform - resisted by others
Moderate Stage - Symptoms
• National Assembly declared (June 20, 1789)
Moderate Stage - Symptoms
• Bastille stormed (July 14, 1789) in response to king mobilizing Swiss troops
Moderate Stage - Symptoms
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (Aug., 1789)– Influenced by America– Equality of all men, sovereignty resided in
the people, and individual rights to libery, prosperity, and security
• March of the Women (Oct., 1789)– Food protests turn into march to Versailles– King forced to move to Paris
Moderate Stage - Symptoms
• Reforms on National Assembly– “Liberty, equality, fraternity” - motto– Dismantled feudal system– Seized Church lands– Abolished estates– Creates Constitution of 1791 - limits power
of king (constitutional monarchy)– Men of property could vote
Radical Stage - Crisis
• Prussian and Austrian invasion of France
• French Republic established - King dethroned, the Convention set up
• Large scale draft• King tried and
executed
Radical Stage - Crisis
• Robespierre / Jacobians take control of the Convention
• Committee of Public Safety oversees the Reign of Terror (40,000 people executed, 300,000 arrested)
• Tried to eliminate influence of the church
Moderate - Convalescence
• Convention arrests Robespierre - executes him
• The Directory takes over– Committee of five conservative men– Tries to find middle ground– Military successes outside of France– Domestically, still many problems
• Napoleon stages coup, imposes new constitution - declares himself first consul
• What do you think is the reaction of the French?
