makroekonomikis kaTedra

Sromis

ekonomika

Tbilisi 2016

2

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo momzadebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

axelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis makroekonomikis

kaTedraze.

calkeuli Tavebi damuSavebulia Semdegi avtorebis mier:

profesori m. tuxaSvili (Sesavali, Tavi-1, Tavi-7);

asocirebuli profesori m. carciZe (Tavi-4, Tavi-5, Tavi-6, Tavi-10, Tavi-11);

ekonomikis doqtori n. lacabiZe (Tavi-3, Tavi-4);

ekonomikis doqtori m. Toria (Tavi-4, Tavi-6, Tavi-11);

ekonomikis doqtori m. Selia (Tavi-2, Tavi-9, Tavi-10);

ekonomikis doqtori c. anTaZe (Tavi-8).

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis

bakalavriatis studentebisaTvis, aseve Sromis ekonomikis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli

mkiTxvelisaTvis.

redaqtorebi: asocirebuli profesori m. carciZe ekonomikis doqtori n. lacabiZe

recenzenti: ekonomikis doqtori n. WeliZe

3

Sinaarsi

Sesavali

4

I. Sromis ekonomikis sagani da adgili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa

sisitemaSi

5

II. SromiTi resursebi da SromiTi potenciali

11

III. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis safuZvlebi

22

IV. dasaqmeba da umuSevroba

39

V. Sromis bazris regulireba da misi infrastruqtura

57

VI. profkavSirebi Sromis bazarze

76

VII. samuSao Zalis xarisxi da

investiciebi adamianur kapitalSi

85

VIII. socialuri politika da mosaxleobis Semosavlebi

93

IX. Sromis organizacia

123

X. Sromis anazRaurebis organizacia

138

XI. Sromis mwarmoebluroba 154

4

Sesavali

`Sromis ekonomika~ msoflios elitur universitetebSi kurikulumebis

mniSvnelovani kursia. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad misi Sinaarsi icvleba

da ixveweba. win mimavali qveynebi cdiloben, TavianT ekonomikur da socialur

sistemebs moargon is zogadi kanonzomierebebi da principebi, rac Sromis ekono-

mikis SinaarsiTaa gansazRvruli. bunebrivia, saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis

ekonomikuri segmentisaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogor Sesabamisoba-

Sia igi TanamedroveobasTan, iTvaliswinebs Tu ara amJamad da Tvalsawier moma-

valSi maRali kvalifikaciis ekonomistebze aqaur da saerTaSoriso Sromis baz-

rebze moTxovnas. amitom kursis amocanaa studentTaTvis Sromis ekonomikis

problemaTa farTo speqtridan imis logikuri miwodeba, rac asaTviseblad gamo-

yofili drois farglebSi maT Camouyalibebs im sistemur codnas da Cvevebs, rac

momavali specialistisTvis ara marto xvalindeli, aramed uwyveti ganaTlebis

ganviTarebis kvalobaze mTeli misi SromiTi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi profesiuli

moRvaweobisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba.

`Sromis ekonomikis~ damxmare saxelmZRvanelos avtorebisaTvis am kursis

dawera yamiri araa. bazarma ucbad aiTvisa Sromis ekonomikis kaTedris TanamSro-

melTa mier gamocemuli damxmare saxelmZRvaneloebi (2006-2009ww.) (red. n. la-

cabiZe, m. tuxaSvili), agreTve, prof. n. paiWaZis saxelmZRvanelo - `Sromis eko-

nomika~. maT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules saqarTveloSi Sromis ekonomikis

sferos codniT studentTa momzadebasa da praqtikos muSakTa kvalifikaciis

amaRlebaSi.

winamdebare damxmare saxelmZrvanelo Tavisi SinaarsiT Seesabameba im CarCo

programas, romelic damtkicebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-

xelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis bakalavriatis

studentTaTvis. silabusi iTvaliswinebs rogorc msoflios cnobil universite-

tebSi moqmedi silabusebis ZiriTad Sinaars, ise saqarTveloSi Sromis procesis

specifikas.

kursSi gadmocemuli sakiTxebi zogad ekonomikur Teoriul aspeqtSi stu-

dentebs naswavli aqvT `ekonomikis principebis~ kursSi. aq, cxadia, igi meTodo-

logiurad Rrmavdeba, logikurad integrirebul saxes iRebs da adamianis Sromi-

Ti cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs aerTianebs.

damxmare saxelmZRvaneloze muSaobisas avtorebi farTod sargeblobdnen

mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli profesorebis r. erenbergisa da r. smitis, g. bor-

jas, p. qausisa da a. cilberbergis saxelmZRvaneloebiT, agreTve, postsabWoTa

sivrcis qveynebSi sabazro urTierTobebze gardamavali periodis Taviseburebebis

amsaxveli saxelmZRvanelo literaturiT. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom amJamad

intensiurad iTargmneba da male gamova r. erenbergisa da r. smitis cnobili

saxelmZRvanelos bolo varianti.

bunebrivia, avtorebi didi madlierebiT miiReben am kursis momavali srul-

yofisaTvis gakeTebul SeniSvnebsa da winadadebebs.

5

Tema I. Sromis ekonomikis sagani da adgili ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa sistemaSi

Sroma aris adamianis mizanmimarTuli qmedeba materialuri dovlaTis, momsa-

xurebis an sulieri faseulobebis Sesaqmnelad. adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis

mniSvnelovan nawils uSualod SromiT procesSi an misTvis mzadebaSi atarebs.

SromiTi procesis Sedegia, agreTve, is materialuri da momsaxurebiTi sikeTe,

riTac igi sapensio asakSi Sromis unaris daqveiTebis dros sargeblobs.

Sroma warmoebis mTavari faqtoria. mis gareSe materialur - momsaxurebiTi

da sulieri sikeTis Seqmna SeuZlebelia. rac dro gadis, Sromis procesi ufro

mravalmxrivi, rTuli xdeba. Sromis garTuleba obieqturi procesia.

Sromis procesSi iqmneba ara marto adamianisaTvis Semdgom mosaxmari sike-

Te, aramed xdeba adamianisa da mis garemomcvel samyarosTan urTierToba. mimdina-

reobs momuSavis organizmis funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebuli fiziologiuri

procesebi, fsiqonervuli energiis xarjva. adamiani Tavisi urTulesi pirovnuli

sistemiTaa Cabmuli Sromis procesSi.

kacobrioba rac ufro viTardeba da SromiTi procesi rTuldeba, miT ufro

rTuli xdeba damokidebuleba fsiqofiziologiuri energiis xarjvasa da Sromis

Sedegs Soris. amJamad es Sedegi dakavSirebulia adamianis, am rTuli fenomenis

moqmedebis mraval aspeqtTan.

Sesabamisad, Sromis procesis Seswavla erTi dargis mecnierebaSi veRar

eteva. igi mecnierebis ramdenime dargis sagania. mTlianad ki iqmneba mecniereba

Sromis Sesaxeb, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba SromaTmcodneoba daerqvas. misi

konkretuli, ekonomikuri aspeqtiT integrirebuli nawilia Sromis ekonomika.

igi ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemas ganekuTvneba da, cxadia, misi saganic eko-

nomikuri xasiaTisaa, ekonomikuri mecnierebis mniSvnelovani segmentia. Sromis

ekonomika Seiswavlis Sromis procesSi warmoqmnil socialur-SromiT urTirTo-

bebs. Tumca sakmaod Rrmadaa SeWrili masSi Sromis procesis araekonomikuri as-

peqtebic da, Sesabamisad, adamianTan da Sromis procesTan dakavSirebuli sxva

mecnierebebic, rogoricaa sociologia, fsiqologia, fiziologia, medicina, de-

mografia, maTematika, statistika da a.S. agreTve, maTgan warmoebuli Sromis so-

ciologia, Sromis fsiqologia, Sromis fiziologia, Sromis dacva, mosaxleobis

ekonomika, ekonometrika, Sromis statistika, Sromis samarTali da a.S. es mecnie-

rebaTa diferenciaciaintegraciis uwyveti procesis gamoxatulebaa.

bevri mecnieri ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi socialuri faqtoris win wamowevas

miawers bolo naxevari saukunis manZilze ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevebs. amitoma-

caa, rom Sromis ekonomikis samecniero literaturasa da qrestomaTiul naS-

romebSi sul ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba socialur aspeqtebs.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi gabatonebuli adgili ukavia sabazro urTierTobebs.

sxvadasxva saxis bazarTa Soris Sromis bazari erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli da mra-

valmxrivia. igi ekonomikuri da socialur urTierTobaTa farTo wres moicavs.

magram aq umTavresia SromiTi urTierTobani, romelic mraval problemas aerTia-

nebs. Sromis bazari sul ufro mravalmxrivi xdeba da misi Seswavlac met siR-

rmes Txoulobs. amitomac Sromis bazari `Sromis ekonomikis~ kursis arsebiTi,

mTavari nawilia, Tumca, cxadia, amiT ar amoiwureba mTeli kursi.

6

saukuneze metia, rac Camoyalibda `Sromis ekonomika~ rogorc mecniereba. am

xnis ganmavlobaSi man bevri cvlileba ganicada. is viTardeboda sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis winsvlasTan erTad. TviT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebac bevrad icvleboda

Sromis procesis srulyofis kvalobaze.

am cvlilebaTagan unda gamoiyos Sromis procesis inteleqtualizacia, go-

nebrivi Sromis wilis mateba fizikur SromasTan SedarebiT. gonebrivi SromisaT-

vis momzadeba adamianTa cxovrebis ciklis mniSvnelovani nawili gaxda rogorc

winaswari Sromis procesamdeli zogadsaganmanaTleblo da profesiuli swavlis,

ise Sromis procesis dros misi permanentuli gadamzadebis saxiT. cxadia, swav-

la, romelic Tavis mxriv urTules process warmoadgens, udides finansur dana-

xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. swavlis procesSi xdeba misi dagroveba adamianur ka-

pitalad. igi uSualod rTuli Sromis ganxorcielebis procesis winapiroba gax-

da da organulad daukavSirda mas. bunebrivia, aman `Sromis ekonomikis~ saganSic

hpova asaxva.

Tanamedrove Sromis procesi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom sul ufro da ufro izrde-

ba Sromis saSualebebis wili ZiriTad kapitalSi, amiTaa, rom Sromis Sedegis

yovel erTeulze miiRweva adamianis kunTuri energiis minimizacia.

rogorc aRiniSna, bolo erTi saukunis manZilze sul ufro meti mniSvne-

loba SeiZina Sromis socialurma aspeqtebma. cnobili mecnieri

s. leviti mas meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi ekonomikuri zrdis umTavres faq-

torad miiCnevs. Sromis mwarmoeblurobaze udides zegavlenas axdens muSis Sro-

misadmi ganwyoba, koleqtivSi misi adaptaciis xarisxi, janmrTeloba, ojaxisadmi

damokidebuleba, sazogadoebaSi SromiT urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis socialuri

mxare, Sromis stimulTa sistema, samarTlianoba da socialuri garantiebi. xdeba

Sromis humanizacia. es aspeqti Sromis ekonomikis kursSi aqcentirebuli iqneba.

Sromis Sedegebis miRwevaSi sul ufro matulobs personalis marTvis mniS-

vneloba. adre igi ifargleboda daqiravebis sistemis srulyofiT. 1990-iani

wlebidan ki yuradReba gaZlierda iseTi sakiTxebisadmi, rogoricaa Sromis dac-

vis srul- yofili sistemis formireba, ojaxis evolucia, genderi, ekologia,

socialuri dazRveva, metad gaizarda kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mniSvneloba.

TandaTan cvlilebas ganicdis profkavSirebis roli. igi ufro metad ereva

personalis ganviTa- rebasa da socialuri mxardaWeris formirebaSi. paralelu-

rad iqmneba damqiravebelTa gaerTiane bebic. aucilebeli xdeba saxelmwifos Care-

vac. es ukve urTierTobaTa axal sistemas ayalibebs da Seswavlas saWiroebs.

principul cvlilebas ganicdis damokidebuleba warmoebis muSakisadmi. maTi

xelfasi aRar ganixileba yovelTvis ise, rogorc warmoebis danaxarjebSi xelfa-

sis SemcirebiT mogebis zrdis gza. aqciaTa SeZeniT isini Tanamepatroneebi xdebi-

an da dainteresebulni arian mogebis zrdiT. es aZlierebs maT motivacias ufro

SemoqmedebiTi Sromisaken.

Sromis ekonomikiT Sesaswavl sakiTxTa struqturuli ierarqia Taviseburad

damokidebulia im specifikaze da problemebzec, romlebic romelime konkretul

qveyanaSi iqmneba misi ganviTarebis donisa da specifikis gamo. kursis Seswavli-

sas saWiro xdeba aqcentireba im sakiTxebze, romelic mocemuli qveynisaTvis

problematuria da momavalSic mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda daeTmos. aranaklebi

mniSvneloba aqvs axlo da Soreul perspeqtivSi mosalodneli problemebis gan-

sazRvras da kursis SinaarsSi gaTvaliswinebas.

7

am mxriv saqarTvelos amJamindel ekonomikas, romelmac udidesi dartyma mi-

iRo 1990-iani wlebis yovlismomcveli kraxis gamo, Tavis ganviTarebaSi mniSvne-

lovani Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. socialur-ekonomikuri reabilitaciis proces-

Si Sromis ekonomikis problemebi yvelaze mwvave problemaTa ricxvSia. maTgan Se-

iZleba gamoiyos:

1.SromiTi potencialis daqveiTebis SeCereba, reabilitacia da zrdis

miRweva;

2.masStaburi siRaribis daZleva;

3.mosaxleobisa da SromiTi resursebis intensiuri emigraciis SeCereba da

optimizacia;

4masobrivi umuSevrobis Semcireba da dasaqmebis sistemis optimizacia;

5.Semosavlebisa da cxovrebis donis zrda.

6.xelfasis diferenciaciis optimizacia, qaosuri viTarebis daZleva da a. S.

aRniSnuli problemebis jerovani mogvareba dros moiTxovs da didxans iqne-

ba saqarTvelos ekonomikasa da socialur ganviTarebaSi. Seqmnili viTarebis kom-

pleqsuri Seswavla Sromis ekonomikis farglebSi Tanamedrove ekonomistis for-

mirebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.

meore mxriv, TandaTan yalibdeba saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli principebi,

normebi, romelic misaRebia progresuli socialuri ganviTarebis mqone qveynebis-

Tvis. am mxriv, Sromis humanuri principebis dacvaze zrunavs bevri Sromis saer-

TaSoriso organizacia. masSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi bolo 90 wlis man-

Zilze, SeZlebisamebr, cdiloben Camoayalibon da daicvan Sromis procesis huma-

nuri principebis Sesabamisi normativebi. Sromis ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelo li-

teraturaSi calkeuli sakiTxebis Seswavlisas metnaklebadaa gaTvaliswinebuli

maTi mniSvneloba, principebi da raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. mis safuZvelze iq-

mneba saxelmwifoebSi Sromis normatiul kanonTa sistemebi, Sromis kodeqsebi.

saqarTvelos momavals Cven vxedavT socialurad orientirebuli saxelmwi-

fos saxiT. amitom winamdebare kursi aRniSnuli orientirisaa da srulad Seesa-

bameba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis funqcionirebis principebs. Tavis

mxriv, socialurad orientirebul qveyanaSi Sromis ekonomikis mniSvneloba gaz-

rdilia.

`Sromis ekonomikis~ sagnis gansazRvra ukavSirdeba momijnave konkretuli

mecnierebis dargebsa da Sesabamis saswavlo kursebs, romelTanac Sromis ekono-

mikas mWidro kavSiri aqvs.

pirvel rigSi, esaa ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistema, romlis Teoriuli sa-

fuZvelia ekonomikis Teoria(ekonomikis principebi). Sromis ekonomikis kursSi

xdeba ekonomikis zogad kanonTa konkretizacia Sromis procesis ganxorcielebis

aspeqtiT. ekonomikuri kvlevis zogadi meTodikis gamoyeneba, konkretuli sakiT-

xis fundamentalur ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemaTa sibrtyeSi gaazreba.

Sromis ekonomikaSi Sesaswavli procesebi aucileblad saWiroeben raodenob-

riv analizs da maTematikur-statistikuri modelebis gamoyenebas. amitomaa igi

mWidro kavSirSi ekonometrikasTan da statistikasTan, maT Soris uSualod

`Sromis statistikasTan~.

Sromis ekonomikasTan, organuladaa dakavSirebuli sociologia, konkretu-

lad ki `Sromis sociologia~. kavSiri imdenad mWidroa da uSualoa, rom zog

qveyanaSi gaerTianebuli kursi `Sromis ekonomika da sociologia~ iswavleba. mar-

8

Tlac, Sromis ekonomikuri Sedegic didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis SromiT-

socialuri ganviTarebis, sazogadoebaSi jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis gan-

viTarebis doneze. udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs momuSavis Sromis motivacias, Sromis

humanizacias da a. S.

Sromis procesi mimdinareobs garkveul samarTlebriv garemoSi. Sromis eko-

nomikasTan uSualo kavSiri aqvs momuSaveTa daqiravebisa da ganTavisuflebis sa-

kanonmdeblo bazas, waxalisebas da dasjas da, saerTod, Sromis disciplinas,

Sromis procesSi warmoSobil konfliqtebis samarTlebriv regulirebas, SromiTi

davebis mowesrigebas, muSakis dacvis iuridiul normebs. amitomacaa, rom Sromis

ekonomikis kurss `Sromis samarTalTan~ mWidro kavSiri aqvs.

metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs momuSavis funqcionirebis ekonomikur mxares,

mis mier Tanamdebobrivi saqmianobis pirovnul aspeqtebs, Sesrulebuli samuSao-

sadmi damokidebulebis ekonomikur Sedegebs, rac personalis ekonomikaSi Seis-

wavleba.

masTan axlosaa personalis marTva(personalis menejmenti, adamianuri resur-

sebis menejmenti). misi Seswavlis ZiriTadi obieqtia administraciis mier persona-

lis saqmianobis organizacia: maTi SerCeva, daqiraveba, karieruli winsvla, kvali-

fikaciis zrda, pirovnuli ganviTareba, mastimulirebeli sistemebis SerCeva da ga-

moyeneba, amisTvis danaxar- jebis swori ganawileba, xarjvis optimizacia da a. S.

Sromis ekonomika mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Sromis fsiqologiasTan. fsiqo-

logiis kategoriebi, rogoricaa aRqma, yuradReba, azrovneba, mexsiereba, emocia

da maTi optimizacia - esaa Tanamedrove Sromis procesis efeqtianobis miRwevis,

Sromis Sedegebis maqsimizaciis aucilebeli piroba. gansakuTrebiT saWiroa igi

kadrebis SerCeva-Sefasebisa, maTi swavlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis proces-

Si, Sromis disciplinis sistemis formirebasa da, saerTod, Sromis procesebis

marTvaSi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan Zlier axlosaa Sromis pedagogika, mecnierebis

dargi profesiuli swavlebis Sesaxeb. igi farTo gagebiT muSakis profesiuli

momzadebis mTel process moicavs.

rogorc aRiniSna, Sromis procesi marto warmoebis procesi araa, igi ada-

mianisa da bunebriv garemosTan urTierTobis procesicaa, roca xdeba nivTiereba-

Ta cvla, adamianis organizmis fiziologiuri funqcionireba, momuSavis energi-

is xarjva, Sromis procesSi muSaobisunarianobis cvlilebis kanonzomierebaTa

Sesabamisad. Sromis procesis ganxorcielebas xels uwyobs an aferxebs sanita-

rul-higienuri garemo. amitom Sromis ekonomika mWidrod ukavSirdeba discipli-

nebs: `Sromis fiziologias~ da `Sromis dacvas~.

amrigad, Sromis procesis ganxorcielebis Seswavlis dros erT mxriv, Tavs

iyris Sromis problemaTa jgufi, meore mxriv, mis Semswavlel urTierTdakavSi-

rebul mecnierebaTa sistema, sadac Sromis ekonomika ekonomikuri mecnierebis as-

peqtSi integracias ukeTebs masTan dakavSirebul mecnierebaTa aparatis im na-

wils, romelic gansazRvravs Sromis efeqtianobas. sqematurad igi ase warmog-

vidgeba:

9

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. ras Seiswavlis Sromis ekonomika? ra aris Sromis ekonomikis sagani? 2. ra aris Sromis ekonomikis Seswavlis obieqti? 3. ra ZiriTadi cvlilebebi xdeba Sromis procesSi? 4. Sromis ekonomikis ra problemebia amJamad yvelaze mwvave saqarTveloSi? 5. daaxasiaTeT Sromis ekonomikis kavSiri Sromis sociologiasTan; 6. daaxasiaTeT Sromis ekonomikis kavSiri sxvadasxva mecnierul disciplinebTan.

11

Tavi 2. SromiTi resursebi da SromiTi potenciali

2.1. mosaxleoba da SromiTi resursebi

Sromis bazris formirebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori mosaxleobis ricxovnoba,

misi demografiuli da profesiul-kvalificiuri struqturaa.

mosaxleoba aris mocemul teritoriaze mcxovreb adamianTa erToblioba,

romelTac aqvs TviTaRwarmoebis (TviTgamravlebis) unari. mosaxleobis

aRwarmoeba ki TaobaTa uwyveti ganaxlebis procesia. is SeiZleba iyos Sekvecili,

martivi da gafarToebuli. im SemTxvevaSi, roca mosaxleobaSi dabadebaTa ricxvi

metia gardacvlilebze, adgili aqvs gafarToebul aRwarmoebas, piriqiT

SemTxvevaSi–Sekvecil aRwarmoebas, xolo im dros, roca Svilebis Taoba

ricxobrivad imdenivea, ramdenic mSobelTa raodenoba, adgili aqvs mosaxleobis

martiv aRwarmoebas.1 A

mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis iseTi

maCveneblebi, rogoricaa: Sobadobis jamobrivi koeficienti, an kidev,

mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis neto koeficienti.

Sobadobis jamobrivi koeficienti (kS.j)gviCvenebs erTi qalis mier mTeli

sicocxlis manZilze dabadebuli bavSvebis saSualo raodenobas. roca kS.j >4,

iTvleba, rom Sobadobis done maRalia, xolo roca kS.j 1 - gvaqvs gafarToebuli

aRwarmoeba.

mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesebis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs

imdenad, ramdenadac mosaxleoba aris SromiTi resursebis formirebis wyaro da Sesabamisad, misi ricxovnoba da struqtura mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens

warmoebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoris, samuSao Zalis ricxovnobasa da

struqturaze.

termini `SromiTi resursebi~ pirvelad 1922 wels gamoiyena cnobilma mec-

nierma a. strumilinma, ris Semdegac is farTod gavrcelda msoflio ekonomikur

literaturaSi. SromiTi resursebi mosaxleobis Sromisunariani nawilia, rome-

lic flobs SromisaTvis saWiro fizikur da inteleqtualur unars, ris meSveo-

biTac awarmoebs materialur dovlaTs an momsaxurebas. Sromisunarianobas gan-

sazRvravs adamianis fsiqofiziologiuri da inteleqtualuri Tvisebebi.

samuSaos xasiaTis mixedviT Sromisunarianoba aris saerTo, profesiuli da

specialuri.

saerTo Sromis unaris mqone adamiani asrulebs raime samuSaos Cveulebriv

pirobebSi, profesiuli Sromis unaris mqone _ gansazRvrul profesiul saqmia-

nobas eweva, xolo specialuri Sromis unaris mqone adamians samuSaos Sesruleba

1 es sakiTxebi ufro dawvrilebiT Seiswavleba saganSi `demografia~, `mosaxleobis ekonomika~.

12

SeuZlia specifikur sawarmoo an klimatur pirobebSi (magaliTad, miwisqveSa sa-

muSaoebze, maRalmTian raionebSi da a.S.)

Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben srul da aras-

rul anu SezRuduli Sromis unaris mqone adamianebs.

SromiTi resursebis ZiriTad nawils Sromis asakis adamianebi Seadgenen.

Sromis asaki sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTnairi araa. Mmisi qveda zRvari bevr

qveyanaSi da, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic 16 welia. rac Seexeba Sromis asakis

zeda zRvars, is bevr qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia. amJamad, yvelaze metad

gavcelebuli sapensio asakia 60 weli-qalebisaTvis, 65 weli-mamakacebisaTvis.

2016 wlisaTvis yvelaze meti sapensio asaki iaponiaSia (70 weli), saqar-

TveloSi sapensio asaki qalebisaTvis-60, mamakacebisaTvis-65 welia.

Sromis asakis gansazRvrisas gaiTvaliswineba mosaxleobis janmrTelobis

done, sicocxlis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba da dasaqmebis strategiu-

li politika. magaliTad, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

sapensio asakad qalebisaTvis dadginda 55 weli da mamakacebisaTvis 60 weli. es

ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom jer erTi, mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo mosa-

lodneli xangrZlivoba im periodSi xanmokle, 45 weli iyo, amasTan, daCqarebu-

li industrializaciis procesi kadrebis swraf cvlas moiTxovda.

`SromiTi resursebi~ Tavisi arsiT axlos dgas `samuSao ZalasTan~, rome-

lic Tanamedrove Sromis ekonomikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi asea gansazRvruli: `es

aris 16 wels gadacilebuli mosaxleoba, romelic dasaqmebulia an aqtiurad

eZebs samuSaos.2 misgan gansxvavebiT SromiTi resursebi mosaxleobis is nawilia,

romelic ormxrivadaa asakobrivi zRvariT Semofargluli.

2 Эренберг Р. Дж., Смит Р.С. – Совеременная экономика Труда. М., МГУ. 1996. с.34.

ix. aseve Tema-4. danarTi-1.

13

2.2. mosaxleobis SromiTi struqtura

ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, mosaxleobis dayofa SromiTi

niSniT emyareba ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis princips. kerZod, aravinaa valdebuli,

imuSaos mxolod imitom, rom janmrTelia an Sromis asakSia da aravinaa

valdebuli, gavides pansiaSi imitom, rom is sapensio asakisaa. damqiravebels ara

aqvs ufleba momuSave sapensio asakis gamo gaaTavisuflos Tu es SromiTi

kontraqtiT araa gaTvaliswinebuli.

sqematurad mosaxleobis SromiTi struqtura SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT:

sqema 2.2.1. mosaxleobis SromiTi struqtura

institucionaluri mosaxleoba – mosaxleobis is nawilia, romelic

mudmivad cxovrobs:

- saskolo tipis pansionebsa da bavSvTa saxlebSi;

- moxucTa da invalidTa saxlebSi;

- religiur dawesebulebebSi;

-sapatimroebsa da sxva gamosasworebel dawesebulebebSi.

1990-ian wlebSi mosaxleobis SromiTi struqturis aRricxva miesadaga sa-

erTaSoriso aRricxvis sistemas, romelic mosaxleobis arainstitucionalur

nawils orad hyofs: ekonomikurad aqtiur da ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleo-

bad.

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba moicavs dasaqmebulebs da umuSevrebs, e. i.

im kontingents, romelic bazars sTavazobs Tavis Sromas.

ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleobaSi Sedis:

moswavleebi da studentebi;

pirebi, vinc iReben SromiT an invalidobis pensias;

14

diasaxlisebi, ojaxis avadmyofi wevris movliT dakavebuli pirebi;

samuSaos is maZieblebi, romelTac dakarges misi povnis imedi, Tumca mzad

arian imuSaon;

pirebi, romlebic iZulebis wesiT gadian mkurnalobis kurss;

pirebi, romlebsac arsebuli Semosavlebis gamo ar surT muSaoba.

mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis saerTo done ganisazRvreba formu-

liT:

E1= E/P*100%, (2.2.1) sadac

E1 – mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis saerTo donea (%);

E – ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci);

P – mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci).

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic qveynis mosaxleobis

ekonomikuri aqtiurobis dones angariSoben 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis

mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi:

E2= E/P15+*100% (2.2.2), sadac

E2 – mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis donea (%);

E – ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci);

P15+ – 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci).

2.3. SromiTi resursebis gazomva

SromiTi resursebis absoluturi ricxovnoba ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:

Sromis asakis Sromisunarian mosaxleobas gamoakldeba I da II jgufis umuSevari

invalidebi, aseve gamoakldeba SeRavaTiani sapensio asakis pirebi, romlebic ar

muSaoben, daemateba momuSave mozardebi da momuSave pensionerebi.

SromiTi resursebis dinamika, garkveuli periodis manZilze xasiaTdeba Sem-

degi maCveneblebiT: SromiTi resursebis absoluturi zrda, zrdis tempi da ma-

tebis tempi.

SromiTi resursebis absoluturi zrdis maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba gansaxil-

veli periodis dasawyissa da bolos SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobas Soris

sxvaobiT.

T=R1- Ro (2.3.1), sadac

R1 – SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaa mocemuli periodis bolos,

Ro _SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaa mocemuli periodis dasawyisSi.

meore maCvenebeli- SromiTi resursebis zrdis tempi ganisazRvreba periodis

bolos SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis SefardebiT periodis dasawyisSi mis

raodenobasTan. e.i.

.0

1

R

RT (2.3.2)

15

ramdenime wlisTvis aRniSnuli maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba rogorc saSualo

geometriuli. e.i.

A

(2.3.3),

sadac n– wlebis raodenobaa.

SromiTi resursebis saSualo wliuri matebis tempi ki gaiangariSeba for-

muliT:

(2.3.4)

2.4. SromiTi resursebis formireba

SromiTi resursebis Seswavlisas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi for-

mirebis anu SromiTi resursebis aRwarmoebis Seswavlas. am mizniT saWiroa, ga-

nisazRvros SromiTi resursebis struqtura da gamovlindes is faqtorebi, rom-

lebic SromiTi resursebis struqturaze moqmedeben.

SromiTi resursebis struqturas Seiswavlian sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis,

erovnebis, dasaqmebis, sacxovrebeli adgilis da sxva niSniT (sqema 2.4.1).

sqema 2.4.1. SromiTi resursebis struqtura

sqesis mixedviT Seswavlisas ganisazRvreba qalebisa da mamakacebis wili Sro-

miT resursebSi. magaliTad, 2014 wels Sromis asakis mosaxleobaSi qalebis wi-

li 49% iyo, 2002w. _50 %.

asakis mixedviT gamoyofen SromiTi resursebis Semdeg ZiriTad jgufebs:

a)Sromisunariani asakis, b)Sromisasakamdeli; g)Sromis asakgadacilebuli. garda

amisa, SromiTi resursebis asakobrivi struqturis Seswavlisas gamoyofen Semdeg

asakobriv jgufebs: a)16-29 weli _ axalgazrdoba; b) 30-49w. _ Sua asaki; g)

50-64 w. _ winasapensio asaki; zogjer gamoyofen 50 wels gadacilebul asakob-

riv jgufs, romelsac `mesame asakis~ mosaxleobasac uwodeben.

mocemuli asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT SromiTi resursebis analizi saSu-

alebas iZleva, ganisazRvros axalgazrdobis wili SromiT resursebSi, Sefasdes

16

SromiTi resursebis daberebis procesi da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 40-64 wlis

asakobrivi jgufis wili sistematurad izrdeba, mimdinareobs SromiTi resurse-

bis dabereba, rac gaiangariSeba formuliT:

%100.6416

64-40...

W

WC sibrSr (2.4.1), sadac

CSr.r.sib. _ SromiTi resursebis siberis koeficienti;

W40-64 _ 40-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis ricxovnobaa (kaci);

W16-64 _ 16-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis ricxovnobaa (kaci).

SromiTi resursebis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis formirebaze did

gavlenas axdens qveyanaSi mimdinare demografiuli procesebi. kerZod, Sobadoba,

mokvdaoba, asakobrivi struqtura da migracia.

roca qveyanaSi Sobadobis done maRalia, SromiT resursebSi izrdeba axal-

gazrdobis wilic, Tumca es ar xdeba mosaxleobis zrdis paralelurad, es pro-

cesi SromiT resursebze garkveuli drois Semdeg aisaxeba. xangrZlivi periodis

manZilze Sobadobis maRali done zrdis Sromis asakSi myof mosaxleobas, rome-

lic am procesis gamo axalgazrdulia, rac gaiTvaliswineba kidec dasaqmebis po-

litikis gansazRvrisas.

mokvdaoba maSin axdens gavlenas SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaze, Tuki is

maRalia Sua asakobriv jgufebSi. sapensio asakis mosaxleobaSi mokvdaobis zrda

gavlenas ar axdens SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis cvlilebaze, xolo Cvil

bavSvTa mokvdaobis maRali maCvenebeli amcirebs mosaxleobis sicocxlianobis

maCvenebels (Kdabadebuli/Kgardacvlili) da garkveuli periodis Semdeg amcirebs

Sromis asakis mosaxleobis raodenobas.

arsebuli asakobrivi struqtura xSirad gansazRvravs SromiT resursebSi

dasaqmebulTa wilsac. kerZod, cnobilia, rom 25 wlamde axalgazrdoba, faqtob-

rivad, swavliTaa dakavebuli da ver erTveba SromiT procesSi, rac amcirebs am

kontingentis wils dasaqmebul mosaxleobaSi. cnobilia isic, rom yvelaze maRa-

li mwarmoeblurobiT gamoirCeva 30-45 wlis asakobrivi jgufi. amitom misi ma-

Rali wili SromiT resursebSi, efeqtiani dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi, maRali Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis sawindaria.

SromiTi resursebis raodenobis cvlilebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens

migraciac.

migracia aris ama Tu im teritoriis farglebs gareT adamianTa (migrantTa)

gadaadgileba, romelsac Tan sdevs sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla samudamod an

met-naklebad xangrZlivi droiT.

migraciis identifikaciis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia: manZili (sazRvris

gadakveTa), dro da mizezebi.

drois kriteriumi dakavSirebulia migrantis adgilze CasvlasTan da igi

SeiZleba meryeobdes ramdenime saaTidan mraval wlamde, an individis mTel

darCenil sicocxlemde. amitom dgeba sakiTxi, gadaadgilebuli piri migrantad

rom CaiTvalos, ra dro unda imyofebodes sxva adgilze. drois SedarebiT mcire

xangrZlivobis mixedviT gamoyofen agreTve sezonur migracias da qanqarisebur

migracias.

17

sezonuri migracia dakavSirebulia samuSao Zalis sezonur moTxovna-

miwodebasTan.

qanqarisebur migracias miekuTvneba mosaxleobis perioduli gadaadgileba

(yoveldRiuri an yovelkvireuli gadaadgileba) samuSaod an saswavleblad erTi

dasaxlebuli punqtidan meoreSi. igi ufro didi qalaqebis gareubnebisaTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli.

migraciis identifikaciis kriteriumia, agreTve, misi mizezebi. miRebulia,

rom migraciis ZiriTadi mizezebia samuSaos Zebna, socialuri, ekonomikuri da

profesiuli mobilobis moTxovna, ojaxis Seqmna, sabinao pirobebis Secvla (binis

yidva, memkvidreobiT miReba an dabali saarendo gadasaxadi); cxovrebis pirobebis

gaumjobeseba (klimati, garemo, transporti, momsaxureba da a.S); politikuri

arastabiluroba, eTnokonfliqtebi, samoqalaqo omebi, samxedro okupacia, da a.S.

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT gamoiyofa saerTaSoriso iZulebiTi migracia

(ltolvilebi).

migrantTa saerTo ricxovnobas, romelic garkveul droSi (TveSi,

weliwadSi) gadadis sacxovreblad erTidan meore dasaxlebul punqtSi_ ewodeba

migraciuli nakadi.

mocemuli dasaxlebuli punqtidan (qveynidan) wasulTa da Camosul nakadTa

sxvaobas ewodeba `migraciis saldo~an `migraciuli zrda~an `wminda migracia~;

xolo jams_`saerTo~ an `mTliani~ migracia.

gansakuTrebuli kriteriumebia gamoyenebuli saerTaSoriso migraciis

identifikaciisas. maT Soris, ZiriTad kriteriums `moqalaqeoba~ warmoadgens,

aseve, dabadebis adgili, cxovrebis xangrZlivoba da Camosvlis mizani. e.i. Tu

migrantis gadaadgileba xdeba saxelmwifo sazRvris gadakveTiT, es ukve gare

(saerTaSoriso) migraciaa.

rogorc wesi, migraciuli procesebi ZiriTadad axalgazrda asakobriv jgu-

febs moicavs. amitom im SemTxvevaSi, roca emigracia masStaburia, bunebrivia,

SromiTi resursebis ricxovnoba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, proporciulad mcirde-

ba da SromiTi resursebic berdeba. da piriqiT, Tu imigraciuli procesebi War-

bobs, maSin igive pirobiT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba da

SromiTi resursebis gaaxalgazrdavebac mimdinareobs.

SromiTi resursebis formirebisas metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rogo-

ria maTi ganaTlebis done. amis mixedviT SromiT resursebs Seiswavlian Semdegi

niSnebiT: dawyebiTi, zogadi saSualo, saSualo-profesiuli, saSualo-teqnikuri,

arasruli umaRlesi da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone. garda amisa, gansazRvraven

rogoria swavlis saSualo xangrZlivoba erT kacze da rogoria umaRlesi ganaT-

lebis mqoneTa wili mTel mosaxleobaSi.

UaRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso migracia xasiaTdeba e.w.

`tvinebis gadinebis~ tendenciiT, e.i. migrantTa Soris ganaTlebis maRali donisa

da kvalifikaciis pirTa wilis zrdiT; amJamad mimdinareobs maRalkvali-

ficirebuli specialistebis daubrunebeli migracia (mecnierebi, inJinrebi, eqimebi

da a.S.), amas emateba potenciur specialistTa (studentebis, doqtorantebis,

staJiorebis) migraciac, romelTa mimarT tardeba maTi mizidvis mizanmimarTuli

politika ganviTarebuli qveynebis da, gansakuTrebiT, aSS-s mier. bolo 30

weliwadSi ganviTarebadma qveynebma `tvinebis gadinebiT” 60 miliard dolarze

meti dakarges. socialisturi sistemis daSlis Semdeg dasavleTs `tvinebiT”

18

aqtiurad amaragebs yofili socialisturi qveynebi. bunebrivia, es uaryofiTad

aisaxeba migrantTa gamgzavni qveynebis SromiTi resursebis profesiul-

kvalificiur struqturaze.

2.5. SromiTi resursebis ganawileba

SromiTi resursebis ganawileba sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba. yvelaze detalurad

igi Seiswavleba saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT. kerZod, romel seqtorSi (saxel-

mwifo Tu kerZo), ekonomikis romel dargSi ra profesiisa da kvalifikaciis

mqone adamianTa ra nawilia dasaqmebuli; maT Soris, ramdenia fizikuri da ramde-

ni gonebrivi SromiT dakavebuli, rogori samuSao reJimiT muSaoben isini da a.S.

calkeuli seqtorebis Tu dargebis mixedviT SromiTi resursebis Tanafar-

doba xSirad damokidebulia ekonomikis struqturaze, Sromis bazarze arsebul

mdgomareobasa da mTel rig sxva faqtorebze. zogjer SromiTi resursebis gana-

wilebas swavloben sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis donis, calkeuli teritoriebis mi-

xedviT. am ukanasknels _ SromiTi resursebis regionul ganawilebas ganapiro-

bebs regionebSi warmoebis ganviTarebis done, misi struqturuli Taviseburebani

da ekonomikuri koniunqtura.

SromiTi resursebis formirebisa da ganawilebis sakiTxis Seswavla saSua-

lebas iZleva, sworad daigegmos misi efeqtiani gamoyeneba; gaangariSdes SromiTi

resursebis prognozuli raodenoba, rogorc moklevadiani, ise grZelvadiani per-

speqtivisaTvis. amisaTvis ki didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis procesis swor ana-

lizs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas iZleva, ganisazRvros: a) ra profesiisa

da kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalazea moTxovna calkeul dargebsa Tu sawarmoebSi

da ra raodenobiT iqneba is saWiro momavalSi; b)sad da rogor moxdes SromiTi

resursebis saWiro raodenobis moZieba da g) ra ekonomikuri programebi unda

ganxorcieldes saWiro resursebis mosapoveblad.

qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi SromiTi resursebis mniSvnelobaze swor

warmodgenas iZleva SromiTi potenciali.

2.6. SromiTi potenciali

SromiTi potenciali adamianuri potencialis nawilia, romelic formirdeba

misi bunebrivi monacemebis (niWis), ganaTlebis, aRzrdis da cxovrebiseuli ga-

mocdilebis safuZvelze. igi mosaxleobis warmoebaSi Cabmis zRvruli sididea mi-

si fsiqofiziologiuri Taviseburebebis, profesiuli codnisa da SeZenili Cveve-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT.

SromiTi potenciali Tavisi arsiT axlosaa cnebasTan `adamianuri resurse-

bi~. am ukanasknels xSirad iyeneben dasavlur ekonomikur litereturaSi. amave

dros is ufro farTo Sinaarsisaa, vidre samuSao Zala da adamianuri kapitali.

kerZod, Tu samuSao Zala xasiaTdeba niSnebiT_janmrTeloba, ganaTleba, profesi-

onalizmi, adamianuri kapitali ki am niSnebTan erTad moicavs bunebrivi SesaZ-

leblobebsac (niWi da mobiloba).

SromiTi potenciali zemoT CamoTvlil niSnebTan erTad xasiaTdeba iseTi

niSniTac, rogoricaa TviTrealizaciis unari. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, gu-

lisxmobs aqtivobas, organizebulobas, SemoqmedebiTobas, adamianebTan urTierTo-

19

bis unars da a.S. Tanafardoba SromiT potencials, samuSao Zalasa da adamianur

kapitals Soris Semdegnairad gamoixateba (ix. sqema 2.6.1):

sqema 2.6.1.

Tanafardoba SromiT potencials, samuSao Zalasa da adamianur kapitals Soris

aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianuri kapitalis sidide ganisazRvreba im fuladi

saxsrebiT, romelic gamoiyofa adamianis Sromis unaris Seqmnasa da realizacia-

ze, e.i. is aris fuladi saxsrebi, romelic ixarjeba adamianis janmrTelobaze,

ganaTlebaze, bunebriv SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebaze.

SromiTi potenciali Seiswavleba sam doneze:

1)calkeuli momuSavis; 2)sawarmos, firmis; 3)sazogadoebis.

calkeuli adamianis, momuSavis SromiTi potencialis daxasiaTebisas, upir-

veles yovlisa, unda Sefasdes misi janmrTelobis done. es xdeba Sromisunaria-

nobis xangrZlivobis gansazRvriT. rac Seexeba momuSavis ganaTlebis dones, igi

Sefasdeba skolasa Tu sxva saswavleblebSi swavlis xangrZlivobiT an

swavlebaze finansuri danaxarjebiT. xolo profesionalizmis Sefasebisas gasaT-

valiswinebelia kvalifikaciis done.

adamianis TviTrealizaciis unaris SefasebisaTvis, Seiswavleba misi xasia-

Ti, ramdenad mowesrigebuli, iniciativiani da SemoqmedebiTia igi, rogori urTi-

erToba aqvs garSemo myofebTan, rogoria misi zneobrivi kriteriumebi da, bo-

los, ramden xans aris is mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi dasaqmebuli.

adamianis SromiTi potenciali mudmivad icvleba. SeiZleba igi gaizardos

ganaTlebis donis amaRlebasTan erTad an SeiZleba Semcirdes, Tu misi janmrTe-

loba gauaresda an SromiTi cxovrebis mZime pirobebi aqvs.

sawarmos SromiTi potencialis gansazRvrisas janmrTelobis done Sefasdeba

samuSao drois im danakargebiT, romelic sawarmos personalis avadmyofobis an

sawarmoo travmis gamo dagrovda. SeiZleba ganisazRvros im xarjis raodenobi-

Tac, romelic warmoebaSi momuSaveTa jandacvas moxmarda. rac Seexeba ganaTlebis

dones, is fasdeba sawarmos mier momuSaveTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebaze gaweuli

xarjiT, sawarmoo personalSi saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianTa

wiliT. xolo sawarmoo koleqtivis profesionalizmi fasdeba produqciis xaris-

xiT, wuniT gamowveuli danakargebis sididiT. TviTrealizaciis unarze ki miuTi-

Tebs iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa gamogonebaTa da racionalur winadadebaTa

raodenoba, axal nakeTobaTa gamoSvebis sixSire, Sromis disciplinis darRveviT

miRebuli zarali.

20

sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikur ganvi-

Tarebasa da sazogadoebis inteleqtualur doneze. janmrTelobis donis mixedviT

is fasdeba iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo mo-

salodneli xangrZlivoba, qveynis biujetidan jandacvaze gaweuli saxsrebis rao-

denoba, mokvdaobis asakobrivi maCveneblebi; ganaTlebis done – ganaTlebaze gawe-

uli xarjebis wiliT saxelmwifo biujetSi da swavlis saSualo xangrZlivobiT.

profesionalizmi SeiZleba SevafasoT eqsportiT miRebuli SemosavlebiTa

da avariiT gamowveuli zaraliT. sazogadoebis TviTrealizaciis unari _ paten-

tTa da saerTaSoriso premiebis raodenobiT saSualod erT mcxovrebze, mecnie-

rul-teqnikuri progresis tempiT, kanonmdeblobis xarisxiT, gzebisa da tran-

sportis xarisxiT, dasaqmebis doniT da samuSao drois efeqtiani gamoyenebiT.

raodenobrivad SromiTi potenciali izomeba kac/sT-Si. iTvleba, rom es maC-

venebeli kargad asaxavs SromiTi potencialis cvlilebas droSi da saSualebas

iZleva, misi gaangariSebisas is adamianebic ki moicvas, visac mTeli wlis manZil-

ze erTi saaTi mainc aqvT namuSevari.

sawarmoSi SromiTi potencialis gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegi formuliT:

,cTDZФ (2.6.1), sadac

Z _ momuSaveTa raodenobaa (kaci);

DD _ samuSao dReebis ricxvi (dRe); Tc _ samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba (sT).

sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali gaiangariSeba ase:

,1

TZФm

i

i

(2.6.2) sadac

Zi _ erovnul ekonomikaSi monawileobis SemZle mosaxleobis ricxvia calkeuli

i-uri jgufebis mixedviT (kaci);

T _ kanoniT dadgenili samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba TiToeuli i-uri jgufisaTvis

kalendarul droSi (sT).

21

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. ganmarteT cnebebi: mosaxleoba, mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba, migracia.

2. Mmosaxleobis aRwarmoebis ra saxeebia cnobili?

3. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan terminebi: samuSao Zala, SromiTi resursebi, SromiTi potenciali da adamianuri kapitali?

4. ra kategoriebad iyofa mosaxleoba ekonomikuri statusis mixedviT?

5. ra maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba SromiTi resursebi?

6. ra niSnebiT gansazRvraven SromiTi resursebis struqturas da ra faqtorebi moqmedeben masze?

7. ra niSniT nawildeba SromiTi resursebi da ra gansazRvravs mis ganawilebas?

8. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan adamianis, sawarmos (firmis) da sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali?

9. daaxasiaTeT SromiTi potenciali raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT.

22

Tavi 3. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis safuZvlebi

3.1 Sromis bazris arsi da elementebi

Sromis bazari sabazro ekonomikis rTuli elementi da sazogadoebis

socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebis dinamiuri sferoa. masze uSualod aisaxeba

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi da misi warmomqmneli ekonomikuri,

socialuri da demografiuli movlenebi.

Sromis bazari samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis kontaqtebis

sferoa, sadac erTmaneTis pirispir warsdgebian muSaobis msurvelebi da

damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi).

Sromis bazris arsis gansazRvrisas specialistebs Soris gansjis sagania

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, ra aris yidva-gayidvis obieqti Sromis bazarze_samuSao

Zala Tu Sroma. specialistebis erTi nawili eyrdnoba klasikuri politikuri

ekonomiis cnobili ingliseli warmomadgenlebis a. smitisa da d. rikardos

Sexedulebebs da Tvlis, rom Sromis bazarze iyideba Sroma. mkvlevarebis meore

nawili iziarebs aseve cnobili germaneli ekonomistis k. marqsis Teorias da mi-

iCnevs, rom Sromis bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia Sromis unari_samuSao Zala.

sakiTxis naTelsayofad saWiroa gairkves, ra warmoadgens saqonels da

Sesabamisad, yidva-gayidvis obieqts bazarze_Sroma Tu samuSao Zala. aRiarebulia,

rom samuSao Zala aris pirovnebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba garkveuli unaris,

gamocdilebis, profesiis, kvalifikaciis saxiT, romlis farglebSic igi

damsaqmebels (damqiravebels) sTavazobs SromiT momsaxurebas anazRaurebis

sanacvlod. Sroma ki aris procesi, mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba gansazRvruli

saqonlis warmoebis an momsaxurebis gawevis mizniT. amdenad, uSualod Sromis

yidva-gayidva bazarze ver ganxorcieldeba. muSaobis msurveli realurad

damsaqmebels (damqiravebels) sTavazobs sakuTari Sromis unaris, SesaZleblo-

bebis gamoyenebas konkretuli SromiTi procesis ganxorcielebisa-Tvis. e.i.

saubaria konkretulad Sromis unaris, funqcionirebadi samuSao Zalis yidva-

gayidvaze, romelic CarTuli iqneba Sromis procesSi da anazRaurebac gaicema

rogorc gaweuli Sromis safasuri. ase, rom bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia

specifiuri saqoneli–gansazRvruli SesaZleblobebis mqone funqcionirebadi

samuSao Zala. vinaidan am SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba xdeba konkretuli Sromis

procesSi, savsebiT kanonzomieria bazars ewodos funqcionirebadi samuSao Zalis

anu Sromis bazari.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Sromis bazari upirveles yovlisa samuSao

Zalis miwodebasa da daqiravebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri da

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sistemaa. Sromis bazari agreTve ekonomikuri

sivrcea_SromiTi mowyobis sferoa, sadac urTierTmoqmedeben samuSao Zalis

myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi. da bolos, igi iseTi meqanizmia, romelic

uzrunvelyofs samuSao Zalis fasisa da Sromis pirobebis SeTanxmebas

damsaqmeblebsa da dasaqmebulebs Soris.

Sromis bazari sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, socialuri normebisa da

institutebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis

safuZvelze samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebas, ganawilebasa da gamoyenebas.

23

konkretulad, Sromis bazari mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da Sromis sferos

organizaciis sabazro formaa.

Sromis bazars, sxva bazrebisagan gansxvavebiT, axasiaTebs rigi

Taviseburebebi:

_samuSao Zala, rogorc Sromis unari, ganuyofelia mflobelisagan, amitom

SeuZlebelia gacvlis saSualebiT misi sxvis sakuTrebaSi gadasvla. samuSao

Zalis (momuSavis) daqiravebiT damsaqmebeli (damqiravebeli) iZens mxolod misi

Sromis unaris gamoyenebis uflebas gansazRvrul periodsa da pirobebSi,

garkveuli gasamrjelos (fuladi an naturaluri formiT) safasurad;

_samuSao Zalis gacvlis procesi gansxvavebulia nivTobrivi saxis mqone

saqonlis gacvlisagan. gacvlis procesi iwyeba mimoqcevis sferoSi, roca

samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba gadadis damsaqmebelze, Semdeg samuSao Zalis

gamoyeneba xdeba warmoebis procesSi_momuSavis uSualo monawileobiT iqmneba

saqoneli an momsaxureba da mTavrdeba isev mimoqcevis sferoSi_miRebuli

xelfasiT momuSave iZens saarsebo saSualebebs;

_institucionaluri struqturebis (dasaqmebis samsaxurebi, profesiuli

kavSirebi, mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi da a.S.) arseboba warmoSobs Tavisebur

urTierTobebs Sromis bazris subieqtebs Soris. kerZod, Sromis bazarze

miRweuli garigeba saTaves udebs xangrZliv urTierTobebs mis subieqtebs Soris;

_Sromis bazarze didi mniSvneloba aqvs garigebis arafulad aspeqtebs

(Sromis Sinaarsi da pirobebi, samuSao adgilis SenarCunebis garantiebi,

samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebisa da profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobebi da a.S.);

_iseve rogorc nebismier bazarze, Sromis bazarzec realizebuli saqonlis

raodenoba (mocemul SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebis done) da misi fasi (xelfasi)

ganisazRvreba moTxovna-miwodebis urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi, Tumca samuSao

Zalaze moTxovna specifikuria, radgan igi e.w. warmoebuli moTxovnaa. es imas

niSnavs, rom samuSao Zala iyideba ara uSualod myidvelTa moTxovnilebebis

dasakmayofileblad, aramed saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis, romlebic

Tavis mxriv gamiznulia bazarze gasayidad. ama Tu im saxeobis (kvalifikaciis)

samuSao Zalaze moTxovna, pirdapiraa damokide-buli mis mier warmoebul

produqciaze moTxovnisagan. amitom samomxmareblo da warmoebis saSualebebis

bazrebis regulirebisaken mimarTuli nebismieri RonisZieba aisaxeba dasaqmebis

donesa da dasaqmebulTa Semosavlebze.

Sromis bazris arsis srulfasovani aRqmisaTvis mniSvnelovania,

erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos Sromis bazris farTo da viwro gageba.

farTo gagebiT Sromis bazari moicavs ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas

mTlianad da misi arsi ar daiyvaneba `umuSevrebi-vakansiebi~ Tanafardobaze.

drois garkveul monakveTSi zogierTi damsaqmebeli SeiZleba ar iyos dakavebuli

axali momuSaveebis aqtiuri ZiebiT, xolo dasaqmebulTa didi nawili ar

apirebdes samuSao adgilis Secvlas. amis miuxedavad, isini imyofebian sabazro

konkurenciis pirobebSi da am TvalsazrisiT ar gansxvavdebian maTgan, vinc

aqtiurad monawileobs samuSao Zalis yidva-gayidvis procesSi. ase, rom Sromis

bazari farTo gagebiT moicavs dasaqmebulebs da umuSevrebs,3 romlebic

3ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis sakiTxebi dawvrilebiT iqneba

ganxiluli me-4 TavSi.

24

ayalibeben samuSao Zalis erTobliv miwodebas da erTobliv moTxovnas. samuSao

Zalis erToblivi miwodebiT da erToblivi moTxovniT ganisazRvreba Sromis

bazris tevadoba. ekonomikis funqcionirebis yovel mocemul momentSi-dasaqmebis garkveuli

donis pirobebSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis erTi nawili

dakmayofilebulia samuSao adgilebiT, xolo meore nawili aqtiurad eZebs mas.

swored es ukanaskneli ayalibebs mimdinare Sromis bazars anu Sromis bazars

viwro gagebiT.

mimdinare Sromis bazari Tavis mxriv moicavs Ria da farul Sromis bazrebs.

Ria Sromis bazarze warmodgenilia erTi mxriv, ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleobis is nawili, vinc eZebs samuSaos, xolo, meore mxriv, ekonomikis

yvela seqtorSi arsebuli vakanturi samuSao adgilebi. faruli Sromis bazari

aerTianebs formalurad dasaqmebul pirebs, romlebic warmoebis Semcirebis an

struqturis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi pirvel rigSi gaTavisufldebian.

Sromis bazars rogorc sabazro ekonomikis organul Semadgenel nawils, aqvs

rTuli struqtura da funqcionirebs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze.

Tanamedrove, civilizebuli Sromis bazris formirebisa da funqcionirebisaTvis

aucilebelia mTeli rigi elementebis arseboba. saxeldobr, misi Semadgeneli

elementebia:

Sromis bazris subieqtebi;'

Sromis bazris subieqtebis mier miRebuli ekonomikuri programebi,

gadawyvetilebebi da iuridiuli normebi;

Sromis bazris koniunqtura;

Sromis bazris infrastruqtura;

socialuri dacvis sistema.

Sromis bazris subieqtebia: damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi), romlebic

SeiZleba warmodgenilni iqnen saxelmwifo organizaciebis, saaqcio sazogado-

ebebis, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebis, kooperativebis da a.S.

saxiT; dasaqmebulebi (daqiravebuli momuSaveebi), visTvisac xelfasi Semosavlis

ZiriTadi wyaroa. aseve dasaqmebulTa is kategoria, romlebsac aqvT samuSao,

magram emuqrebaT misi aSkara dakargvis safrTxe an eZeben axal samuSao adgils

damatebiTi Semosavlis misaRebad; umuSevrebi, romlebsac ar aqvT samuSao da

aqtiurad eZeben mas (isini SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc umuSevris statusis mqone

moqalaqeebi, aseve pirebi, romlebic pirvelad gamodian Sromis bazarze an

garkveuli Sesvenebis Semdeg surT aqtiur SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabma);

saxelmwifo, romelic warmodgenilia xelisuflebis centraluri da

adgilobrivi organoebis saxiT da asrulebs socialur-ekonomikur,

sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebel funqciebs. saxeldobr, astimulirebs axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas ekonomikis ama Tu im seqtorSi, SeimuSavebs ZiriTad

iuridiul normebs da wesebs, aregulirebs Sromis bazars arapirdapiri

meTodebiT, icavs misi yvela subieqtis interesebs da a.S.

Sromis bazris normalurad funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia sakanonmdeblo

aqtebi, wesebi, normebi, romlebic daaregulireben Sromis bazris subieqtebs

Soris urTierTobebs, zustad gansazRvraven maT uflebebs, Seqmnian momuSaveTa

Sromis unaris realizaciisaTvis Tanabar SesaZleblobebs, xels Seuwyoben

xelsayreli ekonomikuri garemos Seqmnas, dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis

25

gatarebas. sakanonmdeblo aqtebis, iuridiul normebisa da wesebis, mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da socialuri dacvis programebis SemuSavebaSi socialuri

partniorobis sistemis farglebSi monawileoben saxelmwifo, dasaqmebulTa

warmomadgenlebi (umTavresad profesiuli kavSirebis saxiT) da damsaqmeblebi

(mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi).

Sromis bazris koniunqtura Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da

miwodebas Soris Tanafardobaa. aRniSnuli Tanafardobidan gamomdinare, Sromis

bazris koniunqtura SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes: samuSao Zalis deficitiT_roca

Sromis bazarze moTxovna Warbobs samuSao Zalis miwodebas; samuSao Zalis

siWarbiT_roca Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis miwodeba Warbobs moTxovnas da

wonasworobiT_rodesac samuSao Zalaze moTxovna Seesabameba mis miwodebas. Sromis bazris infrastruqtura dasaqmebis samsaxurebis (rogorc saxelmwi-

fo, ise arasaxelmwifo), proforientaciis, kadrebis profesiuli momzadebisa da

gadamzadebis centrebis, sareklamo firmebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da

fondebis, firmebis sakadro samsaxurebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs

Sromis bazris normalur funqcionirebas.

socialuri dacvis sistema Tanamedrove Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani elemen-

tia. sabazro pirobebSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa momuSaveTa garkveuli nawilis

gamoTavisufleba da umuSevrobis arseboba. gamoTavisuflebul personals

umuSevrobis periodSi Wirdeba finansuri daxmareba, gadamzadeba, raTa SeZlos

SromiT saqmianobaSi xelaxali Cabma. amitom Sromis bazris funqcionireba

srulyofili ver iqneba daxmarebebis (Semweobebis), gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi

kompensaciebis, swavlis periodSi stipendiebis da a.S. gacemis gareSe.

3.2. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis meqanizmi

Sromis bazarze erTmaneTis pirispir wardgebian damsaqmeblebi

(damqiraveblebi) da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis is nawili, visac surs muSaoba.

damsaqmeblebsa da samuSaos maZieblebs gansxvavebuli miznebi amoZravebT. maTi

interesebis SeTanxmebas Sromis fasis (xelfasis) cvlilebis safuZvelze

uzrunvelyofs Sromis bazris meqanizmi, romlis ZiriTadi elementebia: samuSao

Zalaze moTxovna, samuSao Zalis miwodeba, Sromis fasi da konkurencia.

samuSao Zalaze moTxovna mTlianad qveynis masStabiT (erToblivi moTxovna)

ganisazRvreba drois mocemul momentSi produqciis (saqoneli da momsaxureba)

warmoebisaTvis saWiro momuSaveTa ricxovnobiT. raodenobrivad igi dasaqmebulTa

ricxovnobisa da arsebuli vakansiebis jamis tolia. samuSao Zalaze mimdinare

moTxovna ki ganisazRvreba vakanturi samuSao adgilebis Sesavsebad saWiro

momuSaveebis raodenobiT.

samuSao Zalis miwodeba gamoixateba ukve dasaqmebuli Sromisunariani

mosaxleobisa da mosaxleobis im nawilis erTobliobiT, visac surs da SeuZlia

muSaoba garkveuli droisa da anazRaurebis pirobebSi. samuSao Zalis mimdinare

miwodeba raodenobrivad moicavs im pirTa erTobliobas, vinc SromiTi

mowyobisaTvis mimarTavs dasaqmebis samsaxurebs an uSualod organizaciebs.

Sromis fasi (xelfasi) bazarze warmodgenilia xelfasis ganakveTis saxiT.

misi sidide, upirveles yovlisa, damokidebulia mocemul momentSi garkveuli

26

profesiis da kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis moTxovnisa da miwodebis

Tanafardobaze.

Sromis bazris funqcionireba SesaZlebelia srulyofili (Tavisufali)

konkurenciis, monofsoniis, oligofsoniis, profkavSirebis zemoqmedebis da

ormxrivi monopoliis pirobebSi.

srulyofili (Tavisufali) konkurenciis Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTe-

belia konkretuli kvalifikaciis mqone samuSao Zalis daqiravebis msurveli

firmebisa da aseve erTnairi kvalifikaciis mqone potenciuri momuSaveebis didi

raodenobiT arseboba. damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi) da samuSaos maZieblebi

moqmedeben damoukideblad, SeuTanxmeblad-xelfasis ganakveTis gansazRvraSi.

monofsoniad SeiZleba CaiTvalos iseTi situacia, roca dargSi garkveuli kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis erTaderTi damqiravebelia. mocemuli specialobis

da kvalifikaciis momuSaveebs ar SeuZliaT sxva samuSao adgilze muSaoba

(profesiis Seucvlelad), xelfasis ganakveTs karnaxobs damqiravebeli firma da

dargSi ar funqcionirebs profkavSirebi. amrigad, monofsoniaSi igulisxmeba

iseTi sabazro situacia, roca erTi myidvelis (damqiravebeli) pirispir dgas

gamyidvelTa (potenciuri momuSaveebi) didi raodenoba. Sromis bazarze, rogorc

wesi, monofsoniuri pirobebi iqmneba mcire qalaqebSi an iseT regionebSi, sadac

praqtikulad momuSaveTa ZiriTadi masis damqiravebeli erTaderTi firma

funqcionirebs. Tu bazarze damsaqmeblis (damqiraveblis) saxiT gamodis ramdenime

firma, saqme exeba oligofsonias. profkavSirebis zemoqmedeba Sromis bazarze gamoixateba momuSaveTa

interesebis dacvaSi. maTi saqmianobis mTavari mizania samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis

gadideba da xelfasebis zrda.

ormxrivi monopolia damaxasiaTebelia monofsoniuri Sromis bazrisaTvis,

roca masze zemoqmedebs Zlieri dargobrivi profkavSirebi. monofsonisti firma

cdilobs daawesos wonasworulze dabali xelfasis ganakveTi, xolo

profkavSirebi piriqiT, cdiloben, xelfasi SeinarCunon wonasworulze maRal

doneze. aRniSnulis Sedegad xelfasis ganakveTi da dasaqmebis done uaxlovdeba

konkurentuli bazris pirobebs.

Sromis bazris funqcionireba arsebiTad damokidebulia samuSao Zalis

moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobaze. amitom mizanSewonilia bazris meqanizmis am

elementebis ufro detalurad ganxilva.

3.3 moTxovna-miwodeba Sromis bazarze

Sromis bazari, iseve rogorc nebismieri saqonlis an momsaxurebis bazari,

funqcionirebs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna

asaxavs mocemul momentSi ekonomikisaTvis saWiro garkveuli profesiis da

kvalifikaciis momuSaveebis raodenobas. momuSaveTa saWiro raodenobidan nawili

ukve dasaqmebulia, xolo meore nawilisaTvis samuSao adgilebi Tavisufalia, e.i.

raodenobrivad samuSao Zalze moTxovna dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobisa da

arsebuli vakansiebis jamiT ganisazRvreba. Sesabamisad, moTxovnis mrudi (D)

Sromis bazarze (nax. 3.3.1) gamoxatavs momuSaveTa ra raodenobis daqiraveba surT

damsaqmeblebs xelfasis garkveuli ganakveTis pirobebSi.

27

samuSao Zalis miwodeba dasaqmebuli da muSaobis msurveli pirebis

erTobliobiT gamoixateba. miwodebis mrudi (S) ki aCvenebs, samuSao Zalis ra

raodenoba SeiZleba gavides Sromis bazarze xelfasis garkveuli ganakveTis

pirobebSi.

nax. 3.3.1. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna da miwodeba Sromis bazarze

garkveuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT xelfasi SeiZleba gaizardos (W2) donemde. am SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba samuSao Zalis miwodebac (miwodebis mrudze

moZraoba) da damsaqmeblebi Seecdebian momuSaveTa naklebi raodenobis daqiravebas

(moTxovnis mrudze moZraoba). roca xelfasi miaRwevs (W2) dones, samuSao Zalis miwodeba gadaaWarbebs masze moTxovnas, warmoiSoba konkurencia samuSao

adgilebze pretendentebs Soris. bunebrivia, yvela msurveli ver miiRebs samuSao

adgils, damsaqmeblebs SesaZlebloba aqvT SesTavazon maT dabali xelfasi da

daiqiraon momuSaveebis sasurveli raodenoba. muSaobis msurvelTa nawili

miiRebs samuSao adgilebs, xolo nawili kvlav daiwyebs mis Ziebas. roca

xelfasi daiwevs wonasworul fasze dabla (W0), warmoiSoba samuSao Zalis deficiti. damsaqmeblebi iZulebulni iqnebian gazardon xelfasi damatebiTi

momuSaveebis mozidvis mizniT. aRniSnulis Sedegad xelfasi kvlav gaizrdeba W1 donemde da Sromis bazari aRmoCndeba wonasworul mdgomareobaSi.

amrigad, srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi, rodesac Sromis bazarze

urTierTzemoqmedebs samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis didi

raodenoba, xelfasis sabazro ganakveTi da dasaqmebulTa Sesabamisi ricxovnoba

ganisazRvreba samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.

28

xelfasis sabazro ganakveTis sidide (W1) da misi Sesabamisi dasaqmebulTa

raodenoba (L1) Seesabameba moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertils (N). Sromis bazari sakmaod dinamiuria. amitom saWiroa ganvixiloT ara marto

mosaxleobis calkeuli kategoriebisa da Sromis bazris subieqtebis ricxovneba

drois garkveuli periodisaTvis, aramed Zalze mniSvnelovania statusis mixedviT

calkeuli jgufebis gadaadgilebis (nakadebis) ganxilva. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba

warmovidginoT rogorc Sromis bazris dinamikuri modelis saxiT (ix. sqema

3.3.2).

sqema 3.3.2

mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis nakadebi Sromis bazarze

Sromis bazris normaluri funqcionireba damokidebulia samuSao Zalis

moTxovna-miwodebis optimalur Sesabamisobaze. moTxovnisa da miwodebis sruli

harmonizacia, erTi mxriv, samuSao Zalis profesiul-kvalificiur

Semadgenlobasa da, meore mxriv, arsebul samuSao adgilebs Soris, faqtobrivad,

miuRwevadia. rogorc moTxovnaze, aseve samuSao Zalis miwodebaze uamravi

faqtori moqmedebs. amitom mizanSewonilia zogierTi maTganis ufro detalurad

ganxilva.

29

3.4. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi

sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia Tavisufali Sromis

bazris arseboba, romlis pirobebSic TiToeul adamians SeuZlia Tavisi Sexedu-

lebisamebr gankargos sakuTari Sromis unari_samuSao Zala. sabazro urTierTo-

bebi uzrunvelyofs SromiTi saqmianobis aqtivizacias da radikalurad cvlis

SromiTi potencialis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas, Sromisadmi damokidebulebas,

Sromis mwarmoeblurobasa da xarisxs. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, realurad mainc

arsebobs garkveuli disbalansi samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris,

rac ganapirobebs sazogadoebisaTvis metad arasasurvel movlenas_ekonomikurad

aqtiuri mosaxleobis umuSevrobas.

samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris Tanafardoba (Sromis bazris

koniunqtura) Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, romelic sxvadasxva

faqtorebis zegavleniT mudmivad icvleba. amitom saWiroa moTxovna-miwodebis

Sesabamisobis sistematuri Seswavla da Sefaseba. saxeldobr:

informaciis mopoveba da sistematizacia;

samuSao Zalis miwodebasa da moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebis gamovlena;

TiToeuli faqtoris mixedviT informaciis dajgufeba da ganzogadeba;

analizis Sedegad gamovlenili Tanafardobebis da proporciebis aRwera da

kanonzomierebebis dadgena;

Sromis bazris funqcionirebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamovlena da sxva.

samuSao Zalaze moTxovna agregirebuli maCvenebelia da masSi aisaxeba am

moTxovnis warmomSobi bevri ekonomikuri movlena da procesi. samuSao Zalis

moTxovnaze moqmed faqtorebs pirobiTad yofen makro da mikroekonomikur

faqtorebad, Tumca, erTmniSvnelovnad maTi gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia, radgan

bevri faqtori orive doneze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens.

Sromis mwarmoebluroba da bazris tipi samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. aRniSnuli faqtoris gavlenis axsna

TvalsaCinoa konkurentul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmis magaliTze. cxadia,

rom nebismieri firma daqiravebulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs

iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ra mogebas moitans TiToeuli damatebiTi momuSave.

radgan mogeba Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris sxvaobaa, damatebiTi momuSavis

daqiravebiT miRebuli mogeba iqneba mTlian SemosavalSi am momuSavis wvlilisa

da misive xelfasis sxvaoba. mTlian SemosavalSi momuSavis wvlilis dasadgenad

unda ganisazRvros zRvruli produqti da Sromis zRvruli produqtis

Rirebuleba. Sromis zRvrul produqtSi igulisxmeba produqciis moculobis

namati, romelic momuSaveTa raodenobis erTi erTeuliT gazrdis Sedegia,

xolo Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba miiReba Sromis zRvruli

produqtis gamravlebiT warmoebuli produqciis fasze. aRsaniSnavia erTi

Tavisebureba, romelic Sromis zRvruli produqtis klebadobiT aris

gamoxatuli_rac ufro meti damatebiTi momuSave iqneba daqiravebuli, miT

naklebia yoveli damatebiTi momuSavis mier Seqmnili zRvruli produqti.

amitom, roca momuSaveTa raodenoba izrdeba, Sromis zRvruli produqti

mcirdeba. paralelurad mcirdeba Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebac da

roca igi gautoldeba konkurentuli bazris mier gansazRvrul xelfass,

firmisaTvis Semdegi momuSavis daqiraveba sazaraloa. amgvarad, Tavisufali

30

konkurenciis pirobebSi firma momuSaveebs daiqiravebs manamde, vidre Sromis

zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba xelfass ar gautoldeba. Sesabamisad, rac

maRalia Sromis mwarmoebluroba, miT ufro meti momuSavis daqiraveba iqneba

momgebiani konkurentul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmisaTvis.

samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi mniSvnelovani faqtorebidan, rogorc

mikro, aseve makro doneze, aRsaniSnavia warmoebis moculoba. aRiarebulia, rom

samuSao Zalaze moTxovna damokidebulia uSualod im saqonelsa da

momsaxurebaze moTxovnaze, romelic iwarmoeba TviT am samuSao Zalis mier.

amdenad, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rac ufro metia moTxovna saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis bazarze, miT metia ama Tu im kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalaze

moTxovna.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mTliani erovnuli produqtisa (mep) da mTliani

Sida produqtis (mSp) zrda warmoadgens samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdisa da,

Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis ganmapirobebel faqtors.

progresuli teqnologiebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze

arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom axali,

progresuli teqnologiebi drois garkveul periodSi amcirebs samuSao Zalaze

moTxovnas. xolo meore nawili miiCnevs, rom axali teqnologiebi ki ar amcirebs

samuSao Zalaze moTxovnas, aramed cvlis dasaqmebis struqturas. ganviTarebuli

qveynebis gamocdileba meore mosazrebas ufro adasturebs. teqnologiurma

progresma am qveynebSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis didi masStabebiT zrda

gamoiwvia, rasac samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis Semcirebis gareSe Tan axlda

dasaqmebis efeqtianobis mniSvnelovani zrda. garda aRniSnulisa, progresuli

teqnologiebis danergva yovelTvis ar iwvevs samuSao adgilebis gauqmebas. xSir

SemTxvevaSi xdeba dabalkvalificiuri Sromis Senacvleba mmarTvelobiTi xasiaTis

ufro maRalkvalificiuri SromiT.

farTomasStabiani ekonomikuri programebis ganxorcieleba, saxeldobr,

qveynis monawileoba saerTaSoriso programebSi da proeqtebSi mniSvnelovnad

cvlis samuSao Zalaze mimdinare da perspeqtiul moTxovnas rogorc

raodenobrivi, aseve xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom

erToblivi proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas, ukve uaxloes perspeqtivaSi moTxovna

iqneba mxolod maRalkvalificiur samuSao Zalaze. samuSao Zalis

kvalifikaciisadmi gazrdili moTxovnebis Sesabamisad mudmiv srulyofas

saWiroebs specialistTa momzadeba-gadamzadebis sistemac.

garda ganxilulisa, samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze zemoqmedebs mTeli rigi

faqtorebi, romelTa gavlenis xarisxi damokidebulia Sromis bazris

ganviTarebis doneze, saerTo-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, regionul specifikaze da

a.S. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze zemoqmedi sxva faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia:

momuSaveTa kvalifikacia;

vakanturi samuSao adgilebis cvlileba;

samuSao Zalis mobiluroba;

samewarmeo garemosa da sakanonmdeblo bazis gaumjobeseba;

mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba;

samuSao Zalis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis konkurentunarianobis zrda;

investiciebis moculoba da struqtura;

mosalodneli dargobrivi da struqturuli cvlilebebi.

31

3.5 samuSao Zalis miwodeba da masze moqmedi faqtorebi

Sromis bazris koniunqturas samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasTan erTad

gansazRvravs miwodeba. samuSao Zalis miwodeba uamravi faqtoris zegavleniT

formirdeba, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:

xelfasis sidide;

gadasaxadebis ganakveTi;

socialuri daxmarebebis programebi;

Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba da sqesobriv-asakobrivi

struqtura;

mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba;

mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done;

samuSao Zalis profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenloba;

migraciuli nakadebi da a.S.

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis konkretul parametrebidan gamomdinare,

Sromis bazarze CamoTvlili faqtorebis zemoqmedebis xarisxi gansxvavebulia

calkeuli qveynebis mixedviT. samuSao Zalis miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebis

arsis asaxsnelad, mizanSewonilia zogierTi maTganis SedarebiT detalurad

ganxilva.

samuSao Zalis miwodebaze arsebiT gavlenas axdens xelfasis sidide

(ganakveTi), rac ufro didia xelfasis ganakveTi, miT meti piri sTavazobs

bazars sakuTar samuSao Zalas (Sromis unars). amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom samuSao

Zalis miwodebis sakiTxi calkeuli piris doneze anu gadawyvetileba SromiTi

saqmianobaSi Cabmis Sesaxeb metad individualuria. xelfasis ganakveTis zrda

garkveul donemde astimulirebs adamians, gazardos samuSao Zalis miwodeba,

sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, imuSaos ufro meti drois ganmavlobaSi. aseT

SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs `Senacvlebis efeqti~. xelfasis ganakveTis Semdgomi zrdis

pirobebSi, SeiZleba moxdes samuSao Zalis miwodebis Semcireba. individisaTvis

Semosavlis zrdis kvalobaze izrdeba dasvenebis mniSvneloba da igi amcirebs

samuSao drois xangrZlivobas. am SemTxvevaSi ukve adgili aqvs `Semosavlis

efeqtis~ moqmedebas (aRwerili situacia warmodgenilia nax. 3.5.1-ze).

realurad samuSao Zalis miwodebis reaqcia xelfasis momatebaze

gamoixateba Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebis jamiT, Tumca winaswar imis

gansazRvra, romeli efeqti iqneba ufro metad gamoxatuli, Znelia. Tu

dominirebs “Senacvlebis efeqti”, xelfasis gazrdaze momuSave reagirebs samuSao

Zalis miwodebis gazrdiT (muSaobs ufro meti drois ganmavlobaSi). Tu

dominirebs “Semosavlis efeqti”, adamiani reagirebs xelfasis gazrdaze samuSao

Zalis miwodebis SemcirebiT (es ukanaskneli miT ufro sagrZnobia, rac metia

sxva Semosavlebis roli momuSavis keTildReobis amaRlebaSi). “Senacvlebis

efeqti” da “Semosavlis efeqti” xelfasis gadidebisas moqmedeben

urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.

urTierTzegavlena da urTierTwinaaRmdegoba SeuZlebels xdis samuSao

Zalis miwodebis zust prognozirebas, xolo Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis

efeqtis gaanalizeba ufro gawonasworebuli ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis

saSualebas iZleva.

32

nax. 3.5.1. samuSao Zalis miwodeba individis mier

samuSao Zalis miwodebaze gavlenas axdens gadasaxadebi da socialuri

daxmarebebis programebi. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gavlena samuSao Zalis

miwodebaze damokidebulia gadasaxadis saxeze da ganakveTze. rogorc

proporciuli, aseve progresuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zegavlena samuSao

Zalis miwodebaze araerTgvarovania. igi damokidebulia gadasaxadis ganakveTze da

progresulobis xarisxze.

socialuri daxmarebis programebi ZiriTadad emsaxureba mosaxleobis

Semosavlebis saarsebo minimumis doneze SenarCunebas. socialuri daxmarebebis

zegavlenis xarisxi samuSao Zalis miwodebaze damokidebulia mis formebsa da

gacemis pirobebze. magaliTad, demogranti (daxmareba, romelic gaicema

demografiuli niSnis mixedviT, keTildReobis donisagan damoukideblad) zrdis

ojaxis Semosavals da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi amcirebs samuSao

Zalis miwodebas. saarsebo minimumis zRvars qvemoT mcxovrebi ojaxis wevrebi,

socialuri daxmarebis miuxedavad, aqtiurad eZeben samuSaos da kvlav samuSao

Zalis mimwodeblebad rCebian.

xelfasis subsidireba keTildReobis SesanarCuneblad gaweuli socialuri

daxmarebebisagan gansxvavebiT, aZlierebs Sromis motivacias. igi SeiZleba

gadaxdili iqnes rogorc fiqsirebuli an procentuli danamati ZiriTad

xelfasze. mastimulirebeli efeqti am SemTxvevaSi gamoixateba imaSi, rom Tu

individi ar muSaobs, subsidiac ar gadaixdeba. amasTan, Tu is iwyebs muSaobas,

misi Semosavali subsidiis gaTvaliswinebiT ufro maRali iqneba, vidre miiRebda

mxolod sabazro xelfasis pirobebSi.

samuSao Zalis miwodebaze uSualo gavlenas axdens Sromisunariani

mosaxleobis raodenoba da maTi ekonomikuri aqtivoba. aRniSnuli faqtorebis

zemoqmedebis axsna TvalsaCinoa saqarTvelos Sromis bazris magaliTze.

saqarTveloSi bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi erToblivi samuSao Zala

raodenobrivi parametrebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. 1990-iani

xel

fasiW

samuSao Zalis miwodeba L

W

S

S

“Semosavlis efeqti”

“Senacvlebis efeqti”

33

wlebis Semdgom gansakuTrebiT gauaresda mosaxleobis bunebrivi da migraciuli

moZraobis maCveneblebi. mosaxleobis ricxovnobis cvlileba bunebrivi matebis

Semcirebisa da gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldos gamo aisaxa samuSao Zalis

miwodebis struqturaze. im periodSi, rodesac saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5

milion kacs aRemateboda, qveynis SromiTi resursebis raodenoba daaxloebiT 3,6

milion kacs Seadgenda. 2007-2015 wlebSi, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli

samsaxuris monacemebiT, ekomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis (samuSao Zala)

raodenoba 1.97_2,0 milioni kacis farglebSi meryeobs, aRniSnul periodSi

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis zrda 30 000 kacs ar aRemateba.

saqarTveloSi stabilurad maRalia mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba,

rac zrdis samuSao Zalis miwodebas Sromis bazarze. 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis

mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivobis done 2000-2015 wlebSi saSualod 65-68%-

is farglebSia. mamakacebis 75,1-78.1%-is, xolo qalebis 57,2-58,9%-is

farglebSi. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba xSirad

ar aisaxeba efeqtian dasaqmebaSi. saqarTveloSi uCveulod maRalia sapensio asaks

gadacilebuli moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri aqtivoba. 65 wels gadacilebuli

pirebis ekonomikuri aqtivobis done 2007-2015 wlebSi 43-44%-is farglebSia.

pensionerTa maRali ekonomikuri aqtivoba aseve zrdis samuSao Zalis miwodebas

Sromis bazarze.

civilizebuli qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mravalwliani

gamocdileba adasturebs, rom samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis (dasaqmebis)

racionalur struqturas arsebiTad sabazro meqanizmi gansazRvravs. gadawyve-

tilebas muSaobis da aqedan gamomdinare, samuSao Zalis miwodebis Sesaxeb

yoveli individi damoukideblad iRebs. saxelmwifos roli Semoifargleba

grZelvadian periodSi adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis strategiis

SemuSavebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia Sromis bazris koniunqturaze moqmedi

faqtorebis srulyofili analizi da maqsimalurad realuri prognozebis

gakeTeba. samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebis prognozirebis mizniT unda

gaanalizdes informacia:

1.mTlianad qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb:

-mosaxleobis raodenoba;

-samuSao asakis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ricxovnoba sqesisa da ZiriTadi

asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT;

-samuSao asakSi SemsvlelTa raodenoba;

-ojaxis struqtura da Semosavlebis done;

-mosaxleobis ricxovnoba socialur-demografiuli jgufebis (axalgazrde-bi,

qalebi, pensionerebi da sxva) mixedviT;

-profesiuli saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulTa ricxovneba ZiriTadi

profesiuli jgufebis mixedviT;

2.ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sesaxeb;

-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnoba;

-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawileba ekonomikuri statusis,

profesiebisa da ganaTlebis mixedviT regionul, dargobriv, sqesobriv-asakobriv

da qalaqi-soflis WrilSi;

-dasaqmebulTa ganawileba saqmianobis saxeebisa da seqtorebis mixedviT;

34

-TviTdasaqmebulTa muSaobis xangZlivoba da miRebuli Semosavlebi

saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT;

-daqiravebulTa ganawileba regionebis, dargebis, seqtorebis mixedviT;

-daqiravebulTa ganawileba saSualoTviuri xelfasebisa da namuSevari drois

xangZlivobis mixedviT;

-umuSevarTa struqtura da maTi ganawileba zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebis

mixedviT.

samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebis Sesaxeb saWiro informaciis miRebis

wyaroebia: qveynis statistikuri samsaxurebis Sesabamisi monacemebi,

Sinameurneobebisa da samuSao Zalis SerCeviTi gamokvlevis masalebi, specialuri

sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi.

3.6 Sromis bazris segmentacia

Sromis bazris segmentaciis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs TviT misi

sirTulidan da specifikidan. inteleqtualuri da fizikuri Sromis farglebSi

Sromis bazari moicavs samuSao Zalis sruliad gansxvavebul jgufebs. samuSao

Zalis miwodebas axorcieleben rogorc umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone

maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi, aseve sxvadasxva kategoriis kvalificiuri

Tu arakvalificiuri muSebi da momsaxure personali. amitom mizanSewonilia

Sromis bazris dayofa garkveul seqtorebad, zonebad. Sromis bazris segmentacia

gulisxmobs momuSaveebisa da samuSao adgilebis dayofas Caketil da myar

seqtorebad, zonebad, romlebiTac Semofarglulia samuSao Zalis mobiluroba.

Sromis bazris calkeul segmentze Tavmoyrilia garkveuli profesiis da

specialobis mxolod erTmaneTis konkurenti momuSaveebi. isini konkurencias ver

uweven sxva segmentis momuSaveebs.

Sromis bazris segmentebidan unda gamoiyos pirveladi da meoradi Sromis

bazrebi. pirveladi Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia stabiluri dasaqmeba, xelfasis maRali ganakveTi, progresuli teqnologiebi da marTvis Tanamedrove

sistemebi, profesiuli zrdisa da samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebis SesaZlebloba,

Zlieri profkavSirebis arseboba.

meoradi Sromis bazari ki xasiaTdeba sapirispiro niSnebiT: arastabiluri

dasaqmebiTa da kadrebis denadobiT, xelfasis dabali ganakveTiT, profesiuli

zrdis naklebi SesaZleblobiT da profkavSirebis ararsebobiT.

Sromis bazris segmentacia gulisxmobs Sromis Siga da gare bazrebis

gamijvnas (gamoyofas).

gare bazari axasiaTebs samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis

urTierTobas qveynis, regionis an ekonomikis romelime seqtoris masStabiT da

uzrunvelyofs momuSaveTa ganawilebas Sromis gamoyenebis sferoebis mixedviT.

igi xels uwyobs agreTve momuSaveTa gadaadgilebas erTi samuSao adgilidan

meoreze. gare Sromis bazarze funqcionirebs dargobrivi an profesiuli niSniT

Camoyalibebuli profkavSirebi.

Sromis Siga bazari SemosazRvrulia erTi sawarmoTi da formirdeba

momuSaveTa gadaadgilebiT erTi Tanamdebobidan meoreze sawarmos farglebSi.

Sromis Siga bazarze xelfasi da samuSao Zalis ganawileba ZiriTadad

ganisazRvreba administraciuli wesebiT da procedurebiT, mniSvnelovania

35

profkavSirebis zegavlena da dasaqmebac metadaa garantirebuli Sromis gare

bazarTan SedarebiT. amasTan, Tu gare Sromis bazari mniSvnelovanwilad

funqcionirebs kadrebis denadobis meSveobiT, Siga bazari piriqiT, xels uwyobs

denadobis Semcirebas. Siga bazari ZiriTadad orientirebulia konkretul

sawarmoSi specializebul momuSaveebze. garkveuli gansxvavebebis miuxedavad,

Sromis gare da Siga bazrebi mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni.

Sromis bazris segmentacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sromisunariani

mosaxleobis sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT da gamoiyos

qalTa, axalgazrdobis, invalidTa da pensionerTa Sromis bazari. aseve

socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT-ganaTlebis done, profesiul-

kvalificiuri Semadgenloba, muSaobis staJi; sakuTrebis formebis mixedviT -

saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo.

dasaqmebis legalurobis TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia Sromis bazris

formaluri da araformaluri seqtorebis gamoyofa.

Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia moqniloba-Sromis bazris

Seguebis unari ekonomikis struqturul gardaqmnebTan, rac ganapirobebs

cvlilebebs xelfasis doneSi, gamoyenebuli samuSao Zalis raodenobriv-

xarisxobriv SemadgenlobaSi da a. S.

3.7. Sromis bazris formirebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval qveynebSi Sromis bazris formirebis reJims

da Taviseburebebs ramdenime ZiriTadi faqtori ganapirobebda: saxelmwifos

metismetad gazrdili roli, saxelmwifo sakuTrebis uaRresad maRali wili,

samuSao Zalis mobilurobis SezRudva, regulirebadi dasaqmeba da xelfasi da

a.S.

praqtikulad yoveli postsocialisturi qveynisa da, maT Soris,

saqarTvelosTvis, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis sawyis etapzeve erT-erT

umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda samuSao Zalis centralizebuli ganawilebis

sistemis gauqmeba, misi Secvla samuSao Zalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebiT,

umuSevarTa daxmarebis efeqtiani sistemis formireba da dasaqmebis aqtiuri

politikis RonisZiebebis gatareba. Aaseve, gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgenda

xelfasebis centralizebulad dadgenis wesis gauqmeba da koleqtiuri

xelSekrulebebis sistemis danergva.

saqarTveloSi sistemuri xasiaTis reformebi daiwyo sruli ekonomikuri

kolafsis pirobebSi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axladformirebuli qveynis

ekonomika, faqtobrivad paralizebuli aRmoCnda, radgan igi partniorebisa da

gasaRebis bazrebis gareSe darCa. imavdroulad, gaRrmavda safinanso, resursuli,

socialuri krizisebi, erTimeoris miyolebiT gamwvavda eTnokonfliqtebi. aseT

pirobebSi qveynis samuSao Zala ufunqciod da uperspeqtivod darCa. imis

nacvlad, rom samuSao asakSi myof adamianebs aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT

qveynis aRmSeneblobaSi, isini TviTon aRmoCdnen socialurad daucveli

mosaxleobis kategoriaSi.

saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, umZimes socialur_ekonomikur pirobebSic ki,

aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma civilizebuli Sromis bazris formirebis ZiriTadi

amocanebi sistemuri reformebis dawyebidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg, mtkivneulad,

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magram mainc warmatebiT gadaWres. rasakvirvelia, am saqmeSi didi roli

Seasrula aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiis qveynebis gansxvavebulma tradiciebma

Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi_aq profkavSirebi sakmaod Zlieri iyo da Sromis

bazris funqcionirebis garkveuli meqanizmic arsebobda. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo

is garemoeba, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs metnaklebad normaluri

sastarto socialur-ekonomikuri done gaaCndaT da, rac mTavaria, msoflio

Tanamegobrobis mier gaweuli finansuri daxmareba mizanmimarTulad iqna

gamoyenebuli.

gansxvavebul pirobebSi aRmoCnda saqarTvelo. xangrZlivi ekonomikuri

stagnacia, socialuri problemebis gamwvaveba, sistemuri reformebis gaWianureba

mraval sxva faqtorTan erTad ganapirobebda uZraobas Sromis bazarze. ufro

metic, stagnaciiT TviT Sromis bazris formirebac xasiaTdeba_rogorc samuSao

Zalis yidva-gayidvis procesis, aseve institucionaluri TvalsazrisiT.

saqarTvelosaTvis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier gamocxadebuli mxardaWera

da ekonomikuri daxmarebebi, marTalia, masStabiT aSkarad Camouvardeboda

aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiispireTis qveynebisaTvis gaweul daxmarebas, magram

igi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo Cveni qveynis winaSe mdgari umwvavesi socialur-

ekonomikuri problemebis gadasawyvetad mokle da saSualovadian periodSi. rigi

obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis

ekonomikuri daxmarebebis didi nawili socialuri problemebis Serbilebas

moxmarda (an saerTod, aramiznobrivad iqna gamoyenebuli) da ara axali samuSao

adgilebis Seqmnas, an ukve funqcionirebadi sawarmoebis reabilitacias. gasagebi

mizezebis gamo amave miznebis realizaciisaTvis ver moxerxda Sinagani rezervebis

akumulacia (dagrovebis ararsebobis gamo). sabolood, miviReT xangrZlivi da

masStaburi stagnacia ekonomikuri saqmianobis yvela segmentSi, rac yvelaze

negatiurad Sromis bazris formirebaze aisaxa.

saqarTveloSi erToblivi samuSao Zala, raodenobrivi parametrebis

TvalsazrisiT, demografiuli faqtorebisa da gare migraciis zegavleniT

sagrZnoblad gauaresda. mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis dabali done da gare

SromiTi migraciis didi masStabebi garkveul `SeRavaTs~ aZlevs Sromis bazars,

Tumca, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis nawili gadauWrel problemebs

awydeba da wlebis ganmavlobaSi ver axerxebs stabilur dasaqmebas.

erToblivi samuSao Zalis raodenobriv parametrebis gauaresebas Tan axlavs

samuSao Zalis stuqturis deformirebac. qveyana intensiuri gare migraciis gamo

kargavs axalgazrda, mobilur, iniciativian adamianebs, vinc aqtiur SromiT

saqmianobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi eweva da bunebrivia, ekonomikur dovlaTsac iq

qmnis.

samuSao Zalis raodenobriv_struqturuli parametrebis gauaresebasTan

erTad daeca samuSao Zalis nawilis kvalificiuri donis amsaxveli

maxasiaTeblebi. aTeul aTasobiT kvalificiuri specialisti sistematurad an

periodulad mainc iyo mowyvetili Sesaferis samuSaos, maTi nawili ki,

iZulebuli iyo, daewyo SromiTi saqmianoba sxva sferoSi. Sedegi bunebrivia,

savalaloa_aTiaTasobiT specialistma Sesaferisi SromiTi sarbielis gareSe,

faqtobrivad, sruli dekvalifikacia ganicada da dakarga aTwleulebis

ganmavlobaSi dagrovili codna da gamocdileba (iaponuri da zogierTi sxva

maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis menejmentis praqtikaSi miRebulia Teza_Tu

37

pirovneba 5 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi aRar muSaobs Sesaferis samuSaoze,

igi aRar iTvleba am dargis profesionalad). rac Seexeba dakarguli profesiisa

da kvalifikaciis sanacvlod axali profesiisa da gamocdilebis SeZenis dadebiT

Sedegebs, amaze pasuxi calsaxaa-axali profesia mxolod mcire nawilma aiTvisa.

umravlesobisaTvis SromiTi saqmianobis sakvalifikacio maCveneblebi

gauaresebulia.

Sromis bazris formirebaze uaRresad negatiur zegavlenas axdenda

specialistebis momzadebis qveyanaSi moqmedi sistema. aTeulobiT profesiis

samuSao Zalaze ekonomikis moTxovnis ararsebobis pirobebSi, yvela tipis

saswavlebeli (upirveles yovlisa umaRlesi saswavleblebi) amzadebda aTasobiT

axalgazrdas `prestiJuli~ specialobebis mixedviT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, erTi

mxriv, erovnul meurneobaSi samuSao Zalaze arsebuli moTxovnis masStabebs da

misi cvlilebis Taviseburebebs da, meore mxriv, momzadebuli specialistebis

realur konkurentunarianobas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom umaRlesi skola,

faqtobrivad, `diplomian umuSevrebs~ amzadebda. umaRlesi ganaTlebis

damadasturebeli diplomebiT aRWurvili axalgazrda specialistebis didi

nawili seriozul uaryofiT zewolas axdenda Sromis bazarze. bazris mxridan

moTxovnadi specialobis safuZvlianad mcodne axalgazrdebi, mcirericxovnobis

gamo, Sromis bazris saerTo suraTs samuSao Zalis miwodebis TvalsazrisiT ver

cvlida.

saqarTveloSi arc samuSao Zalis erToblivi moTxovna gamoirCeva

STambeWdavi masStabebiT. saxelmwifo marTva, Tavdacva, ganaTlebis sfero,

janmrTelobis dacva, socialuri uzrunvelyofa, safinanso-sakredito,

kavSirgabmulobis dawesebulebebi, rkinigza da ekonomikisa da momsaxurebis

zogierTi sxva sfero praqtikulad gajerebulia samuSao Zalis uzrunvelyofis

TvalsazrisiT.

samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis SedarebiT maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva

soflis meurneoba. realurad es imis gamo xdeba, rom soflad mcxovrebni

dakavebulni arian sakuTar an ijariT aRebul miwis nakveTebze

sasoflo_sameurneo saqmianobiT. soflis meurneobaSi saqmianobac xSirad

dabalmwarmoebluri, araefeqtiani da arasrulia.

Sromis bazris formirebis da, aqedan gamomdinare, funqcionirebis

sirTuleebze miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom xSiria Seusabamoba dauflebul

profesiasa da dakavebul Tanamdebobas Soris ekonomikis rogorc saxelmwifo,

aseve arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi. damsaqmeblebisa da samuSaos maZieblebisaTvis ar

aris xelmisawvdomi srulfasovani informacia konkretuli kvalifikaciisa da

profesiis mqone samuSao Zalisa da vakanturi samuSao adgilebis Sesaxeb.

aRsaniSnavia, rom uaxloes perspe