ssp ？？——structural steel guide

7/21/2019 SSP Structural Steel Guide

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Service Training

Self Study Program ******

Volkswagen Collision


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Volkswagen Group of America, Inc.

Volkswagen Academy

Printed in U.S.A.

Printed 1/2012

Course Number ******

2011 Volkswagen Group of America, Inc.

All rights reserved. All information contained in this manual

is based on the latest information available at the time of

printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual

property rights of Volkswagen Group of America, Inc., its

affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved

to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this

document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, nor

may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites

without the prior expressed written permission of the

publisher.

All requests for permission to copy and redistribute

information should be referred to Volkswagen Group of

America, Inc.

Always check Technical Bulletins and the latest electronic

repair information for information that may supersede any

information included in this booklet.

Trademarks: All brand names and product names used in

this manual are trade names, service marks, trademarks,

or registered trademarks; and are the property of their

respective owners.


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iii

Contents

This Self-Study Program provides information

regarding the design and function of new

models.

This Self-Study Program is not a Repair Manual.

This information will not be updated.For maintenance and repair procedures,

always refer to the latest electronic

service information.

Note Important!

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Steel Types and Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Special Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Knowledge Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67


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1

Introduction

S421_080

The use of steels in current vehicles is essential due to its availability, low cost and high strength. Steel has

one of the highest strengths of all metals, and allows for different levels of flexibility depending on how it is

processed.

It is possible to produce vehicles without steel. However, using other materials to achieve the same strengths

increases cost. Aluminum, magnesium, titanium and carbon fiber are all materials that can be used to make a

vehicle. Some of these materials are actually used in Volkswagen vehicles, but the primary material for the body

components is steel.

This SSP will cover the steels used in Volkswagen vehicles, where they are used and general repair information.

There are variations in the types and colors of steels used in the graphics. Please refer to the legend for each

model . Do not assume that a particular color indicates the same strength steel for all vehicles.


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2

Steel Types and Usage

S421_092Steels

Special steels are created for use in different parts of the vehicle. These steels may have different hardnesses

and flexibility depending on the composition and treatment processes. The use of these different steels

increases the strength of the occupant cell and allows for high chassis stiffness, while reducing vehicle weight.

Basic Steel Types

Ferrite: Up to 28 MPa

Pearlite: 55 - 70 MPa

Austenite: 88 - 105 MPa

Cementite: Up to 215 MPa

Bainite: 15 - 220 MPa

Martensite: 170 - 250 MPa

For more information regarding steel construction and treating methods, refer to SSP

******, Volkswagen *****

MPa is the abbreviation for MegaPascals.

MPA is a unit used to measure tensile

strength. Tensile strength increases as

the MPa number increases.

Alloying

One way to increase the strength of steels is to alloy, or add other elements to the steel mixture while it is

molten. Elements commonly added to steel for alloying are:

Chrome

Manganese

Molybdenum

Nickel

Niobium

Phosphor

Silicon

Nitrogen

Titanium


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3


Treatments

In order to further increase the strength of steels or alloys, there are many treatments. These treatments are

broken down into three main categories:

Treatment Type

Mechanical treatments

Thermal treatments

Thermochemical treatments

Treatment

Cold Forming

Hot Forming

Hardening

Annealing

Normalising

Tampering

Case Hardening

Carbonitriding

Nitrating


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Classification

After all alloying and hardening processes are applied to steel, the steel must be classified according to its

characteristics.

Classification

according to strength

Conventional steels

High-strength steels

Higher-strength steels

Ultra-high-strength steels

Ultra-high-strengththermoformed steels

Ultimatestrengthin MPa

Up to approx. 300

300-480

350-730

340-480

500-600

600-800

>800

>1,000

Need help creating

comparison to other

steels to identify what

types of repairs and

heat ranges can be

performed.

Chart below is what

most OEMs supply.


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5


Applications

When designing a vehicle, the strength and characteristics of steel are used in the computer modeling process.

Specific steels and thicknesses of these steels are used in different areas to make the vehicle stiff and safe. In

addition, multiple sheets can be assembled with other steels to create parts with specific characteristics.

Tailored Blanks

Tailored blanks are different steel grades and

thicknesses to be joined together in a single part.

Tailored blanks allow for better and more precise

adjustment of the body structure to the loading of

certain body sections. This allows parts with complex

shapes and precisely fitting designs to be produced.

The individual parts of the tailored blanks are joined

together by welding. After welding the blank can

then be shaped.

Darkening in color indicates an increase in sheet thicknessFront Longitudinal Member

Front Floor

S421_039


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Ultra High Strength Hot Formed Sheet Metal

This type of metal is formed using special treatments that may include boron.

Although some aftermarket companies provide products and state that this material can be worked with,Volkswagen requires that these parts be replaced if damaged. Also, these parts should not be welded. They are

to be replaced according to the repair information.

These parts are usually used in the A-pillar, B-Pillar, some floor sections and the front and rear bumpers. ErWin

and ElsaWeb repair information both provide images of where these steels are located in General Information,

Hot Formed Body Panels.


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7

Welding

Welding and Bonding Methods

There are many different types of methods used to hold the body together.

Spot Welding

Laser Welding

Laser Soldering

Plasma Soldering

Bonding

Each of the above techniques may be used depending on whether the parts are for crash safety, chassis

strength, deformation reduction, surface finish and many other reasons. In order to determine the correct repair

for any type of welding or bonding, always refer to the repair information.

Bonding+Spot Welds

Laser Welds


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8

Welding

S421_059

Sheet Metal

Welding Rod Feed

Laser Nozzle

Laser Beam

Welding Rod

S421_067

Electrode

Welding Spots

Sheet Metal

Electrode

Laser Welding

In laser welding, the heat to melt the materialsis produced by a laser beam. Laser welding was

first used to produce tailored blanks for body

construction. It is becoming more commonly used in

the assembly of vehicles due to:

Laser welding allows an almost seamless connection

of parts - this is particularly advantageous for connecting

higher-strength sheets

Complicated seams such as single-sided welds, are

possible

A very good surface quality is achieved even at high

working speeds

The surface of a laser weld seam is already so good

that reworking for a good paint finish only requires a

minimum amount of time

Spot Welding

This method allows electrically conductive materials

to be welded. An electrical current flowing through

the welding joint melts the material and the parts are

welded together - without additional material.

In modern body construction, adhesive is also

added to the joining level to improve the structural

behavior and stiffness of the joint and increase the

vibration resistance. The adhesive layer also prevents

penetration of substances such as water or other

liquids, preventing crevice corrosion.


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9

Welding

Adhesive

Body PartS421_043

Bonding

Bonding is a method for the permanent connection

of components using an adhesive. Depending on

the type of adhesive, the hardening process can

be reinforced by heating the bond slightly. Due to

the continued development of new, more efficient

adhesives that are tailored to the applications,

adhesives and bonding processes are becoming

increasingly important in body construction. Bonded

joints can even be STRONGER than welding points.

Plasma Soldering

Inert Gas NozzleSolder (wire)Wire Feed

Soldering Seam

Arc

Sheet Metal

Tungsten Electrode

Wire Nozzle

Plasma Nozzle

S421_123

Soldering

In contrast to welding, the actual parts being joinedare not melted at the joint during the soldering

process. The solder material is bronze. The melted

solder fills the space at the joint and connects the

parts being joined with a high strength. Due to the

low temperatures used for soldering, the zinc coating

on galvanized sheet metal is less affected and

substantial hardening is avoided in the join area. Join

gaps can be bridged better by the solder. The lower

process temperatures allow less heat distortion.

Plasma Soldering

The arc is constricted by a plasma nozzle . This allows a

higher energy density and narrower seams. Also, higher

soldering speeds are possible.

Laser Soldering

In LASER soldering, the soldering heat is produced by a

laser beam.

Laser Soldering

Solder (wire)

Wire Feed

Soldering Seam

Sheet Metal

Wire Nozzle

Laser Beam

Laser Nozzle

S421_072

Bonding


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Repair

Warnings and Cautions

The warnings and cautions listed below are only a partial list. Always follow the warnings and cautions in the

repair information, as well as common sense.

Both battery terminals must be disconnected and covered before any welding takes place

Be sure to locate the radio code before disconnecting the battery.

If any sparks from welding or grinding processes will get anywhere near the battery, the battery must be

removed form the vehicle. Batteries produce hydrogen gas, which is explosive.

Before reconnecting the battery, turn the ignition to the ON position. This assures that nobody is in the vehicle

with the airbag system is re-armed.

Airbag components must never be exposed to temperatures over 100C (212F) for even a brief period of time.

Airbag pyrotechnic components are or may be located (depending on vehicle model and options):

In the steering wheel

In the passenger front dash

In the sides of the front seats as side airbags

In the A, B and C-Pillar upper areas as a curtain airbag

In the rear side seats as side airbags

At the base of each outboard seat belt as a pyrotechnic seat belt tensioner


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12

Models

2012 Beetle

The 2012 Beetle uses the latest in high strength

materials. Although the softer steels are still used

in many parts of the chassis, hot formed steels areused in the front inner side panel, B-pillar and the rear

of the passenger compartment floor.

High strength steels are also used in the doors to

reduce side impact intrusion.

Welds:

Laser brazing used on roof area

Laser welding used in various areas throughout the body


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Models

220 - 260 MPa

280 - 340 MPa

360 - 420 MPa

420 - 1000 MPa

> MPa (form hardened)


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Models

2012 Beetle

The 2012 Beetle uses the latest in high strength

materials. Although the softer steels are still used

in many parts of the chassis, hot formed steels areused in the front inner side panel, B-pillar and the rear

of the passenger compartment floor.

High strength steels are also used in the doors to

reduce side impact intrusion.

Welds:




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Models


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Models

A5 Golf

The A5 Golf and Jetta were the first to use the hot

formed steels. These were used in the areas of front

inner side panel and the B-pillar.

Welds:




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Models


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Models

A6 Golf

Hot formed high strength steels are used in the front


Welds:




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Models

180 - 240 MPa

260 - 320 MPa

340 - 700 MPa

> 1000 MPa (form hardened)

Up to 140 MPa


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Models

A6 Golf



Welds:




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Models


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Models

A5 Jetta

The A5 Golf and Jetta were the first to use the hot

formed steels. These were used in the areas of front


Welds:




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Models

Hot Formed Steel


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Models

A6 Jetta


inner side panel, B-pillar and parts of the floorpan.

Welds:


Laser welding used in various areas throughout the

body


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Models

420 MPa


220 MPa


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Models

A6 Jetta



Welds:



body


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Models


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Models

Jetta SportWagen


inner side panel and B-pillar.

Welds:



body


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Models


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Models

B6 Passat



Welds:



Bonding+Spot Welds

Laser Welds


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Models

180 - 240 MPa

260 - 300 MPa

300 - 420 MPa


Up to 140 MPa


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Models

B7 Passat



Welds:




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Models

420 MPa


220 MPa

High strength steels are used in the door assemblies

to help prevent intrusion in a side impact.


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Models

B7 Passat



Welds:




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Models


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Models

Passat Wagon



Welds:




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Models

180 - 240 MPa

260 - 300 MPa

300 - 420 MPa


Up to 140 MPa


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Models

CC



Welds:



body


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Models

180 - 240 MPa

260 - 300 MPa

340 - 700 MPa


Up to 140 MPa


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Models

CC



Welds:



body


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Models


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Models

Eos


inner side pane and parts of the floorpan.

Welds:




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Models

Up to 140 MPa

180 - 240 MPa

260 - 300 MPa

300 - 420 MPa



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Models

Eos


inner side pane and parts of the floorpan.

Welds:




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Models


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Models

2004 Touareg

Welds:




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Models


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Models

2011 Touareg


inner side panel, the roof crossmember and B-pillar.

For vehicles with a panoramic sunroof, the section

surrounding the sunroof is also hot formed high

strength steel.

Welds:




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Models

Panoramic Sunroof


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Models

2011 Touareg


inner side panel, the roof crossmember and B-pillar.

Welds:




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Models


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Models

Tiguan



Welds:




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Models

180 - 240 MPa

260 - 300 MPa

340 - 700 MPa

Up to 140 MPa


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Models

Tiguan



Welds:




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Models


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Special Tools

VAG 1731 Spot Weld Breaker

VAG 1731 Spot Weld Breaker

Pneumatic tool for removing spot welds during body

repairs. By exact positioning of the milling tool on the weld,

material weakening and damage to the paint is avoided,

which is unavoidable when grinding.

External spot-welds on edges, tapers and folds can be

removed in conjunction with the centering device, which

allows precise centering.

For the removal of internal, concealed and spot welds

with poor accessibility, the handgrip must be used. An

adjustment ring provides infinitely variable adjustment for

the milling depth. This prevents the back panel from being

drilled through and prevents contact with the centering

device.

Design and features:

Pneumatic spot-weld breaker with air-flow valve for

individual speed adjustment.

Recommended speed: approx. 1200 rpm.

Compressed air: 6 - 8 bar

Speed (without load): 2200 rpm

Weight: 1.8 kg

Items supplied:

Plastic case

Spot-weld breaker with centering device and high-grade

alloy milling cutter

8 mm dia. air-flow reduction valve

Hexagon key

5 replacement cutters


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Special Tools

VAS 6322A Spot Weld Breaker

VAS 6322A Spot Weld Breaker

Pneumatic tool for removing spot welds during body

repairs. By exact positioning of the milling tool on the weld,

material weakening and damage to the paint is avoided,

which is unavoidable when grinding.

The spot weld miller VAS 6322A has a mechanically

supported pneumatic ejector. This enables ergonomic

working without exertion.

When the drill bit is deployed, the ejection speed can be

set individually by the user depending on the spot weld in

question. The use of relevant drill bits enables conventional

and higher tensile steels to be drilled.

A lower speed prevents the drill from overheating,

improves the cutting properties and increases service life.


Housing: Lightweight, polished aluminium

Drive: Pneumatic

Ejection: Pneumatic/mechanical

Bar: Hardened and painted steel

Technical data:

Compressed air: 6 bar

Motor speed: 1000

Connection: 1/4"

Contact pressure: approx. 240 kg

Noise level: 82 dba

Air consumption: 175 l/min, 6 CFM

Items supplied:

1 spot weld miller with small counterhold

2 drill bits for standard sheet metal VAS 6322A/2

1 drill bit for high tensile sheet metal VAS 6322A/3

1 tool case with deep inlay

Replacement parts:

Drill bits (qty. 10)

VAS 6322A/2 or ASE 329 007 00 000

Drill bit (qty. 1)

VAS 6322A/3 or ASE 329 008 00 000

Recommended accessories:

Counterhold, large VAS 6322A/1 or ASE 432 356 00 000

Manufacturer

Kamatec


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Special Tools

VAG 2001B Migatronic Flex 300 Welder

VAG 2001B Welder

This fully digital aluminum shielded arc welding unit

VAG2001B has been designed specifically for repairs to

vehicles with aluminum bodies.

Operation is simple and convenient. Different welding

parameters can be set on a storage card system and called

up at the press of a button. Changes to the parameters or

updates to the equipment software can be carried out via a

new storage card system.

Good welding finishes can be achieved at lower heat

thanks to the quattro pulse function.

All the important equipment functions can be called up

without having to change the working position from the

handle.


Current Range: 15-300 A On duration 100%: 220 A/25.0 V


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Special Tools

VAS 6388 Aluminum Shielded Arc Welder

VAS 6388 Arc Welder

This fully digital aluminium shielde arc welding equipment

VAS 6388 has been designed specifically for repairs to

vehicles with aluminium bodies. Operation is simple and

convenient.

Technical data:

4 roller drive Burn-off pulse

Automatic cooler unit shutoff

Digital welding process control

Wire advance and speed

Wire feed without gas and current Ground failure monitoring

Automatic free burn

Gas test function

Job operation

Microprocessor control

Multi-process MIG/MAG, WIG and e-hand

Infinitely variable weld current adjustment via torch

Synergic operation

Temperature controlled fan

Over-temperature protection

Modes of operation:

2 and 4 cycle operation with special 2 cycle

operation

Spot weld

Aluminium weld start (special 4 cycle operation)

Operating mode and process

Panel thickness

Dynamic, arc length and drop release correction

Hold function, job number

Manual operation

Motor current

Weld speed, weld current / voltage (actual value, guide

value)

Service codes

Transition arc

Adjustable parameters:

Dynamics

End crater current

Free burn time

Gas advanced and run-on time

Hot start

Arc length and drop release correction

Welding output, infinitely variable


Current range: 3-270 A

Idling voltage: 50 V

Mains voltage: 3x400 V +/- 15% 50/60Hz

Dimensions current source (mm):625 x 290 x 480

Wire diameter: 0.8-2.0 mm

Working voltage: 14.2-27.5 V

Type of protection: IP23

Weight: 27.5 kg / 60.63 lbs


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Special Tools

VAS 6530 Resistance Spot Welder


The VAS 6530 Resistance Spot Welder is recommended for

general body repairs on vehicles with high and ultra high

tensile strength steel panels, especially for workshops with

critical mains power supply.

The inverter technology in conjunction with adaptive smart

control makes quality spot weld joints possible. Variations

in joint structure are detected and compensated for if

possible. If a weld is not possible, a text warning message

will be issued by the unit.

Operation is by touch screen via three different welding

modes: manual, smart/automatic or manufacturer-specific

programs. With a USB interface, new welding programs

can be uploaded or recorded; welding results can be copied

for further processing on a PC.

The water-cooled C-transgun delivers equal electrode

contact force with electrode arms up to 635mm in length.

Specifications:

Mains connection: 230 V 3 Phase 60 Hz Breaker

protection: 60A delayed

Mains connection lead: 17 KVA Welding current max.:

14000 A DC Electrode contact force max.: 450 daN

(1011 lbs.)

Dimensions: 600mm (24")x 680mm(27.2") x

1220mm(48.8") Weight: 130 kg (286 lbs.)

Includes:

1 Main unit with inverter and touchscreen

1 Inverter C-transgun, pneumatic with short electrode

1 C-arm, length 85mm with electrode, water-cooled

1 Cart with rear large wheels and front braked castors

1 C-Transgun holder and swivel arm with adjustable

balancer

1 Water cooler module for transformer, transgun, arms

and electrodes

1 Rubber mains power cord, 8m retractable

1 Electrode cap key for electrodes up to DN 21

Resistance Spot Welder

VAS 6530/1 Accessory Package for VAS 6530 Includes:

1 C-arm, long, 505mm with angled electrodes, short

(water-cooled)

1 C-arm, small, air-cooled for wheel housings with ball-

head electrode

1 Ball-head electrode, water-cooled with mushroom

head insert

1 Long angled electrode.

Water-cooled VAS6530/2 Accessory Package for VAS6530

Includes:

1 C-arm, medium, 355mm with angled electrodes, short

(water-cooled)

1 Support, long for offset electrodes

1 Offset electrode, water-cooled

1 Electrode, long straight, water-cooled on arm side.

Manufactured by:

TECNA S.p.A.


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Special Tools



The resistance spot welder VAS 6535 features a central

connection and a tool detection function. An impedancemeasurement is used to regulate the welding parameters

automatically. In this way, a constant level of quality of the

weld points is assured.

Weld processes can be stored and and to documented.

Disturbance variables such as dirt, adhesive etc. are

detected and compensated for. A compact flash memory

card allows the software of the unit to be updated at

any time. Mobile resistance spot welder with inverter

technology, can be updated, features impedance

measurement and welding parameter regulation.

Specifications:

Dimensions: 661mm (26") x 661mm (26") x 1372mm

(54") Weight: 171 kg (376 lbs.)

Power Supply Unit Mains connection: 208 - 240V

3Phase

Mains connection lead /length: 6mm2 / 10 m

Fuse protection at least: 60 A delay

Mains frequency: 60 Hz

Mains connection output: 42 kVA

Rated output at 50%

ED: 60 KVA

Idle voltage max.: 23 V DC

Welding current regulated: max. 12,000 A DC

Water tank volume: approx. 32 l

Ambient temperature: 40 C

Type of protection: IP21 X tongs

Cable length: 2.5 m

Welding current: max. 12,000 A DC

Weight of tongs without cables: 8 kg

Includes:

Mobile mains unit X tongs

Welding gun

Quick dent removal hammer

Linear balancer

Cooling Unit Heat Exchanger

Special VAS Welding Programs

Options:

VAS6535/1 Resistance Spot Welder Accessory Pack

Electrode set 02/06/415 MX coded

Electrode set 05 MX coded

Electrode set 11/280 MX coded

Abrasive sponge fine

Multi purpose electrode SB8 for planishing work

Electrode caps A 13 R 25 (6 pcs.)

Electrode caps A 13 R 15 (6 pcs.)

Manufactured by: Elektron, Bremen, Germany


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Special Tools



Setting the welding parameters is carried out using simple,

self-explanatory symbols. The welding programs are forhigh and higher tensile panels, for spot weld bonded

connections and for galvanized panels.

Individual storage of welding parameters is possible. In

addition, the system is suitable for documentation and

administration of work order details on A4 paper.

Software updates can be carried out using an SD card

(upload). The material recognition function is performed

with a material test program. Current control and pressure

monitoring is provided. The welding process is monitored

and the actual values are shown in the display.

The C-arms can be exchanged by means of a quickpositioning feature. The C-arms can be opened via a folding

catch, enabling access to the body behind profile sections.

Specifications:

Power supply 3 x 190-240 Volt 50-60 Hz.

Setting range 0-13 kA

Welding current: DC

Continuous duty 100 %ED 2,8 kA

Open circuit voltage 12 V DC

Max.Power with 5% ED: 156 KVA

Fuse (slow blow): 63 A

Connector cable (Cu): 5m / 4 x 0,157sqinch)

Air pressure: 90 psi +/- 5%

Refrigerant: water + anti corrosive

Tank volume: 85 l / 22,5 gallons

Dimensions: 810x560x750 mm

Weight: 119 kg / 262 lbs.

Includes:

Current source

1 CS transformer tongs

1 control unit with water tank 80 l

1 CS transformer tongs with integrated C-arm size 1

1 balancer with spring-loaded cable

1 mounting set for C-arms

Optional Accessory Packs :

VAS 6545-1 transformer x-gun with watercooling up to

the tips

3 x 200-240 Volt / 50-60Hz , 13.000 A / 65 A breaker.

VAS 6545-2 single sided gun for c-trafo aircooled, with

earth cable and accessory box

VAS 6545-3 single sided gun for x-trafo aircooled, with

ground cable and accessory box

Manufactured by: Wielander & Schill KG


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Special Tools

VAS 6378 Dent Remover

VAS 6378

The dent removal tool VAS 6378 is an independent unit for

removing dents, pulling in sheet metal and tacking.In addition, it also allows connection of an air puller as well

as welding on studs, pins, corrugated wire and U plates.

The tools included in the items supplied with VAS 6378/1

can be used as well with all other units of the system

thanks to the central connector.

The tool coding means the unit is given the correct

functional setting automatically.

Technical data:

Resistance welding unit WST 2000

Mains connection: Single phase 230 V (205 - 250 V)

Mains protection: Delay 16 A

Mains frequency 50/60 Hz

Mains connection output: 3.3 kVA

Welding output: 11 kVA

Idle voltage: 8 V AC

Welding current: Max. 3000 A

Ambient temperature: 40 C

Type of protection: IP 21

Dimensions H/W/D: 285 x 220 x 415 mm

Weight: 21 kg

Items supplied:

Dent remover

Main connection lead

Recommended accessories:

Accessory pack VAS 6378/1, ASE 435 167 00 000

Equipment trolley VAS 6378/2, ASE 435 168 00 000

Manufacturer Elektron, Bremen


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Special Tools

VAS 6378/1 Accessory Package

VAS 6378/1 Accessory Package

Items supplied:

Welding gun 4 m with central connector

Panel beater's hammer

Puller tool

Contact piece U/B

100 discs B8 DIN 125

Carbon electrode diameter 10 mm

Ground clamp bar

Manufacturer: Elektron, Bremen


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Knowledge Assessment

An on-line Knowledge Assessment (exam) is available for this Self-Study Program.

The Knowledge Assessment may or may not be required for Certification.

You can find this Knowledge Assessment at:

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For Assistance, please call:

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ssp ？？——structural steel guide

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