sss.10. mata refraksi.ppt [read-only] -...
TRANSCRIPT
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REFRACTION
The change in speed as a light ray goes from one light ray goes from one material to another causes the ray to deviate from its incident direction
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Tiap mata diperiksa terpisah.� Tiap mata diperiksa terpisah.
� Tanpa / dengan kaca mata
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DISTANCE VISUAL ACUITY
1 minute of arc
EE
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DISTANCE VISUAL ACUITY
1 minute of arc
E
VA =
Distance over which the test letter is viewed
Distance at which detail subtends 1 min of arc
= 6 / 6
E6 m viewing distance
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6 meters
1 minute
1 minute
E
E
VA= 6/6
VA= 6/12 E6 meters
6 meters
1 minute
36 meters
12 meters
E
EVA= 6/36
E
E
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� OPTOTYPE SNELLEN.
� MENGHITUNG JARI.� MENGHITUNG JARI.
� GOYANGAN TANGAN.
� DENGAN SENTER.
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Alat Pengukuran Visus
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Snellen eye chart
Rosenbaum pocket
chart
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� Setiap huruf nya membentuk sudut 5 menit
pada jarak tertentu.pada jarak tertentu.
� Pemeriksaan dilakukan pada jarak 5 atau 6
meter : mata tidak berakomodasi.
� Tajam penglihatan : pembilang / penyebut.
� Pembilang : jarak pasien dengan Snellen.
� Penyebut : jarak yang dapat dibaca.
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� Visus 6/6 : dapat melihat huruf pada
jarak 6 meter, yang orang normal dapat
melihat huruf tersebut dari jarak 6 meter.
� Visus 6/30 : dapat melihat huruf pada
jarak 6 meter, yang orang normal dapat
melihat huruf tersebut dari jarak 30 meter.
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� Tdk dapat mengenal huruf terbesar pada
kartu Snellen.
� Normal : jari dapat dilihat secara terpisah
pada jarak 60 meter.
� 1/60 : hanya dapat menghitung jari dari jarak 1 m.
� 3/60 : hanya dapat menghitung jari dari jarak 3 m.
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Pemeriksaan Tajam Penglihatan
dengan HITUNG JARI
• Bila pasien belum dapat melihat huruf teratas atau terbesar dari kartu Snellen atau kartu E maka mulai HITUNG maka mulai HITUNG JARI pada jarak 3 meter (tulis 03/060).
• Hitung jari 3 meterbelum bisa terlihat maka maju 2 meter (tulis 02/060), bila belum terlihat maju 1meter (tulis 01/060).
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� Digunakan untuk visus < 1/60.
� Orang normal dapat melihat gerakan /� Orang normal dapat melihat gerakan /
lambaian tangan dari jarak : 300 meter.
� Visus 1/300 : hanya dapat melihat
lambaian tangan dari jarak 300 meter.
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Pemeriksaan Tajam Penglihatan
dengan goyangan tangan
• Bila belum juga terlihat
maka lakukan maka lakukan
GOYANGAN TANGAN
pada jarak 1 meter (tulis
01/300)
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� Visus < 1/300.
� Orang normal dapat melihat sinar dari jarak
tak berhingga.
� Hanya mengetahui ada / tdknya cahaya,
visus : 1/~ ⇒ proyeksi ( +/- ).
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Pemeriksaan Tajam Penglihatan
dengan senter
Goyangan tangan belum terlihat
maka senter mata pasien dan
tanyakan apakah responden tanyakan apakah responden
dapat melihat SINAR SENTER
Bila tidak dapat melihat sinar
senter disebut
BUTA TOTAL
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VISUS MEMBAIK ⇒ KELAINAN
REFRAKSI ( + ) YANG DAPAT DIKOREKSI
DENGAN KACA MATA
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Pemeriksaan Tajam Penglihatan
dengan PINHOLE
• Bila pasien tidak
dapat melanjutkan
lagi bacaan huruf di
kartu Snellen atau kartu Snellen atau
kartu E maka pada
mata tersebut
dipasang PINHOLE
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Pemeriksaan Tajam Penglihatan
dengan PINHOLE
• Dengan pinhole pasien dapat melanjutkan
bacaannya sampai baris normal (20/20)
berarti pasien tersebut GANGGUAN
REFRAKSIREFRAKSI
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Pemeriksaan Tajam Penglihatan
dengan PINHOLE
• Bila dengan pinhole pasien tidak dapat melanjutkan bacaannya mungkin ada kelainan pada mata
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PINHOLE
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KEADAAN MATA, DIMANA SINAR-
SINAR SEJAJAR DENGAN GARISSINAR SEJAJAR DENGAN GARIS
PANDANG TANPA AKOMODASI
DIBIASKAN PADA MAKULA LUTEA.
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AKOMODASI :
KEMAMPUAN LENSA MATA
UNTUK MENCEMBUNG
DAYA PEMBIASAN LENSA >>>, DIATUR O
REFLEKS AKOMODASI ( MELIHAT
KABUR ATAU MELIHAT DEKAT )
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Teori Helmholtz : zonulla Zinnii
kendor akibat kontraksi otot kendor akibat kontraksi otot
silier sirkuler ⇒ lensa yang
elastis menjadi cembung &
diameter menjadi kecil.
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Schernig : Bila musculus
Ciliaris berkontraksi maka
iris, corpus ciliaris tertarik ke iris, corpus ciliaris tertarik ke
belakang menyebabkan
zonulla zinnii tegang & lensa
menjadi cembung.
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Anak-anak ⇒ akomodasi kuat ⇒ sering
didapati koreksi yang berlebihan pada
myopia
Beri sikloplegik atau sulfas atropin
untuk melumpuhkan otot siliar /
sphingter pupil
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PUNCTUM REMOTUM :
Titik terjauh yang dapat dilihat
tanpa akomodasi.
PUNCTUM PROXIMUM :
Titik terdekat yang dapat dilihat
dengan akomodasi maksimal
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� LENSA SPHERIS :
* CONVEX LENS (PLUS)
* CONCAVE LENS (MINUS)* CONCAVE LENS (MINUS)
� LENSA SILINDRIS :
* CONVEX LENS (PLUS)
* CONCAVE LENS (MINUS)
� LENSA PRISMA
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Spherical Lenses
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SPHERICAL CONVEX LENS ( THICK IN THE
CENTRE AND THIN AT THE PERIPHERY ) :
* IS A CONVERGING LENS
* IT MAY BE OF BICONVEX,PLANO-
CONVEX OR CONCAVO-CONVEX.
* USED FOR CORRECTION OF
HYPERMETROPIA,APHAKIA AND
PRESBYOPIA
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SPHERICAL CONCAVE LENS ( THIN IN THE
CENTRE AND THICK AT THE PERIPHERY ) :
* IS A DIVERGING LENS
* THREE TYPES : BICONCAVE,PLANO-
CONCAVE,CONVEXO-CONCAVE
* USED FOR CORRECTION OF MYOPIA
AND AS HRUBY LENS FOR FUNDUS
EXAMINATION WITH SLIT LAMP
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LENSA SPHERIS :
Mengalami sejumlah penyimpangan
(aberasi) :
� Aberasi Spheris : berkas sinar yang
dekat sumbu utama akan dibias pada
satu titik, tapi sinar yang jauh dari
sumbu utama akan dibias lebih dekat.
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Abrasi Kromatik : sinar dengan
gelombang terpanjang dibias lebih
lemah dari sinar-sinar dengan
gelombang pendek.
Spheris positif : pembiasan konvergen
Spheris negatif : pembiasan divergen
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LENSA SILINDRIS :
• Mempunyai poros ( axis ).
• Semua sinar melalui axis tidak dibiaskan.
• Sinar-sinar dalam bidang tegak lurus terhadap • Sinar-sinar dalam bidang tegak lurus terhadap
poros akan dibiaskan sesuai dengan apakah
silindris + / -.
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CYLINDRICAL CONVEX LENS : IS A
SEGMENT OF A CYLINDER OF GLASS
CUT PARALLEL TO ITS AXIS.CUT PARALLEL TO ITS AXIS.
CYLINDRICAL CONCAVE LENS IS A
LENS CASTED IN A CONVEX
CYLINDRICAL MOULD.
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CYLINDRICAL LENS USED TO
* PRESCRIBED TO CORRECT
ASTIGMATISMASTIGMATISM
* AS A CROSS CYLINDER USED
TO CHECK THE REFRACTION
SUBJECTIVELY
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PRISM LENS :
* OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT OF
ANGLE OF DEVIATIONANGLE OF DEVIATION
* THERAPEUTICALLY,PRISMS ARE
PRESCRIBED IN PATIENTS WITH
PHORIAS AND DIPLOPIA
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Problems of Refraction
Figure 15.14a, b
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HYPERMETROPIA
( rabun dekat = farsightedness =
longsightedness )
• Keadaan mata yang tidak• Keadaan mata yang tidak
berakomodasi memfokuskan
bayangan di belakang retina
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Hypermetropia,and restoring of vision with convex lens
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Penyebab :
• Hypermetropia Axial : sumbu bola mata
terlalu pendek. Setiap 1 mm pemendekan
diameter antero-posterior bola mata diameter antero-posterior bola mata
menghasilkan hypermetropia 3 D
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• Hypermetropia curvatura:
hypermetropia disebabkan oleh
curvatura cornea ataupun lensa lebih
datar dari normal sehingga terjadi
penurunan refractive power dari mata. penurunan refractive power dari mata.
Setiap 1mm kenaikan radius curvatura
menghasilkan hypermetropia 6 D
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• Index hypermetropia : perubahan index refractive dari lensa pada usia tua. Biasanya juga pada penderita diabetes yang dalam pengobatan
• Posititional hypermetropia : letak lensa • Posititional hypermetropia : letak lensa yang lebih posterior
• Tidak adanya lensa,yang menyebabkan aphakia (high hypermetropia)
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Pembagian :
• Ringan : +0,25 D - +3,00 Dioptri.
• Sedang : +3,25 D - + 6,00 Dioptri• Sedang : +3,25 D - + 6,00 Dioptri
• Berat : > +6 Dioptri
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Hypermetropia tdd :
• Hypermetropia Totalis : hypermetropia
yang dikoreksi sesudah diberikan yang dikoreksi sesudah diberikan
sikloplegia. ( Latent + manifest )
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Hypermetropia Latent :
• Kelainan hypermetropia tanpa sikloplegik
diimbangi seluruhnya oleh akomodasi.
• Makin muda, komponen latent makin >>.
• Sehari-hari diatasi dengan akomodasi terus
menerus ( terutama pasien muda ).
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Hypermetropia manifest :
• Hypermetropia yang dikoreksi dengan
akomodasi masih ada ( tanpa sikloplegik ).
• Dapat dikoreksi dgn kaca mata positif
maksimal.
• Tdd : hypermetropia absolut + fakultatif.
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• Hypermetropia absolut : kelainan
refraksi tidak diimbangi dgn akomodasi
& memerlukan kaca mata positif u
melihat jauh.melihat jauh.
• Hypermetropia fakultatif :
hypermetropia dapat diimbangi dgn
akomodasi / kaca mata spheris positif.
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Tanda subjektif :
• Mata lelah.
• Sakit kepala : frontal / fronto – temporal • Sakit kepala : frontal / fronto – temporal
headache.
• Silau.
• Astenophia akomodatif.
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Tanda objektif :
• Ukuran bola mata tampak lebih kecil
• Diameter cornea lebih kecil dari normal• Diameter cornea lebih kecil dari normal
• Pupil mengecil ( miosis)
• COA dangkal
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• Fundus examination : Pseudopapilitis &
Shot silk appearance
• A-scan USG ( biometry) : panjang
antero-posterior bola mata pendekantero-posterior bola mata pendek
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Therapi :
• Koreksi dengan lensa spheris positif
yang terkuat yang memberikan visus yang terkuat yang memberikan visus
terbaik sehingga sinar difokuskan di
retina
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Komplikasi :
• Hordeolum, blepharitis, chalazion yang
berulang
• Strabismus konvergen
• Amblyopia
• Primary narrow angle glaucoma
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MYOPIA
( rabun jauh = short-sightedness
= near-sightedness )
• Bayangan dari benda yang terletak
jauh difokuskan di depan retina pada
mata yang tidak berakomodasi.
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Myopic eye
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Penyebab :
• Myopia Axial.
- Sumbu antero-posterior bola mata
terlalu panjang.terlalu panjang.
- Kelengkungan kornea normal.
- Lensa normal.
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• Myopia Index : peningkatan index refractive
dari lensa yang biasanya berhubungan dengan
nuklear sklerosis
Misalnya karena perubahan daya bias :
Lensa : luxatio, sub-luxatio, cataract.
Cairan mata : pada penderita DM
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• Myopia curvatura : terjadi akibat
peninggian curvatura kornea ataupun
lensa. Misalnya pada kornea terjadi :
keratoconus, keratoglobus,
keratoectasia
• Positional myopia : lensa terletak lebih
ke anterior
• Myopia yang terjadi akibat excessive
akomodasi,biasa pada pasien dengan
spasme akomodasi
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Tanda Subjektif :
• Jauh kabur, terang dekat.
• Muscae Folitantes ( + ) : sebagian sel-sel
retina ada yang terlepas dan masuk ke corpus
vitreous, sehingga terlihat bintik-bintik hitam
di lapang pandang.
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• Penderita sering mengernyitkan
mata (efek pinhole).
• Asthenopia konvergensi.• Asthenopia konvergensi.
• Night blindness
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Tanda Objektif :
• Diameter cornea lebih besar
• COA dalam, iris agak bergetar
• Pupil dilatasi dan refleksnya agak lambat
• Fundus examination : myopic crescent,
Tigroid fundus.
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Pembagian Myopia :
• Myopia Simplex ( stationer ) : kelainan fundus (-).
• Myopia Progresif : kelainan fundus (+), myopic
crescent, tigroid fundus, setiap tahun D bertambah crescent, tigroid fundus, setiap tahun D bertambah
sampai usia 25 thn.
• Myopia Maligna : kelainan fundus (+), tigroid fundus,
penambahan D sampai > 25 thn.
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Klinis :
� Myopia Ringan : - 0,25 D - - 3,00 D
� Myopia Sedang : - 3,25 D - - 6,00 D� Myopia Sedang : - 3,25 D - - 6,00 D
� Myopia Berat : > - 6 D
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Komplikasi :
• Esotropia : bila derajat kedua mata
hampir sama � punctum remotum yang
dekat � mata selalu konvergensi � bila dekat � mata selalu konvergensi � bila
menetap mengakibatkan juling .
• Retinal detachment ( Ablatio Retina )
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Therapi :
• Koreksi dengan lensa Spheris terlemah
sehingga sinar dapat difokuskan tepat di
retina
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Therapy operatif :
• Refractive corneal surgery :
- Radial keratotomy
- Photo-refractive keratectomy ( PRK)
- Laser in situ Keratomileusis
• Clear lens Extraction in unilateral high myopia
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ASTIGMATISMA :
Mata menghasilkan suatu bayangan
dengan titik atau garis fokus
multipel.
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Type Astigmatisma :
• Based on asymmetry of structure :
1. Corneal astigmatisma ( due to an 1. Corneal astigmatisma ( due to an
irregularly shaped cornea )
2. Lenticular astigmatisma ( due to an
irregularly shaped lens )
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Based on axis of the principal
meridians
• Regular astigmatisma : letak
titik fokus pada tiap meridian titik fokus pada tiap meridian
teratur.
Terdiri atas :
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Astigmatisma with the rule :
• Astigmatisma dengan daya bias yang lebih
besar terletak di meridian vertikal.
Astigmatisma against the rule :Astigmatisma against the rule :
• Astigmatisma dengan daya bias yang lebih besar
terletak di meridian horizontal.
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• Irregular astigmatisma : letak
titik fokus pada tiap meridian
tidak teratur
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Penyebab :
• Kelainan cornea : 90 %.
� perubahan kelengkungan cornea.
� tindakan operasi.
� trauma
• Kelainan lensa .
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Jenis Astigmatisma :
1. Ast.Myopic Simplex : koreksi Cyl. ( - ).
2. Ast.Myop.Comp. : koreksi Sp (-) & Cyl (-).
3. Ast.Hypermetr.Simp. : koreksi Cyl (+).
4. Ast.Hypermetr.Comp. : koreksi Sp(+) & Cyl(+)
5. Astigmatisma Mixtus : koreksi
Sp(-) & Cyl (+)
Sp(+) & Cyl (-)
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Therapy :
• Dengan lensa cylindris.
• Untuk irreguler astigmatisma : lensa
kontak, dan atau tindakan operasi
( mis. Penetrating keratoplasty ).
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Cara koreksi :
• Koreksi dengan sp (+) / (-) sampai dapat
visus terbaik.
• Beri lensa fogging untuk menghilangkan
akomodasi.
• Kemudian dikoreksi dengan lensa cylindris
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P R E S B Y O P I A
• Punctum proximum telah menjadi jauh
sehingga sulit melihat dekat / membaca.
• Mulai pada umur 40 thn.• Mulai pada umur 40 thn.
• Gangguan akomodasi pada usia lanjut :
� kelemahan otot akomodasi.
� Kurangnya elastisitas lensa.
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Focusing for Close Vision
Figure 15.13b
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• Koreksi dgn SP (+) :
� 40 tahun : Sp + 1,00 D
� 45 tahun : Sp + 1,50 D
� 50 tahun : Sp + 2,00 D� 50 tahun : Sp + 2,00 D
� 55 tahun : Sp + 2,50 D
� > 60 tahun : Sp + 3,00 D
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Spheris + 3,00 D adalah lensa positif terkuat yang
diberikan, karena mata tidak berakomodasi bila
membaca pada jarak 33 cm � benda yang dibacamembaca pada jarak 33 cm � benda yang dibaca
terletak di titik api lensa +3,00D � sinar yang
keluar akan sejajar
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Curved Top
Flat Top
Round Top
Progressive : tdk nampak batas
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ANISOMETROPIA
• Keadaan refraksi kedua mata tidak seimbang � > 2D.
• Biasanya kongenital.
• Didapat : Traumatik Katarak, kerusakan kornea
� Simple hyperopic (myopic) Anisometropia.
� Compound hyperopic (myopic) Anisometropia.
� Mixed Anisometropia.
� Simple Astig. Anisometropia.
� Compound astigmatisma.
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Penyebab :
Herediter
Variasi perkembangan refraksi error pd ke-
2 mata
Penyakit, injury pada satu mata
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