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1. Replikasi DNA
2. Kode genetik
3. Ekspresi gen
Overview
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DNA replication, which results in two identical double stranded DNA molecules, provides the molecular mechanism for passing genetic information from one generation to the next.
DNA Replication
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Speed of DNA replication: 3,000 nucleotides/min in human 30,000 nucleotides/min in E.coli
Accuracy of DNA replication: Very precise (1 error/1,000,000,000 nt)
DNA Replication
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• Eukaryotes replicate their DNA only in S-phase
• Eukaryotes have larger chromosomes
• Replication speed 2,600 npm.
• Largest Drosophila chromosome is 6.5 x 107 nucl., but it can replicate in 3-4 min.
• From a single origin, bidirectional replication would take 8.5 days. ==> The chromosome must have some 7,000 origins of replication.
Multiple Origins
in Eukaryotes
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• Kodon
Suatu aturan yang menetapkan bahwa pada
sintesis protein suatu triplet nukleotida akan
mengkode asam amino tertentu.
• Degenerasi Kode Genetik
Suatu keadaan yang memperlihatkan bahwa satu
asam amino dikode oleh lebih dari satu kodon
disebut degenerasi.
KODON
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DNA to Protein
• A specific gene specifies a polypeptide
• The DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into the polypeptide
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Translation
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mRNA Ribosome
Codon for
specific AA
Codon
Free amino acids
AA:tRNA
Growing Protein Chain
free tRNA
Anti-codon
• Albert, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Robert, K., Watson, J.D. 2008. Molecular Biology of the Cell.
5th ed. Garland Publ. Inc., New York.
• Brown, T.A. 2002. Genomes. New York and London: Garland Science
• Campbell, N.A., L.G. Mitchell, and J.B. Reece. 2005. Biology. 7th.ed. The Benyamin Cummings
Publ.Co.Inc., California (USA)
• Campbell, N.A., L.G. Mitchell, and J.B. Reece. 2006. Biology. Concept and Connection. 5th.ed. The
Benyamin Cummings Publ.Co.Inc., California (USA)
• Griffiths, Anthony J.F.; Gelbart, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Lewontin, Richard C. 1999. Modern
Genetic Analysis. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.
• Hartwell, L., Hood,L., Goldberg, M.L., Reynolds, A.E., Silver, L.M., and Veres, R.C. 2000. Genetics:
From Genes to Genomes. 1st ed. The Mc.Graw Hill Companies, Inc. USA
• Klug, W.S. and R. Cummings. 2000. Concept of Genetics. 6th.ed. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey
(USA)
• Lewin, Benjamin. 2006. Essential Genes. International Edition. Pearson Ed. Inc. USA
• Reece, R.J. 2004. Analysis of Genes and Genomes. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
• Watson, J.D., Gilman, M., Witkowski, J., and Zoller, M. 1992. Recombinant DNA. 2nd ed. Freeman
and Co., New York.
References
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