ssl training december 2009 [compatibility mode]
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TRANSCRIPT
Solid State LightingSeminarSeminar
December 2009
Agenda
•Cree Background
•SSL/LED Basics– Packages, Benefits, Light source comparisons
– Binning, Lifetime, Reliability, Standards, Safety
•Cree LED Components Portfolio
• Target Markets
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 2
• Target Markets
• LED Design Considerations– Optics, Thermals, Electrical (with examples)
– Quality, Thinking ahead
• LED Roadmaps
•Cree Support
Presenters
Vince Feorenzo
Vice President
Americas Sales
Cree LED Components, RF
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 3
Steve Druckenmiller
Field Applications Engineer
Americas East
Cree LED Components, RF
Cree Background
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 4
Cree, Inc. Snapshot
LED Technology Leader
• Leading supplier of InGaN LED chips
• Created the first Lighting Class LEDs
• U.S. Patents: 827
• Foreign Patents: 1,800
Global Scale
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 5
Global Scale
• Locations: 12
• Employees: 3,200
• Headquarters: Durham NC, USA
Company Facts
• Revenue: $567.3 million (FY 2009)
• NASDAQ: CREE
Cree Global Footprint
• Headquarters:
– Durham, NC, USA
• Global Locations:
– Dulles, VA, USA
– Hong Kong
– Huizhou, China
– Munich, Germany
– Penang, Malaysia
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 6
– Penang, Malaysia
– Taipei, Taiwan
– Tokyo, Japan
– Santa Barbara, CA
– Seoul, Korea
– Shanghai, China
– Shenzhen, China
Chip
Manufacturing
Packaging
ManufacturingR&D Design Center
Cree - Leading the LED Lighting Revolution
1989Commercialized the first blue LED
2006First “Lighting-Class” LED components
2008Demonstrated record 161 lumens/Watt from LED component
2002Introduced1st XBright® LED power chip
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 7
1987Cree founded
1995Blue LEDs designed into VW
20071st commercially-viable LED downlight introduced (LR6)
2004First XLamp LEDs brought to market
2009Launched LED PAR38 Lamp with unrivaled color and efficacy
Cree Businesses
CreeCree
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 8
CreeCreeSiC/GaNSiC/GaNMaterialsMaterials
Cree LED Lighting Strategy
LED Lighting
• Lead the market & accelerate adoption
• Create demand/pull for LED lighting
LED Components
Market Opportunity
LED Lighting
LED Components
LED Components
• Drive Revenue
• Enable the market with “lighting-class” LEDs
LED Chips
• Technology to enable components
Materials
LED Chips
SSL/LED Basics
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 10
• LEDs consist of several layers of semiconductor material
• Light is generated in the PN junction when a current is applied
• LED light is monochromatic; the color depends on the materials
LED: Theory of Operation
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 11
color depends on the materials used and layer thickness
• There are two material systems (AlInGaP and InGaN) used to produce LEDs in all colors from blue to red
Typical High-Power LED Package
PhosphorESD protection
Wire bondReflector
Lens (glass, silicone)
Substrate/Lead Frame
Encapsulant
LED chip5mm
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 12
• The LED Package provides:– Protection for the LED chip from the outside environment
– Conductive path to carry generated heat away from the LED chip
– Lens & encapsulant systems to shape and direct the chip flux
• LED Chip: Determines raw brightness and efficacy
• Phosphor: Convert blue light to white. Determines white
color point and stability.
PhosphorESD protection LED chip5mm Type
• Thermal Resistance: Increase in junction
Typical LED Characteristics
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 13
Increase in junction temperature (TJ) above the solder point in °°°°C for every Watt of
electrical energy
• Viewing Angle: Commonly depicted
as full-width, half-maximum (FWHM)
Important Note: All LED data is for 20ms pulse, 25°°°°C
Beam Angle
Typical LED Characteristics
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 14
• Temperature Coefficient of voltage:Describes the dependency of Forward Voltage (VF) on the junction temperature (TJ)
– The good news: This makes VF slightly lower at higher temperatures
• ESD ProtectionEvery LED has integral diode for Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) protection, in accordance with Human Body Model = 2kV
* Common to both warm and cool white LEDs
Typical LED Characteristics
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 15
• DC Forward Current:(Max IF) is the maximum forward current the LED can safely and reliably withstand. Warm white LEDs are often rated lower on Max IF vs. cool white due to phosphor stability
* Common to both warm and cool white LEDs
• DC Pulse Current:Maximum DC current the LED can safely and reliably withstand for short pulse duration
Typical LED Characteristics
• LED Junction Temperature (TJ)The maximum temperature the LED
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 16
• Forward Voltage:
The voltage for a given constant current, IF.
Typical and max shown
The maximum temperature the LED junction (light-generating part of the LED chip) can safely and reliably withstand before failure
• Correlated Color Temperature (CCT):Spectral bandwidth of white LEDs, defined as color temperature and x,ycoordinates
Typical LED Characteristics
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 17
• Dominant Wavelength (DWL):Monochromatic wavelength of color LEDs
• Luminous Flux (LF):You will normally specify a specific LF bin from your supplier
– LF for Lighting-class LEDs are generally rated for 350mA IF
– LF is calculated for
Typical LED Characteristics
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 18
– LF is calculated for higher drive currents
– Brighter bins generally cost more
– Warm white LEDs are generally about 25% lower LF than cool white for a given IF
Incandescent Compact FluorescentFluorescent
Traditional Lighting Technologies
• Very inexpensive
• Great color
• Very short lifetime
• Inexpensive
• Efficient
• Contains mercury
• Difficult to dim/control
• Energy efficient
• Contains mercury
• High price vs. incand.
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 19
Halogen High Intensity Discharge
• Inexpensive
• Efficient
• Long start time
• Poor color
• Extremely inefficient
• Difficult to dim/control
• Problems in cold temps
• High price vs. incand.
• Problems in cold temps
• Great color
• Focused light
• Very short lifetime
• Inefficient
Basic Advantages of LED Light
• LEDs are…very energy efficient ���� >100LPW (near-term roadmap to >150LPW…)
• Are directional ���� No wasted light, any pattern possible
•Have very long lifetime ���� >50,000 hours to 70% Lumen Maintenance (L70)
• Are inherently rugged ���� No filament to break
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 20
break
• Start instantly ���� nanoseconds vs. > 10 min re-strike (HID)
• Are environmentally sound ���� no Hg, Pb, heavy metals
• Are infinitely dimmable, controllable ���� New lighting features, power savings
• Love cold temperatures ���� No cold starting issues
Light TypeData Sheet
lm/WUsable*lm/W
Lifetime (hrs)
CRI
Incandescent 13-16 <15 3k 100
Halogen 20 12-20 6k 100
T12 fluorescent 60 40-50 20k 62-85
Metal halide 65-70 35-40 10k-20k 60-90
High-Power LED (Warm White) 80 55-65 50k+ 80-85
Light Source Comparison
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 21
T5 fluorescent 90 75-85 30k 85
T8 fluorescent 90+ 80-90 30-40k 78-85
High-pressure sodium 95-110 55-65 24k 22
Low-pressure sodium 120-140 65-75 16k <5
High-Power LED (Cool White) 132 >100 50k+ 75
* Typical expected performance in real-life applications. Based on mean lumens, and including ballast/driver, thermal equilibrium and typical fixture Coefficient of Utilization losses.
But source comparisons can be misleading. More to come …
• Chromaticity or Color Binning– Some defined “Box” in the
white area on or near the Black Body Locus (White LEDs)
– Dominant Wavelength (Color LEDs)
Binning - Two Main Types
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 22
• Brightness or Flux Binning– Minimum luminous flux or
radiant Flux
– Bin sizes (flux range) varies by supplier
Luminous Flux Binning
• LEDs are tested & sorted into luminous flux bins
• Bins are grouped into guaranteed minimum flux levels at a given drive (test) current
Flux:
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 23
73.9 lm
Driver350 mA
Flux:
1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram
The 1931 CIE chromaticity scale gives everyone a common framework to reference very specific shades of color
White LED lamps are binned and sold based on the shade of white color represented on a
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 24
color represented on a chromaticity scale in terms of x, y coordinates and color temperature
How It Works• Monochromatic (direct) colors are on the
outside edge of the diagram
• All combinations of colors are on the inside, with white colors in the middle
Warm
Cool
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
• Not all “white” light lies directly on the BBL
• CCT refers to the Plankian black-body radiator color temperature (CT) that is closest to the color of the white light source (in Kelvin)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 25
Examples of CCTsRelationship between CCT & CT
Blue (or UV) + Phosphor = White
• White LED light is generally made from a blue LED matched with a yellow phosphor
• Adding more red phosphor pushes the color temperature closer to the “warm” white CCT points…less, more to the blue
White Light
YellowPhosphor
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 26
points…less, more to the blue (“cool” white)
• The human eye is extraordinarily sensitive, so small process variations in chip wavelength; phosphor thickness, concentration, composition; and/or deposition conditions make a big difference
Blue LED
• David MacAdam – a scientist at Kodak - performed the research in the late 1940’s with the goal of determining a series of boundaries around several color targets (x, y coordinates) illustrating how much one can “ stray” from the target before perceiving a difference from that target color
• MacAdam found that these colorregions took the form of an ellipse on the CIE 1931 chromaticity chart
MacAdam Ellipses
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 27
on the CIE 1931 chromaticity chart
• A MacAdam Ellipse is defined as being the region on the CIE chromaticity chart in which the variations in color in that region are indistinguishable from the color of the point at the centerof the ellipse x
y
Note: The size and orientation of the ellipse varies significantly
MacAdam Ellipses (10X)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 28
varies significantlywith it’s location in the CIE color space
1-step: One standard deviation (68.3%) of populati on perceives a color difference
2-step: Two standard deviation (97.5%) of populati on perceives a color difference
3-step: Three standard deviation (99.7%) of popula tion perceives a color difference
MacAdam Ellipse Steps
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 29
One Step
Two Step
Three Step
MacAdams In the “Real” World
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
CC
y
BBL+
2700 K
+
3000 K
+
3500 K
+
4000 K
4500 K
5000 K
5700 K
MacAdam Ellipse defines the chromaticity bin size
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50
CCx
+
+
+
5700 K
+
6500 K
ANSI CFL Standard (7-steps)
ANSI C78.377A SSL Chromaticity Standard
2700K
3000K
3500K
4000K
4500K
5000K
5700K
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
Cree High-Power LED Chromaticity Binning
CCy: 0.35CCx: 0.32
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 31
6500K
8000K
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.2
8
0.2
9
0.3
0
0.3
1
0.3
2
0.3
3
0.3
4
0.3
5
0.3
6
0.3
7
0.3
8
0.3
9
0.4
0
0.4
1
0.4
2
0.4
3
0.4
4
0.4
5
0.4
6
0.4
7
0.4
8
0.4
9
CCy
CCx
ANSIC78.377A
Driver350 mA
Bin quadrangles (corners) are defined by four x,y pairs.
Cree High-Power LED Chromaticity Binning
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 32
Cree Kits (Order) codes vs. Bins
Kit code, aka Order code: used to describe a group of chromaticity and flux bins that are acceptable to fulfill an order.
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 33
Color Rendering Index System
3
2500
10
14
• Based on color comparison of 14 sample tiles with unsaturated colors
• Incandescent bulbs have CRI 100 (<5000K CT)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 34
1
4
5
6 7
8
3000
4000
6000
2500
2
D65 9
11
12
13
14
• Sunlight is CRI 100 (> 5000K CT)
• LEDs (esp. RGB) have fully saturated colors and actually pay a mathematical penalty in the CRI system
CRI & CQS of Selected Light Sources
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Source CRI
Low Pressure Sodium <5
High Pressure Sodium 20
RGB LED (typical) 31
Mercury Vapor 43
Cool White Fluorescent 63
Metal halide 64
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 35
9 10 11 12
13 14
Cool White LED 70
Daylight Fluorescent 76
Warm White LED (YAG) 81
Tri-phosphor Fluorescent 82
F32T8 Tri-phosphor 85
BSY + R LED 93
Halogen MR16 99
Incandescent 100
Color Rendering/Color Quality In Real Life
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 36
CRI = 62 CRI = 93
LED Reliability, Lumen Maintenance
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 37
LED Reliability Testing
• LEDs are semiconductor components that
happen to emit light
• Most LED manufacturers conduct the traditional standardized semiconductor component reliability testing on their LEDs (http://www.cree.com/products/pdf/XLamp_Reliability.pdf)
• Test methods vary among suppliers. Get the data!
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 38
Power LED White Point Stability Over Time
Warm White XR-E Chromaticity Shiftingduring 85C High Temp Operating Life Test
If = 700mA
0.006
0.008
0.010
• All power LED suppliers use different phosphor process, so color shift will vary. Get the test data!
• Low power LEDs will be different also (usually shift more).
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 39
-0.010
-0.008
-0.006
-0.004
-0.002
0.000
0.002
0.004
-0.010 -0.008 -0.006 -0.004 -0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
u'
v'
1008 hours3145 hours4507 hours5087 hours4-step Macadam7-step Macadam
LED Lifetime vs Lumen Maintenance
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
Lum
en O
utp
ut (%
)
100 W Incandescent
5mm LED
42W CFL
50 W Tungsten Halide400 W Metal Halide
25 W T8 Fluorescent
Lighting-class LED
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 40
40%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Operating Time (k hrs)
• Lighting-class LEDs become dimmer over time with no catastrophic failure
• End of life defined by the LED becoming too dim – needed to define Lumen Maintenance (L70)
• Not all LED types have a long L70 or lifetime
Courtesy LRC, Rensellaer Polytechnic Institute
Lumen Maintenance Definition
110%
Definition: change in light output of a light source over operational life, relative to initially measured light output
Lxx = time to xx% of original light output
• L70 = time to 70% of original light output
• L50 = time to 50% of original light output
How many hours until L70 is reached for LEDs? 50000 or longer?
Lumen Maintenance: Hypothetical HID Lamp Traditional light sources gradually
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 41
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 5 10 15 20 25
Operating Time (k hrs)
Lum
en O
utp
ut (%
)
L70 = 10,000 hours
sources gradually dim then fail
catastrophically (“burn out”)
40,000 Hour / 4.5 Year XLamp Long-Term Data
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 42
Low temp (25ºC) testing is a good surrogate for the LED chip depreciation – 1-2% @ TJ = 65ºC
• At lower ambient air temperature, LEDs hardly depreciate at all.
Measured Data
• Widely adopted ASSIST method and exponential curve fitting• L70 is extrapolated from real measurement data• Is this accurate? Do all supplier’s LEDs degrade the same?
Predicting L70
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 43
LED Lumen Maintenance Standards
• The Illumination Engineering Society of North America published IES LM-80-2008 12 months ago to characterize the Lumen Maintenance aspect of LED semiconductor components
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 44
components
– For fixture companies to obtain Energy Star approval rating
– Helps define a standard test method between all LED suppliers
• Note: Lumen Maintenance ≠ LED Lifetime. The IESNA SSL
sub-committee (TM-21) is now working to develop an accurate algorithm for modeling long term LED behavior
LED Test Configuration Per IES LM-80-2008
Temperature of ambient around lamps is actively controlled by air flowing through chamber
• During test, the temperature of the solder pad of the lamps and the air around the lamps is the same
• Per LM-80,
− For 55ºC testing, the TSP of the lamps and air are both at 55ºC
− For 85ºC testing, the TSP of the lamps and air are both at 85ºC
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 45
Temperature of solder pad of lamps is independently actively controlled by fluid flowing through heat sink.
Lamps are mounted to MCPCB’s.
LED Lumen Maintenance Critical Parameters
1. TAIRAmbient Air Temperature
2. TJJunction Temperature
3. TSP / TC / TS
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 46
3. TSP / TC / TSSolder-Point Temperature / Case Temperature
4. IFForward Current /Drive Current
High Air Temperature Degrades Encapsulant
• Cree now understands that the silicone-based encapsulants used in the industry degrade when exposed to high temperatures
• Degradation comes from organic pendant groups (e.g. CH3, C6H5, -OH) that can off-gas or be trapped in the matrix
• The higher the air temperature, the more the encapsulant will degrade, the more light lost
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 47
• The out-diffusion of volatiles from silicone may be causing the refractive index of encapsulant to decr ease
• As the refractive index decreases the critical angl e increases allowing less light to be emitted from th e chip
Encapsulants Degrade Even Without Lighting the LED
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 48
Cree Power LED Lifetime Model - TM21 Consideration
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 49
• Degradation in first 5,000 hours is mostly due to degradation in the silicone encapsulant
• After 5,000 hours, this mechanism drops out and the slower chip degradation dominates
• We see no early life failures in our XLamp systems
L70 Lifetime Prediction – TAIR = 35ºC
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 50
L70 Lifetime Prediction – IF = 350 mA
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 51
LED Lumen Maintenance Summary
• Cree has accumulated millions of XLamp XR-E LED lamp device hours of long-term data under both LM-80-compliant conditions and other test configurations
• The effects of TAIR, TJ, TSP and IF on long-term lumen maintenance have been closely studied and are understood
• Cree has observed that the lumen maintenance characteristics of the XLamp XR-E white LED lamps are
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 52
characteristics of the XLamp XR-E white LED lamps are different in the first 5,000 hours (called Period A) than in the time period following 5,000 hours (called Period B)
• A “best fit” algorithm was developed to accurately model this behavior, based on critical parameters TAIR, TJ, TSP and IF
• This algorithm is likely to be different for every LED lamp system (e.g. XLamp XP, MC, Rebel, Dragon, NS6, etc…)
• L70 Lifetime Prediction ≠ LM-80
LED Eye Safety Standards and Regulations
IEC/EN 60825-1: Safety of laser products
• All Cree LED packaging still references this standard
1. The scope of IEC 60825-1 is limited to the end system, not the component. This makes sense because our customers can add optics that can either increase or decrease the eye safety risk of LEDs.
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 53
LEDs.
2. IEC removed LEDs from the scope of IEC 60825-1, so this standard no longer applies to LEDs. (Replaced by IEC 62471)
3. We have tested bare XLamp LEDs under IEC 60825-1 and all of them are rated as Class 2. We have the test report available.
IEC 62471: Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems
• How to evaluate photobiological safety of lamps and luminaires– Requires the lamp manufacturer (i.e., Cree) to evaluate the risk group of the
lamp itself
– ALSO requires the entire luminaire to be tested
• Provides no guidance on how to label products
LED Eye Safety Standards and Regulations
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 54
• Provides no guidance on how to label products
• Classifications are:– Exempt
– RG-1 (Low Risk)
– RG-2 (Moderate Risk)
– RG-3 (High Risk)
LED Eye Safety Labeling Requirements
United States
IESNA/ANSI RP-27.3-07: Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamps - Risk Group Classification and Labeling
• Requires small changes to packaging & data sheet information
• Also requires absolute spectral power data to be available on request– Eye Safety application note coming soon to provide this “on request” data in one
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 55
– Eye Safety application note coming soon to provide this “on request” data in one place online & explain relevant standards
EU
• Currently most states may use IEC 62031:2008 LED Modules for General Lighting – Safety Specifications
• Our understanding is that EU is moving to adopt IEC 62471 in its place
• Labeling standard may be coming soon and may require another change to labels / data sheets separate from ANSI RP-27
SSL Standards Status
Standard Draft CommentComment Resolution
Projected Publication
IESNA RP-16Definitions
X X X Complete
ANSI BSR C78.377A, Chromaticity
X X X Complete
IESNA LM 79, Luminous Flux
X X X Complete
IESNA LM 80, Lumen Depreciation
X X X Complete
NEMA SSL-1,
Status of ANSI, IESNA, and CIE Solid State Lighting Standards (Partial List)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 56
NEMA SSL-1, SSL Drivers
X
NEMA LSD-44 & 45, (SSL-2)SSL Interconnect
X X
NEMA SSL-3, LED Binning
X
TM-21,Lumen Maintenance Extrapolation Method
X
NEMA-ALA Joint White PaperDefinition of Functional & Decorative Lighting
X
IESNA LM-xx,LED Light Engine & Lamp Measurement
X
CIE S009, Photobiological Safety
X X
List of SSL Standards In Progress (4/2009)
• Additional primary standards identified or underway– CIE TC1-69 Color Quality Scale (new CRI type metric)– C82.SSL1 LED Drivers– UL 8750 Safety– TM-21 Lumen Maintenance Extrapolation Method – LM-XX1 Methods for the Measurements of High Power LEDs– LM-XX2 LED “Light Engine” Measurements (PIF for approval)– LM-XX2 Photometric Testing of Outdoor LED Luminaires (based on LM-10/31)– RP-16 Additional LED Definitions– C78.SSL2 LED Sub-assembly Interfaces– C78.SSL3 Binning Standards– C78.SSL4 Form Factors – ANSI SSL2 LSD-45 Sockets & Interconnects Consistency Standard – ANSI C82.4 Driver Performance Standard – CIE TC2-46 CIE/ISO LED Intensity Measurements
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 57
– CIE TC2-46 CIE/ISO LED Intensity Measurements– CIE TC2-50 Optical Properties of LED Arrays– CIE TC2-58 Luminance and Radiance of LEDs – IEEE P1789 – Recommended Practices of Modulating Current in High Brightness
LEDs for Mitigating Health Risks to Viewers– IEC SC 34A – Performance Standard for LED Lamps– IEC SC 34A 62031:2008 LED Modules – Safety– IEC SC 34C 61347-2-13:2006 – Lamp Controlgear – Part 2-13: DC or AC Controlgear for LED Modules– IEC SC 34A IEC 62560 Self-Ballasted LED Lamps– IEC SC 34A <tbd> LED Lamps > 50 V – Safety Specs
• Cree XLamps XPE Power LEDs are UL Recognized– Pass UL8750 proposed safety testing
Cree LED Components
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 58
High-Bright LED Product Families
P4
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 59
P2 Round
Screen Master P2 Oval PLCC/SMD
P2 Round – 5mm
• Single Color Signs:
– C503 series has been the most popular
• Available in Red, Green, Blue, Amber, & White
– Amber/Red have found success in transportation and roadway signs
• New min 15°°°° & 30°°°° amber will be coming out soon targeted
towards the transportation market
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 60
towards the transportation market
– Typical applications for White include:
• C503 = 15°°°° ���� Torch/Flashlight
• C512 = 25°°°° ���� Torch/Flashlight – Garden Light
• C513 = 55°°°° ���� Advertisement Boxes
• C543 = 20°°°° ���� Garden Light
• C534 = 140°°°° ���� Garden Light
• C535 = 110°°°° ���� Garden Light
P2 Oval – 4mm & 5mm
• Full Color Video Screens:
– C4SMF-RJS, C4SMF-GJS, C4SMF-BJS
– C4SMG-RJS, C4SMG-GJS,C4SMG-BJS
• The Right LED for the right application
– C5SM
• Available in R/G/B/Amber
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 61
• Available in R/G/B/Amber
• Different brightness family available
• 110°°°°x40°°°° viewing angle
– ScreenMaster family has a matched RGB far field pattern
– C566 series
• Red/Amber for monochrome displays
• 70°°°°x35°°°° viewing angle
Product Family – P4
• CP41 series
– Round lens
• Normal Lambertian pattern
– Available in R/G/B/A/W
– Various Viewing Angles
• CP42 series
– Concave lens
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 62
– Concave lens
• Batwing radiation pattern
– Available in R/G/A
• CP43 series
– Oval lens
• 90°°°°x35°°°° viewing angle
– Available in Red/Amber
Copyright © 2009, Cree, Inc.
pg. 62
pg. 62
Product Family – PLCC families (Full Color)
• CLP6C-FKB ���� 6050 (6mm x 5.5mm) package
– R(560-1120mcd), G(1120-2240mcd) & B(280-560mcd)
• CLP6S-FKW ���� 6050 (6mm x 5.5mm) package
– R(710-1800mcd), G(710-1800mcd) & B(280-710mcd)
• CLV1A-FKW ���� 3228 (3.2mm x 2.8mm) package
– R(355-900mcd), G(560-1400mcd) & B(180-450mcd)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 63
– R(355-900mcd), G(560-1400mcd) & B(180-450mcd)
• CLPPA ���� 3228 (3.2mm x 2.8mm) package
– R(180-450mcd), G(280-710mcd) & B(71-180mcd)
• CLV6A-FKB (5.5mm x 5.5mm) package
– First SMT LED with IPx5 rating
– Water resistant
– No polycarbonate cover needed for outdoor color display
Product Family – PLCC families (Single Color)
• CLP6C ���� 6050 (6mm x 5.5mm)
– Red(3550-7100mcd)
– Amber(3550-9000mcd)
• CLM6S ���� 3533 (3.5mm x 3.3mm)
– Green(1120-2800mcd)
– Blue(355-900mcd)
• CLM6T ���� 3533 (3.5mm x 3.3mm)
– Red (710-1800mcd)
• PLCC4:
– CLM2B ���� with lens (60°°°° VA)
• Red (2240-5600mcd)
• Amber (3550-9000mcd)
– CLM2T ���� with lens (60°°°° VA)
• Amber (1120-2800mcd)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 64
• CLM4B ���� 3227 (3.2mm x 2.7mm)
– -AKB: Amber(1120-2800mcd) (black face)
– -GKW: Green(1400-3550mcd)
– -BKW: Blue(355-900mcd)
– -PKW: Orange(1120-2800mcd)
– RKW: Red(1120-2800mcd)
– -AKW: Amber(1120-2800mcd)
• PLCC2:
– CLM3C ���� 2720 (2.7mm x 2.0mm)
• Red (560-1400mcd)
• Amber (355-900mcd)
– CLM3S ���� 2720 (2.7mm x 2.0mm)
• Blue(112-355mcd)
Product Family – PLCC families (Single Color)
• CLM4S-DKB ���� 3228 (3.2mm x 2.8mm) package
– Red(140-355mcd) & Green(280-900mcd)
• CLM4S-DKW ���� 3228 (3.2mm x 2.8mm) package
– Red(140-355mcd) & Green(280-900mcd)
• CLM4TS-RDK ���� 3227 (3.2mm x 2.7mm) package
– Red(560-1400mcd)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 65
– Red(560-1400mcd)
• CLM1B ���� 3227 (3.2mm x 2.7mm) package
– Blue(280-710mcd) & Green(710-2240mcd)
– Red(450-1120mcd) & Amber(355-900mcd)
• CLM1S ���� 3227 (3.2mm x 2.7mm) package
– Blue(112-355mcd) & Green(355-1120mcd)
• CLM1T ���� 3227 (3.2mm x 2.7mm) package
– Red(280-560mcd)
Product Family – PLCC families (White)
• CLN6A ����5050 Package (5mm x 5mm)
– CW = 60.5-101.8 lm
– WW = 51-101.8 lm
• CLP6B ���� 6050 (6mm x 5.5mm) package
– CW = 7,100-18,000mcd
– WW = 7,100-14,000mcd
• CLP6S ���� 6050 (6mm x 5.5mm) package
– CW = 3,550-7,100mcd / WW = 2,800-7,100mcd
• CLM3C ���� 2720 (2.7mm x 2.0mm) package
• CW = 1,400-3,550mcd
• WW = 1,120-2,800mcd
• CLM3A ���� 2720 (2.7mm x 2.0mm) package
• Cool White = 1,120-2,240mcd
• CLM3S ���� 2720 (2.7mm x 2.0mm) package
• CW = 355-1,120mcd
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 66
7,100mcd
• CLA1A ���� no lens, 3228 (3.2mm x 2.8mm) package
– CW = 1,800-4,500mcd
– WW = 1,400-3,550mcd
• CLA2A ����2 die, 3228 (3.2mm x 2.8mm) package
– CW = 2,240-5,600mcd
• CLM1C ���� 3227 (3.2mm x 2.7mm) package
• CW = 710-1,800mcd
• CLM1S ���� 3227 (3.2mm x 2.7mm) package
• WW = 355-1,120mcd
HB – Smart Part Numbering System
Single Color: CAAAB-DEG-ZHHKKMNTRGB: CAAAB-DEG-ZHhJjKkLlMmT
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 67
Which HB LED to use (and where)?
• Why use Round LEDs?– Mostly used in Single
color signs
– Variety of viewing angles
(15°°°°, 23°°°°, 30°°°°, 50°°°°, >70°°°°)– Available in R/G/B/A/W
– 3mm & 5mm available
• Why Use Oval LEDs?– Full Color Video Displays
– Wider viewing angle
• 110°°°°x45°°°°, 70°°°°x35°°°°– Screen master series has a
matched RGB field pattern
– 4mm & 5mm available
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 68
• SMD / PLCC package– SMD 3-in-1 for Full Color Video
– White PLCC for linear lighting & light bulb applications
– New IPx5 rated (outdoor)
– Black Face & White face/body
– PLCC2/4/6
• P4 LEDs –– Used more for Channel Letters
and Automotive and Advertising Boxes
– Different lenses for various radiation patterns
High-Power XLamp LED Product Families
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 69
What are Lighting-Class LEDs?
Quality
Only
LEDs have the light output, efficacy, quality of light
and reliability to replace traditional lighting sources
Lighting-Class
Flux & Efficacy
• 120+ LPW
• Energy Savings
• Small source size(direct light where needed)
• ANSI chromaticity bins & sub-bins
• Consistent reels of
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 70
Reliability
Quality of Light
traditional lighting sources• Consistent reels of
LEDs
• High standard CRI
• Color point stability
• Energy Star approved lumen maintenance
• Lifetime prediction
• Maintenance Avoidance
Cree XLamp LED Product Portfolio – White
XLampSingle Die Multiple Die
XR-C XR-E XP-C XP-E XP-G MC-E MX-6
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 71
XR-C XR-E XP-C XP-E XP-G MC-E MX-6
Footprint (mm)
7.0 x 9.0 3.45 x 3.45 7.0 x 9.0 6.5 x 5.0
Max Current
500 mAUp to
1000 mA500 mA 700 mA 1000 mA
700 mA(per LED)
350 mA
Viewing Angle
90° 90° 110° 115° 125° 110° 120°
LM-80 accepted LM-80 accepted LM-80 accepted
XLamp XR-E & XR-C White
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 72
• Long history of LED innovation and reliability:
2006 First lighting-class cool white LED
2007 First lighting-class warm white LED
First LED offered in ANSI C78.377A chromaticity binsFirst 100 lumen cool white LED to ship in volume
2009 Approved as DOE Energy Star SSL compliant for lumen maintenance
• Tens of millions of LEDs shipping per quarter
• Lighting up LED industry’s most high-profile installations
XLamp XP-E & XP-C White
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 73
• Small footprint device
• Symmetric design offers matching mechanical and optical center– Improves optical efficiency
– More efficient secondary optics
– Easier manufacturing
XLamp XP-E White Characteristics & Features
Cool White Neutral White Warm White
CCT (K) 10,000K – 5,000K 5,000K – 3,700K 3,700K – 2,600K
Viewing Angle 115º 115º 115º
Thermal Resistance (ºC/W) 9 9 9
Max Current (mA) 700 700 700
Typical Vf @ 350 mA (V) 3.2 3.2 3.2
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 74
Typical Vf @ 350 mA (V) 3.2 3.2 3.2
Features
• ANSI-compatible chromaticity bins
• Accepted by U.S. DOE for ENERGY STAR lumen maintenance
• Electrically neutral thermal path
• High maximum LED junction temperature: 150ºC
• Unlimited floor life at ≤30ºC / 85% RH
• Reflow solderable JEDEC J-STD-020C compatible
• RoHS and REACH-compliant
• UL-recognized component (E326295)
XLamp XP-C White Characteristics & Features
Cool White Neutral White Warm White
CCT (K) 10,000K – 5,000K 5,000K – 3,700K 3,700K – 2,600K
Viewing Angle 110º 110º 110º
Thermal Resistance (ºC/W) 12 12 12
Max Current (mA) 500 500 500
Typical Vf @ 350 mA (V) 3.4 3.4 3.4
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 75
Typical Vf @ 350 mA (V) 3.4 3.4 3.4
Features
• ANSI-compatible chromaticity bins
• Electrically neutral thermal path
• High maximum LED junction temperature: 150ºC
• Unlimited floor life at ≤30ºC / 85% RH
• Reflow solderable JEDEC J-STD-020C compatible
• RoHS and REACH-compliant
• UL-recognized component (E326295)
XLamp XP-G White
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 76
• Raises the bar of LED performance– Up to 367 lumens (111 LPW) @ 1000 mA
– Reduce system cost with fewer LEDs & fewer optics
• Unbeatable efficacy at low current– Up to 132 LPW typical @ 350 mA
– Smaller / fewer batteries or solar cells
XLamp XP-G Characteristics
Cool White
CCT (K) 8,300K – 5,000K
Viewing Angle 125º
Thermal Resistance (ºC/W) 6
Max Current (mA) 1000
Typical Vf @ 350 mA (V) 3.0
Min. Flux Bin
8,300K –5,000K
51, 53, 50
R5 (H) 139
R4 (G) 130
R3 (F) 122
R2 (E) 114
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 77
Typical Vf @ 350 mA (V) 3.0
Features
• ANSI-compliant chromaticity bins
• Electrically neutral thermal path
• High maximum LED junction temperature: 150ºC
• Reflow solderable JEDEC J-STD-020C compatible
• REACH and RoHS-compliant
• UL-recognized component (E326295)
XLamp XP-C/XP-E/XP-G WhiteStandard Order Codes
Min. Flux Bin
10,000K –5,000K
5,000K –4,200K
4,200K –3,500K
3,500K –3,200K
3,200K –2,900K
2,900K –2,700K
01, 02, 03, … E3, F4, E4 F5, E5 F6, E6 F7, E7 F8
S2 (J)* 148
R5 (H) 139
R4 (G) 130
R3 (F) 122
R2 (E) 114
XP-E
XP-E & XP-C
XP-G
XP-E & XP-G
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 78
R2 (E) 114
Q5 (D) 107 107
Q4 (C) 100 100 100
Q3 (B) 93.9 93.9 93.9 93.9
Q2 (A) 87.4 87.4 87.4 87.4 87.4
P4 (9) 80.6 80.6 80.6 80.6 80.6 80.6
P3 (8) 73.9 73.9 73.9 73.9 73.9 73.9
P2 (7) 67.2 67.2 67.2 67.2
N4 (6) 62.0 62.0 62.0
N3 (5) 56.8 56.8
XP-E & XP-C
XP-C
Minimum luminous flux @ 350 mA (lm)* Limited quantities
XLamp XPC/XPE/XPG Part Numbering System
LEDs are purchased with Order Code; Bin Code appear s on reel
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 79
XLamp MX-6 White
The new lighting-class standard for indoor LED lighting
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 80
The new lighting-class standard for indoor LED lighting
• Best color consistency– ANSI warm white sub-bins (75% smaller than ANSI quarter-bins)
• Best efficacy– High lumen output with low forward voltage (3.3V typ)
• Drop-in upgrade for Nichia NS6/NS3– Better thermal and electrical performance, same footprint
XLamp MX-6 White Characteristics & Features
Cool White Warm White
CCT (K) 8.300K – 4,300K 4,300K – 2,600K
Viewing Angle 120º 120º
Thermal Resistance (ºC/W) 5 5
Max Current (mA) 350 350
Typical Vf @ 300 mA (V) 3.3 3.3
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 81
Typical Vf @ 300 mA (V) 3.3 3.3
Typical Vf @ 350 mA (V) 3.4 3.4
Features
• ANSI-compliant chromaticity bins
• Electrically neutral thermal path
• High maximum LED junction temperature: 150ºC
• Reflow solderable JEDEC J-STD-020C compatible
• REACH and RoHS-compliant
XLamp MX-6 WhiteStandard Order Codes
Min. Flux Bin
8,300K –5,000K
5,000K –4,000K
4,000K 4,000K –3,200K
3,200K –2,900K
2,900K –2,700K
51, 53,50 DZ,F4, E4, F5 E5 F6, E6 F7, E7 F8
Q5 (D) 107 [122]
Q4 (C) 100 [114] 100 [114]
Q3 (B) 93.9 [107] 93.9 [107] 93.9 [107]
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 82
Q3 (B) 93.9 [107] 93.9 [107] 93.9 [107]
Q2 (A) 87.4 [100] 87.4 [100] 87.4 [100] 87.4 [100]
P4 (9) 80.6 [92] 80.6 [92] 80.6 [92] 80.6 [92]
P3 (8) 73.9 [84] 73.9 [84]
P2 (7) 67.2 [77]
Minimum luminous flux @ 300 mA [Calculated min @ 350 mA] (lm)
XLamp MX6 Part Numbering System
LEDs are purchased with Order Code; Bin Code appear s on reel
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 83
XLamp MC-E White
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 84
• Cree’s 4 power chip LED package
• Offers 4x the flux of XLamp XR-E in the same footprint and with the same lighting class performance
• Can reduce total LED system cost by reducing the number of LEDs & optics
XLamp MC-E White Characteristics & Features
Cool White Neutral White Warm White
CCT (K) 10,000K – 5,000K 5,000K – 3,700K 3,700K – 2,600K
Viewing Angle 110º 110º 110º
Thermal Resistance (ºC/W) 3 3 3
Max Current (mA)700
(per die)
700 (per die)
700(per die)
3.2 3.2 3.2
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 85
Typical Vf @ 350 mA (V)3.2
(per die)
3.2(per die)
3.2(per die)
Features
• Accepted by U.S. DOE for ENERGY STAR lumen maintenance
• Electrically neutral thermal path
• High maximum LED junction temperature: 150ºC
• Reflow solderable JEDEC J-STD-020C compatible
• RoHS and REACH-compliant
Min. Flux Bin
10,000K –5,000K
5,000K –4,200K
4,200K –3,500K
3,500K –3,200K
3,200K –2,900K
2,900K –2,700K
01, 02, 03, … E3, F4, E4 F5, E5 F6, E6 F7, E7 F8
M 430
K 370 370 370
J 320 320 320 320
H 280 280 280
XLamp MC-E WhiteStandard Order Codes
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 86
H 280 280 280
G 240 240
Minimum luminous flux @ 350 mA (lm)Flux and chromaticity are measured with each LED die connected to independent drive circuits at 350 mA. The flux and chromaticity are measured with all LEDs lit simultaneously.
XLamp MCE Part Numbering System
LEDs are purchased with Order Code; Bin Code appear s on reel
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 87
Cree XLamp LED Product Portfolio – Color
XLampSingle Die Multiple Die
XR-C XR-E XP-E MC-E
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 88
XR-C XR-E XP-E MC-E
Footprint (mm)
7.0 x 9.0 3.45 x 3.45 7.0 x 9.0
Max Current
Up to 700 mA
Up to 1000 mA
Up to 1000 mA
700 mA(per LED)
Colors
Royal Blue
Blue
Green
Amber
Red-Orange
Red
Royal Blue
Blue
Green
Royal Blue
Blue
Green
Amber
Red-Orange
Red
A1 (RGB CW)
B1 (RGB NW)
XLamp XP-E Color
• Breakthrough color flux output– 20% brighter than XLamp XR-C Amber, Red, Red-Orange
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 89
– 20% brighter than XLamp XR-C Amber, Red, Red-Orange
– 6% brighter than XLamp XR-E Royal Blue, Blue, Green
• Small footprint device
• Compatible with Lumileds Rebel optics
• Symmetric design offers matching mechanical and optical center– Improves optical efficiency
– More efficient secondary optics
– Easier manufacturing
XLamp XP-E Color Characteristics & Features
Royal Blue
Blue Green AmberRed-
OrangeRed
DWL (nm) 450-465 465-485 520-535 585-595 610-620 620-630
Viewing Angle 130º 130º 130º 130º 130º 130º
Thermal Resistance (ºC/W) 9 9 9 15 15 15
Max Current (mA) 1000 1000 1000 500 700 700
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 90
Typical Vf @ 350 mA (V) 3.2 3.2 3.4 2.2 2.2 2.2
Features
• Electrically neutral thermal path
• High maximum LED junction temperature: 150ºC
• Unlimited floor life at ≤30ºC / 85% RH
• Reflow solderable JEDEC J-STD-020C compatible
• RoHS and REACH-compliant
• UL-recognized component (E326295)
XLamp XP-E ColorStandard Order Codes
Min.FluxBin
Blue Green Amber Red-Orange
Red
465-485 520-535 585-595 610-620 620-630
Q4 100
Q3 93.9
Q2 87.4
P4 80.6
P3 73.9
Min. Flux Bin
Royal Blue
450-465
15 425
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 91
P3 73.9
P2 67.2 67.2
N4 62.0
N3 56.8
N2 51.7 51.7 51.7
M3 45.7 45.7 45.7
M2 39.8 39.8 39.8
K3 35.2 35.2
K2 30.6 30.6 30.6
J0 23.5
15 425
14 350
Minimum luminous flux @ 350 mA (lm)
Minimum radiant flux @ 350 mA (mW)
XLamp MC-E Color (RGBW)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 92
• Unique RGBW LED combination
• High lumen output from a single device– Up to 500 lm total when driven @ 700mA per die
• Reduces space between color LED die to almost nothing – Small, multi-color optical source for efficient color mixing
– Reduces number of optics
• Lower system component count can reduce total system complexity & cost
XLamp MC-E Color Characteristics & Features
Configuration A1 B1
Color Blue Green Red White Blue Green Red White
DWL (nm) / CCT 450-465 520-535 620-630 6500K 450-465 520-535 620-630 4000K
Min. Luminous Flux@ 350 mA (lm)
8.2 67.2 30.6 95 8.2 67.2 30.6 80
Typical Vf @ 350 mA (V) 3.2 3.4 2.2 3.2 3.2 3.4 2.2 3.2
Max Current (mA) 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 93
Viewing Angle 115º 115º
Thermal Resistance (ºC/W) 3 3
Features
• Electrically neutral thermal path
• High maximum LED junction temperature: 150ºC
• Reflow solderable JEDEC J-STD-020C compatible
• RoHS-compliant
MPW-EZW (Easy White)
• 8-8-8 chip configuration
• 2700K, 3000K, 3500K
• No CCT binning req’d;4-step MacAdam ellipse
• LF binned at 250mA
– ~1250 lm @ 2700K
– ~1350 lm @ 3000K
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 94
– ~1350 lm @ 3000K
– ~1450 lm @ 3500K
• Up to 20W power dissipation
– 2°°°°C/W RTH
• Typical CRI: 80
• >50,000 hrs L70 per IES LM-80-2008
• 1Q10 general release
MPL-EZW The Big Benefit
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 95
Let Cree do the mixing for you...EasyWhite
• Consistent color
• No complicated mixing recipes
• Reduced inventory
• Ease of manufacturing
• No Special Bin Order Codes (reduce cost)
Cree LED Target Markets
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 96
The Market OutlookRevenue (Billions)
HB LED Market*
Conventional Lighting
General Illumination Market**
Revenue (Billions)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 97
Revenue (Billions)
LED Lighting
Lighting
Revenue (Billions)
LED market growth is being driven by two major trends:
Notebook & TV backlighting (short cycle)
General Lighting (long cycle)
** Source: Philips Lighting
LED Components – Market Segments
Indoor Lighting Portable Lighting
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 98
Outdoor Lighting LED Light Bulbs
Video Screens & Signs
Transportation & EVL
Architectural
Current LED Lighting Applications
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 99
Video Screens – High Bright LEDs
Screen Master P2 Oval
C4SMG C4SMF C5SMF
Matched Radiation Red / Green / Blue
4mm – 100°x45° 4mm – 100°x45° 5mm – 100°x40°
12 – 16 mm pitch 16+ mm pitch 20+ mm pitch
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 100
SMD – Black Face
CLV1A-FKB CLV6A-FKB
Full Color (Red / Green / Blue) – Vertical Alignment
PLCC4 – 120° PLCC6 – 120°
4 – 10 mm pitch 10 – 16 mm pitch
IPx5 rated (water resistant)
Signs, Signals & Channel Letters – HB LEDs
P2 5mm Round P2 5mm Oval
C503B-xAx C503B-xBx C503B-xCx C566C-xFx
A / R / G / B A / R A / R / G / B A / R / G / B
15° 23° 30° 70°x35°
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 101
P4 Round
CP41B-xxS CP41B-xxS CP42B-xKS
A / R G / B / W A / R / G
40° / 70° / 100° 60° / 70° / 90° 120°
Outdoor (Area) Lighting is a Diverse Space
“Cobra Head” Industrial “Wall Pack”
Parking/Canopy/Low Bay
Ornamental/Pole Top
Parking/“Shoe Box”
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 102
• 60 million unit installed base in North America alone
LPS HPSMetal
HalideLED
“Boiler Plate” Efficacy (LPW) 130 95 70 105
Delivered Efficacy* (LPW) 70 51 38 75
CRI <5 22 60-80 70-80
Typical CCT 1800 2000 3000-4000 Any
Lifetime (hours) 16k 24-30k 10-20k >50k
* Incl. 60% CU + 10% ballast factor for HID; 85% CU, 88% driver efficiency, -10% thermal equilibrium for LED
• Most use one of three HID lamp types:
Outdoor Lighting – XLamp Power LEDs
Outdoor Lighting
XLamp XR-E XLamp XP-G XLamp MC-E
Cool White (75 CRI) – 5000K-10,000K
Up to 107 lm min Up to 130 lm min Up to 430 lm min
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 103
93 lm/W 124 lm/W 96 lm/W
Making the Business Case Work
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 104
Initial applications will be driven by maintenance avoidance & energy savings– Street & Parking lot lighting– Parking garages– Atrium– Tunnels– Hazardous work areas
Light Source Comparison
150W MH Street Light Example
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
Cumulative Lifecycle Costs 150WMetal HalideCumulative Lifecycle LED Cost(350mA)Cumulative Lifecycle LED Cost(700mA)
2-3 Year Payback For End Customer
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 105
$-
$200
$400
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
LEDs make a compelling maintenance and energy savings value proposition now
Attractive Financial Proposition For Fixture Co.
Tota
l Fix
ture
CoO
*
$800
10-year Cost of Ownership*150W MH Street Light
$1,200
$1,000
Labor
Bulb
Labor
Bulb
Labor
Maintenance
Events
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 106
Tota
l Fix
ture
CoO
*
$400
$0
$800
Conventional HID Fixture
$600
LED Fixture
$200MetalHalideFixture
Initial Fixture
Sale
LEDFixture
EnergyEnergy
Bulb
Labor
U.S. DOE Gateway Project
Rayley’s Supermarket, Chino, CA
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 107
Before: 346W Metal Halide After: 149 W Bi-level LED System52W when dimmed
• 70% Energy Savings
• 3.3/4.7 year simple payback (new construction/retrofit)
• Perceived improvement in safeftyhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/gatewaydemos_results.html
Tianjin Polytechnic University
• 2,000 roadway luminaires installed
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 108
• Primary motivation: Energy Savings
NC State University Parking Deck
Before: HID
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 109
NC State University Parking Deck
After: 27% Energy SavingsVastly Improved LightingLess Fixtures (wider spacing)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 110
Indoor Lighting
Indoor Lighting
XLamp XP-E XLamp MC-E XLamp MX-6 MPL-EZW
Warm White (80 CRI) – 2600K-3700K
Up to 93.9 lm min Up to 320 lm min Up to 87.4 lm minUp to 1365 lm @
250mA
Neutral White (75 CRI) – 3700K-5000K
Up to 100 lm min Up to 370 lm min Up to 93.9 lm min
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 111
Indoor Applications
• Different requirements than outdoor
– Warm White Color Temperature (2700-3000K) required
– High CRI (>80)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 112
– Lamp maintenance nota driving factor
– High style content
– Focus on energy, green
– Different market channels, cost expectations (consumer product)
Yes, these are LED!
Indoor: Restaurants
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 113
• 80% Energy Savings
• Excellent Color Rendering
Residential Installations
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 114
High-End Retail Hotel Installation
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 115
LED Light Bulb & Landscape Lighting
Linear Tube
CLA1A-xKW CLP6B-xKW XLamp MX-6
Cool / Warm White
3.2 x 2.8 mm 6.0 x 5.0 mm 6.5 x 5.0 mm
35 mA max 150 mA max 350 mA max
Light Bulb
XLamp MX-6 XLamp XP-E XLamp MC-E MPL-EZW
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 116
Cool / Warm White Cool / Neutral / Warm White Warm White
6.5 x 5.0 mm 3.45 x 3.45 mm 7.0 x 9.0 mm 13 x 12 mm
350 mA max 700 mA max 700 mA max (per die)
250mA per die
Landscape Lighting
C503D-WAN C535A-WJN CP41B-WxS
Cool White
P2 Round – 15° P2 Round – 110° P4 Round – 60° / 90°
30000 mcd typ 1400 mcd typ 7000 mlm typ
Standard LED Components ���� LED bulbs
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 117
Happening Now
• Longer life
• Much better efficacy than incandescent; lower efficacy than CFL
• Generally pretty low CRI (~75-82, 3000K)
• Today, light output matches only the lowest wattage incumbents
System
Watts 20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Wattage
Equivalent*
1.0 84 92 101 112 123
2.0 161 177 195 214 235
3.0 231 254 279 307 338
4.0 294 324 356 392 431
5.0 351 386 425 467 514
6.0 401 441 485 533 587
7.0 444 488 537 590 649
8.0 480 528 580 638 702
35W
20W
6500K
MR16 Using Standard LED Components
System
Watts 20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Wattage
Equivalent*
1.0 63 69 76 84 92
2.0 121 133 146 161 177
3.0 173 191 210 231 254
4.0 221 243 267 294 323
5.0 263 289 318 350 385
6.0 300 331 364 400 440
7.0 333 366 403 443 487
8.0 360 396 435 479 527
20W
35W
3000K
L70
Lim
itatio
ns
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 118
8.0 480 528 580 638 702
9.0 509 560 616 677 745
10.0 531 585 643 707 77850W
* Lumen equivalence, CBCP target probably be more practical
8.0 360 396 435 479 527
9.0 382 420 462 508 559
10.0 399 438 482 531 584
35W
• 20W halogen equivalent* @ 3000K possible now
• 35W equivalent* @ 3000K looks possible later
• 50W equivalent* @ 3000K looks challenging
• Thermal limitations inherit to the form factor
L70
Lim
itatio
ns
Portable
High-End
XLamp XR-E XLamp XP-G XLamp MC-E
Cool White
7.0 x 9.0 mm 3.45 x 3.45 mm 7.0 x 9.0 mm
Up to 107 lm min Up to 130 lm min Up to 430 lm min
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 119
Mainstream
XLamp XP-E XLamp XP-C CLN6A-WKW C503D-WAN
Cool White
3.45 x 3.45 mm 3.45 x 3.45 mm 5.0 x 5.0 mm 5mm 15°
Up to 114 lm min Up to 93.9 lm min Up to 85.6 lm min 30,000 mcd typ
Architectural, Transportation – XLamp LEDs
Architectural, Transportation Color Lighting
XLamp XP-E XLamp MC-E
Red, Green, Blue, Amber RGBW
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 120
Water Cube at Beijing Olympics 2008
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 121
Bird’s Nest at Beijing Olympics 2008
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 122
LED Design Considerations
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 123
LED Design Considerations
Electrical, Thermal & Optical: All Affect Light Output
Electrical• Integrated systems approach;
fixture designed around LEDs
• LED light is different than existing light technologies
• Not intuitive at first
Thermal
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 124
Deliveredlumens
Optical
DeliveredLPW
• These charts are on all LED data sheets; familiarization with them is essential to good results
LED Luminaire Design Will Be Different…
LEDConventional Lighting
Ref
lect
or
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 125
• LED Light is inherently directional
• LED thermal path accomplished by conduction – No IR, no UV in the light beam
• Retrofit of conventional fixtures may not leverage all the benefits of LEDs
LightHeat
Process for Designing LEDs into Luminaires
1. Define lighting requirements of application
2. Define design goals for LED luminaire
3. Estimate efficiencies of optical, thermal and electrical subsystems
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 126
4. Calculate the number of LEDs needed
5. Build a prototype and test against design goals
1) Define Lighting Requirements
? What kind of light is required in this application?
Importance Characteristic Unit
Critical
Luminous flux lumens (lm)
Illuminance distribution footcandles (fc)
Electrical power consumption Watts (W)
Luminaire aesthetics
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 127
Potentially Important
Price
Lifetime hours
Operating temperature °°°°C
Color temperature K CCT
CRI
Form factor
Ease of installation
Example CFL Down Light Characterization
Importance Characteristic Unit Value
Critical
Luminous flux lumens (lm) 1800
Illuminance distribution Lux (lm/m2) (defined in IES file)
Electrical power consumption Watts (W) 23 (excluding ballast)
Lifetime hours 10,000
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 128
ImportantColor temperature K CCT 4,000
CRI 75
Form factor 6 inch diameter can
Example Downlight: Critical Characteristics
InstalledCeilingHeight
Fixture :Flux (lm)Power (W)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 129
IlluminanceDistribution
Example CFL Downlight IES File
What is an IES file?• It is basically the measurement of the far field distribution of light source (intensity) stored in ASCII format.
1800 Source lumens3 M Mounting Height
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 130
3 M Mounting Height89 Lux peak (~40 Lux ave)73% Luminaire EfficiencySpecular Reflector26W total power
2) Define SSL Design Goals
? How will this new (LED) product create value?
Value:• Same amount of light• Same quality of light• Longer lifetime without maintenance
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 131
Critical:• Same or more light• Same or more homogenous
distribution of light• Same or lower power
consumption
Important:• Same quality of light (CCT & CRI)• Same ambient temp rating• Longer lifetime
SSL Design Goals to Replace CFL Down Light
Importance Characteristic Unit Value
Critical
Luminous flux lumens (lm) 1800
Illuminance distribution Lux Same as example
Electrical power consumption Watts (W) 23 (excluding driver)
Lifetime hours 50,000
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 132
Important
Color temperature K CCT 4,000
CRI 75
Form factor 6 inch diameter can
Operating temperature °°°°C 55
3) Estimate Efficiencies of Subsystems
Electrical
?What kind of losses need to be taken into account?
What design solutions will best minimize these losses?
Design Goals
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 133
LEDSpecsThermal
Optical
• 1800 lm flux
• 23 W power
• 50,000 hour lifetime
• 4,000K CCT
• 75 CRI
• 55°°°°C max temp.
Optical Losses : LED Light is Directional
90° beam angle
High Power LED• One big advantage LED light has
compared to conventional bulb lights is that LED lamps send light in one direction
• If an intended application only needs to send light in one direction, keep in mind only some of the total light output will be useful.
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 134
• Other light will be lost to the reflector or sent in a non-useful direction in spite of the reflector.
• Secondary optics will be needed if LED beam angle does not meet the application requirements.
Conventional Lighting
Reflecto
r
Sources of Optical Loss
Reflector Coefficient of Utilization
Secondary Optics
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 135
Lens
85%-90% Efficient Varies
LED Secondary Optics
Secondary optics are used to modify the output beam of the LED such that the output beam of the finished lamp will efficiently meet the desired photometric specification.
LED optics can be categorized into:
• Reflectors
• Lenses
• Combinations of lens or reflector
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 136
The basic functions of the secondary optics are:
Diverging: Spread the emitted light
Colliminating : Colliminating the light into a narrower beam.
• Combinations of lens or reflector
Generally speaking, lenses are more
efficient in shaping the beam than
reflectors.
LED Secondary Optics
Diverging (diffusing): Spreads the light in a wider pattern
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 137
Spatial Radiation Pattern for LED only
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-100 -50 0 50 100
Angle (º)
Rel
ativ
e In
tens
ity
Spatial Radiation Pattern for LED with Secondary Optics
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-100 -50 0 50 100
Angle (º)R
elat
ive
Inte
nsity
LED with secondary optics
LED Secondary Optics
Colliminating: Focus the wide beam to narrower beam
Reflector
LensTIR LensReflector + Lens
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 138
Spatial Radiation Pattern for LED only
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-100 -50 0 50 100
Angle (º)
Rel
ativ
e In
ten
sity
Spatial Radiation Pattern for LED with Secondary Optics
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-100 -50 0 50 100
Angle (º)
Rel
ativ
e In
tens
ity
LED with secondary optics
Reflectors Overview
• Use reflective surface to collimate the LED light output
• Have a relatively large opening and some part of the light will never hit the surface and become unmanaged (called spillover)
• The result of spillover is a large area of scattered light around the main beam spot
• Are easy to make and relatively inexpensive
Spillover
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 139
inexpensive
• The shape of the reflector determines beam forming− Parabolic: gathers emitting light from the focal point and redirects as
parallel beam
− Aspheric: directs light in wider angles, providing general flood lighting
• The bigger the reflector, the better the beam control will be
• The smaller the optical source size, the better a reflector can control the beam
Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Overview
• Manages both direct and reflected light
• Light travels through at least 2 surfaces (often more), before getting out of the system
• Can be efficient even the size is small
• Relatively expensive compared to reflector
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 140
Use these surfaces to further shape beam pattern
Parabolic or elliptical shape to direct light
Collimating Lens in front of LED
Maximum efficiency when this ray is directed to edge of outer surface
Use these surfaces to further shape beam pattern
Parabolic or elliptical shape to direct light
Collimating Lens in front of LED
Maximum efficiency when this ray is directed to edge of outer surface
Parabolic or elliptical shape to direct light
Collimating Lens in front of LED
Maximum efficiency when this ray is directed to edge of outer surface
Typical Off-The-Shelf LED Secondary Optics
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 141
Spatial Radiation Pattern for LED only
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-100 -50 0 50 100
Angle (º)
Rel
ativ
e In
ten
sity
LED with secondary optics
Example: 6 deg spot beam
Special LED Secondary Optics
Special optics (like street light, parking lot lens): Convert the lambertian beam from LED to specific distribution needed for unique applications
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 142
Spatial Radiation Pattern for LED only
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-100 -50 0 50 100
Angle (º)
Rel
ativ
e In
ten
sity
LED with secondary optics
Potential Downlight Optical Solution
Use wide beam TIP optics to achieve best efficiency and control• Slightly more narrow beam
Reduces total lumens required to achieve same illuminance
Only 700 Source lumens3 M Mounting Height100 Lux peak (~40 Lux ave)90% Optical Efficiency
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 143
Ledil LXP Wide
Thermal Losses
Unlike traditional bulbs, light is emitted in one direction and heat goes out the other
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 144
Unlike traditional 5mm LEDs, power LEDs have separate paths for electrical & heat flow
Where is the LED Junction?
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 145
LED Junction
• LED junction is located within the LED package• LED junction temperature (Tj) cannot be measured di rectly
High Power LED Thermal Resistance
Thermal resistance quantifies how easily heat flows between the LED junction and the LED’s thermal path.
• Lower thermal resistance = better thermal flow
j
How to Measure Junction Temperature1. Wait for LED(s) to reach thermal
equilibrium2. Measure solder point temperature
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 146
j
sp
Rth j-sp: Thermal resistance between junction (j) a nd solder-point (sp)• Unit: °°°°C/W or Kelvin/W• Lower Rth j-sp = lower temperature difference betwe en j & sp
2. Measure solder point temperature3. Measure voltage & current4. Calculate power & Tj
Tj = Tsp + Rth j-sp * Power
Thermal Losses
Light output vs. increased junction temperature Tj
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 147
LED Junction Temperature vs. Lifetime
• Tj affects LED lifetime & long-term lumen maintenance
Tj (°°°°C) L70
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 148
X 51,000 hrs
X + 10 44,000 hrs
X + 20 38,000 hrs
LED Junction temperature vs Forward Voltage
• Temperature coefficient of Voltage
– -mV/°°°°C
• As the Junction temperature increases the forward voltage decreases.
Example: 10 LEDs in series
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 149
Vf @ Tj 25°C = 3.3V
Total voltage = 10 * 3.3 = 33V
After warm up Tj = 60 °C
Vf = 3.3 –(.004*35) = 3.16V
Total Voltage = 10*3.16 = 31.6
This example shows that using a constant current driver is very important.
LED Junction temperature vs Wavelength/CCT
As the Junction temperature increases, wavelength or CCT can shift
2
Rela
tive Intensity Color K
(nm/ºC)
Amber
.09
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 150
0
1
570 580 590 600 610 620 630
Wavelength [nm]
Rela
tive Intensity
Amber
Red
.03
Blue
.04
Green
.04
Cyan .04
Heatsink Selection/Design
• Manage heat to maximize performance
– Integrate heatsink into fixture housing
– Used thermal pads, tapes … to achieve best coupling between PCB and heatsink
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 151
PCB and heatsink
– Retrofits may not perform well
– Run thermal simulation to determine heatsink Rth required
– Select proper PCB material, size, shape to maximize heat transfer to ambient (lowest Rth)
Typical Power LEDs with MCPCB
Cu top layer35 – 70 µm
• MCPCB Advantages
– Low Thermal Resistance
– High reliability (rigid)
• But can be expensive
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 152
Metal Clad Substrate
Dielectric layer70 – 200 micronσ = 0.3 – 3 W/mK
35 – 70 µm
XLamp Does Work with FR4 too
+ -
+ -
XLamp
FR4
Isolated thermal path(electrically neutral)
SeriesLED
Circuit
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 153
Copper Plane(50-70 um)
Copper Thermal Vias
FR4
• With its isolated thermal path, XLamp does not have any problem with shorting through the thermal plane
• FR4 is easy for all manufacturers, can achieve low Rth
Electrical Losses
70
75
80
85
90
Efficiency (%)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 154
60
65
70
0 20 40 60 80 100
Output Load (%)
Efficiency (%)
Generally, 85% - 90% is a good estimate for LED driv ers, except for high ambient temps or long lifetime
LED Drivers
Why do XLamp LEDs need drivers?
• Light output is a function of current
– To supply constant current to the LEDs
• LEDs are low voltage devices
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 155
– To transform AC to LED low voltage DC
– High voltage DC to LED low voltage DC
• To protect the LEDs from being overdriven and from transient voltages
• Provide accurate dimming control
LED Electrical Design
Goal: Control light output of LED system
• LED light output varies with current
200
250
Relative Intensity (%)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 156
0
50
100
150
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Forward Current (mA)
Relative Intensity (%)
Voltage Variation in High Power LEDs
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Forward Current (mA)
Datasheet
LED1
LED2
LED3
LED4
LED5
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 157
0
100
200
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Forward Voltage (V)
Forward Current (mA)
LED5
Vf to achieve If = 350 mA: 3.2 V – 3.4 V
• Every LED lamp has a slightly different relationshi p between voltage & current
• Very few parts perform exactly as shown on the data sheet
Voltage Variation in High Power LEDs
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Forward Current (mA)
Datasheet
LED1
LED2
LED3
Why is constant current drive important?
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 158
0
100
200
300
400
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Forward Voltage (V)
Forward Current (mA)
LED3
LED4
LED5
If at Vf = 3.4 V: 350 mA – 675 mA
Result is relative LED brightness from 100% to 165% !Constant voltage drive is NOT recommended
Series Array
Advantages Disadvantages
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 159
• All LEDs at same current and same relative luminous flux
• Voltage increases linearly with number of LEDs in string
• One LED failing to open circuit will cause entire string to cease light output
Note: If Xlamp LED does ever fail due to internal c atastrophic or thermal issue, it will usually fail as short circui t
Series Array (With Zener Diodes)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 160
Advantages
• All LEDs at same current and same relative luminous flux
• LED failing to open circuit will only affect one LED, not the entire string
Disadvantages
• Voltage increases linearly with number of LEDs in string
• Higher cost than Series Array
Parallel Array
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 161
Advantages
• Many LEDs powered from just one voltage drop
• One LED failing open will not affect any other LEDs
Disadvantages
• Potential for current hogging
• One LED failing to short circuit will cause the entire array to cease light output
Series-Parallel Array
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 162
Advantages
• Relationship between number of LEDs and voltage is configurable
• One LED failing to open circuit will only affect one LED string, not all LEDs
Disadvantages
• Resistors in each string waste power as heat, affecting the thermal design of the entire system
Constant Current LED Driver
Buck RegulatorAC-DC or DC-DC
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 163
Advantages
• Excellent current regulation
• High efficiency
• High power density
• Precise dimming capability
Disadvantages
• Higher relative cost
• More complex circuit design
• Possibly higher EMI
• Less common than constant-voltage
Dimming/Strobing LEDs
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
• Drive LED lamps at same peak current but at low duty cycle
• Eliminates matching problems from driving at low currents
• PWM frequency of at least 200 Hz
– < 70 Hz produces visible flicker,
– < 100 Hz: strobe effects of moving LED
– > 1000 Hz: possible EMC problems
• Best method for brightness control (dimming)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 164
• Best method for brightness control (dimming)
• Applications– EVL Flashing, Beacon Strobing, Color Changing/Mixing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 time(ms)
If DF=50% ton toff
Duty Factor (%) = t on/(ton+toff )*100
Constant Current Driver Selection
Modular vs. IC-based
Power Modules IC power solutions
Main Advantage
ready-to-use, fully tested smaller, more cost effective
Allowscustomers with no
electronics knowledge to Best dimming, flashing, and
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 165
Allows electronics knowledge to work with the LEDs
Best dimming, flashing, and color controlling
other Features
Dimming, UL & IP rated, wide VAC (120-277V) &
VDCin, high PF, up to 90% efficiency
Wide VAC (120-277V) & VDCin, >90% efficiency (DC
solutions), high PF
Ideal forPrototyping, low volume LED
applicationshigh volume production or if
custom drive is required
Driver Examples
AC-DC Module
DC-DC IC design
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 166
Other Driver Considerations
• Will drivers last for life of LEDs
– 50000 hours usable life
– Identify components at risk of early failure and substitute with longer life (cost, size, …)
– De-rate component specs accordingly for extreme operation conditions; improve reliability
• Does system require sealed driver (IP ratings)?
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 167
• Does system require sealed driver (IP ratings)?
• Is isolation required (for safety approvals)
Review of Subsystem Efficiencies
Subsystem Efficiency Type
Optical 90% Light
Thermal 85% Light
Electrical 87% Power
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 168
Only optical & thermal losses will affect the # of LEDs needed to meet the design goals
Electrical efficiency only affects the total “wall-p lug” efficiency of the luminaire
4) Determine Number of LEDs
? How do I calculate how many LEDs are needed?
• Calculate based on optical and thermal losses
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 169
OR for an easier method
• Use Cree Product Characterization Tool
� Register @ pct.cree.com/Register.asp
General Layout
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 170
Define the Desired Parameters
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 171
Select LED Type, Flux Bin and Temperature
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 172
• Be careful to select the bins that exist FOR THE CCT you are seeking (e.g. E7 kit, or 7B Bin, etc)
• Tj or Ts is usually an „Engineering Estimate“
Select Target Lumens and Efficiencies
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 173
Comparing the Calculations
• How does the XP-G compare to the XP-E when run at 500mA?
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 174
500mA?
• Second-highest bin selected.
Our Downlight Example Characterization
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 175
Delivered Efficacy
10 lm/W“17 lm/W”
Incand
Fixture Efficiency
58%x =
WARM WHITE
… Comparison to conventional sources
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 176
Optical Efficiency 85%
Driver Efficiency 85%
Thermal Equilibrium 88%*“80 lm/W” =
LED
xDelivered Efficacy
70 lm/W
Delivered Efficacy
35 lm/W
“60 lm/W”
CFL
Fixture Efficiency
58%x =
CA Title 24
xx
What Drive Current to Use?
Operating Current Pros Cons
Lower
• Higher efficacy (lm/W)
• Longer LED lifetime
• Better lumen maintenance
• Less flux per LED (more LEDs in system)
• Reduced efficacy (lm/W)
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 177
Higher• More flux per LED (fewer
LEDs in system)
• Reduced efficacy (lm/W)
• Reduced maximum ambient temperatureORDecreased lifetime
Decision on operating current should be driven by the design goals
Example down light = low drive current (350 mA)
LED Lifetime Is Irrelevant
System Design is What Creates Value, Quality
Driver : Currently the weakest point of the system, but the big companies are working on this
Heat Sink : Linchpin of the entire system. If this is poorly designed, all the other components can be compromised
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 178
LED Lamps : Practically never fail; depreciate very slowly in a well-designed system
Optical Components : Can (rarely) yellow over time and lose light; system design choice
companies are working on this
Quality Matters – Optical Design & Poor LEDs
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 179
Need Lighting-class LEDs
16.5” Lowes
Time zero
LED Puck
16.5” Linear
1000 hours
84.1% Drop
Quality Matters – Poor LED Selection
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 180
22” Linear
16.5” Linear97.8% Drop
96.9% Drop
Quality Matters – Driver & Thermal Problems
• Driver/circuit board failure
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 181
• Color Shift Due to poor thermal design
Generation 1 Generation 3
DriverCircuit(optional)
Generic LED Strip
Fixed Number of LEDs
Generation 2
Coping With Rapid Change in LED Performance
Modular Approach to MH Source Replacement
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 182
Generation 1 Generation 3Generation 2
A modular design approach can yield constant photometric output while facilitating ongoing cost reductions each time LED brightness is improved
Coping With Rapid Change in LED Performance
Aim Ahead of the Duck…
LF Distribution
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 183
$X 1.2*$X0.8*$X
$X 1.2*$X0.8*$X
Prototyping with the highest performance LEDs curre ntly available is more expensive, but can yield a more competitive and longer life produc t over the long term
Coping With Rapid Change in LED Performance
Plan for BOM savings
Generation 1 Generation 2
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 184
25% brighter LEDs can also mean 25% fewer LEDs. Ne ed to plan flexibility in your driver design to accomplish this
Design & Specification Strategies
Strategy #1 Strategy #2
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 185
• Insist on the tightest bin available
• Pay the highest price possible
• NOT a good approach
• Understand light, binning, and your application needs
• Do the mixing yourself in your fixture if the application will allow it
• Save money
LED Roadmaps
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 186
150
200
Effi
cacy
(lm
/W)
DOE Roadmap
Cree cool white production
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 187
0
50
100
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Year
Effi
cacy
(lm
/W)
Laboratory Projection - Cool White
Commercial Product Projection - Cool White
Commercial Product Projection - Warm White
Laboratory - Cool White
Commercial Product - Cool White
Commercial Product - Warm White
Maximum Efficacy - Warm White
Maximum Efficacy - Cool White
US Department of Energy 2009 Multi-Year Plan for SSL
Cree cool white production
Cree warm white production
How the Roadmap Really Works: Chip ImprovementLF @
350mA (lumens)
Current Generation100
150
Next Generation
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 188
• Major leaps forward on LF depends on major chip improvements
• Incremental chip improvements, phosphor efficiency, and learning curve historically improves 1-2 LF bins as well
Time
LF @
350mA (lumens)
Last Generation50
80
100
120
140
160
180
Light Source Efficiency Trends
Lum
ens/
wat
tLED Performance vs. Traditional Light Sources
LED
R&D Best
Linear Fluorescent
HID
Current LED
187
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 189
0
20
40
60
80
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Lum
ens/
wat
t
Incandescent
CFL
3 Years ago LED
Brightness/Efficacy Roadmap (XP-E Cool White)
122 (R3) / 112
130 (R4) / 120
Lumens / LPW*
139 (R5) / 128
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 190
2008 2009
114 (R2) / 105
2010
107 (Q5) / 99
* Mid-Point in Production
Oct 2009
Real LED Levels of Performance (2012)
6000K 4100K 3500K 2700KData Sheet LPW 165 136 136 107
Typical * Thermal Loss 10% 10% 10% 10%
Typical * Optical Loss 10% 10% 10% 10%
Typical * Driver Loss 15% 15% 15% 15%
Achievable * LPW 107 88 88 70
CRI ~75 ~80 ~82 ~83
* Typical with average/good design practices
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 191
• LEDs will be the most efficient mainstream source available
– >100 delivered LPW roadway light possible
– Indoor fixtures >80LPW (wall-plug)
* Typical with average/good design practices
Cree Support and Partnerships
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 192
Partnerships
Cree Support
Services Provided
• Cree XLamp expertise
• LED Design consulting
• Customized design
• LED engines
South America
GDE, Led do Brasil
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 193
• Turnkey solutions
• Sub-assemblyContact: Paulo Taminato
Cree Lighting Agent
Cree XLamp Solutions Partners
Secondary Optics
BrightView Technologies
Carclo
Fraen
G&L
Genius
ideaLED
Khatod
LEDiL
Drivers
Allegro
Austria microsystems
Infinilux
Intersil
Magtech
Maxim
Microchip
National Semiconductor
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 194
LEDiL
LedLink Optics
LTI Optics
Luminit
Polymer Optics
RPC Photonics
National Semiconductor
NXP
ON Semiconductor
ROHM Semiconductor
Zetex Semiconductors
Lists on Cree Website
Secondary Optics http://www.cree.com/products/xlamp_part.asp
Drivers http://www.cree.com/products/xlamp_drivers.asp
Cree Products Summary
XLampSingle Die White Multiple Die White
XR-C XR-E XP-C XP-E XP-G MC-E MX-6
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 195
XLampSingle Die Multiple Die
XR-C XR-E XP-E MC-E
Copyright © 2009 Cree, Inc. pg. 196