SS8H11 and SS8H12

-The Modern Civil Rights Movement

-Developments in Georgia since 1970

Herman Talmadge

Herman Talmadge Governor of GA

Restructured highway

department

Created Georgia Forestry

Commission

Passed Minimum

Foundation Program for

Education act – Extended

schools to 9 months

Elected to US senate

Served from 1956-81

Benjamin Mays

Benjamin Mays Civil Rights Leader

Became a member

of the city’s Board

of Education

President of

Morehouse

College

White Primaries and County Unit

White Primaries and

County Unit White people got to

pick the candidate to

run for office

The county unit

system allowed the

counties to each

have a vote

The popular vote did

not determine the

official

1946 Governors Race and End of

White Primaries

Democratic Primary

Eugene Talmadge

Eurith Rivers

James Carmichael

Carmichael wins popular vote

E. Talmadge wins the county unit vote

E. Talmadge becomes governor

Talmadge dies and his son Herman Talmadge is appointed governor by the General Assembly

Bypassing Melvin Thompson the lieutenant governor

Herman locks himself in office declares himself governor.

Thompson eventually becomes governor.

Brown v. Board of Education

1950, 7 year old (African American) Linda Brown tries to enroll in a white school in Topeka, Kansas

Denied

NAACP and father sue

1954 Separate-but-Equal was found Unconstitutional

Plessy v. Ferguson overturned

Schools must now desegregate

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Preacher

Lived in Atlanta

Attended Booker T. Washington High

school

1944 entered Morehouse College

1947 ordained at Ebenezer Baptist

Church

1948 earned doctorate from Boston

University

Martin Luther King, Jr. continued

Developed non-violent social change

4 prong approach to gaining civil rights

1. non-violent action

2. legal remedies

3. ballots

4. economic boycott

Martin Luther King, Jr. continued

Boycott business

Lunch Counter Sit ins

1964 awarded Nobel Prize for actions

1965 led march in Selma, Alabama to support voting rights

Pushed congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965 – African guaranteed right to vote

April 4, 1968, James Earl Ray shot and killed King.

1956 State Flag

1956 State Flag Georgia changes

its flag to include

the Confederacy

Many upset

Symbolizes the

old racist south

Others want to

keep Georgia

history alive

Student Non-Violent Coordinating

Committee (SNCC) (know acronym)

Pronounced “snick”

Led by John Lewis

Students who fought for rights

using non-violence

Conducted Sit ins- sit down and

refuse to move

Sibley Commission

Public hearings to see how people

in GA felt about integration

2 out of 3 Georgians would rather

see schools closed than integrated

Districts could choose if they

wanted to integrate

Private schools are created

Hamilton Holmes & Charlayne Hunter

to UGA

UGA’s first black students

Gov. Vandiver allowed it

Charlayne Hunter becomes famous

Newspaper & TV reporter

Hamilton Holmes becomes Phi Beta

Kappa

Becomes Orthopedic Surgeon

Dies in 1995

Albany Movement

6 years after Brown v. Board Albany still segregated

“freedom riders” arrive to support

Albany Movement created to desegregate and get Africans to vote

People arrested and jailed

March on Washington

August 28, 1963

Political rally

Theme “jobs, justice and peace”

80% african 20% white

King gives “I have a dream”

speech

Civil Rights Act

1964

Desegregated all public facilities

Restaurants

Theaters

Hotels

Public recreation areas

Schools

Libraries

Election of Maynard Jackson as

Mayor of Atlanta

1st African American Mayor of

southern city

Served 8 years

Morehouse Graduate

Brought Olympics to GA

African American business

thrived

William Hartsfield

Mayor of Georgia

6 terms

Made Atlanta aviation hub

Helped with civil rights

Hired African American police

Invited civil rights leaders to city

William B. Hartsfield

BRAIN POP

How did Mayor Hartsfield contribute

to the growth of GA? Helped establish the first airport in Atlanta

(carried mail then passengers)

Airport workers

Western/Delta airlines

Hired black policemen

Supported desegregation

Blacks and northerners moved to Atlanta

Lester Maddox Lester Maddox 1967 elected

gov.

Segregationalist

Restaurant

owner

Improved

education

Andrew Young and Georgia

Civil Rights leader

Marched in Civil Rights Movement

Pastor

Mayor of Atlanta after Jackson

U.S. Ambassador to the UN

1981 elected mayor

Brought Olympics to GA

Revamped Atlanta Zoo

Reelected by 80%

SS8H12: Developments in Georgia

since 1970

A) Evaluate the consequences of the end of the county unit system and reapportionment.

B) Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state senator, governor, president, and past president.

C) Analyze the impact of the rise of the two party system in Georgia.

D) Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games on Georgia.

E) Evaluate the importance of new immigrant communities to the growth and economy of Georgia.

End of the County Unit System

This system had been in place since 1917.

It was designed to maintain the power of the rural areas of the state even though the greatest population growth was in urban areas.

In April 1962, the GA federal court ruled that the county unit system violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

End of the County Unit System

Once the county unit system was ruled unconstitutional, the majority of representatives in the GA house came from the urban areas.

Political power shifted from rural to urban areas.

It also gave predominantly black population areas an equal opportunity to elect legislative representatives.

Reapportionment

The federal court decision on the county unit system was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in Gray v. Sanders. It was in the 1963 decision in that case that the phrase “one person, one vote” was first used.

The one-person, one vote concept is that every citizen’s vote should be equal to every other citizen’s vote no matter where the person lived.

Reapportionment

In 1964, the federal court again ruled that

Georgia’s constitution, which ensured

each county in the state at least one seat

in the legislature, violated the one-

person, one-vote concept.

The General Assembly had to

reapportion (redraw) its Congressional

voting districts to ensure that the districts

were of equal population sizes.

Jimmy Carter

Only Georgian who has served as

president of our country

Born in Plains, Georgia in 1924

Graduated from the U.S. Naval

Academy at Annapolis

In 1962, Carter was elected to the

Georgia senate and elected

governor in 1970.

Jimmy Carter continued

Many accomplishments:

Reorganized the state’s executive branch

Appointed the 1st woman as a state judge

Worked to equalize funding for public schools across the state and expanded special education, vocational education, and pre-school education

Expanded state mental health services for Georgians.

Jimmy Carter continued

Announced his

candidacy in 1976

for the Democratic

presidential

nomination

He defeated

President Gerald R.

Ford in November

1976 and served

one term in office.

Jimmy Carter’s Accomplishments

1978 Camp David Middle East Peace

Accords (between Israel & Egypt- the

1st peace treaty b/w Israel and an

Arab neighboring state).

Ratification of the Panama Canal

treaties

Establishment of diplomatic relations

with China

Rise of the two-party system

During the 1980s and 1990s, politics

underwent a major shift in many

southern states

They elected Democrats to statewide

offices and tended to favor Republicans

in national elections.

It led to the establishment of a real two-

party system in the state

Rise of the two-party system

Atlanta Democrat Cynthia McKinney became the 1st African American woman from GA elected to Congress

In 1994, Republicans gained a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years, and Georgia’s Newt Gingrich was elected Speaker of the House.

In 2002, Republicans ended 100 years of Democratic rule by electing Sonny Purdue, the first Republican governor since Reconstruction .

1996 Olympic Games

The games of the XXVI Olympiad were

held in Atlanta in 1996.

The Olympics brought four long-term

benefits to the state.

1) millions of dollars were spent to

create world-class competition facilities

2) The Olympics brought international

recognition to Atlanta.

1996 Olympic Games

3) The Olympics brought volunteer

programs , educational and training

programs, and employment

opportunities to thousands of Georgia’s

citizens.

4) The economic impact of the

Olympic Games brought millions of

dollars into Georgia’s economy.

Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games on Georgia.

Improved Economics

$1 billion – public donated

Ticket sales/corporate sponsorships

New hotel rooms built (7500) Total of 60,000 rooms in Atlanta area

Themed restaurants opened opening ceremonies

City Improvements – millions from Federal Government (sidewalks, street lighting, roads, signs, trees, and public parks)

Spaced leased to venders along the streets

Immigrants

GA is known throughout the world

as a leader in the production of

carpet. There are many carpet

mills and sales outlets for this

thriving industry in NW Georgia.

Georgia centered this industry

around the city of Dalton (in

Whitfield County).

Immigrants continued

As the industry grew, many jobs have

become available.

Many of these jobs were filled by people

from Mexico and other Latin American

countries.

The number of Hispanic immigrants has

been so large in some areas that they

constitute a majority in some school

districts.

Immigrants continued

Immigrant populations impact

Georgia’s economy in a large way.

Churches and ethnic businesses

have sprung up in many towns to

serve these people in areas

(bringing religious diversity to

communities).

Major League Sports

Atlanta business and civic leaders

of the 1960s decided to bring

professional sports teams to

Atlanta to improve Atlanta’s

image and generate millions of

dollars each year in revenue.

Major League Sports in Atlanta

Baseball- Braves (came to Atlanta from Milwaukee in 1966. Plays at Turner Field)

Football- Falcons (came to Atlanta in 1966 as a league expansion team. Plays in GA Dome)

Basketball- Hawks (came to Atlanta in 1968 from St. Louis. Plays in Phillips Arena)

Hockey- Thrashers (came to Atlanta in 1997 as a league expansion team. Plays in Phillips Arena)

Major League Sports in Atlanta

Permanent changes Low-income housing converted

to apartments &lofts to house athletes.

Individuals purchased housing/returned to city

Centennial Olympic Park – more green space

Centennial Olympic Game Museum

Atlanta's sports facilities - replaced or upgraded

International Tourism

increased

Number of conventions

increased

Olympic Torch

Lit by Muhammad

Ali

Centennial Olympic Park