stacking and tracking: “racialized jobs” among division ia college football coaches jacob c. day...
Post on 20-Dec-2015
215 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches
Jacob C. Day
North Carolina State University
2009 Scholarly Conference on College Sport
College Sports Research Institute
Chapel Hill, NC
![Page 2: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Racial Disparity among College Football Coaches
• Currently 7 black head coaches (6%) at the NCAA Division I-A Level.
• Black coaches make up 28% (286) of the total assistants and only 12% (31) of the Offensive and Defensive Coordinators.
• Black athletes make up 50% of the participants at the Division I-A level.
![Page 3: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Stacking and Tracking – Occupational Inequality Literature
• Individual differences determining coaches’ mobility– Human capital, Social capital
• Labor market characteristics determining mobility– Sponsored mobility, Vacancy chains,
Occupational Internal Labor Market.• Implicit assumption that all coaches
occupy the same occupational positions.
![Page 4: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Stacking and Tracking – Occupational Inequality Literature
• Racialized Jobs (Collins 1997)– Job requirements include actual or
symbolic connection to black community.
– Limit manager’s ability to develop skills and experience necessary to move up the corporate ladder.
![Page 5: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Stacking and Tracking – Sports Literature
• Stacking– Racial segregation of athletes into
positions based on their “centrality.”
– Minority football players are overrepresented in non-central positions (e.g. wide receiver, running back, defensive end, etc.).
![Page 6: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Stacking and Tracking – Sports Literature
• Tracking– Stacking among athletes leads to the
reproduction of racial segregation among coaches (Anderson 1993; Braddock 1989).
– Less is known about how the structure of coaching staffs impacts future career outcomes.
![Page 7: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Research Questions
• Are black coaches more likely than white coaches to be in non-central coaching positions?
• How does being in a non-central coaching position impact a coach’s future career opportunities?
![Page 8: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Data
• Full-Time Coaches on all 12 coaching staffs in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).– N = 120 (10 per team)– Used media guides to gather coaches’
biographical information and career histories.
![Page 9: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Basic Structure of NC State’s Coaching Staff
Defense Offense
Special Teams
HC
DC OC
ST RB OL TE
GAGA
DLDBLB
![Page 10: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Basic Structure of NC State’s Coaching Staff
Defense Offense
Special Teams
HC
DC OC
ST RB OL TE
GAGA
DLDBLB
![Page 11: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Basic Structure of NC State’s Coaching Staff - Executive
Defense Offense
Special Teams
HC
DC OC
ST RB OL TE
GAGA
DLDBLB
![Page 12: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Basic Structure of NC State’s Coaching Staff - Central
Defense Offense
Special Teams
HC
DC OC
ST RB OL TE
GAGA
DLDBLB
![Page 13: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Basic Structure of NC State’s Coaching Staff – Non-Central
Defense Offense
Special Teams
HC
DC OC
ST RB OL TE
GAGA
DLDBLB
![Page 14: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Variables
• Dependent:– Current Position
• Executive – Head Coach, Offensive and Defensive Coordinator.
• Central – Quarterback, Linebacker, and Offensive Line Coaches.
• Non-Central – Running Back, Wide Receiver, Defensive Line, and Defensive
Backs coaches.
– Central Position Years• Total years after their first full-time position
• Independent:– Race (White vs. Black)– Years Coaching Executive, Central, and Non-
Central Positions (not including current position).– First Full-Time Position (Non-Central vs.
Executive/Central)
![Page 15: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Results of Multinomial Logistic Regression Predicting Current Position
Non-Central vs. Executive
Central vs. Executive
Non-Central vs. Central
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
Black 12.873* 3.860** 1.604 .982 8.025* 3.933**
Played DIA .325* .622 .303* 2.220 1.072 1.410
Played Central .874 1.505 2.300 1.706 .380** .678
Graduate Degree 1.651 2.457 1.281 2.002 1.289 1.227
GA/SA Years 1.055 .986 .903 .826 1.168 1.193
NC First Full-Time 1.759 1.696 .888 .411 1.981 .994
Executive Years .778* .853* .912
Central Years .886** 1.094** .810*
Non-Central Years 1.098* .996 1.103*
-2 Log Likelihood 196.325 161.522 196.325 161.522 196.325 161.522
N = 110; * = p < .05; ** = p < .10; Table entries are odds ratios.
![Page 16: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Results of Multinomial Logistic Regression Predicting Current Position
Non-Central vs. Executive
Central vs. Executive
Non-Central vs. Central
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
Black 12.873* 3.860** 1.604 .982 8.025* 3.933**
Played DIA .325* .622 .303* 2.220 1.072 1.410
Played Central .874 1.505 2.300 1.706 .380** .678
Graduate Degree 1.651 2.457 1.281 2.002 1.289 1.227
GA/SA Years 1.055 .986 .903 .826 1.168 1.193
NC First Full-Time 1.759 1.696 .888 .411 1.981 .994
Executive Years .778* .853* .912
Central Years .886** 1.094** .810*
Non-Central Years 1.098* .996 1.103*
-2 Log Likelihood 196.325 161.522 196.325 161.522 196.325 161.522
N = 110; * = p < .05; ** = p < .10; Table entries are odds ratios.
![Page 17: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Results of Multinomial Logistic Regression Predicting Current Position
Non-Central vs. Executive
Central vs. Executive
Non-Central vs. Central
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
Black 12.873* 3.860** 1.604 .982 8.025* 3.933**
Played DIA .325* .622 .303* 2.220 1.072 1.410
Played Central .874 1.505 2.300 1.706 .380** .678
Graduate Degree 1.651 2.457 1.281 2.002 1.289 1.227
GA/SA Years 1.055 .986 .903 .826 1.168 1.193
NC First Full-Time 1.759 1.696 .888 .411 1.981 .994
Executive Years .778* .853* .912
Central Years .886** 1.094** .810*
Non-Central Years 1.098* .996 1.103*
-2 Log Likelihood 196.325 161.522 196.325 161.522 196.325 161.522
N = 110; * = p < .05; ** = p < .10; Table entries are odds ratios.
![Page 18: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Results of OLS Regression Predicting Years in Central Position
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Constant11.347*(1.683)
9.642*(1.394)
10.237*(1.424)
Black-5.021*(1.408)
-.916(1.281)
-4.309**(2.350)
Played DIA-.024
(1.253).028
(1.023).099
(1.014)
Played Central1.202
(1.275)1.981**(1.047)
1.986**(1.037)
Graduate Degree-.337
(1.321)-.578
(1.079)-.547
(1.069)
GA/SA Years-.377(.443)
-.099(.364)
-.093(.360)
NC First Full-Time-5.838*(1.366)
-5.510*(1.116)
-6.495*(1.246)
Total Years.272*(.037)
.276*(.037)
Black * NC First Full-Time4.419**(2.576)
Adjusted R2 .251 .501 .510
* = p < .05; * = p < .10; GA/SA years and Total years are centered on mean
![Page 19: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Results of OLS Regression Predicting Years in Central Position
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Constant11.347*(1.683)
9.642*(1.394)
10.237*(1.424)
Black-5.021*(1.408)
-.916(1.281)
-4.309**(2.350)
Played DIA-.024
(1.253).028
(1.023).099
(1.014)
Played Central1.202
(1.275)1.981**(1.047)
1.986**(1.037)
Graduate Degree-.337
(1.321)-.578
(1.079)-.547
(1.069)
GA/SA Years-.377(.443)
-.099(.364)
-.093(.360)
NC First Full-Time-5.838*(1.366)
-5.510*(1.116)
-6.495*(1.246)
Total Years.272*(.037)
.276*(.037)
Black * NC First Full-Time4.419**(2.576)
Adjusted R2 .251 .501 .510
* = p < .05; ** = p < .10; GA/SA years and Total years are centered on mean
![Page 20: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Results of OLS Regression Predicting Years in Central Position
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Constant11.347*(1.683)
9.642*(1.394)
10.237*(1.424)
Black-5.021*(1.408)
-.916(1.281)
-4.309**(2.350)
Played DIA-.024
(1.253).028
(1.023).099
(1.014)
Played Central1.202
(1.275)1.981**(1.047)
1.986**(1.037)
Graduate Degree-.337
(1.321)-.578
(1.079)-.547
(1.069)
GA/SA Years-.377(.443)
-.099(.364)
-.093(.360)
NC First Full-Time-5.838*(1.366)
-5.510*(1.116)
-6.495*(1.246)
Total Years.272*(.037)
.276*(.037)
Black * NC First Full-Time4.419**(2.576)
Adjusted R2 .251 .501 .510
* = p < .05; ** = p < .10; GA/SA years and Total years are centered on mean
![Page 21: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Results of OLS Regression Predicting Years in Central Position
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Constant11.347*(1.683)
9.642*(1.394)
10.237*(1.424)
Black-5.021*(1.408)
-.916(1.281)
-4.309**(2.350)
Played DIA-.024
(1.253).028
(1.023).099
(1.014)
Played Central1.202
(1.275)1.981**(1.047)
1.986**(1.037)
Graduate Degree-.337
(1.321)-.578
(1.079)-.547
(1.069)
GA/SA Years-.377(.443)
-.099(.364)
-.093(.360)
NC First Full-Time-5.838*(1.366)
-5.510*(1.116)
-6.495*(1.246)
Total Years.272*(.037)
.276*(.037)
Black * NC First Full-Time4.419**(2.576)
Adjusted R2 .251 .501 .510
* = p < .05; ** = p < .10; GA/SA years and Total years are centered on mean
![Page 22: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Race Differences in Returns to Central/Executive First Full-Time Positions
First Full-Time Central/Executive First Full-Time Non-Central0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Predicted Average Years in Central Positions by First Full-Time Position and Race
White Black
First Full-Time Position
Ye
ars
in C
en
tra
l Po
sit
ion
s
![Page 23: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Conclusion
• Preliminary support for “racialized” jobs operating in the college coaching profession.
• Evidence suggests that black coaches receive less benefit from starting in an advantaged position than white coaches.
![Page 24: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Conclusion
• Future research will expand scope to include the entire population of DIA coaches.
• Examine coaches career trajectories more directly with a longitudinal research design.
• Examine a coaches structural position within a network of professional relations.
![Page 25: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Social Network Structure
![Page 26: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Social Network Structure
![Page 27: Stacking and Tracking: “Racialized Jobs” Among Division IA College Football Coaches Jacob C. Day North Carolina State University 2009 Scholarly Conference](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022032704/56649d405503460f94a1ae55/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Social Network Structure