Date: Source details: Notes: Quotations and examples to be used:

30/07/2015 Tacticus, Annals, IV

Trubshaw, B (2015) The Boudicca Rebellion

Dio Cassius, History of Rome (he is believed to have been born 100 years after Boudicca’s revolt and spent 20 years researching to make this set of 80 books)

It is unknown the exact cause of death of Boudicca but many believe she either poisoned herself or died of shock following her defeat

Poenius Postumius was a Roman prefect who commited suicide following his disobedience to the orders of his general and robbing those under his command their share in victory Dates:

60 CE The Roman Emperor's fiscal Procurator, Decianus Catus, attempts to make a full inventory of the Iceni estates. In the process he caused a minor clash which ended with Boudica being flogged and her daughters raped. The Druids used this event as a focus for anti-Roman rebellion.

May 61 Boudica raises her army as Paullinus prepares to destroy the Druids on Anglesey.

July 61 Boudica attacks Colchester, London and St Albans.

“Exasperated by their acts of violence, and dreading worse calamities, the Icenians had recourse to arms…The neighbouring states, not as yet taught to crouch in bondage, pledged themselves, in secret councils, to stand forth in the cause of liberty.”

“ The engagement began. The Roman legion presented a close embodied line. The narrow defile gave them the shelter of a rampart. The Britons advanced with ferocity, and discharged their darts at random. In that instant, the Romans rushed forward in the form of a wedge. The auxiliaries followed with equal ardour. The cavalry, at the same time, bore down upon the enemy, and, with their pikes, overpowered all who dared to make a stand. The Britons betook themselves to flight, but their waggons in the rear obstructed their passage. A dreadful slaughter followed. Neither sex nor age was spared. The cattle, falling in one promiscuous carnage, added to the heaps of slain. The glory of the day was equal to the most splendid victory of ancient times. According to some writers, not less than eighty thousand Britons were put to the sword. The Romans lost about four hundred men, and the wounded did not exceed that number. Boudicca, by a dose of poison, [ended] her life. Poenius Postumius, the Prefect in the camp of the second legion, as soon as he heard of the brave exploits of the fourteenth and twentieth legions, felt the disgrace of having, in disobedience to the orders of his general, robbed the soldiers under his command of their share in so complete a victory. Stung with remorse, he fell upon his sword, and expired on the spot.” “...a terrible disaster occurred in Britain. Three cities were sacked, eighty thousand of the Romans and of their allies perished, and the island was lost to Rome. Moreover, all this ruin was brought upon the Romans by a woman, a fact which in itself caused them the greatest shame....But the person who was chiefly instrumental in rousing the natives and persuading them to fight the Romans, the person who was thought worthy to be their leader and who directed the conduct of the entire war, was Boudicca, a Briton woman of the royal family and possessed of greater intelligence than often belongs to women…”

Written Secondary Sources:

Due to the nature of the written sources (written after the events) these are considered secondary sources. Taticus’ Annals, although the accounts of his father-in-law, due to being written after the events, it is considered also a secondary source.

Extract from Dio Cassius writing, Roman History VIII Manuscript Extract from the Annals, Tacitus IV

Route Taken by Boudicca and her forces and the Roman Legions

Red - Boudicca’s forces

Purple - Roman Legions

Excavations: London Cross Rail Project Discovery Excavation:

Excavation at Camulodunum

Burnt bronze coins

Red Layer found in Camulodunum

Boudicca’s Legacy

Boudicca’s legacy is commemorated through art in particular, depictions of the Celtic Queen remain as tribute to the great female warrior.

(History of Britain, 1807)

Bronze statue of Boudicca and her daughters by Thomas Thornycroft, 1856-85