srivari master plan for tirumala prepared by sista vishwanath,director (planning),hyderabad...

SRI VARI MASTER PLAN

DRAFT REPORT 5.9.2012 HMDA_TTD

1


Submitted by

Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority

September, 2012



2

Foreword In the past, visiting religious places was purely for the sake of

religious/spiritual purposes of the individual. But today,with

modernism setting in every sphere of life, the trend of visiting

religious places has changed and it has become a sort of tourism.

Religious tourism has become part and parcel of most of the tourist

packages or actually, religious places form the major component of

tourism packages. Tourism also has become one of the major

economic activities in today’s world and the towns which depend

solely on religious activities are attracting lots of tourists and pilgrims

by offering many attractive facilities and thus earning a lot too.

Tirumala, the religious hill town in Andhra Pradesh also falls in the

similar category, famous for the shrine of the Lord – Sri

Venkateshwara. Its major economy is religious based and being one

of the most popular and powerful religious destination in India, it is

attracting people from all over the world. These changing trends have

led to a great leap in the number of pilgrims and tourists. On an

average 50,000 pilgrims visit daily at Tirumala. Though such huge

number of pilgrims is helping generate a lot of revenue, it is becoming

more and more difficult to manage the ever-increasing number of

pilgrims to Tirumala. To cope up with it, there is immense demand on

the infrastructure services and facilities offered too. Along with the

management challenges to the TTD and other authorities, even



3

pilgrims face a lot of difficulties when faced with shortage of

accommodation, services, etc. Long queues have made the situation

very troubling as devotees are forced to stand in the darshan queue

for hours.

Though TTD and other authorities have been showing great skill in

effectively managing the pilgrims and the infrastructure as and when

required, there is a need for timely intervention with proper long

range planning and implementation measures to be undertaken for

the future development. The current ‘Problem solving approach’

needs to be shifted to pre-planning approach for which this Sri Vari

Master Plan is being proposed. for Tirumala .The Master Plan

proposes action-oriented plans in several spheres of activities that

take place at Tirumala and also integrates them well so as to ensure

an effective implementation in the future keeping in view the ever

changing demand. It also tries to achieve a balance between

conservation and development in view to preserve the natural and the

spiritual environment of Tirumala.



4

Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 16

1.1. Pilgrimage places in the planning context: ......................... 16

1.2 The significance of Tirumala pilgrimage ................................ 17

CHAPTER 2 NEED FOR PREPARATION OF SRI VARI MASTER

PLAN 18

2.1 The Broad Context ........................................................... 18

2.4 Scope and Limitations ..................................................... 21

CHAPTER 3 EXISTING SITUATION ANALYSIS ............................ 22

3.2 The Destination and the Journey .................................... 25

3.2.1 Climbing Tirumala Hills on foot ........................................... 25

3.2.2 Queue System .................................................................... 26

3.3 Physical Context of Tirumala .......................................... 26

3.3.1 Location & Regional Linkage .............................................. 26

3.4 Transportation Linkages ................................................. 28

3.5 Growth Pattern of Tirumala ............................................. 29

3.6 Existing Situation Analysis ..................................................... 30

3.7 Demography ..................................................................... 30

3.8 Overall Zoning .................................................................. 34



5

3.9 Land Use Analysis ........................................................... 35

3.9.1 Landuse 1952 ..................................................................... 35

3.9.2 Land Use 1975 ................................................................... 36

3.9.3 Comparative analysis: Land use 1952, 1975 ..................... 38

3.9.4 Existing Land Use (1995) ................................................... 38

3.9.5 Comparative Analysis land use 1975 - 1995. ..................... 39

3.9.6 Existing Land Use (2011) ................................................... 40

3.9.7 Comparative Analysis: land use change-1995 and 2011. 40

3.10 Infrastructure .................................................................... 42

3.10.1 Water Supply ................................................................... 42

3.10.2 Sewerage ........................................................................ 43

3.10.3 Solid waste ...................................................................... 43

3.10.4 Power/Electricity .............................................................. 44

3.10.5 Non-conventional Energy ................................................ 45

3.11 Health & Sanitation .......................................................... 45

3.12 Education .......................................................................... 45

3.13 Communication ............................................................... 46

3.14 Facilities and Amenities .................................................. 46

3.15 Hair Offerings ................................................................... 47

3.16 Housing/ Pilgrim Boarding Accommodation ................. 47

3.17 Increase in pollution ....................................................... 48



6

3.18 Exploitation of natural resources .................................. 49

3.19 Transportation .................................................................. 50

3.19.1 Regional Connectivity: Tirupati Tirumala & Renigunta

Transport ....................................................................................... 50

3.19.2 Tirumala Internal Transport ................................................ 52

3.19.3 Inter relation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic .................. 52

3.19.4 Modal split of Pilgrim Traffic ............................................... 52

3.19.5 Commuter behaviour, preferences and its impact .............. 53

3.19.6 Circulation Pattern of Tirumala ........................................... 53

3.19.7 Bus Services & Parking ...................................................... 55

CHAPTER 4 PLANNING PROPOSALS FOR TIRUMALA-TIRUPATI

57

4.1 Premise ............................................................................. 57

4.2 Pilgrim Movement ............................................................ 60

4.3 Need for a more effective Pilgrim Movement and

Darshan Management system (PMDM) ........................................ 64

4.3.1 Improving the access to and from Tirumala by Decentralising,

Regulating, controlling. .................................................................. 64

4.3.2 Central Facilitation Centres (CFCs) ................................... 66

4.3.3 Going in for Base Residential Camp (BRCs) concept .......... 68

4.3.4 Integrated Tirumala Entry Terminal (TET) Complex ........... 70



7

4.3.5 Development of Central Logistics & Control Centre (CLCC)

73

4.4 Planning for the movement of pilgrims in the future .... 73

4.4.2 Basic parameters for pilgrim movement in the future ......... 76

4.4.3 Proposal of management of pilgrim movement .................. 77

4.4.5 Computerized Integrated Program for Pilgrim Movement and

Darshan Management system (PMDM) ........................................ 79

4.5 Tirumala-Tirupati Integrated Development Plan .................... 83

4.5.1 Connectivity to Tirumala ..................................................... 83

4.6 Tirumala Master Plan a boon for the local economy .... 85

4.7 Tirupati-Tirumala Tourism Circuit .................................. 86

CHAPTER 5 SRIVARI MASTER PLAN ........................................... 87

5.1 Planning at Tirumala Hill-top ................................................... 87

5.2 Broad Zoning Plan for Tirumala .............................................. 88

5.3 The Core Area (Temple Complex Area) .......................... 91

5.4 Activity Nodes .................................................................. 94

5.5 Transportation & Circulation Plan .................................. 97

5.5.1 Tirumala Road Pattern ....................................................... 99

5.5.2 Hierarchy of Road Pattern ................................................ 103

5.5.3 The pedestrian traffic ........................................................ 109

5.5.4 The Public Transport System Route ................................ 110



8

5.5.5 Eco-friendly transportation ............................................... 112

5.5.6 Parking ............................................................................. 112

5.5.7 Traffic regulation and Pilgrim Guidance: .......................... 113

5.6 Overall Urban design treatment and landscaping of

North and South precincts: ......................................................... 113

5.7 Signages and directional Boards ................................. 117

5.8 Heritage & Conservation. .............................................. 117

5.9 Infrastructure Services .................................................. 119

5.9.1 Water Supply .................................................................... 119

5.9.2 Drainage ........................................................................... 120

5.9.3 Sewerage ......................................................................... 121

5.9.4 Solid Waste ...................................................................... 122

5.10 Energy ............................................................................. 122

Energy Conservation ................................................................... 122

5.11 Green Buildings and Green Township ......................... 124

5.12 Health & Sanitation ........................................................ 125

5.13 Education ........................................................................ 125

5.14 Landscape & Urban Forestry ........................................ 126

5.15 Climatic amelioration/Climate Change ......................... 129

5.16 Water-recycling and rain water conservation .............. 130

5.17 Disaster Management Plan ............................................ 131



9

5.18 Monitoring and Regulation ............................................ 131

CHAPTER 6 PROJECTISATION OF SRI VARI MASTER PLAN

PROPOSALS ................................................................................. 133

6.1 Implementation ............................................................... 133

6.2 Summary of Projects ..................................................... 133

6.3 Way Forward ................................................................... 135

6.4 Phasing: .......................................................................... 135

6.5 Institutional Mechanism ................................................ 135

6.6 Summary of Projects ..................................................... 136

6.6.1 Task No. 1: Enhancing the power requirements for

Tirumala and Tirupati through durable, renewable and non-

polluting resources-Use of wind energy. ................................... 136


Tirumala and Tirupati through durable, renewable and non-

polluting resources-Use of Solar energy. .................................. 140

6.6.3 Task No. 3: Development of a Comprehensive Water

Supply System for Tirumala ........................................................ 144

6.6.4 Task No. 4: Development of a Comprehensive Sewerage

System for Tirumala ..................................................................... 147

6.6.5 Task No. 5: Development of a Comprehensive Solid

Waste Management System for Tirumala .................................. 150



10

6.6.6 Task No. 6: Development of a Comprehensive Storm

Water Management System for Tirumala ................................... 151

6.6.7 Development of Public Transport System –LRT/BRT

from Tirupati Town to Tirumala ................................................... 153

6.6.7.1 Task No. 7: Light Rail Transit System / Guided Bus

Transit System:............................................................................. 154

6.6.7.2 Task No. 8: Station and Terminal Development .......... 154

6.6.8 Improving the overall connectivity to Tirumala. .......... 158

6.6.8.1 Task No. 9: Development and Improvement of Srivari

Mettu 158

6.6.8.2 Task No. 10: Development of road connectivity between

Tirupati and Tirumala ................................................................... 158

6.6.8.3 Task No. 11: Development of road connectivity in within

Tirupati Town ................................................................................ 158

6.6.8.4 Task No. 12: Development of road connectivity in the

Tirupati Region. ............................................................................ 158

6.6.9 Development of internal roads (Arterial and Sub arterial)

for Tirumala ................................................................................... 160

6.6.9.1 Task No. 13: 100 ft wide peripheral Ring road at

Tirumala ........................................................................................ 161

6.6.9.2 Task No. 14: 80 ft wide Main Arterial Road at Tirumala

165

6.6.9.3 Task No. 15: 60 ft wide main roads at Tirumala ........... 165



11

6.6.9.4 Task No. 16: Local roads 1: 40 ft. wide roads .............. 166

6.6.9.5 Task No. 17: Local roads 2: 30 ft. wide roads .............. 168

6.6.9.6 Task No. 18: Internal Streets 20 ft. wide streets .......... 169

6.6.10 Development of pedestrian facilities at Tirumala ........ 170

6.6.10.1 Task No. 19: Pedestrian Paths ...................................... 170

6.6.10.2 Task No. 20: Pedestrian Plaza at TET ........................... 170

6.6.10.3 Task No. 21: Walkalators ............................................... 170

6.6.11 Development of parking facilities at Tirumala ............. 172

6.6.11.1 Task No. 22: Onstreet Parking ...................................... 172

6.6.12 Task No. 23: Off-street Parking/Parking Lots .............. 173

6.6.13 Task No. 24: Design and Development of street furniture

Tirumala. ....................................................................................... 173

6.6.14 Task No. 25: Development of Eco friendly

Transportation for Tirumala ........................................................ 173

6.6.15 Task No. 26: Overall Urban Design and Aesthetics

Improvement. ................................................................................ 174

6.6.16 Task No. 27: Heritage and Building Conservation ...... 174

6.6.17 Landscape enhancement of Tirumala .......................... 174

6.6.17.1 Task No. 28: Zone 1 within Wall 1: 150 mtrs ................ 174

6.6.17.2 Task No. 29: Zone 2 within Wall 2: 250 mtrs ................ 174

6.6.17.3 Task No. 30: Other Areas ............................................... 174



12

6.6.18 Task No. 31: Concept plan and technical report on

options for reuse of buildings at Tirumala ................................. 175

6.6.19 Task No. 32: Heritage Conservation and Building

preservation .................................................................................. 175

6.6.20 Task No. 33: Heritage Museum and Gallery at Tirumala.

(Expansion of existing facility) .................................................... 176

6.6.21 Task No. 34: Arts & Cultural University at Tirumala.

(Expansion of existing facility) .................................................... 176

6.6.22 Task No. 35: Forest Conservation in Tirumala Hills .... 176

6.6.23 Task No. 36: Climate Change and Mitigation Study for

Tirumala Tirupati Region ............................................................. 176

6.6.24 Task No. 37: Biodiversity Study of Tirumala Tirupati

Region 176


Region 176

6.6.26 Development of Central Facilitation Areas (CFCs) ..... 177

6.6.26.1 Task No. 39: Tirupati City Central Facilitation Centre

(CFC) at Srinivasa Mangapuram. ................................................ 177

6.6.26.2 Task No. 40: Alipiri City Central Facilitation Centre (CFC)

at: Alipiri ........................................................................................ 177

6.6.26.3 Task No. 41: Renigunta Town Central Facilitation Centre

at Dhodlamitta Jn ......................................................................... 177



13

6.6.27 Task No. 42: Development of Base Residential Camps

(BRCs) 179

6.6.28 Development of Integrated Tirumala Entry Terminal

(TET) Complex .............................................................................. 180

6.6.28.1 Task No. 43: TET Block: Main terminal, CFC for direct

pilgrims, Admn Office, Amenities Centre, CCLC: 5 acre .......... 182

6.6.28.2 Task No. 44: Parking Area: 10 acres ............................ 182

6.6.28.3 Task No. 45: BRT/LRT Stand terminal: 5 Acres ........... 182

6.6.28.4 Task No. 46: Public Plaza with fountains, trees, resting

areas and recreational space for pilgrims to relax before and

after the pilgrimage: 10 acres ...................................................... 182

6.6.28.5 Task No. 47: Arts and Cultural University: 5 Acres ..... 182

6.6.28.6 Task No. 48: Heritage Museum and Interpretation

Centre: 5 Acres ............................................................................. 182

6.6.29 Task No. 49: Development & management of Central

Logistics & Control Centre (CLCC) ............................................. 182

Management system for CLCC (building to be part of TET

Complex) ....................................................................................... 182

6.6.30 Task No. 50: Improvement of Signage and directions 182

6.6.31 Demarcation of Inner and Outer Zone .......................... 182

6.6.31.1 Task No. 51: Wall 1: Length 1.7 kms: Area encompassed

39 Acres ........................................................................................ 183



14

6.6.31.2 Task No. 52: Wall 2 : 3. Kms; Area encompassed 125

Acres 183

6.6.32 Task No. 53: Development of the Outer perimeter

Boundary Fence for Tirumala Includes Reserve forest, dam,

reservoir, wind towers: length 19.5 kms Area encompassed 6450

Acres 184

6.6.33 Task No. 54: Development of the Inner perimeter

Boundary Fence for Tirumala Hills (securing Habitable Area):

length 10 kms, Area encompassed 865 Acres ........................... 185

6.6.34 Task No. 55: Development of state of the art biometric

based security and monitoring system. ..................................... 186

6.6.35 Task No. 56: Development of state of the art queuing

and accreditation system including software and administration,

overall software development system ........................................ 186

6.6.36 Task No. 57: Development of Monitoring and Evaluation

System for Quality Control, International benchmarks like ISO

Certification system ..................................................................... 186

6.6.37 Task No. 58: Development of state of the art security

agency for Tirumala ..................................................................... 186

6.6.38 Task No. 59: Development of Efficient and Effective

Awareness Campaign .................................................................. 186



15

PART 1 Background, Introduction,

Analysis and Identification of Issues



16

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Pilgrimage places in the planning context:

The modern expression of pilgrimage travel in India evolved in a very

much more distinct form than the traditional one, even if it has echoes

of the former. Along with substantial increase in the volume of visitors

to sacred sites and religious places, substantial changes are visible in

the very essence and quality of pilgrimage.

Pilgrimage places have their own image and need a different

planning approach. These towns have historical backgrounds and are

sensitive where both conservation and development have their own

importance. Mostly the towns which developed on plains have

attained the usual urban character where the Temple or the religious

place has either become a core for surrounding development or

secluded from the new development and the influence of pilgrimage

on the economical activity has gradually reduced in comparison to

other essential & regular commercial activity of urban character

whereas the religious places which are located on hills have

maintained their identity and character of a religious place even

though they have grown in due course with an urban settlement

character with pilgrimage as the mainstay of economic activity.

In all such pilgrimage places, generally, the proportion of floating

population to the local residents is increasing rapidly. Such religious

towns are growing rapidly due to the inflow of money and increase in



17

the commercial potential due to faith and religious sentiments of the

pilgrim tourists. Unfortunately, the spontaneous and unplanned

growth and expansion is and would be in future causing a strain on

the civic facilities and as well as degradation in the quality and the

image of the town and the pilgrimage place unless aptly and timely

interventions and channelization of amenities and facilities are

undertaken through proper planning.

1.2 The significance of Tirumala pilgrimage

Tirumala is a sacred place of hindu pilgrimage in India and its fame

and popularity transcends national boundaries. Tirumala derives its

importance and popularity due to the location of the sacred shrine of

Lord Shri Venkateswara.. Being a very important religious center, it

attracts pilgrims from all over the country and abroad. It is one of the

most popular places of religious pilgrimage with an average of more

than 50,000 pilgrims visiting Tirumala daily and during special

occasions like Brahmotsavams the number even touch about 4 lakhs

per day! These pilgrims come daily to Tirumala mainly for religious

purpose- to have a darshan of Lord Venkateswara at Tirumala..

The temple itself is believed to have existed from very ancient times

and it is said that Lord Sri Venkateswara the presiding deity of this

temple is referred to in earliest of the Vedas.



18

CHAPTER 2 NEED FOR PREPARATION OF SRI VARI MASTER PLAN 2.1 The Broad Context

Overall Improvement of Tirumala: Viewing the mentioned existing

scenario and trends, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam (TTD) has felt

the need for undertaking a comprehensive Master Plan covering the

entire Tirumala Temple Complex of about 6 sq km area with a view to

comprehensively plan, develop and manage the various attendant

facilities for pilgrims so as to ensure smooth, safe and speedy

darshan in the Temple of Lord Venkateswara for the thousands of

pilgrims daily visiting Tirumala and ways and means for achieving

this.

2.2 Increasing numbers of pilgrims: It has been observed that

Tirumala can cater to darshan for about 60,000 pilgrims daily

with saturation level of about 85,000 pilgrims. Added to this is

the service population which is roughly about 1/3rd or

28,000.This would give an overall density of about 11300

persons per sq km or 113 persons per hectare, which is very

high density of population congregating at a given place which

puts strain on the quality and quantity of amenities, services

and facilities. The trend of pilgrim population visiting daily is



19

increasing and with the present system it would be difficult to

cater to more pilgrims than the above-mentioned saturation

number. The challebge in future before TTD would thus be to

cater to the ever-increasing number of pilgrims especially the

ordinary pilgrim and with the limitations of space and time it

would be a daunting task indeed unless planning interventions

and systems are in place.

2.3 Keeping the above concerns in view, this Sri Vari Master Plan

attempts to study the specific planning issues and suggest in

conjunction with an improved pilgrim management system

based on computerization techniques so as to meet the above

challenges and help restore the sanctity and sacredness of

Tirumala. The Sri Vari Master Plan includes the following:-

(a) undertaking area planning and preparation of Master plan of

Tirumala on state of art GIS platform to identify and creation

open spaces, lung spaces, green spaces, further development

of infrastructure for present needs and reserved for future

needs etc. and freezing of master plan of Tirumala. Identifying

and reserving the open spaces exclusively for future

requirement of TTD purpose.

(b) To conduct a study on stream-liniing of traffic movement at

Tirumala and planning of road network and widening of roads

keeping in view of existing system of transport facility and to

make proposals for improving the transportation system.



20

(c) To study existing system of roads/paths ways at Tirumala and

to evolve an improved grid system with external bypass roads,

wide internal roads/footpaths etc.

(d) Undertaking a preliminary survey of the entire area with regard

to the existing pilgrim amenities like accommodation, water

supply and the sanitary arrangements

(e) To study the present pattern of garbage collection and disposal

system and to suggest the implementation of modern hygienic

collection system and the disposal by non conventional

methods such as incineration, vermin-compost etc.

(f) To study and suggest improvements in the four madas around

the main temple, for smooth flow of pilgrims especially during

course of vahana procession, Srivari Bramhosthavams and

other auspicious days.

(g) To study the structure of existing shopping facilities and its

problems and development of shopping centers at vulnerable

points to meet the commercial needs of the pilgrims in different

places.

The Sri Vari Master Plan would be for a plan period of 20 years

duration during which time the structure and all aspects outlined in

the Plan would be in place and implemented. Each of the above-

mentioned aspects would be in the form of projectised plans ,i.e., the

Master Plan would be giving a basket of projects on each of the

above-mentioned 10 aspects/sub-plans, with Project profile, expected

time of Project, broad cost estimates, and implementation issues.



21

2.4 Scope and Limitations

The Master Plan would be limited to the physical aspects which

would facilitate improvement and development of infrastructural,

management and regulation systems in Tirumala. Due to project

limitations and constraints data is taken from multiple secondary

sources (with due acknowledgements from HMDA) for support from

various quarters. In some cases latest data was also unavailable for

immediate use. If any data gaps are found these can be corrected

appropriately. The Master report is a guiding document for TTD to

examine in detail various issues pertaining to the maintenance and

upkeep of Tirumala as a spiritually and naturally pristine environment.

It is suggested that TTD look at this report to understand the

comprehensive approach to the Development and management of

Tirumala and that many aspects are in physical form while others are

related to operational and management issues. The physical space

can be planned and the physical and social infrastructure can be

planned for a defined number of users. In case of Tirumala the

pilgrims are increasing exponentially. Due to the limited space at the

Tirumala hill top, the limited physical infrastructure, constrained

resources like water supply and challenges of managing the

sewerage and solid waste related issues it is suggested the TTD

consider a Decentralized Pilgrim Movement and Darshan

management System (PMDM) which will ensure comfortable and

satisfying experience for the ever increasing number of pilgrims.

Details are provided in the relevant sections in this report.



22

CHAPTER 3 EXISTING

SITUATION ANALYSIS The exact dates of construction of the original temple are unknown.

However, it is believed that the temple was first built during the 8th

century.

The original Sri Venkateswara Temple was built by King

Thondaiman, Tamil ruler of the ancient Thondaimandalam.

Subsequent rulers, including the Pallvas of Kancheepuram, Cholas,

Pandyas, the Vijayanagar Empire, Marathas, and the kings of Mysore

all played a role in the continued growth of the temple.

The precise origins of the temple are not known. However, it is

generally believed that the first temple at Tirumala Tirupati was built

by King Thondaiman, Tamil ruler of the ancient Thondaimandalam,

after he had a dream of Lord Vishnu. He is said to have built the

original Gopuram (tower) and the Prakhara in the 8th century.

Thereafter, the temple was endowed by the numerous kings of

various dynasties of South India for whom the Sri Venkateswara

shrine was an important religious destination. The dynasties include:

the Pallvas of Kancheepuram (9th century); Cholas of Thanjavur

(10th century), Pandyas of Madurai, and the various Kings and

chieftains of Vijayanagar empire (14th - 15th century) who all donated

money and gold and other ornaments in abundance in support of the

temple. During the Vijayanagar dynasty the contribution increased



23

substantially particularly under King Krishnadevaraya whose donation

of gold and jewels enabled the entire Vimana (inner shrine) to be

gilded. Subsequent rulers the Marathas, and the kings of Mysore

also fostered the growth and importance of Tirupati Tirumala Temple.

Following the fall of the Hindu Kingdom, the Muslim rulers of

Karnataka and thereafter the British took over the supervision of the

temple. In 1843 the administration of the shrine and its estates was

formally handed over to Sri Deva Dossiji of Hatiramji Mutt at Tirupati.

Subsequently, in 1932 the management of the Temple was handed

over to when Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD), a non-profit

organisation that was established to protect this important religious

heritage. The TTD runs various charitable trusts with the proceeds

from the pilgrims.

The shrine has three enclosures called “Prakharams”. While the

outermost enclosure comprises the Dhavajasthamba – a banner post,

the other enclosures have many statues including that of the King

Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagar and his spouses and of Todarmal,

the minister of King Akbar.

The main door or outer gopuram is called “Padi Kavali Maha Dwara”

which stands on a rectangular base. The architecture of the alter is of

the Chola period and inscriptions on the gopuram date back to the

13th century. This gopuram has a number of stucco figures of

Vaishnava Gods like Hanuman, Kevala Narasimha and Lakshmi

Narasimha.



24

“Nandimi Padi Kavali” is the inner gopuram, the inner entrance to the

temple which is reached via Dhwajasthamba Mandapa. It has

wooden doors covered in silver plates and is called as “Vendi Vakili”

The path for circumnavigating the temple is called “Pradakshinam”.

The main temple has three Prakarmas and between the outer and

middle Parakarma is the second pathway for circumambulation which

is called as “Samoangi Pradakshanam”. This pathway is closed to

pilgrims and contains several of the Mandapams (halls) like the

Ranga Mandapa, Pratima Mandapa, Tirumal Raya Mandapa, Aina

Mahal, Dhwajasthamba Mandapa.

The temple complex inside consist of several elegantly carved

doorways, mandapams and shrines. The beautiful idol of Shri

Venkateswara is placed in the main sanctum sanctrum of the temple.

Inside the main sanctum are also three consecutive halls - Snapana

mandapam also called Tiruvilan Kovil or square hall, Rama Meda or

the rectangular hall and Sayana Mandapam or Ardha Mandapam

which is also rectangular in shape.

The temple also consist of a kitchen area called “Potu” where the

food offering for the main temple is prepared.



25

3.2 The Destination and the Journey

3.2.1 Climbing Tirumala Hills on foot

Many pilgrims walk up the hills to fulfill vows they have taken. The

more ancient of the two sopanamargas which starts from Alipiri at

the foot of the hills, is about 11 km in length, and is the commonly-

used route. The climb is ardous with certain hill ranges the climb is

quite steep.

The other sopanamarga (Srivari mettu) from Chandragiri, though

only about 6 km in length is less patronized by pilgrims due to it being

located about 11 km away from Tirupati which is the rail-head and not

having good to and fro transportation. However, the climb is quite

gentle except for the last portion which is quite steep joining near the

TBC.

Token facility is provided for pedestrian who come on foot to Tirumala

through Gali Gopuram or Srivari Mettu. Bio-Metric counters are

established on these foot paths, to facilitate free darshan, free

accommodation (P.A.C.) and free food facilities at Tirumala. TTD

provides several facilities to pilgrims who walk up the hills to

Tirumala. Transportation of luggage is done free of cost, to Tirumal



26

3.2.2 Queue System

Given the high volume of pilgrims, between 50,000 – 100,000 daily

during normal days, the TTD has designed and implemented an

impressive and highly elaborate sequence and system of queues by

constructing two ‘Q’ Complexes to guide devotees to the holy shrine.

This has significantly dropped the amount of time spent waiting in a

queue to a more manageable 3-4 hours (on normal days).

Impressively, the TTD has worked at minimising stress on devotees

during the wait time with huge halls for pilgrims to rest, eat and wash

up. Free food and coffee & tea are served every few hours.

Following the long queue time, devotees typically only get to see the

Lord’s idol for a minute or less and volunteers are present to usher in

the next batch of devotees who are awaiting their turn.

3.3 Physical Context of Tirumala

3.3.1 Location & Regional Linkage

The hills in Chandragiri Taluq of Chittoor district, Andhra prdaesh on

which the temple of Shri Venkateswara stands along with the

Tirumala Town is popularly known as Venkatachala forms part of one

of the Eastern Ghats. The length of this part of the hill range is about

twelve miles as the crow flies (Aerial Route) The actual forest path

along the crest of the hills may be about 20 miles. The entire hills are

considered to be very holy since time immemorial.



27

Tirumala lies on 13 41’ North latitude and 79 21’ East Longitude, at

an altitude of 2800 ft, above MSL (mean sea level) on the seven hills

popularly known as Venkatachala, in the Chandragiri Taluq of

Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. It is located about 150 km from

Chennai, 150 km from Nellore, 570 km from Hyderabad, 240

km from Bangalore, 430 km from Vijayawada. NH 71 pass through

Renigunta, which is the nearest road and rail junction to Tirumala.



28

3.4 Transportation Linkages

All modes of transport, except waterways, are available to reach

Tirupati , i.e. by Air, Rail and Road. The Rail and Air Link is available

only up to base of the Tirupati town and all pilgrims are required to

pass through Tirupati including road and by. foot to reach Tirumala

Hills. Renigunta is the nearest (12 Km distance) important railway

junction which lies on Chennai–Mumbai via (East –West) and Delhi,

Bengaluru, Thiruvananthapuram (North South) national routes.

Renigunta is also an important Highway Junction that connects all the

four southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka and

Kerala at regional Level. Renigunta junction is well connected with

Tirupati railway station by rail as well as by road. This factor makes

the road linkage of Renigunta to Tirumala passing through Tirupati as



29

the lifeline for the regional economy and has a major impact on

Tirupati and surrounding region. The area in and around the Tirumala

Temple Town comprise an extent of about 10.3 Sq. Miles known as

Devasthanam Area was notified as Tirumala Hills Area under

Section 84(1) of the Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable

Endowments Act, 1951 and as revised under the present Andhra

Pradesh Endowments Act, 1966.

The jurisdiction of Tirumala- Tirupati Devasthanams (popularly known

as TTD) applies to this Tirumala Hills area and the Temple

Endowments thereof and also to the educational Institutions In 1979

a separate legislation called the Tirumala Tirupati Devastanam

Act,1979 came in to force which became effective on 18th May 1979

TTD is under the control of the State Revenue Department.

3.5 Growth Pattern of Tirumala

It is evident from the epigraphic records and land records that the

land utilization and land use began as single religious use within the

forest areas of Tirumala Hills to presently a full-fledged town with

multifarious activities and uses, albeit directly related to the temple

and religiously activities and for accommodating the support

activities. .

The population of Tirumala was only 43 in 1941. By 1951 the

population increased to 3505. The population of Tirumala town was

5561 in 1961 and it sharply increased to 12,879 in 1971. The

decennial growth of population during 1961-71 is 134.60%



30

3.6 Existing Situation Analysis

Predominant destination of religious tourism:

Of late, it is observed that majority of domestic tourists are visiting

South India in large numbers during holiday seasons. Tirumala is ‘a

must see place’ and is included in most of such tourist packages

due to its religious importance, natural scenic beauty, easy

accessibility and well developed infrastructure and facilities in terms

of accommodation, services, and amenities. This has resulted in ever

increasing requirement of overnight staying facilities along with

necessary supporting infrastructure for pilgrims and tourists at

Tirupati and Tirumala. Tirumala and Tirupati have become ‘the city

that never sleeps’. This has a ‘spread-effect’ with demand and

development of major commercial activities such as catering hotels,

shopping, development of transport sector, recreational and

institutional development. . Tirumala being the focus of ‘must see

destination’, conducting local tours, site-seeing places and facilitating

arrangements for the Darshan of Lord Venkateswara is an essential

part of infrastructure of Tirupati. The increase in the supporting local

population engaged in the above sectors of activities creates

necessity of housing for the residential population.

3.7 Demography

(a) Predominant floating Population: Besides the usual resident

population, the town receives huge numbers of pilgrim population



31

every day. On an average everyday 50,000 pilgrims visit Tirumala.

Tirumala has floating population of pilgrims almost all round the year

The growth rate of this floating population has absolutely no relation

to the growth rate of local/resident population as per the Census of

India. The composition of pilgrims state-wise is as follows:

Sl. No State Visiting Pilgrims in % 1 Andhra Pradesh 31.12 2 Tamilnadu 22.08 2A Pondicherry 3.32 3 Karnataka 12.20 4 Maharashtra 8.65 5 Kerala 5.95 6 Uttar Pradesh 4.32 7 Orissa 3.24 8 Madhya Pradesh 3.01 9 Gujarat 2.93 10 Delhi 2.08

11 West Bengal 1.08 Total 100.00

Purpose of pilgrimage to Tirumala (Survey by Tirupati

University)

Purpose % of Total

Temple Darshan of Lord Venkateswara 100.00

Tonsure 21.60

Snana in Pushkarani 8.90

Snana in Theertam 9.20

Purchasing Prasadam 100.00



32

Participation in Special Sevas 7.70

Pilgrims state wise Urban Rural Percentage

Sl No State Urban Percentage Rural Percentage1 Andhra

Pradesh 161 39.95 242 60.05

2 Tamilnadu 113 39.51 173 60.19 3 Karnataka 68 43.04 90 56.96 4 Maharashtra 72 64.29 40 35.71 5 Kerala 38 49.35 39 50.65 6 Pondicherry 30 69.77 13 30.23 7 Orissa 22 52.38 20 47.62 8 Madhya

Pradesh 29 74.36 10 25.64

9 Gujarat 27 71.05 11 28.95 10 Delhi 27 100.00 - 0.00 11 Utter Pradesh 42 75.00 14 25.00 12 West Bengal 14 100.00 - 0.00 Total 643 652 Total

Percentage 49.65 50.35

(Surveyed by Tirupati, University)

(b) Impact of floating population

Besides the floating population, there have been some trends of

increase of the local resident population with development of informal

settlements at Balajinagar etc. The increase in resident population

and pressure of floating population at Tirumala is affecting the

sanctity and sacredness of Tirumala, resulting in the requirements

and need for addressing the following issues:

Accommodation for stay of pilgrims.

Housing for local/resident population.

Hotels , Restaurants eatery facilities.



33

Local Transportation as well as travel to and from Tirupati.

Facilities and Service Infrastructure.

Health Facilities.

Education facilities for local/resident population.

Accommodation for religious ceremonies.

Space and accommodation for socio-cultural activities.

Facilities for Institutional Buildings.

Darshan management and pilgrims management and other

religious activities.

Shopping and other commercial activities

(c) Development –The Negative Factor

The above developments are ironically adversely affecting the

sanctity and character of Tirumala. On one hand, the sheer number

and hordes of pilgrims and income of the temple is ever increasing

due to offerings of pilgrims and this being the one of the richest

temple in the country and second richest in the world is creating

demand for improvement of facilities. The paucity of funds was never

problem for the development of Tirumala town. On the other hand this

has resulted in adhoc development in the absence of long term

planning of the temple complex and it’s influence areas causing

damage to image and character of Tirumala, TTD is both the

proponent and development agency is always on it’s toes and in fire-

fighting mode.It is not only in this context that TTD has to adopt a

Master Plan for Tirumala, but also ensure it is adhered to and



34

implemented keeping the long-term perspective of Tirumala and

surroundings in view. Apart from having a rational land use and green

cover and environment conservation plan, other aspects like mobility

within Tirumala, ever increasing transportation demand to and from

Tirumala, hierarchy of organized spaces, interrelation of temple

complex with other religious structures, spaces like water bodies and

procession paths assumes priority. The pilgrim management and

temple relationship and the management of heavy influx of pilgrims

on special occasions like Brahmavotsams require permanent planned

solution.

The increasing numbers of pilgrims puts tremendous pressure on the

physical environment, infrastructure services of the area and logistics

and management is a growing challenge for authorities.

3.8 Overall Zoning

Unlike any other town this hill town has its individuality. The basic

reason for its character and form is religious impact and the

topography. It is the termination point and as well as zenith of the

pilgrimage. The existing undeclared zoning can be clearly visualized in

hierarchy as follows.

1. Religious and semi religious

2. Commercial (shops and other establishments etc)

3. Public Semipublic (Health, education etc)

4. Residential for Pilgrims residential

5. Residential for Staff/ local population.



35

6. Open Space Zone

7. Urban Forest and Natural Forests.

3.9 Land Use Analysis

3.9.1 Landuse 1952

The growth of Tirumala until the 1960s had been slow. The earliest

Land Use map of Tirumala that is available is of 1952, signed by Sri

T.K. Vighaneshwarachari (ddated 10-09- 1952 from the book -

History of Tirumala Volume-1) .As per this existing Landuse map;

(1952) Tirumala temple Complex and surroundings covered only area

of about 50 hectares of developed land while the rest was vacant

Sl. No Land Use Area (in Hect) Percentage (%)1 Vacant Land 245.38 78.952 Residential (for local &

pilgrims) 8.00 2.57

3 Religious oriented 4.59 1.484 Public Open Spaces 10.43 3.365 Commercial 0.30 0.106 Water bodies 36.30 11.687 Public Utility 0.30 0.108 Semi-Public utility 0.30 0.109 Roads 5.20 1.67 Total 310.80



36

3.9.2 Land Use 1975

In 1975 Land use survey was undertaken and maps were prepared

and published by the office of Directorate of Town Planning on 2-6-

1975. Tirumala town grew from ½ sq km (50 Ha) in 1952 to about

3.07 sq. km (310 Ha) in 1975. The fringe area of the temple complex

was developed with well spread out guesthouses and cottages for

pilgrims in the southern part of the town and having very low density.

The development trends of Tirumala town during the period 1975 to

1995 was more pronounced on northwestern part, western part and

the southern part of the Temple Complex.



37

Land use in 1995

Sl. No

Land Use Area in Hectares

Percentage

1 Vacant Land 130.51 41.99 2 Residential (for local

Population) 7.91 2.55

3 Residential ( for Pilgrims) 33.50 10.78 4 Religious Oriented 4.59 1.48 5 Industrial 0.96 0.31 6 Public open Spaces 24.63 7.92 7 Commercial 1.56 0.50 8 Water Bodies 36.30 11.68 9 Transport & Communication 0.96 0.31 10 Public Utility 5.80 1.87 11 Social forest 41.06 13.21 12 Public Semi public 2.16 0.69 13 Roads 20.86 6.71 Total 310 100



38

3.9.3 Comparative analysis: Land use 1952, 1975

Tirumala settlement which was rural until 1951, became urban in

1961. In the first decade of urbanization 1961-1971 the population

registered a growth of 134.60% (5561 to 12,879). The total vacant

land (un-developed) which was 245.38 hectares i.e. 78.95% in 1952

got reduced to 131.51 hectares (41.99%) by 1975. Similarly the

residential area (Local and Pilgrims) which was only 8.00 hectares

(2.57%) increased to 41.41 hectares (7.91+33.50) 13.33%.during this

period of 23 years. Two major developments observed are 36.96%

of vacant land was developed to achieve additional 33.42 Ha for

residential use and about 41 Ha for social forestry. The special

attention given to afforestation of the hills through social forestry by

the state Government has been a remarkable achievement ushering

in further steps for environment improvement.

3.9.4 Existing Land Use (1995)

Based on secondary data the following awas the land use break up in

1995

SI No Landuse Area in Hectares Percentage 1 Vacant land 86.68 25.932 Residential (for local Population) 15.43 4.623 Residential ( for Pilgrims) 52.70 15.774 Religious oriented 5.40 1.625 Industrial 0.96 0.296 Public open spaces 53.34 15.967 Commercial 3.22 0.968 Water Bodies 36.30 10.869 Transport & Communication 1.86 0.5610 Public Utility 5.97 1.7911 Social forest 41.06 12.28



39

12 Public Semi Public 4.79 1.4313 Roads 23.36 6.9914 Under Aquision 3.21 0.96 Total 334.28 100

3.9.5 Comparative Analysis land use 1975 - 1995.

The vacant land is reduced from 154.00 Hect. to 88.68 Hectare. The

census record show a decline in prime (local) population due the policy

adopted on recommendations made in 1975. The land use of

residential local population and floating pilgrim population has doubled.

The density of the township as a whole increased considering the

existence of the pilgrim floating population. This has also resulted in

increase of the density of the built form to meet the needs of the

pilgrims without notable horizontal expansion of the town. The land of

religious use, public semipublic use organized public open spaces, is

doubled in 1995 as compared to 1975.



40

3.9.6 Existing Land Use (2011)

Existing Land Use (2011)

Existing Land Use Details

Layer Name Sq Mts Acres %

Commercial 10529.18 2.60 0.31

Roads & Circulation 99499.53 24.59 2.94

Religious 16464.88 4.07 0.49

Religious Related 4742.49 1.17 0.14

Open Spaces 29580.83 7.31 0.87

Parks, Playgrounds, Maidaans 297043.87 73.40 8.78

Plantation 392031.05 96.87 11.59

Residential Pilgrims 499332.26 123.38 14.76

Residential Staff 112882.68 27.89 3.34

Public Semipublic 394647.10 97.52 11.67

Amenities & Utilities 38539.53 9.52 1.14

Water Bodies 272668.75 67.38 8.06

Forest 908316.60 224.44 26.85

Roads 306422.47 75.72 9.06

Total 3382701.21 835.85 100.00

3.9.7 Comparative Analysis: land use change-1995 and 2011.

The vacant land within Tirumala became almost zero. The land use of

residential local population and floating pilgrim population has

increased significantly in this period. The important factor to note is the

effect of policy and implementation of granting plots/sites for donor

cottages/ guest houses which needs to be reviewed. As seen from the

depleting vacant lands in and around the Temple proper, would be

having an adverse impact on the serenity and sanctity of the temple

town with overcrowding and challenges of services and amenities.



41



42

3.10 Infrastructure

3.10.1 Water Supply

Gogarbham, Akasaganga, Papavinasanam, Kalyani dam,

Kumaradhara and Pasupudhara twin dams are the major sources of

drinking water for the hill shrine. The water level in the dams are fast

depleting due lack of inflows. According to reports a proposal has

been made to draw Telugu Ganga water from Tirupati to meet

the requirements of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD). The state

government has agreed to release 6 MLD of water to Tirumala from

40 MLD of water being supplied to the Tirupati Municipal Corporation

from Kandaleru reservoir. The project will be funded by the TTD.

TTD is considering a comprehensive plan which caters to the water

needs of Tirumala up to 2030, which can be taken up on a priority

basis.

There is a regular water treatment and supply system in Tirumala. The

water is supplied to the entire town from Gogardham Dam (supplying

about 45 Mcft) and Papavinasanam dam (supplying about 80 Mcft).

The daily supply from these two sources is about 14 lakh gallons. The

present demand of drinking water at Tirumala is about 30 lakh gallons

per day. The two sources depend upon monsoon resulting in severe

water shortage at Tirumala when monsoon fails. Government

augmented they water supply through Kalyani Dam pumping Scheme,

which caters to both Tirupati and Tirumala. And therefore is not a

dependable source. There is every need for identifying additional



43

sources of water supply or alternatively, ensure limitation in the

population at Tirumala at any given time.

3.10.2 Sewerage

A sewerage system helps in maintaining satisfactory sanitary

conditions in Tirumala. However, disposal of wastewater is an issue

because it finds its way into the natural ecosystem of the hills,

especially during peak visitation due to malfunctioning of the sewage

treatment plants.

3.10.3 Solid waste

It can be estimated from the available data that about 0.6 kg per capita

waste is generated in both the towns. This is much higher than the

average daily waste generation of 0.36 kg per capita reported by

Karthikeyan(1996) and this provides support for the observation

regarding new consumer-ist attitudes with both the local residents and

visitors. While the total waste generated in Tirumala (about 35 tons per

day) is collected by TTD, its disposal is a challenge. Currently, it is

dumped openly at a nearby land-fill site which poses a high risk of

contamination of the surface and underground in the fragile ecosystem

of the hills. The relation between magnitude of visitation and waste

generation is illustrated by a simple observation: everyday more than

20,000 coconuts are carried as waste; coconuts have a religious

importance in certain rituals to be performed by the pilgrims at the

temple. Usually the items required in worship of the deity are organic



44

(and biodegradable) in nature and are able to decompose when

dumped. However, with recent introduction of polythene bags in

packaging many of these items and its ready acceptance by pilgrims

(for the convenience), a large quantity of plastic waste is now going into

land fill sites and this has serious environmental concerns for the hill

ecosystem.

At present the entire garbage accumulated at Tirumala is being

transported and dumped at dumping yard. The above Waste Material

however is not being treated and hence causing pollution. TTD have

been contemplating on the proposal for treating the solid wastes

(Garbage) by means of Bio-Conversion into anorganic manure. If

converted into manure it may be used to the TTD Gardens/Forest

Departments without purchasing from outside. This conversion of solid

waste material into organic manure can help to avoid ill-effects such as

foul smell and mosquito menace and environmental pollution.

3.10.4 Power/Electricity

Almost entire town is covered by Electricity supply system. The initial

main supply comes from the two overhead HT lines, viz.

o Chandragiri feeder (A.P.S.E.B 11 K.\/. Line)

o Alipiri Feeder (T.T.D.11 K.V. line.)

To the APCPDCL 33/11 KV Sub-station situated at GNC Area . From

here, the distribution is managed through 56 number of distribution

transformers at different parts of town and sub stations.



45

The average requirement of power at Tirumala is approx. 350 lakh

units per year or about 1 lakh units per day.

3.10.5 Non-conventional Energy

6 units of 250 KWH windmills are erected on Tirumala. Additional 10

windmills of 250 KW/H are erected at Kakula Konda.

3.11 Health & Sanitation

The TTD is responsible to take care of general health and sanitation.

The public toilets located at all important centers are well maintained

and frequently washed and disinfected. The “Q” complex and

Tonsure centers are regularly washed and disinfected. A 50 bedded

TTD Ashvini Hospital is constructed at Tirumala within walking

distance from the main bus stand. At Vaikuntam “ Q “ complex

emergency medical services are available, All the medical services

are free for all. These facilities are in addition to Hospitals of TTD at

Tirupati.

3.12 Education

Tirupati is an important education center in the entire region. This

only due to contribution of TTD, which even, runs the colleges and

university at Tirupati. But at Tirumala at present two elementary

schools and one high school is run by TTD at Tirumala.



46

3.13 Communication

There is post office, sub post office and telegraph office at Tirumala.

The telecom revolution has changed the entire communication

environment. There are quite a few public telephone booths available

throughout 24 hours. Closed Circuit T.V., through which devotion all

programs and music are relayed

3.14 Facilities and Amenities

Shopping & Commercial Activities. Cottage industries

There are about 850 Shops, 15 Kiosks, 477 hawkers, 7 push carts,

about 10 big restaurants, all over Tirumala which are licensed by the

local body,i.e., Gram Panchayat. In addition to canteens in Temple

“Q” complexes other important are run by TTD. 50% of regular shops

are accommodated in three storied shopping complex and nearby

opposite Annapurna Canteen area located in between the Central

reception office and the Temple. About 20% shops are located on the

main street between The Temple and Astana mandapam and on East

Mada Street. The remaining shops are near Central Reception office

and other parts of the town. In each and every centers of pilgrim

cottages, Choultries, and in important places kiosks are located so

that they are available at walking distances from the cottages and

rooms of pilgrims.

There were 29 Restaurants (including 10 big establishments), and

Canteens, Govt Institutions, Coffee Board, Emporiums, Tea Board



47

etc. and one petrol pump. There are numerous hawkers. Except for

the Coconut there are no wholesale outlets and it is observed that the

basic wholesale activity takes place in the market of base town

Tirupati. All most all the nationalized Indian banks have branches at

Tirumala. ln addition to money transactions, the banks have

voluntarily extending their services in non-conventional banking

commerce such as selling TTD coupons, tickets, and even

Prasadam.

3.15 Hair Offerings

One of the most visible acts of faith for pilgrims who visit Tirupati, is to

have their heads shaved and donate the hair to the temple -

symbolising the surrendering one's ego to God. The temple

organization in turn sells the hair, particularly the long hair of women,

to international buyers for use as hair extensions. Men's hair is used

to extract a protein called L-Cystein that is used in a range of

products including eatables. In 2008, the Sri Venkateswara Temple

generated approximately Rs. 450 million in proceeds from the sale of

hair.

3.16 Housing/ Pilgrim Boarding Accommodation

One of the primary objectives of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam’s

(TTD) is to ensure that comfortable accommodation is provided to

pilgrims at a reasonable cost. TTD has constructed around 4850

cottages, guest houses and choultries both at Tirupati and Tirumala.



48

At Tirumala the process of allotment of cottages to pilgrims at

Tirumala has been computerized, There are good number of Hotels

ranging from ordinary (Non Star) to Three star at Tirupati. As per

general studies it is observed that the occupancy of the medium

standard hotel is more than 50%. The luxury hotels are financially not

sustainable due to less occupancy. On Tirumala private hotels are

not permitted. Some of the religious institutions (Math) have

noncommercial residential accommodation for their members/

donors.

(i) Free Accommodation

There are several large choultries with free rooms for families to stay

in reasonable comfort. Electricity and water are provided free of

charge. For free accommodation, pilgrims may contact the Central

Reception Office, near the bus stand in Tirumala. Pilgrims can also

rest in dormitory halls provided by TTD.

(ii) Rental (on payment)

Pilgrims can reserve paid accommodation in Tirumala by paying the

requisite amount.

3.17 Increase in pollution

A major environmental problem evident in both Tirumala and Tirupati

is severe air pollution that is largely due to increase in traffic density,

directly related to visitation patterns. Air pollution monitoring

conducted by the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB),



49

in Tirumala-Tirupati in 2001 shows the average values of the total

suspended particulate matter (TSPM), an indicator of air quality

(pollution) to be far higher than the acceptable standards.

In Tirumala, it mainly results from a high concentration of tourist

vehicles. Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation

(APSRTC), the state run bus service, claims that during peak season,

more than 1000 jeeps (the most common mode of travel) run round

the clock and there is ‘one bus every minute’ to cater for pilgrims. An

additional cause of congestion is regular movement of trucks that

carry construction materials for building new facilities for visitors.

3.18 Exploitation of natural resources

Provision of facilities and amenities for pilgrims in Tirumala has come

at the cost of exploitation of natural resources. Deforestation has

been blatant in the past and building of dams in the hills for water

supply has led to drying of water springs, canals and streams and

also to a substantial loss of irrigation water for the rural areas

downstream A result is an increased rate of soil erosion and other

problems typical to ecosystem imbalance as well as near extinction of

the indigenous flora and fauna. Apart from these indirect effects,

increased visitation is also directly responsible for wildlife extinction in

two main ways. First, provision of extensive lighting in the hills to

improve visibility of access to the shrine has taken away the darkness

that was otherwise critical for many animals for finding food. Second,

the noise that is associated with periodic movement of pilgrims



50

walking up to the shrine and frequent movement of vehicles drives

away wildlife.

Environmental problems that are directly associated with the

magnitude of visitor numbers are clearly visible in Tirumala. However,

as the visitors mix with the resident population, as in the case of

Tirupati, so do their environ-mental impacts and therefore it becomes

extremely difficult to differentiate between causes of environmental

problems. These are further complicated when, on the one hand the

proportion of visitors steadily increases on a regular basis and on the

other, the pressures of rapid urbanisation keep mounting, at least in

part driven by the economic opportunities provided by regular

visitation. The problem of overcrowding needs no special mention, it

inevitably accompanies such magnitude of visitation.

3.19 Transportation

3.19.1 Regional Connectivity: Tirupati Tirumala & Renigunta

Transport

The development of the entire region depends on Tirumala

Pilgrimage. The region is dependant on and is benefited by the trade

and commerce generated by the pilgrimage. Efficiency of mass

pilgrim transport between Tirupati and Tirumala has played a key role

in the growth of pilgrims. Tirumala itself being a uni-functional

settlement does not remain isolated but has direct influence in the



51

total regional development and which generates multifunctional

potential for the entire region.

The development of transportation network and facilities Tirumala

therefore cannot be in isolation but has become the crucial factor of

regional potential to meet and sustain the needs of pilgrims (tourist

infrastructure) that should be properly planned and chanellised for the

all-round development and prosperity of the region.

The entire economy of Tirupati depends directly and indirectly on the

Tirumala pilgrimage activities. The other factors related to the

development of educational centres in Tirupati have contributed to

the growth in population.

The road transport from Tirupati to Tirumala on one hand contributes

to the employment opportunities and economical growth of base town

and on other hand helps in keeping Tirumala free from the

environmental pollution and requirement of land for transport

maintenance infrastructure. It is observed that pilgrim growth rate has

direct impact on the transport link and at the same time the pilgrim

growth depends on transport infrastructure. The development and

efficient management of the transport link will be the major factor in

the regional development and integrated growth of both the towns.

This aspect governs the physical plan and transport network of the

base town of Tirupati. The physical growth and the development plan

of Tirupati reflect the importance of this fact.



52

The APSRTC public transport link (Tirupati to Tirumala) terminates at

Central Reception and Bus Stand.

3.19.2 Tirumala Internal Transport

Any pilgrim can by walk reach the temple from the Central Reception

office or the terminating point of the link (Tirupati- Tirumala) and as

well as from local public transport route (inner ring) on the periphery

of this zone (religious area) on foot while enjoying the informal

shopping or commercial precinct

3.19.3 Inter relation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic

The present pattern of pathways and roads at Tirumala is such that

there is minimum need of local vehicular private transport. The local

transport is well managed by public free bus service eliminating the

polluting private taxies and three wheelers.

3.19.4 Modal split of Pilgrim Traffic

Leaving aside about 10% pilgrims ascending Tirumala Hills on foot,

the remaining pilgrims reach Tirumala by different modes of transport,

About 60% travel by RTC buses whereas 22% travel by Taxis (cars

and jeeps) Around 6% visit Tirumala by personal cars most of them

from Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The pilgrims

coming by two-wheelers are limited to less than 2%.



53

3.19.5 Commuter behaviour, preferences and its impact

Following conclusions can be drawn about the attitude and

preferences of the pilgrims. It is observed that number of pilgrims

using bus has increased and similarly the number of pedestrian

pilgrims has increased. ln the transport modes in last two decades

there is a basic change due to :

(1) Construction of additional approach roads to Tirumala thus

making separate roads for ascending and descending traffic from hills

thereby making the Ghat road traffic safe.

(2) Affordability of Pilgrims for ‘sharing taxis’.

The constant percentage of pedestrian pilgrims indicates the strong

religious belief and sentiments irrespective of availability of other

convenient road transport. Hence the pedestrian way has its own

importance. The four-wheel (excluding Bus) user pilgrims have

increased. The pilgrims preferred high frequency and low cost public

transport. The maximum car users visit on weekends. But this has

impact on the Tirumala local traffic as these vehicles are allowed

within the town for local transport resulting in pollution and traffic

problems.

3.19.6 Circulation Pattern of Tirumala

(i) Hierarchy in Existing Circulation Pattern (Road Network)

The existing network to and from Tirumala can be basically

categorized in four tiers and a pedestrian system:



54

Road reaching up to Bus Terminus: The road from Alipiri to

Tirumala bringing heavy traffic and the second road carrying traffic

from Tirumala to Alipiri gets unified at the entrance of the city and

finally the incoming traffic ends at Central Reception Office. The

maximum pilgrim traffic using public transport system leaves

Tirumala from the Bus terminus whereas traffic travelling by

personal vehicles and taxis leave from the place of Stay.

Arterial Road carrying Mass Public Transport: The major arterial

road connects all important nodes including Central Reception

Office, all sub reception offices located at different area of pilgrims

residences, bus terminus, commercial area and important nodes.

Roads within the neighborhoods and special areas: All other

roads carry vehicular traffic as well pedestrians but not mass

public transport:

Roads around temple for pedestrians only include religious

processions. The road from the shopping center and Kalayan

Katta to temple and the temple precinct ie. Mada street all

around encircling the temple and Srivari Koneru free from

vehicular traffic.

Pathways (pedestrians only): Pedestrian Pathways all over

passing through green open spaces. The area encircled by

Mada Streets and the Road from temple to Kalyan Katta is kept

free from vehicular traffic, which includes shopping center and

Sri Anjaneya temple.



55

3.19.7 Bus Services & Parking

At present the passengers arriving by buses get down at central

reception office and the maximum number of passengers leaving

Tirumala board buses at Bus terminus. At important pilgrim

centers sub stations for boarding out going busses are provided.

The taxis are parked at central parking place where as for

private cars parking areas are provided near Vaikuntam (“Q

complex) and other important places.

In case of pilgrim cottages the car parking near the cottages is

permitted.



56

PART 2 Planning Proposals for

Tirumala-Tirupati

Planning for Tirumala Complex

Srivari Master Plan



57

CHAPTER 4 PLANNING

PROPOSALS FOR TIRUMALA-

TIRUPATI

4.1 Premise

The new management system, planning of amenities, creation of new

facilities, new transportation and pilgrim movement system, regulation

of number pilgrims at Tirumala and the overall development of the

Tirumala-Tirupati region is proposed primarily from the following main

issues:

The number of pilgrims visiting Tirumala will keep growing to

unmanageable levels. This would increase the burden on

transportation, civic infrastructure, natural environment and the

administrative system of TTD. It is only wise to adapt with the

changing times with innovative methods without compromising on the

sanctity of Tirumala.

Infrastructure Challenge: Tirumala does not have adequate

water supply systems, sewerage systems, solid waste

management and power systems to take care of the ever

increasing pilgrims every day. The only way to mitigate this

challenge and have a comfortable and sustainable infrastructure is



58

to go for the Base Camp and Central Reservation Centre concept

and other related maesures suggested of pilgrim management. It

is estimated that the planning measures by way of this master plan

would reduce the burden by more than 50% at Tirumala hilltop.

Health & Sanitation Challenge: Lack of proper physical

infrastructure leads to unhygienic conditions and unhealthy

environment.

Management Challenge: It is difficult to manage the rush of

pilgrims especially if the numbers are increasing everyday, the

time for darshan is decreasing even more and the

Security Challenge: Keeping in view the overall safety and

security situation it is difficultto manage the rushof people in small

area. Even movement ofpeople from Tirupati to Tirumala is

difficulto manage with so many modes and methods of travel and

access available. In case of Manmade or natural disaster it will get

very difficult to handle situations and can lead to hardships.

Brahmotsavams: The tremendous challenge of handling about 4

lakh pilgrims during Brahmotsavams and the social occasions at

Tirumala would need to be addressed in the Master Plan like

having galleries around the temple complex and the present



59

successful measures employed by TTD of pilgrim management

during such occasions.

The resident population of Tirumala is around 10,000 persons. The

total daily visitors/pilgrims are around 70,000 as per 2012 data.

During Brahmotsavams this increases to 4-5 Lakhs on a given day.

The Man to Land ratio is around 30 sq mtrs per person. As per future

projections this will be reduced to 15 sq mtrs per person per day and

during Brahmotsavams it can get reduced to as much as 6 sq mtrs

per person. This is not only inadequate for humans but also prone to

safety and security challenges.

The pilgrimage is the key factor, which will sustain the development

of not only Tirumala but also the entire region. The efficient

management of entire pilgrimage and the administration should take

care of:

i) Pilgrim local transport facilities, and transport to the Tirumala

hills,

ii) Pilgrim lodging and boarding,

iii) Pilgrimage religious needs such as Darashanam, vow

fulfillment, and Pilgrims participation in Pujas, visiting nearby

places of religious importance

iv) Sociocultural needs of pilgrims,

v) Security and Health of pilgrims,



60

4.2 Pilgrim Movement

4.2.1 The present System: An Overview

Pilgrims arrive from different points and through different modes of

travel (train and buses being the predominant ones) through

Renigunta and then enter Tirupati and then proceed via Alipiri and the

Ghat road to Tirumala. So is the case with those pilgrims who walk up

the hills through Alipiri. At Tirumala, pilgrims look for accommodation

(usually for 2 days) and then plan out for darshan of the Lord.

Depending upon the number of pilgrims and the rush, TTD gears up

for them. There is another class of pilgrims called ‘week-end pilgrims’

who descend upon directly at Tirumala through buses or private

vehicles on Saturdays and Sundays. They do not take

accommodation but proceed directly to the ‘Q’ Complex and the

temple for darshan and thereafter go back the same way.

The darshan process is a need-based and ‘first-come-first-served ‘

basis in so far as the common man (the aam aadmi) is concerned.

The outcome in this existing system and scenario is uncertainty of

time taken and adhocism normally prevails. When the numbers reach

saturation point, as is the case frequently at Tirumala, delays occur.

Getting darshan could be within few hours or 1 whole day or even 2

days on week-ends, etc. This whole uncertainty has adverse impact

and bearing on the pilgrims’ psyche, his stay at Tirumala and his

return journey (mostly by train). The authorities are in crisis-solving

and ‘fire-fighting’ mode and on special occasions and festivals at



61

tenterhooks. This is a similar scene in most of the religious places

and temples in the country.

Thus, viewing the present pilgrims movement trend and present

system of darshan at the temple complex at Tirumala, it is a simple

model of pilgrims arriving at Tirupati and going up to Tirumala and

returning back to Tirupati and thereafter going to their respective

destinations.

The pilgrim movement within Tirumala is also in a single file-whether

it is through the Q Complex or through VIP darshan route which

eventually join at the Main entrance and go in a single file. There is

scope for improvement in pilgrim movement by employing

computerized techniques which would not only ensure efficiency of

pilgrim movement, but also ensure more numbers of ordinary pilgrims

getting darshan besides avoiding over-crowding, increased safety

and security, etc. The Master Plan proposals should support this and

sub-serve towards this end.

4.2.2 Pilgrim Arrivals, future projections and requirements

The problems and issues of pilgrim movement and facilities at

Tirumala as well as at Tirupati are primarily arising out of the sheer

number of pilgrim inflow to Tirumala which is showing increasing

trend. The optimal number of pilgrims who can have darshan with the

present system is about 50,000 per day. Any number above this

would lead to saturation in the present management system. Annually

2.5-3 crore pilgrims have darshan of the Lord. But the day is not far-



62

off when this may double (nearly 5-6 crore pilgrims would swarm the

hilltop temple).

Is Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) prepared to handle pilgrim

rush of such a magnitude?

While 60% of the pilgrims avail free darshan of the Lord, Rs 50

Sudarshan token holders constitute 16% of the total pilgrims. Pilgrims

of Rs 300 Pratyeka Pravesha (special entry) darshan stand third at

13%. Seven lakh seva ticket holders, 7.5 lakh physically challenged

persons and four lakh parents of infants, besides seven lakh VIP

Break darshan ticket holders (constituting 3%) complete the total

pilgrim arrival. But the maximum hours available for the pilgrims in a

day are 19-20 and on some days it falls to 14 hours on account of

special rituals and sevas.

Senior officials say the average time available for the pilgrims is

17.25 hours - non-VIPs 15.4 hours and VIPs 1.42 hours - though the

VIPs end up spending 3-4 hours thus eating into common pilgrims'

visiting hours. With a minimum of 45,000 to a maximum of 1.25 lakh

daily arrivals (at an average arrival of 70,000), the TTD has a gigantic

task of providing faster and quality darshan to the pilgrims. Since

convergence of pilgrims is very high on New Year, festivals,

Brahmotsavams, Vaikunta Ekadasi, summer holidays and auspicious

days, pilgrim management becomes a herculean task.



63

What's the way forward? "The way to manage the queues is by either

reducing the inflows or increasing the rate of outflows or both.

However, this pilgrim darshan management can be changed and the

number enhanced at-least with a capacity of catering to about one

lakh pilgrims per day by more effective management and planning

techniques and without creating further strain or impinging on the

restricted resources and facilities at Tirumala by, viz.,

(a) the time has come of viewing Tirumala as only a transit point and

not a destination and implementing and maintaining it as such,

i.e., discouraging pilgrims to stay at the hill top and instead have

only darshan and return back to Tirupati where more stay and

related facilities are made available;

(b) Going in for ‘Base camp concept’ at Tirupati and creating more

planned townships at Tirupati with all attendant facilities for stay

and recreation and transportation for pilgrims;

(c) Putting in place a total computerized pilgrim darshan

management system which takes into account every pilgrim

visiting Tirumala;

(d) Transporting pilgrims to and from Tirupati through modern and

environmentally-friendly mass movement techniques

The above necessitate the proposals given in the following sections

of this report.



64

4.3 Need for a more effective Pilgrim Movement and Darshan

Management system (PMDM)

This Sri Vari Master Plan proposes to modify and change the system

by structuring the movement and darshan of the ordinary pilgrims

who visit Tirumala. This Plan therefore lays emphasis on planned and

stream-lined system of pilgrims’ arrivals, taking into account their

numbers, their proper stay (whether at places in Tirupati or at

Tirumala), regulating the pilgrim darshan by allotting definite slots,

their movement up to Tirumala hill-top and thereafter at Tirumala, and

for darshan in the ‘Q’ Complex in a more effective manner (instead of

the single serpentine and single file of pilgrim line) and through other

ways of effective queuing system and then after darshan their return

back to the Railway station or bus station point or central point – in

other words, taking care of the ordinary pilgrim from starting point to

the end point or his return.

4.3.1 Improving the access to and from Tirumala by

Decentralising, Regulating, controlling.

At present, Alipiri is the main access point from Tirupati to Tirumala ,

with buses as the mainstay of mass pilgrim movement through the

two Ghat roads. This access issue to Tirumala needs to be modified

and changed. There are three alternatives suggested depending

upon the acceptance by TTD and the temple religious committee, viz.



65

Creating and developing 2 additional access points from

i) Renigunta side directly to Papanasanam Road on the hill top

through the valley;

ii) Making access from Srinivasa Mangapuram and Srivari Mettu

more accessible and popular (in fact this route as well as the

new Renigunta route are not steep with gentle gradient

compared to the Alipiri access and the existing ghat roads).

Thus 3 main access points and network to and from Tirumala

and Tirupati should be created, i.e.,

1. Alipiri

2. Renigunta

3. Srinivasa Mangapuram

While Alipiri center would continue to cater to the motor vehicle

pilgrim users and also to those pilgrims who choose to walk on foot;

the other two centers, Renigunta and Srinivasa Mangapuram center

will either have new road or Light Rail Train/Tramway system taking

pilgrims up to Tirumala through the valleys from the respective

directions. Along these routes, provisions should also be made for

pedestrians and bicycle tracks for those pilgrims who want to go up

the hills on foot or by bicycles.



66

4.3.2 Central Facilitation Centres (CFCs)

In the above Sri Vari Master Planning, it is suggested that these three

locations be developed as Integrated Central Facilitation Centres

(CFCs) where all visitors to Tirumala would get the queuing number

and accreditation directly. It is suggested that over a period of time all

visitors to Tirumala Should pass through these CFCs for efficient

pilgrim movement management.

The majority pilgrims would pass through the three CFCs at the

foothills thus streamlining a major percentage of pilgrim

movement.

Those approaching Tirumala directly through foot or

personalized vehicles destined for guesthouses on top would

be given the queue number and accreditation at the CFC at the

TET Complex on top.

The three CFCs at the foothills would be integrated with the Base

Residential Camps to ensure that with limited mobility the numerous

pilgrims can take comfortable accommodation, get queue no and

accreditation , travel to Tirumala through CNG Buses/LRT through

designated route all in one package and seamlessly.

Efficient management of this system would ensure that a large

number of pilgrims would not stay on Tirumala top in the future thus

reducing the infrastructure and management burden on TTD.

This will also make the pilgrimage more comfortable and satisfying.



67

The challenge would be on TTD to manage the pilgrim movement

within the Tirumala area during normal days and especially during

Brahmotsavam.

Central Facilitation Centres (CFCs) cum Base Residential Camps

are:

1. Tirupati City Central Facilitation Centre (CFC) at Srinivasa

Mangapuram.

2. Alipiri City Central Facilitation Centre (CFC) at: Alipiri

3. Renigunta Town Central Facilitation Centre at Dhodla mitta

All these three locations and centres would be interlinked good

circulation network. Each CFC will be spread over an approximate

area of around 15 acres with ample parking and circulation areas,

amenities, administration offices, circulation lounge for pilgrims ready

to alight the transportation to Tirumala and also those retuning back

from the hilltop.

As mentioned the base camps will be attached to the CFCs in a

single complex and will be developed in the form of planned

townships catering to about 20,000 pilgrims per day each thus taking

care of around 60,000 pilgrims per day in total.

The integrated complex will be around 200 acres each.



68

4.3.3 Going in for Base Residential Camp (BRCs) concept

There is a growing feeling that residential population should be

discouraged at Tirumala. This includes local populace at Balajinagar

and other areas as well as the 3800 odd cottages and scores of guest

houses. Instead some transit dormitory type accommodations could

be planned/redesigned (for pilgrims who are forced to overstay) This

facility should be combined with pilgrim nodal facilities centres

located at specified and suggested points. The rest of the area should

be made clean and green with hardy landscaping and creating a holy

and pious environment.

Instead of the above, lodging/residential facilities should be planned

and designed at three locations as mentioned below as a base-camp

with a large township spread over 150 acres at each location and

ideally all residential accommodation relocated here. This residential

base camp would be integrated with the Central Facilitation Centers

(CFCs) discussed earlier in this section.

This concept together with the transit/movement proposals

implemented and dove-tailed would ensure proper pilgrim movement

as well as giving them better amenities and facilities and help in

stream-lining the pilgrim flows and facilities for them and ultimately

result in having better darshan of the Lord.



69

"Exception may however be made for VVIP movement from the

above transit system proposal as strictly as per State Protocol, viz.

having and putting a system of separate and exclusive CNG

Vehicles, parking, safety and security concerned in place"

Three locations for base camps are suggested:

1. Basecamp Cum CFC 1: Srinivasa Mangapuram

2. Basecamp Cum CFC 2: Alipiri

3. Basecamp Cum CFC 3: Dhodla mitta

At 3 locations these CFCs shall have base camps developed in the

form of planned townships catering to about 20,000 pilgrims per day

each thus taking care of around 60,000 pilgrims per day in total. All

these 3 townships shall be planned and developed with modern

layout planning with all facilities and stay and entertainment and of

course a central seva center.

All the 3 Central Facilitation Centres (Seva Centers) and the main

one at Tirumala hill top would be interlinked by LAN Computer

network.

Each and every pilgrim would have to register in any one of the

above three centers to get accreditation number and queue number.

The total area requirement per CFC is estimated to be around 50

acres. Therefore a total of 600 acres need to be identified spread

across these three locations. The calculation is done for buildings of

Stilt +9 floors with 30% ground coverage with the rest of the area left



70

for parks, parking, play grounds/recreation, public facilities and

amenities, cultural centres etc.

4.3.4 Integrated Tirumala Entry Terminal (TET) Complex

It is suggested that TTD consider and Integrated Tirumala Entry

Terminal (TET) at the main entry/exit. This TET would function as a

full fledged arrival and departure lounge and should be able to

efficiently accommodate and manage the movement of around 5000

per sons per hour per day. This would mean that at a given period

around 10,000 pilgrims total would be transiting through this terminal

per hour. It is estimated that around that the total complex would

require around 40 acres and would accommodate the following

components:

TET Complex components

i) TET Block: Main terminal, CFC for direct pilgrims, Admn Office,

Amenities Centre, CCLC: 5 acre

ii) Parking Area: 10 acres

iii) BRT/LRT Stand terminal: 5 Acres

iv) Public Plaza with fountains, trees, resting areas and

recreational space for pilgrims to relax before and after the

pilgrimage: 10 acres

v) Arts and Cultural University: 5 Acres

vi) Heritage Museum and Interpretation Centre: 5 Acres



71

Land needs to be demarcated for this purpose which would include

the transit areas, security, ancillary activities and management

offices. This would include a large central plaza, open congregation

space of around 10 acres which would be integrated with parks,

cultural centre, dissemination centres etc.

The pilgrims would be able to spend time in these areas in comfort

and the space planning would ensure that there is no congestion or

risk of disaster.

TET Location Map



72

TET Layo ut



73

4.3.5 Development of Central Logistics & Control Centre (CLCC)

It is proposed that for total coordination and management an

exclusive command and control centre including the administration of

Tirumala and TTD be located in a single block within the new TET.

This facility can be developed within the TET complex with a ground

coverage of 30% and G+3 structure of around 2.5 lakh sft with ample

parking and green space. This can accommodate 1500 workers at a

given time.

4.4 Planning for the movement of pilgrims in the future

There would be three methods of visiting the Tirumala Temple

Complex, viz,

1. Type 1: Two Tier movement: The movement would be from

Base Camps cum /CFC to TET to Tirumala and return. For

normal pilgrims the free darshanam would continue but would

depend on the queuing management system places separately

but in conjunction with the Three Tier movement. Since the

residential accommodation would be taken care of at the Base

Camps below only a minimal percentage of pilgrims would stay

back on the Hilltop within the guest houses in Tirumala area at

all thus reducing the burden on Tirumala tremendously.

Security systems would be appropriately in place.

Transportation would be through TTD operated CNG Buses or

BRT/LRT system.



74

2. Type 2: Two Tier movement Two Tier movement:

Accreditation through CFC at TET Complex followed by direct

entry into Guest House in Tirumala. This would take care of the

special visitors and VIPs. Over a period of time the

personalized vehicles would need to be discouraged to keep

the Tirumala Environment clean. Battery operated carts,

minivans would ensure that pilgrims wanting to stay on guest

houses on hilltop would be catered to efficiently. It is suggedt

that TTD develop a full fledged internal transport system to

finally stop all personalized vehicles entering into Tirumala.

Only exceptional cases/VIP vehicles would be allowed.

3. Type 3: Direct Entry/ free darshanam: For normal pilgrims the

free darshanam would continue but would depend on the

queuing system in conjunction with the other two systems.

These pilgrims would need to be checked physically for security

considerations and entry would be through the TET for

regulation and management purposes. . The mode of transport

would be through foot from Alipiri as well as Srivari Mettu which

needs to be improved and popularised and the other through

the proposed mass transit light rail system so that the flow of of

large number of pilgrims can be catered to and tackled. For this

a separate and full fledged state of art security system and

establishment would be needed.



75

However the tremendous challenge of handling about 4 lakh pilgrims

during Brahmotsavams and other social occasions at Tirumala would

need to be addressed in the Master Plan like having galleries around

the temple complex after the 4 Mada Streets, and the present

successful management measures employed by TTD of pilgrim

management during such occasions.

4.4.1 Making changes of separate entry and exit at temple

Complex

Central to the success of any change in the pilgrim darshan

management system is making certain basic changes in the main

temple complex, viz.,

(a) the Agama Shastras and the temple religious committee allowing

separate entry and separate exit to and from the Temple complex in

the interest of effective movement, safety and security;

(b) The Agama Shastras/Temple religious committee allowing

systems/equipment like “Walkalators or ‘moving platforms’ or ‘gallery

viewing’ be made possible within the main mandapa in front of the

Garbha Gudi without demolition of structures but involving removal or

clearance of certain grills, railings etc. so as to make the Garbha Gudi

and Lord deity visible clearly from distance, etc;

(c ) Judicious expansion of the temple with construction of extended

mandapam and shifting of certain rituals like Kalyanams, etc. to this



76

area thus leaving the man in Garbha Gudi and mandapam fronting it

free for pilgrim darshan of the Lord deity.

4.4.2 Basic parameters for pilgrim movement in the future

But whatever the pilgrim management system TTD chooses from the

above, the following basic parameters and aspects would require

change and restructuring:-

(a) Regulating and chanellising pilgrim movement at Renigunta and

Tirupati

(b) From these two main entry points, registering and transporting

pilgrims by CNG operated buses or Light Rail Train system

suggested;

(c) However, if TTD wants to continue with the present system of

buses then these buses may be modified version like CNG fuel-

based or electric trolley type guided bus system. This would

necessitate APSRTC to develop bus terminals at the 3 centers

and deploy only CNG buses. Plying of private vehicles to and

from Tirumala may be restricted and only essential staff and

goods vehicles and VVIP vehicles be only allowed.

This Plan would not touch or affect the VIP Darshan system or

movement, excepting that once the restructuring and total

computerization system is in place, this restructured system can also

take account of VIPs and their movement-whether from the Airport or

rail or road-they will have to register in one of the points or one of the

three proposed Central Facilitation Centers.



77

The above restructuring and change would call for:

(a) decentralized planning of facilities and amenities (off Tirumala)

(b) an integrated system of mass transportation which is pilgrim-

centric and exclusively under the operation, management and

control of TTD;

(c) devising and putting in place a total computerised pilgrim

accountability and management system that

enumerates/registers the pilgrims, gives options and allots slots

for darshan, gives options and program schedule and how to

go about it;

(d) Change in the working of TTD with a separate management-

oriented force to cater to ( c) above;

(e) restructuring of the areas in the Central Core and surrounding 6

zones of Tirumala since the above restructuring measures and

system would result a drastic reduction in over-crowding ,etc at

Tirumala and usage of the existing structures and facilities by

pilgrims

4.4.3 Proposal of management of pilgrim movement

Once the pilgrim arrives by LRT/BRTS Route1 (Srinivasa

Mangapuram Line) or 2(Renigunta Line), he gets down at the ‘Q’

Complex. He then checks into the ‘Q’ Complex No 1. Both the 2 ‘Q’

Complexes would be a modified activity center which has a special

type and design of ‘WALKALATOR’ with compartments (taking care

of safety, seating for the aged/old and infirm, etc.) and moving along



78

a specified path that takes pilgrims right up to the sanctum sanctorum

(Garbha Gudi) of Lord Balaji. The speed and the time of darshan is

again computer-controlled depending upon the number of pilgrims

and surge. Instead of taking the pilgrims inside the Garbha Gudi ,

they will have the deity’s darshan from the doorstep of Garbha Gudi

for atleast a few minutes. Also depending upon the rush, 2

walkalators moving parallelly can also be planned and operated. The

exit route would not be through the main entrance, but through the

North exit (Vaikunta dwaram) and return back at ‘Q’ Complex No.2. If

this exit route is not foud suitable, the the second alternative is from

‘Ramulavari Meda and Vishwaksena Temple on the

North.Alternatively, separate entry and exit point for the Walkalators

may be devised at the present “Vendivakili” near the

Dhwajasthambam area. This would function as ‘Netradwarams’

T. T. Devasthanam’s conventional, defensive, problem solving

approach of providing and maintaining transport, accommodation and

facility for Darsanam by long queues needs basic changes. After

examining all the aspects relating to pilgrim movement throughout the

year it is observed that there is a need of integrated program in place

of fragmented one so that the pilgrims can be guided, motivated and

their movements can be better oriented to achieve best possible

management. There are definite limitations of time in proportion to the

pilgrims seeking darsanam The time factor varies in relation to

calendar, rituals / Pujas / and temple maintenance. The Puja & ritual



79

needs are, calendar and time based. The pilgrim flow management

has dynamic character and cannot be programmed as constant flow

or flow of a regular acceleration or of a problem of defined variables.

Inverse proportion: The time available for darshanam reduces as

the religious programs per day increases. ln critical period which has

religious importance the number of pilgrims increases at the same

time the available time for darshanam decreases. Thus the problem

increases in almost geometrical progression and results

unmanageable precipitation of problem leading to failure of system.

Long queues accommodation and comforts provided to pilgrims in

queue cannot be considered as efficiency of management ,lt is a

temporary relief at cost of the pilgrims and unnecessary load on the

infrastructure and at the same time the continuity of problem and

chances of precipitation remains unsolved. The T. T. D. should look

forward on making a dynamic computer operated management

program to bring down the queue length and waiting period for

Darshanam after entering the temple complex.

4.4.5 Computerized Integrated Program for Pilgrim Movement

and Darshan Management system (PMDM)

Scope

The program should be able to manage the following:

(i) Registration and classification of pilgrims / tourists,



80

(ii) Allotment of Accommodation to pilgrims at Tirumala and

Tirupati,

(iii) Link transport through and between Tirupati and Tirumala. ,

(iv) Booking for all Pujas.

(v) Management of Darshanam Facilities.

(vi) Alert and high light the critical occasions.

(vii) Emergency and disaster management.

Objectives

The objectives of the program should:

(i) Guided movement of pilgrims to:

Eliminate Uncertainty, insecurity feeling of the pilgrims.

Full utilization of the valuable time of the pilgrims,

Create rational sequence and order of movement.

(ii) Provide information to Pilgrims for advance planning of their

program

(iii) Make advance booking of total program of pilgrims.

(iv) Make Optimum utilization of the facilities and infra structure,

(v) Co- ordinate all the departments and human resource,

(vi) Optimum and planned utilization of Human resource in 24

hours management,

(vii) Optimum and planned utilization of Human resource in relation

to the annual calendar including their leave, holidays, overtime,

relieve etc.

(viii) Future Planning: Daily, Weekly, Monthly and annual,



81

Timely alert the authorities by alarming in case of

emergencies,

Assessment and advance information of the chain of actions

and reactions

Operational System

The Program should be operational at LAN covering the different

points of pilgrim reception and heads of departments in integrated

manner. The data input system should be with minimum possible

discretion of the operator.

(i) It should be open and dynamic for logical decisions for additions

and alterations

(ii) It should be able to alert in advance for critical point in each and

every department.

(iii) It should be able to monitor and forecast the preparations level

required at every point of facility service, and control.

(iv) It should have facility to adjust in case of disaster.

(v) It should be able to coordinate between various departments,

Database of Program

The program can be made based on following data:

(i) Pilgrims statistical input including projections:

Mode of travel,

Quantitative analysis in relation to calendar and religious

programs,



82

Projections. Daily, weekly, monthly, special occasions up to

2021

Attitude of pilgrims and their sociocultural needs and their

influence

Affordable finances, and time

(ii) Temple

Religious program & Puja Schedules,

Rituals,

Capacity to hold pilgrims for Darshanams and different Pujas,

Temple maintenance,

Religious limitations

(iii) Lodging boarding accommodation at

Tirumala

At base town Tirupati,

For marriages,

Private registered with Devastanam.



83

4.5 Tirumala-Tirupati Integrated Development Plan

Over a period of time, the dynamics of spatial development at

Tirumala would change. Emphasis would therefore be on making it

lush green with vast expanses of open landscaping with pristine

environment, spiritual and sacred place feeling with more

landscaping, greenery giving the image of ‘a temple in lush green

gardens environment’; call for adaptive reuse and retrofitting of

existing buildings and structures for religious, cultural activities and

pursuits, etc.

Tirupati town should be perceived as a transit point. To reach

Tirumala and Tirumala need not be seen to accommodate the

increasing population of the pilgrims

4.5.1 Connectivity to Tirumala

To facilitate effective movement to and fro Tirumala, a Light Rail Train

System/Bus Based System under the exclusive operation,

management and control of TTD is proposed. This will have two

separate routes (and not along the existing 2 ghat roads), viz., Route

1- from Srinivasa Mangapuram from the direction of Sri Vari Mettu to

TBC point and beyond; and the Route 2 from Renigunta Railway

Station via Dhodlamitta Junction and valley to reach Papanasanam

Road and beyond though Tirumala.

This Light Rail Train System/Bus Based System would have an

extended network within Tirupati town and interconnecting the 3 CFC

cum BRCs in such a way that this could be used as local



84

transportation within Tirupati and surroundings (with a separate

ticketing system for this). This LRTS interconnection would also

facilitate management of the 3 CFC cum BRCs (if one gets filled then

the pilgrims could be transported to others, etc)



85

4.6 Tirumala Master Plan a boon for the local economy

There may be hesitation initially from local residents of Tirupati

apprehending adverse impact on their economy by this restructured

system-especially there could be opposition from local tour and

vehicle operators whose livelihood may be affected by the above-

mentioned Tirumala LRT/BRTS.

The system should be developed in sync with the overall

development of Tirupati town. The awareness campaign by TTD

should ensure that the medium and long term benefits to all residents

of Tirupati should be publicized properly.

As an efficient system would lead to more economic development

and actually assist the local economy. It is clear that the base camps

would also just suffice to the increasing popularity of Tirumala.

There will still be large potential for local hoteliers, tour operators,

retails business persons to grow along with this.

The restructured pilgrim movement plan would have a ‘spread effect’

and ‘diversification effect’ on Tirupati, since for most part of the

pilgrims’ sojourn to Tirumala darshan, a large part of time will be

spent in Tirupati. This would give rise to increased supporting trade

and commerce entertainment and recreation needs. etc.

For those affected directly and adversely by the physical

development suitable rehabilitation measures may be undertaken by



86

TTD along with TUDA/TMC and GoAP by way of alternative

employment in each of the 6 centres/townships can be thought of.

4.7 Tirupati-Tirumala Tourism Circuit

The above mentioned proposals taking a regional development

approach should include an integrated tourism development plan to

facilitate the movement and visit of pilgrims/tourists to various other

places of importance for the pilgrims.

This would have a positive spin-off in the overall economy and the

benefits would percolate to the local population at large. This can be

taken up by APTDC as a full-fledged separate plan and projects.



87

CHAPTER 5 SRIVARI MASTER

PLAN

5.1 Planning at Tirumala Hill-top

The pilgrim movement and darshan restructuring system’s greater

portion of success would depend upon the changes that would be

necessitated at Tirumala for ensuring a smooth and hassle-free

darshan for the common pilgrim. Before one discusses this in detail,

one basic thing is compulsorily required at Tirumala Temple, viz.

having a separate entry and exit within the temple in the interest of

effective pilgrim movement and above all the increasing safety and

security threat. As mentioned earlier in this report, it is suggested that

TTD consider and Integrated Tirumala Entry Terminal (TET) at the

main entry/exit. This TET would function as a full fledged arrival and

departure lounge and should be able to efficiently accommodate and

manage the movement of around 5000 per sons per hour per day.

This would mean that at a given period around 10,000 pilgrims total

would be transiting through this terminal per hour. It is estimated that

around 50 acres of land needs to be demarcated for this purpose

which would include the transit areas, security, ancillary activities and

management offices. This would include a large central plaza, open

congregation space of around 20 acres which would be integrated

with parks, cultural centre, dissemination centres etc.



88



risk of disaster.

5.2 Broad Zoning Plan for Tirumala

The Zoning of Tirumala Complex is suggested of dividing Tirumala

Complex into 7 distinct zones with distinct road boundaries which

would not only help in the regulation of activities, land uses and

allocation of lands/plots, etc., but also help the TTD management in

regulating and help the pilgrims in identifying the areas, evolving

signages, etc.

The 7 Zones are suggested as follows:

(i) Zone 1: The Core Area, i.e., the Temple and its immediate

surrounding proper, the Koneru, main Mandapam, etc. The

zone is the central area of Tirumala which is bounded by a well-

defined inner circular road consisting of nothing else but the

temple proper, main mandapams, and vast vistas, open

mandapams, landscaped areas and spaces for pilgrim

congregation for darshans, festivals and major religious events-

All other activities like existing shopping complex, kalyan katta,

Mathas, Ram Bagicha Guest house would be relocated from

here to other zones.



89

(ii) Zone 2: The Pilgrim Amenities Zone: upto the

proposed/designated Ring Road

(which shall house all pilgrim facilities excluding

dormitories/open mandapas, relocation of Kalyan Katta,

Shopping Complex, etc

(iii) Zone 3: Pilgrim (M) Residential Zone: The Southern portion

of Zone 1 i.e., the Toll Gate/entrance to Tirumala and other

middle order accommodation areas

(iv) Zone 4: Pilgrim (H) Residential Zone: The immediate West

of Zone 3 and housing all VIP accommodation areas

(v) Zone 5: Recreational & Environmental Zone: The

recreational area, and the environmentally conservation area

including the Alwar tank, Narayangiri Gardens, Valley, etc

(vi) Zone 6:The institutional and Cultural Zone - North of Zone 5

and west of Zone 1 housing all the Museums, Cultural centers,

Mathas, Veda Patshala, etc.

(vii) Zone 7: The Utilities Zone: covering the Gas plant, SWD

area, Pumping/water supply areas, crushing Mill unit, etc.



90



91

5.3 The Core Area (Temple Complex Area)

Relocation of activities in and around main temple complex

(i) Kitchen area presently located within main temple complex on

the south-east corner – can it be shifted out ? – one option is to

relocate the entire kitchen and laddu counter/Prasad in the

Hajiram Mutt area (taking over of this area by TTD) but without

demolition of the existing buildings, making use of the buildings

for kitchen –adaptive reuse. OR if this is not feasible, going in

for Option at para 3 below.

(ii) Need for a separate EXIT GATE within the temple complex so

that the huge hordes of pilgrim movement could be distributed.

This includes the prasadam area and opening in the North wall

in the North-east quadrant of the temple complex.

(iii) The open area of North-west quadrant may be utilized for

stoarage of foodgrain/food articles/ kitchen complex and laddu

and prasadam area

(iv) Construct a separate mandapam for Kalyanam and other

rituals/poojas on west quadrant in such a way ( a pillared hall)

so as to seamlessly extend the main temple complex without

feeling it to be an annexe, and with a suitable corridor entry by

increasing the praganam for such pilgrims-who would then join

the main queue of Lord darshan on the western wall).



92

(v) The area in between (3) above and Konneru STP area could be

planned for priests resting quarters and balance area suitable

landscaped.

(vi) The area in between the semi-circular Q Complexes could be

designed as Museum depicting the themes of

Vaibhavam/Puranas/Dashavatar with sound and light

shows/sculptures and separately screening of documentaries,

movies, etc. With entrance from the Q Complex for the benefit

of the pilgrims who spend long time in the Q Complex.

(vii) All the new additions and extensions should be totally in

consultation with agama shastra pundits and vaastu shastra

pundits and the structures should not dominate but blend and

be in harmony with the main temple complex.

(viii) The other areas outside the temple complex and outside they 4

Mada streets (which also need to be widened suitably to 80 ft

west road and south while the north and east ones could be

made to 100 ft respectively.) could be redesigned by having

open galleries like open auditorium for usage at the time of

Brahmavatsoms and other procession occasions which attract

large congregation of pilgrims/public.

(ix) A Zoning development plan need to be evolved for an area of

500 meters outside the proposed Ring Road and developed

strictly as green buffer/thick avenue plantation. Only beyond the

500 green belt, should other activities planned and designed in



93

harmony with the surroundings with alteast 50% of the ground

coverage as greenery/vegetation.

(x) The area in front of main temple complex (eastern side) till the

Rambagicha Complex , including the area covered by Hajiram

Mutt and adjoining structures till the westend road (if found not

feasible for (1) above) should be suitably landscaped with open

seating arrangements/benches and greenery/ fountains/

sculptures Existing structures like asthana Mandapam, etc be

retained and adapted to the main landscaped park.

(xi) The main entrance to the temple complex between the above –

mentioned landscaped park and Rambagicha Complex be

further developed as an 100 ft walkway with good landscaping

and sculptures.

(xii) The Annadanam Complex may be retained while the other

existing structures like Kalyankatta Complex be relocated

outside the Ring Road within the proposed main seva complex

as well decentralised in the suggested nodal seva centres

along the proposed Ring Road.

(xiii) The main bus terminus located in the west would be required to

be relocated outside the proposed Ring Road since the

objective is to make the inner core area of Tirumala vehicular

traffic-free. This would help structure vehicular traffic movement

along the proposed Ring Road.

(xiv) The Inner Circular Road may be suitably developed with

avenue plantation along both sides, with a 30 ft. wide footpath



94

for pilgrims and developed with suitable street furniture. The

footpath should be properly integrated with (a) the Q

Complexes (b) nodal amenities centres (c) tramway/guided bus

system stations/stops (d) parking lots

5.4 Activity Nodes

At 10 Points/Junctions, Nodal Amenities enters are proposed. These

would be a one-stop destination for pilgrims with all amenities and

facilities including Enquiry Office, Rooms/ Accommodation booking

office, Dormitory facility, room type accommodation, parking,

interchange point for battery-operated vehicles(for to & fro inner area

of temple precinct), internet kiosks, shopping center, ATMs, Toilet

block, etc.

The 10 Nodal Centers located along the Periphery Road are: (1)

adjoining HVDC Enquiry Office (2) Ashwini Hospital Junction (3)

Sanku Mitta junction (4) near Ananda Alwar Thota junction (5) Opp.

Q Complex II (6) near Mysore Choultry (7) near Officers ‘A’Type

Quarters Junction (8) Near Type ‘B’ Quarters (9) Near police

Quarters (10) Near Panchajanyam Guest House .

The respective 10 Station halts would be developed integrated with

these Nodal centers inside the North and South Zone precincts. Thus

a total of 22 Nodal centers would be developed integrating it with the

pedestrian movement system.



95

The locations of the said Nodal centres at above-mentioned junction

points shall be undertaken preferably in nearest vacant sites. In few

places, existing buildings would need to adapted for this purpose with

additions and alterations as necessary.



96



97

5.5 Transportation & Circulation Plan

A transport-led solution for structuring the to and fro pilgrim

movement in Tirumala is suggested. The proposals consist of (a)

structuring pilgrim movement within Tirumala and (b) structuring

Pilgrim movement to and from Tirumala.

Structuring pilgrim movement within Tirumala

The proposals consists the following strategies:

(i) Limiting the motorized vehicular movement along the proposed

Ring Road of 30 meters (100 ft.) width and a central Arterial

Road of 24 m (80 ft.) which divides Tirumala into North Zone

(Temple Precinct) and South Zone (Residential and Pilgrim

Amenities/Facilities Zone) respectively.

(ii) In view of the sheer number of pilgrims visiting Tirumala there is

a need for developing a mass transit system both within Tirumala

(to chanellise the mass movement in the temple town) as well as

in and around Tirupati and Renigunta – the two main entry routes

to Tirumala.

In the past various options were suggested and one of these was the

Ropeway Project. However, due to its limitation of speed and volume,

it cannot considered as additional mass transport system, Hence it

may not have considerable impact on the modal distribution and in all

cases the mass transport system will be preferred.



98

(i) A mass transit system either a Light Rail Transit System or

alternatively a high capacity guided Bus Transit System on

Tirumala hill-top (which would be a double track narrow

gauge rail for a two-way direction operations; alternatively

the guided bus transit system with a 300 bus capacity) to

take care of pilgrims’ transit within the main activities areas

at Tirumala.

(ii) A Pedestrian movement pattern and facilities plan for all

roads within the above-mentioned North and South Zone

and peripheral road.

From the World Wide Web (translink.com)



99

Regional Connectivity & Transport vis-a-vis Tirupati region

Tirupati Tirumala Link transport by RTC. Busses, / Taxies /

Eight Wheelers etc

Local transport facilities at Tirupati and Tirumala,

Administration:

The existing supremacy of the TTD and its executive on the

total control of the development is necessary because of the

special character of the city, The important factor of planning

and regional aspect cannot be left unconsidered.

The Tirumala need not be under TUDA but there should be

Coordination and inter dependence in planning. The

independence of TTD is required for the good management and

administrative purpose but the planning of development should

be under regional authority.

5.5.1 Tirumala Road Pattern

The main roads and ring roads are planned in coordination to

contours in harmony to topography.

The aims and objectives of future development of roads are

visualized as follows:

(i) The pedestrian traffic should be maximum.

(ii) The central area consisting of zone of Temple and religious use

and the retail shopping area should be vehicle free precinct.

(iii) The need of local vehicular traffic should be minimum.



100

(iv) The expansion of town should be to keep the need of local

vehicular traffic minimum and manageable by nonpolluting public

transport modes.

(v) The mass local public transport should move on ring roads so

that the distance from any point to the bus stop will be walkable

(vi) Retain the harmony of road pattern with topography.

(vii) Retain the hierarchy of zones,

(viii) Enough parking should be provided all round the vehicle free

precinct.

Revised alignment of 30 m (100 ft.) Peripheral Road within

Tirumala

The revised alignment is shorter, consisting of strengthening the

existing roads and construction of only about 2.4 km of new

formation. This peripheral road is suggested to contain the vehicular

traffic movement within Tirumala for the purpose of safety, traffic

control, pilgrim movement control and above-all enhancing the

environment at Tirumala.

Total length: 4.48 km.

Existing roads strengthening: 2.48 km.

Proposed new links: 2. 4 km.

The alignment suggested is as follows: (Clock-wise direction)

Point-A: Starting from Point (A) along the Tirupati-Tirumala main road

which is about 500 meters before the main Toll Gate Arch.Takes left

– new formation till Sannidhanam Guest House Complex to join the



101

outer-most semi-circular road of Garudadadri Nagar.Then alignment

follows the semi-circular road till HVDC Enquiry Building-then goes

parallel to 2nd semi-circular road (this is a new formation) till point

before junction of 2nd semi-circular road.

From here it follows existing Annamayya Bhavan road and goes

towards Ashwini Hospital Junction. From Ashiwini Hospital Junction it

goes left along existing road via Vishnu Nilayam and Sri Lakshmi

Nilayam. Here after Sri Lakshmi Nilayam, the alignment is slightly

smoothened and goes by side of Sriniketan and side of Balaji Guest

House to intercept the Sanku Mitta Road and goes along existing

road going to Anand Alwar Tank Junction and from there all-along the

existing road via Q-Complex, S V Museum, Sringeri Shankar Math,

Mysore Choultry, Khasi math, Vijaya Bank, Officers Quarters ‘A’ type,

Varahaswamy Guest House II till Papanasanam Road Junction.

-From Papanasanam Road Junction new alignment is proposed via

South of GG Dham Treatment Plant and theh takinga south direction

curve and passing outside Type ‘B’ and Type ‘D’ Quarters to join

existing road near S V High School at Point E.

-From Point E again a new alignment passing in between Police

Quarters and Balaji Nagar and then going east of Kausthambam

Guest House and again straight down adjoining ‘F’ Type Quarters till

Point ‘G’.

From Point ‘G’ the alignment goes along the foothills towards west to

meet the point adjoining APSRTC Tirumala Bus depot and then

straight down to meet near Petrol Pump and then to Toll Gate Circle



102

and the existing Tirupati-Tirumala Road and to the starting Point

‘A’(before the Ghat road).



103

5.5.2 Hierarchy of Road Pattern

(i) The Roads reaching Main Bus stand from Tirupati (Ghat Roads)

will have status of State High Way.

(ii) The ring road (carrying Public Transport as well as local vehicular

traffic) will be arterial road.

(iii) All roads connection the main arterial road to the internal streets

of the residential area will be main roads.

(iv) Streets will be connecting the main roads with each building

(i) Peripheral Road: Consisting of 2 lanes divided carriage way on

either side, pedestrian walkways of 9 ft on either end sides, 8

ft. green strip between pedestrian walkway and parking lanes,

Parking lanes (kerb-side parking) of 9 ft. on either side.



104

All existing roads within/ inside the peripheral road will have the

following cross-sections:

(a) Central Arterial Road of 24 m (80 ft.)



105

(b) Main Roads: 60 ft wide roads

With 30 ft. pedestrian way and space for a 2-lane battery operated

vehicle and a 7 feet greenery in between the pedestrian walkway and

the Battery operated vehicle lanes.



106

(c) Local roads 1: 40 ft. wide roads

With a 20 ft. Pedestrian walkway and 20 ft Battery operated lanes



107

(d) Local roads 2: 30 ft. wide roads




108

(e) 20 ft. wide streets




109

However, till such time the Western and Eastern part of the proposed

Peripheral Road is formed and completed, the movement restriction

of vehicles inside the North Zone Precinct may be confined to the

existing Tirupati –Tirumala main road connecting the Papanasanam

Road on the East and North, and the above-mentioned Arterial Road

from Garuda Circle connecting Sanku Mitta road on West. In other

words, the pedestrian zone may be presently confined to the temple

precinct bounded by Tirupati-Tirumala Road on west, Garuda Circle-

Sanku Mitta Road arterial road on south. Existing peripheral road

stretch on North and west respectively.

5.5.3 The pedestrian traffic

Area all round the temple, Commercial retail shopping near Kalyan

Katta is made vehicle free. Pilgrims will be able to reach temple and

the central commercial area on foot from any point within the inner

circle. Each and every corner of the town will be within walkable

distance from Public Transport System.



110

5.5.4 The Public Transport System Route

It is suggested that a series of measures be undertaken to ensure

efficient and effective mass transit systems keeping in view the

current and future needs of the pilgrims at Tirumala.

External Connectivity

Two major routes are suggested for road as well as rail based

approach to Tirumala

(i) The LRTS/Guided Bus System should be extended from

Srinivas Mangapuram till Alimellu Mangapuram at Tirchanur

through a straight alignment through outskirts of Tirupati along

the existing main road.

(ii) From Tiruchanur, the LRTS/Guided Bus System should be

extended to Alipiri via main Tirupati city i.e., south point of

Tirupati Railway station in Tirupati.

For implementation, operation and maintenance of the above LRTS

/Guided Bus Transit System Project, a separate SPV would be

required to be constituted with TTD, APSRTC and the LRTS/Guided

bus operator as equal partners.

Light Rail Transit System / Guided Bus Transit System

These shall consist of narrow-guage (similar to one in operation in

Ooty) along 2 routes (alternatively a guided bus transit system) , viz.,

Srinivasa Mangapuram to Tirumala Route (via Sri vari Mettu ) and



111

Renigunta –Tirumala route (via Dhodlamitta and valley to

Papanasanam road)

The LRTS RoW shall be 9 m (30 ft.) –for enabling the 2 tracks in, one

in each direction, with station halts spaced at 300 meters apart. The

coaches shall be semi-open type to facilitate quick ingress and

egress with ample luggage storage etc. In case of guided bus transit

system, it shall be special buses with mainly standing type with a

capacity of 300 per bus.

Operational speed 40-50 km per hour and frequency of 5 mnts at

peak hours and 15 minutes at non-peak hours.

The light rail train/Guided Bus system should be one well-designed

and managed circulation circuit. This would do a whole lot of good to

the main town of Tirupati and it’s economy too (by way of contribution

of share of revenue to the civic body and TUDA by TTD since it

impacts this town.

Even the initial capital cost is heavy it is still worth it and justifies the

volumes of passengers ridership.

Internal transportation

Vehicular traffic movement should not be allowed within/inside the

entire Peripheral road except along the identified east-West Arterial

road connecting Balajinagar, Garuda Circle, Lepakshi Museum,

Coffee Board Canteen, SNC and Sanku Mita Road.

Inside the peripheral road i.e., in North and South Zone Precincts,

movement will be restricted through the following means:



112

(a) Pollution free public transport buses will run in clockwise and anti

clock wise direction continuously touching all important places

and areas along the peripheral road.

(b) Battery-operated 8-seater vehicles which would be available at

specified points including the 10 Nodal Amenities complex

(c) Pedestrian Walkways: Wide footpaths are proposed on one side

of the roads/streets to cater to the large number of walkers. The

smaller footpath on the other side is proposed as a infrastructure

corridor and to provide buffer to the buildings.

5.5.5 Eco-friendly transportation

It is suggested that all technologies of eco friendly

transportation including battery buses, electricity based

LRT/BRT be explored and implemented setting the tone for

long term sustainability and energy saving is done.

5.5.6 Parking

(i) All round the vehicle free central precinct will are provided with

sufficient parking place.

(ii) Parking spaces will be provided near all public building such as

central reception office at TET, Bus stand, etc.

(iii) Within residential area off street parking will be available.



113

5.5.7 Traffic regulation and Pilgrim Guidance:

To regulate the traffic and guide pilgrims there shall be Traffic warden

volunteers posted at:

every LRTS Station Halt

Nodal facilities centers

All parking areas of battery-operated vehicles

in front of specified Buildings

5.6 Overall Urban design treatment and landscaping of North

and South precincts:

(i) Pedestrianising the inner roads with walkways would give an

opportunity of enhancing the greenery by way of avenue tree

plantations, greening the interstitial spaces with lawns and

flowering shrubs in front of every institute premises. Maintaining

the greenery would enhance the quality of environment of

Tirumala. Along all the pedestrian Walkways and Peripheral

road, avenue plantation shall be undertaken with shade-giving

tree canopy for pilgrim comfort. Around each tree, circular bench

for rest would be constructed.

(ii) Each and every compound housing the various buildings shall

be planned with trees at the rate of one tree for every 50 sqm of

open area so as to transform Tirumala into a natural, green

environment.

The Northern Precinct would require appropriate urban design

interventions to enhance the monumental quality of the temple



114

area and surroundings by way of trees, gardens, fountains,

statues of religious significance, etc.

(iii) Making the main temple premises more tuned to free flow of

pilgrims, viz. by having a separate exit gate (at the rear or on the

north using the Vaikunat dwaram or the Ramulawari Meda or

separate entry and exit point for walkaltors at the Vendivakili

point) so that the main entrance gate and mandapam do not get

clogged; relocation of the laddu and free prasadam area within

the Temple complex towards the rear side; relocating the hundi

counting area, kalyanam function and all such similar functions

relocated elsewhere, etc.

(iv) Creation of a larger temple complex with larger perimeter of

walls, keeping the main temple central and core to this larger

complex around the main temple which should be very spacious,

have large areas for circulation, good landscaping, and based on

agama shastras and vaasthu sastras, wherein in future certain

activities as well as pilgrim darshan movement could be better

reorganized. The whole new and existing complex should be as

pleasant and nice ambience (in spite of the large tide and flow of

pilgrims) as the Akshardham Complex or the Angkor Vat

Complex in Cambodia.



115

There are thus 3 basic aspects of improving the physical environment

of the temple complex :

i) Regulating the ingress and egress to Tirumala hilltop by banning

all types of motorized vehicles to Tirumala and instead design and

execute a mass transit system like Tramway/LRTS or Guided Bus

system –right from Tirupati to Tirumala as discussed earlier. This

would ease the congestion in Tirupati and ensure in streamlining

of pilgrim movement.

ii) Regulating the ingress and egress within the main temple complex

iii) Re-planning/ redesigning of the pilgrim amenities and facilities at

Tirumala

However, in the interim, TTD should regulate the vehicular

movement, viz. by -

(i) Terminating all vehicles at Alipiri (making it a transit hub

)From here making it compulsory for all including TTD staff

to use the CNG buses (to be operated by TTD-APSTRC

jointly). Strictly no private or government vehicles should be

allowed on the hilltop.

(ii) If (i) is found not logistically or operationally feasible, then

making it compulsory that all vehicles going up or down

Tirumala be using only CNG.

(iii) Terminating all vehicles outside the 100 ft wide Peripheral

road (alignment finalized and completed by TTD) and have

all transit-oriented facilities on the outer-side of this 100 ft



116

wide Peripheral road. Inside the Peripheral road, making it

pedestrainized (allowing only battery operated mini

buses/vehicles on specified roads) –making it vehicle-free

zone.

Clearing of all structures (excepting the ancient structures and

artifacts and those which are found viable for redevelopment) both

private as well public/trusts within 1 km radius of the temple complex

and redesigning to accommodate the decentralized and dispersed

functions of the main temple including the planning and designing for

the annual Brahmavotsams (wherein up to 4 lakh pilgrims congregate

per day) with an appropriate urban design elements and upholding

agama shastras and vasthu sastras. This should also factor in the

main tramway terminal if suggestion at 14 (i) and (ii) are agreed to.

On the additions and extensions of the Temple complex proper, the

following is suggested:

(i) Construction of a inner periphery wall (Prahigoda)(Square or near

square shape) with 4 Gopurams ( not very high or very imposing

than the inner temple) at cardinal points at a distance of 300 or

1000 ft. from the centre.

(ii) Inside this area could be designed all the mandapas for all rituals

and poojas of the Lord, location of the Prasadam counters/

kitchen for making ladoos and prasadams, separtae security arae

for kanuka/currency counting and depository, etc.



117

(iii) Next Prahihari wall with similar Gopurams at cardinal points may

be built at a distance of 3300 ft or about 1 km from the center.

This space between the inner and outer wall may be utilised for

Brahmaotsavams, housing all cultural activities and buildings

including museums, essential quarters of the priests, etc.

(iv) No other residential accommodation should be allowed in these

two perimeter walls. The 4 Mada Streets would accordingly be

shifted further outwards and make them more spacious and wide

of atleast 30 meters wide with provisions for gallery viewing by

devotees.

5.7 Signages and directional Boards

These shall be displayed at prominent locations at 12-15 ft height in 3

Languages (Telugu, Hindi and English) showing directions to Temple

and other prominent places in Tirumala and Bus Stands, Battery

operated vehicle stands, Nodal Amenities Centers, etc.

5.8 Heritage & Conservation.

The original image of the settlement should be strictly maintained

include the interrelation of important religious nodes such as

Temples, water bodies, and procession area. The area within and

around the temple religious procession route should be considered as

primary key sensitive area this will include area within the circle of

Mada Street and area around including Hall of Thousand pillars, Sri

Anjaneya Temple Srivari Koneru etc. The objective should be to



118

retain the visual importance and hierarchy of the structures in this

sensitive area without permitting further damage by massive new

structure of high profile and level.

The Temple, Srivari Koneru, and all round the Mada Street are the

most important places of heritage. The thousand Pillar Hall, Hatiram

Math and the other structures of have their own importance in

retaining the image of the town and hence they should be not only

protected but the surrounding development should not cause its

shadow on them. The low rise residential area all round Mada Street

is indirectly enveloping the area all round the temple by providing a

visually separation between the new development and old Structures

of hereditary importance. Mada Street has its own hereditary

importance specially related to the religious processions as part of

important rituals. lt is important to note that only during these

processions including the Ratha Yatra, Brahmotsavam and the

pilgrims and the local population gets an opportunity to make

offerings in front of the Utsav Murty of Deity which is otherwise not

permitted inside the temple. During such rituals and festivals the

Deity comes outside and becomes approachable directly hence these

processions have high sentimental values for pilgrims and local

residents also, lt is proposed that:

(i) Conservation of all such structures should be done with utmost

care

(ii) The conservation will also take in consideration the control on the

surrounding development



119

(iii) The Temple is situated in lowest level as compared to the

topography of surrounding area hence the new structures to be

constructed in future should not make negative visual impact on

the temple and the Mada street in any manner reducing its

hierarchy.

5.9 Infrastructure Services

5.9.1 Water Supply

At present the water supply become scares in summer as the

demand goes up because of increase in pilgrim population in the

end of may and at the same time the consumption to maintain the

green areas also increases, The use of water for purposes other

than drinking is to a great extent reduced and controlled by not

providing the taps inside the rooms in more than 70%

accommodation. This system appears inconvenient to pilgrims but

it also helps to a great extent in minimizing the wastage caused

due to carelessness of pilgrims. Deciding the ideal conditions of

comforts of the users is of high concern but the provisions should

also be in accordance and matching to the attitude of the users.

Nevertheless the emphasis on water supply will have to be

increased in proportion to the pilgrim population and the area of

the city but at the same time the overall objective should be to

contain the wastage and misuse. The needs are fulfilled but the

system of accessibility should be such that the pilgrims will be

motivated to use minimum water.



120

The need of water supply increase tremendously. The demand

can be fulfilled by:

(i) Utilising the existing Water bodies for non potable uses.

(ii) Increasing the water table with the help of recycling,

(iii) Reusing the water available from sewerage disposal after

treatment for gardens and development of urban forests.

(iv) Rain water harvesting and

(v) Check dams.

The Tirumala Hills has huge potential of rainwater harvesting where

by water can be collected on rooftops and stored in underground

tanks. The rainwater by natural drainage can be collected in stop

dams. The topography of the hills provides potential sites for the

collection of rainwater.

The rain harvesting and stop dams will not only provide additional

water but will also help in maintaining the water table and as well in

raising the water table.

5.9.2 Drainage

Tirumala is gifted with natural drainage system due to its topography.

Till now the natural drainage is retained but not properly exploited for

advantages. The existing system is harmonious to the topography

and has caused no damage to natural drainage system. ln future

development the planners should be extra cautious in maintaining the

harmony and exploit the topography and natural drainage. For rain



121

water harvesting the topography should be exploited instead of purely

depending on existing water bodies.

The goal of future development should be as suggested:

i) The development should not damage the natural drainage.

ii) The future development should be planned cautiously so that

available natural drainage will help in reducing the development

cost.

iii) The recycling of water can be done for meeting the shortages.

iv) The natural drainage system should be kept pollution tree.

5.9.3 Sewerage

If the pollution is to kept under control it can be done only by

sewerage system Well designed sewerage and sewerage disposal

system will not only provide a healthy and hygienic environment but

will also help in retaining the natural drainage unpolluted, The future

development should not leave any part of the settlement unconnected

with proper sewer system. The disposal should generate manure and

alternate source of energy,

The existing system of sewerage in accordance to the topography

should be followed in future development also. The decentralized

disposal system should be exploited for recycling of water and

production of manure required for agriculture and horticulture. This

system will also produce gas, which can be used as alternate source

of energy.



122

5.9.4 Solid Waste

TTD has awarded the solid waste disposal and pelletisation project to

a private firm through a bid process. This was partially implemented

but stopped during operations and abandoned since the project was

later perceived to be unviable. This aspect needs to be relooked by

TTD and the said project revived albeit in consultation with the AP

Pollution Control Board or established private companies who have

better experience in such solid waste projects. PPP can be explored

in this case.

5.10 Energy

Electricity

The demand of electricity will increase as the development area

increases and the number of users increases. The demand can be

minimized in future due to technological advancement in lighting and

ventilation. It is proposed that stress should be laid on production of

non-conventional energy. Tirumala hills as high potential of wind

tunnels for wind mills. At present already windmills are erected in

Tirumala but further sites should be identified and exploited for future.

Energy Conservation

The conservation of energy can be practiced in two ways;

By stress on Solar Passive Architecture.

By control of wastage of energy by motivation and as well as by

technological control.



123

Tirumala climate is most suitable for solar passive architecture. In

future development of infrastructure for pilgrims the built form should

be designed to get maximum advantage of natural light and

ventilation. The landscaping should be used as tool to (a) Increase

the energy conservation efficiency of built form and (b) To encourage

outdoor living

Solar Passive Architecture

The maximum pilgrim accommodation is in form of cottages. In recent

past and in present development TTD has laid stress of huge

choultries three storied for lodging. On one hand these structures

have ruined the proportion of built volume to the volume of green and

at the same time has no consideration solar passive built form. The

cottages within the heavy green plantation are most suitable,

comfortable and harmonious to the townscape. It is proposed that to

increase the density in future dwelling units should be built with part

basement, ground + One floor structure. Such cottages within the

heavy green plantation will be less dependent on artificial ventilation

and will not have visual pollution designs of all structure should be

with proper orientation and solar passive.

Control of wastage of energy

Electronic and electric devices to control the wastage of electrical

energy by pilgrims can be used at all places. These include automatic

switching off system when the lodging rooms are locked from outside.



124

Non Conventional Energy

The windmills installed for production of non-conventional electrical

energy should be further increased in number. New strategic location

should be surveyed and exploited irrespective of initial cost.lt is

observed that water heating consumes considerable electrical

energy. The heating system for pilgrims common bathing places

should be done by solar energy the big kitchen can also reduce the

consumption of electrical energy by depending on solar energy.

The hills have great potential of wind energy, which should be further

exploited by identifying the new sites for installation of windmills. The

use of solar energy should be used for water heating in pilgrims

tonsuring and bathing places, in choultries, guest houses and Kitchen

5.11 Green Buildings and Green Township

It is suggested that all buildings in Tirumala be retrofitted and

refurbished into energy efficient buildings.

This will lead to a tremendous saving of energy and also help in

sustainable development.

Pilot projects can be taken up and then scaled up.

Finally effort should be made to transform the whole of Tirumala into

a green township.



125

5.12 Health & Sanitation

Sanitation should be maintained and all precautions should be taken

to prevent spread of any contagious diseases. The emergency

services should be kept in order to meet any disaster or accident

The hospital facilities should be such that it should be able to meet

any accident and large-scale first aid facilities in case of disaster.lt

should be equipped to provide interim emergency treatment of any

nature to pilgrims and as well as to the local residents. The treatment

facilities may be kept limited to seasonal illness and short term

treatment. Specialized treatments, surgery etc, should not be

provided on hills which may result in attraction of referred cases from

outside. Such facilities should be limited for local resident population

and further facilities should be provided in Tirupati.

Overall improvement in the infrastructure systems will also ensure

proper health and sanitation conditions in Tirumala.

5.13 Education

The policy of basic policy of limiting the local resident population can

be only sustained by providing the education facilities limited to

sustainable level of the local residents. Hence sufficient facilities

accommodating children of local population up to level of secondary

education should be provided .The higher collegiate level education

will not be sustainable by the local population and may attract the



126

residents from other areas of the region. Hence residential schools

and higher education should not be permitted.

5.14 Landscape & Urban Forestry

With the status of Tirumala as a transit point, the need for future

construction of guest houses and additional accommodations should

be curbed. As a result many areas would become available for open

space and greenery and landscaping development. The future

development of Tirumala should be greenery oriented. ln this

proposed Master plan, care is taken to maintain the existing density

of the green mass and also provided new green open spaces in

proportion to the proposed area for development, The central zone

around the temple is identified as critical area for of immediate action

for improvement of greenery, which is almost without any trees.

Apart from the above, an area of about 10 acres adjoining the STP on

the north-east is identified for flower garden catering to the daily

requirement of huge quantity of flowers for the temple complex and

rituals. This should be developed and maintained by TTD taking the

help of the state Horticulture Department, and grey water from the

disposal sites be used by recycling.

Plantation for comfort of pilgrims stay and out door activities.

The comforts pilgrims stay depends mostly on the greenery and

intelligent use of urban forestry. Following aspects should be

considered while preparing detail zonal plan for the future



127

development, The movement of pedestrian pilgrims between

residence to temple area continues all Twenty-Four hours without

break, Pilgrims also spend the leisure time to relieve themselves from

the tiredness in passive and active outdoor recreation under the

shady trees and enjoying the scenic beauty of natural forest all-

around,

The tree shelters in open parks are natural relief segregated from the

heavy rush of the central area. The tree plantation all around the

residential cottages/ accommodation provides effective natural air-

conditioning eliminating the need of coolers and air conditioners

Haritha Project

The Haritha Project was launched by TTD to conserve ground water

resources and the forests on the Tirumala Hills. Developmental

activities are being taken up on a massive scale under this project by

the TTD Forest Department, based on the satellite image of the areas

provided by the State Forest Department.

Objectives

To conserve rain water and improve the ground water level

To plant about 1 crore saplings

To green 29,500 acres of forest area, belonging to TTD and the

State government, within 3 years

To protect the forests from fire

To develop the areas adjoining the important tirthas.



128

Conservation of Water

TTD has constructed several cement checkdams, contour trenches,

masonry embankments and percolation tanks to prevent the rain

water from draining off the Seshachala Hills.Eighty kilometre long

peripheral trenches have been dug from Rangampeta to Kodur.

Besides, 89 checkdams, 136 Gabrion checkdams, 3884 rock fill dams

have been built. Check dams have also been constructed on the first

and second ghat roads from Tirupati to Tirumala to prevent the

draining of water and the erosion of soil.These sustained efforts have

contributed in a substantial improvement in the ground water level. A

report given by the Department of Groundwater mentions an increase

of 3.155 million cubic metres and 6.59 million cubic metres of

recharge in groundwater in the years 2000 and 2001 respectively.

Planting of Seedlings

Over 65 lakh seedlings such as those of Red Sanders, Margosa,

Teak, Sampangi, Tamarind, Gooseberry and Blackberry have been

planted under the Haritha project. Over 40 tons of seeds of Margosa,

Tamarind and Blackberry have also been planted.

Protection from Forest Fires

To protect the forests on the hills from fires, 130 kilometre-long fire

lines have been constructed, besides 60 kilometre-long fire walls. A



129

special squad carrying walkie talkies has been appointed to report

forest fires, facilitating immediate action

Development of areas adjoining the Holy Tirthas

One of the main objectives of the Haritha Project is the development

of areas around the important tirthas on the Tirumala Hills. 20,000

saplings have been planted in the premises of

S.V. Ruia Hospital, BIRRD, SVIMS and the Ayurveda Hospital.

Avenue plantation has been carried out on the Tirupati - Renigunta

road and Tirupati - Tiruchanoor road, covering a distance of 15

kilometres.

5.15 Climatic amelioration/Climate Change

The trees will balance the excessive heat generated by:

a) Floating Population,

b) Vehicle Movements,

c) Solar radiation.

Deciduous trees will provide summer shades and deciduous vines act

as passive solar collector walls preventing excessive heat in summer

in winter the loss of their leaves will results in pleasant warming effect

of increased solar radiation. At nights tree canopies will slow down

the loss of heat from city surface providing a screen between the

cooler night air and warm surface material.

Also it suggested that the regional development plan for

Tirumala/Tirupati include a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy.



130

5.16 Water-recycling and rain water conservation

In view of the large number pilgrims and floating population, there is

water scarcity in Tirumala which becomes acute in the summer

months when the pilgrim rush is at peak. Tirumala does not have

reliable sources on it’s own and has to depend upon Papanasanam

and Kalyani Reservoirs. To augment the water supply, teher is every

need for conserving water and recycling grey water which if planned

and executed effectively could result in at least 50% water

augmentation. For this water harvesting structures within Tirumala

Complex need to be identified. As being done in other parts of the

State, Rain water harvesting pits at the rate of one for every 50 s m

site area need to be constructed for built up areas and these properly

connected to sump and pumped and used for non-drinking purposes.

Apart from these check dams and ponds need to be identified and

constructed so as to intercept and harvest every drop of water run-off

through rains or otherwise.

Natural check barriers and pits need to be constructed along all

natural drains to harvest water and use for landscape and

trees/shrubs watering purposes.

No water shall be let out of Tirumala. The sewage treatment plant

treated water should be similarly recycled for public toilets flushing

and landscape and trees/shrubs watering purposes.

For the above conservation purposes, a separate Cell would be

required to be constituted with outside expertise taken on contract

basis so as to sustain and maintain the above measures.



131

5.17 Disaster Management Plan

It may be said that it is really God’s grace that in spite of such heavy

rush especially during the festivals, no major disaster or accident has

taken place. There have been accidents especially on the Ghat

Roads but the percentage is very low. The day by day increase in the

rush may lead to accidents. The present hospital has some

arrangements to meet the emergencies. it is proposed that the

management should have special arrangements of fire fighting inside

and outside the temple. The ambulance and well-trained

medical/para medical staff should be available all 24 hrs to meet any

emergency. The TTD staff responsible to regulate and control the

pilgrims should be well trained to take preventive actions and to

contain the damage due to disasters. It is suggested that a full

fledged Disaster Management Plan be prepared for Tirumala keeping

in view the whole Tirupati region.

5.18 Monitoring and Regulation

Basing on the various proposals given and suggested pilgrim travel

movement structure, there would be necessity for integrating the

same with the darshan facilities and procedure and accounting

for/numbering these so as to have an idea of number of pilgrims

having darshan at a given point of time. Every pilgrim coming to

Tirumala need to be numbered and accounted for. For watch and

ward staff/personnel a similar system of numbering for stay and



132

darshan could be worked out. This would be helpful in regulating the

transportation requirements, accommodation requirements and

spacing the lots of pilgrims and meeting their internal transit through

LRTS (on a need based requirement apart from the stated

frequencies of trains)

It is suggested that a state of the art numbering, queuing, and

accreditation, monitoring and security system be developed

to ensure that no unpleasant situation arises due to any man

made or natural mishaps. The system should be people

friendly and conformable for all users and should add value

to the scared & bliss-full experience for the pilgrim

Transportation Facilities Enhancement

A full-fledged Monitoring and Evaluation System(M&E) be

created through a special committee of internal staff and

external experts to ensure quality standards. Achieving

world class standards and certification like ISO may be

explored seriously



133

CHAPTER 6 PROJECTISATION

OF SRI VARI MASTER PLAN

PROPOSALS 6.1 Implementation

The earlier chapters have identified key issues in planning for

Tirumala and have also highlighted the need for preparation of a long

term Master Plan for Tirumala.

However, for translating the Master Plan proposals into

implementable actions, this chapter translates the same into projects

so as to ensure tangible actions and results.

The proposals range from physical changes, improvements,

beautification, infrastructure improvement, aesthetic improvement to

improvement in the overall pilgrim management.

It is also underlined that all proposals should be as per the ‘Agama

Shastra’ and ‘Vaastu Shatra’.

6.2 Summary of Projects

A total of 38 projects (59 tasks) have been proposed and each

project is described briefly with broad estimated/projected costs.

The TTD needs to be ensure that each project is worked out in

detail as per the requirements of Tirumala and tendered out

accordingly.



134

This document is aimed at facilitating the projectised

implementation of a series of measures within the broad

framework of an integrated master plan thus enabling overall

improvement of the Tirumala. The objectives once achieved will

also assist in moving towards a sustainable Tirumala.

Projects at a glance

Project Numbers: 6.6.1 to 6.6.38

Task Numbers: 1 to 59

Time period of implementation: 18 years (2012-2030)

Total number of projects : 36 projects (58 tasks) Total

estimated cost : Rs 6000 Crores

The proposals are categorized into four major components namely:

1. Infrastructure facilities enhancement:

2. Transportation Facilities Enhancement

3. Quality of space enhancement

4. Pilgrim Movement and Darshan Management (PMDM)

improvement

A detailed list with brief description and guiding principles are

given below in this chapter. TTD needs to comprehensively review

these proposals and integrated them into one single Master Plan

Implementation initiative.

All projects need to implement in the following two steps:



135

6.3 Way Forward

The following steps are suggested for TTD to go forward.

(i) Appoint a ‘Planning and Coordination team’ consisting of

Town Planners, Architects, Engineers, Urban Designer,

Conservation Specialists.

(ii) Detailed Project Reports for each item.

(iii) Calling for tenders and getting these projects executed.

(iv) Monitoring and Evaluation Team

(v) All projects would need to the thoroughly evaluated from the

environment point of view and would be subject to requisite

environment clearance.

(vi) TTD can evaluate and decide on consolidating various

related projects/tasks into a packages for which detailed

TORs would need to be developed.

6.4 Phasing:

TTD would need to prioritize all projects as per its needs and

financial considerations

6.5 Institutional Mechanism

(i) Create a Master Plan Implementation Unit with

(ii) Consisting of a Town Planning Cell which will report to the

TTD CEO



136

6.6 Summary of Projects

Infrastructure facilities enhancement


Tirumala and Tirupati through durable, renewable and

non-polluting resources-Use of wind energy.

Objective

Harnessing wind energy resources generating at-least 20 MW

power through installation of two innovative windmills of 10 MW

each.



137

Background

This innovation can harness environmental friendly energy which is

otherwise going waste. It can also benefit by way of carbon credits as

well.

Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, clean, non-

polluting, electricity source.

Every year, wind produces only a small amount of the electricity

this country uses, but the amount is growing every year. One

reason wind farms don’t produce more electricity is that they

can only run when the wind is blowing at certain speed. In most

places with wind farms, the wind is only optimum for producing

electricity about three-fourths of the time.

Need for new renewable energy sources which can produce

maximum output, so that conventional energy resources can be

protected.

This may be taken up as a pilot project by TTD with two

windmills of 10 MW each installed at Kakulakonda and if found

successful and durable, go in for further modular expansion to

meet the power requirements in other areas as well.

If found feasible then it is suggested that use of wind generated

energy be explored for proposed LRTS/Guided Bus System

and also supplying in part for Tirupati and Renigunta towns.



138

Proposal

Innovative Wind Mill

1. Very simple, easy to erect, simple to dismantle.

2. This New innovative wind mill can be set up in continuous rows

with each row covering entire breadth of the wind farm and

subsequent rows of higher height as compared to previous row,

where as present wind mills need huge space in all direction

between two wind mills.

3. This new innovative small wind mill would have exposure of

only 30m x 30 m and can generate 63 MW of power.

4. This new innovative wind mill can be shifted easily to other wind

farm where wind is available in rotations like May to September

in one wind farm and from Nov to March in other wind farm.

5. This new innovative wind mill can generate more energy/year

as compared to present wind mills since it can be shifted to

places according to its wind situations.

6. This new innovative wind mill can expose huge surfaces to

wind, in length, breadth as well as in height, which is not

possible by present technology of Fan type wind mill (which can

generate maximum of 5 MW of energy that too at 400 ft height.

7. The present fan type wind mills cost appx. Rs. 6.5 crores to Rs.

7 crores per MW whereas this new innovative wind mill

technology costs much lower.



139

No foundations are required for new wind mill as only

floor of the size of wind mill is required for easy

maneuverability.

No automatic controls are required as everything is

ground based and everything can be controlled from

ground only.

There is no limitation in sizes as huge blades can be

exposed to utilize all available wind energy as available in

any wind farm up to height which is possible humanly.

The other feature which are far superior to present wind

mills are concerning the utilization of wind energy

available in any wind farm with respect to utilization of

total wind energy available in entire length, breadth, and

height up to which the blades can be exposed.

This innovation technology can erect all blades neck to

neck in total breadth of wind farm with each subsequent

row at more height than previous row to utilize all the wind

energy available in any wind farm subject to the

limitations of engineering capabilities available at present

with respect to the height up to which we can extract

energy.

To begin with, under this patented technology, only the

windmill will be installed. No cabling or generator set or

any other attachments will be installed with the shaft i.e.

only rotors with structure to support the shaft for



140

attachment along with floor, rail with wheels to rotate the

wind mill as per wind direction. The structure, blades,

shaft, floor with rails and wheels will cost Rs 37 lakh to

begin with. The other items can be attached once this

shows satisfactory results.

The wind speed required for present wind mills is about

40km /hour but our system will work even with 30-35 km

/hour wind speed.

Area requirements

The plot size required will be 20 ft x 20 ft for 20 ft wind mill and

100 ft x100ft for 100 ft high wind mill.

Total Area required is 20 acres.

Approximate cost

The cost of present wind mills cost around Rs 6.5 cr to Rs 7 cr

per MW but the proposed system will cost around Rs 5.5 cr to

Rs 6 cr per MW

Estimated time for completion: 3 months


Tirumala and Tirupati through durable, renewable and

non-polluting resources-Use of Solar energy.

Objective



141

Harnessing solar energy resources generating at-least 10 MW

power through installation of solar farm.

Background

This innovation can harness environmental friendly energy

which is otherwise going waste. It can also benefit by way of

carbon credits as well.

Solar energy is a completely renewable resource. This

means that even when we cannot make use of the sun’s

power because of nighttime or cloudy and stormy days, we

can always rely on the sun showing up the very next day as

a constant and consistent power source.

Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all.

Solar energy creates absolutely no pollution. This is

perhaps the most important advantage that makes solar

energy so much more practical.

Very little maintenance is required to keep solar cells

running. There are no moving parts in a solar cell, which

makes it impossible to really hurt them. Solar cells tend to

last a good long time with only an annual cleaning to worry

about.

Solar panels and solar lighting may seem quite expensive

when you first purchase it, but in the long run you will find

yourself saving quite a great deal of money.



142

Solar powered panels and products are typically extremely

easy to install. Wires, cords and power sources are not

needed at all, making this an easy prospect to employ.

Solar power technology is improving consistently over time,

as people begin to understand all of the benefits offered by

this incredible technology. As our oil reserves decline, it is

important for us to turn to alternative sources for energy.

Over the last few years solar power is also getting

affordable.

Proposal

Installation of a Solar Farm on the hill side of Tirumala of near

the foothills with least damage to the natural forests.

Area requirements: Around 50 acres. (Approximately 5 acres

per MW)

Approximate cost: It is estimated that this will cost around Rs

50 Crores.




143



144

6.6.3 Task No. 3: Development of a Comprehensive Water

Supply System for Tirumala

Objective:

To improve and upgrade the existing system and develop a

new system of water treatment and supply for Tirumala keeping

in view the current and future situation.

Proposal

With the increase in the number of pilgrims there will be an

increased pressure on the water supply system.

It is suggested that the total water supply system be revamped

keeping in view the current requirements and planned for two

alternatives.

Stage 1 work would involve preparation of DPR which would

include detailed analysis of existing system, integration with

future scenarios as per projections, proposing new systems and

quality control and management systems for the future.

Stage 2 work would involve implementation as per approved

DPR

Scenario 1: Continue with existing system in which the pilgrims

continue to increase. Total resident population on hill top

remains constant



145

Scenario 2: Plan for a decentralised management system in

which there is a slight reduction in resident population of around

50%. Number of floating pilgrims increase steadily over the

years.

Please refer development projections section of proposal for details.

Area requirements: Around 5 acres for various utilities and

facilities.

Approximate cost:

It is estimated that this will cost around Rs 100 Crores for

scenario 1 and Rs 25 Crores for Scenario 2




146



147

6.6.4 Task No. 4: Development of a Comprehensive Sewerage

System for Tirumala

Objective:


new system including treatment for Tirumala keeping in view

the current and future situation.

Proposal


increased pressure on the sewerage system.

It is suggested that the total sewerage system be revamped

keeping in view the current requirements and planned for two

alternatives.






DPR



remains constant



148



50%. Number of floating pilgrims would increase steadily over

the years.

Please refer development projections section of proposal for details.


facilities.

Approximate cost:






149



150

6.6.5 Task No. 5: Development of a Comprehensive Solid Waste

Management System for Tirumala

Objective:




Proposal


increased pressure for managing the solid waste generated.

It is suggested that the total solid waste management system

be revamped keeping in view the current requirements and

planned for two alternatives.






DPR



remains constant.





151


the years.

Please refer development projections section of proposal for

details.


facilities.

Approximate cost:




6.6.6 Task No. 6: Development of a Comprehensive Storm Water

Management System for Tirumala

Objective:




Proposal

Although storm water is not a major current problem it is

proposed that this aspects be reviewed comprehensively and

importantly the focusing on rain water harvesting and recycling.

It is suggested that the total storm water management system

be revamped keeping in view the current requirements and



152

planned for two alternatives with special emphasis on rain

water harvesting and recycling.






DPR



remains constant




the years.

Please refer development projections section of proposal for

details.


facilities, rain water pits, sumps, recycling ponds etc.

Approximate cost:

It is estimated that this will cost around Rs 5 Crores.




153

Transportation Facilities Enhancement

6.6.7 Development of Public Transport System –LRT/BRT from

Tirupati Town to Tirumala

It is suggested that a series of measures be undertaken to ensure

efficient and effective mass transit systems keeping in view the

current and future needs of the pilgrims at Tirumala.

External Connectivity

Two major routes are suggested for road as well as rail based

approach to Tirumala

(i) The LRTS/Guided Bus System should be extended from

Srinivas Mangapuram till Alimellu Mangapuram at Tirchanur

through a straight alignment through outskirts of Tirupati along

the existing main road (new highway).

(ii) From Tiruchanur, the LRTS/Guided Bus System should be

extended to Alipiri via main Tirupati city i.e., south point of

Tirupati Railway station in Tirupati.

For implementation, operation and maintenance of the above LRTS

/Guided Bus Transit System Project, a separate SPV would be

required to be constituted with TTD, APSRTC and the LRTS/Guided

bus operator as equal partners.



154

The whole project may be divided into Phase I and Phase II.

6.6.7.1 Task No. 7: Light Rail Transit System / Guided Bus

Transit System:

6.6.7.2 Task No. 8: Station and Terminal Development

These shall consist of narrow-guage (similar to one in

operation in Ooty) along 2 routes (alternatively a guided bus

transit system) , viz., Srinivasa Mangapuram to Tirumala

Route (via Sri vari Mettu ) and Renigunta –Tirumala route

(via Dhodlamitta and valley to Papanasanam road)

The LRTS RoW shall be 9 m (30 ft.) –for enabling the 2

tracks in, one in each direction, with station halts spaced at

300 meters apart. The coaches shall be semi-open type to

facilitate quick ingress and egress with ample luggage

storage etc. In case of guided bus transit system, it shall be

special buses with mainly standing type with a capacity of

300 per bus.

Operational speed 40-50 km per hour and frequency of 5

mnts at peak hours and 15 minutes at non-peak hours.

The light rail train/Guided Bus system should be one well-

designed and managed circulation circuit. This would do a

whole lot of good to the main town of Tirupati and it’s

economy too (by way of contribution of share of revenue to

the civic body and TUDA by TTD since it impacts this town.



155

Even the initial capital cost is heavy it is still worth it and

justifies the volumes of passengers ridership.

Area requirements:

Alignment Length: Total 64 kms

Phase I: 35 kms

o Route 1 : Renigunta Line: Dodhlamitta Jn to

Torumala hll top through forest area as per viable

alignment: 23 Kms

o Route 2 : Srinivas Mangapuram Line: Tirumala to

Srinivasa mangapuram along Srivari Mettu side

upto Srinivasa mangapuram Jn: 12 Kms

Phase II: 29 kms

o Extension of Route 2: Srinivas Mangapuram Jn to

Alivelu Mangapuram/Trichanur: 14 kms

o Route 3 : Dodhlamitta Chandragiri Bypass road

along Tirupati Rly Stn south side: 15 Kms

Stations within Tirumala: Total area: 20000 sqmtrs (5 Acres)

10 in nos: Area per station required is 2000 sq mtrs per

station:

Stations within Tirupati:

10 in nos: Area per station required is 2000 sq mtrs per

station:



156

Terminals/Depots/maintenance centres: Total 50 Acres

5 Acres in Tirumala Hilltop Side

20 Acres in Renigunta Side

20 Acres in Srinivas Mangapuram side

Approximate cost:

LRT: 6500 Crores

Phase I Alignment (main connectivity between Tirupati

and Tirumala): 35 kms: 3500 crores

Phase I Station and Terminal Development: 10 nos,

Estimated Cost: Rs 50 Crores.

Phase II(Extension and Integration with rest of Tirupati

City): 29 kms: 2900 crores

Phase II Station and Terminal Development: 10 nos,


BRT: 3250 Crores

Phase I Alignment (main connectivity between Tirupati

and Tirumala): 35 kms: 1750 crores

Phase I Station and Terminal Development: 10 nos,




157

Phase II(Extension and Integration with rest of Tirupati

City): 29 kms: 1450 crores

Phase II Station and Terminal Development: 10 nos,





158

6.6.8 Improving the overall connectivity to Tirumala.

6.6.8.1 Task No. 9: Development and Improvement of Srivari

Mettu

6.6.8.2 Task No. 10: Development of road connectivity between

Tirupati and Tirumala

6.6.8.3 Task No. 11: Development of road connectivity in within

Tirupati Town

6.6.8.4 Task No. 12: Development of road connectivity in the

Tirupati Region.

Approximate cost:




159

6.4.1.1



160

6.6.9 Development of internal roads (Arterial and Sub arterial) for

Tirumala

Objective

To ensure seamless circulation of traffic and pilgrims

Internal transportation

Vehicular traffic movement should not be allowed within/inside

the entire Peripheral road except along the identified east-West

Arterial road connecting Balajinagar, Garuda Circle, Lepakshi

Museum, Coffee Board Canteen, SNC and Sanku Mita Road.

Inside the peripheral road i.e., in North and South Zone

Precincts, movement will be restricted through the following

means:

(a) Pollution free public transport buses will run in clockwise

and anti clock wise direction continuously touching all important

places and areas along the peripheral road.

(b) Battery-operated 8-seater vehicles which would be

available at specified points including the 10 Nodal Amenities

complex

(c) Pedestrian Walkways: Wide footpaths are proposed on

one side of the roads/streets to cater to the large number of

walkers. The smaller footpath on the other side is proposed as

a infrastructure corridor and to provide buffer to the building.



161

6.6.9.1 Task No. 13: 100 ft wide peripheral Ring road at

Tirumala

This peripheral Ring road is suggested to contain the vehicular

traffic movement within Tirumala for the purpose of safety,

traffic control, pilgrim movement control and above-all

enhancing the environment at Tirumala.

The alignment is shorter, consisting of strengthening the

existing roads and construction of only about 2.4 km of new

formation. This peripheral road is suggested to contain the

vehicular traffic movement within Tirumala for the purpose of

safety, traffic control, pilgrim movement control and above-all

enhancing the environment at Tirumala.

Total length: 4.48 km.

Existing roads strengthening: 2.48 km.

Proposed new links: 2.4 km.

The alignment suggested is as follows: (Clock-wise direction)

Point-A: Starting from Point (A) along the Tirupati-Tirumala

main road which is about 500 meters before the main Toll Gate

Arch. Takes left – new formation till Sannidhanam Guest House

Complex to join the outer-most semi-circular road of

Garudadadri Nagar.Then alignment follows the semi-circular

road till HVDC Enquiry Building-then goes parallel to 2nd semi-

circular road (this is a new formation) till point before junction of

2nd semi-circular road.



162

From here it follows existing Annamayya Bhavan road and

goes towards Ashwini Hospital Junction. From Ashiwini

Hospital Junction it goes left along existing road via Vishnu

Nilayam and Sri Lakshmi Nilayam. Here after Sri Lakshmi

Nilayam, the alignment is slightly smoothened and goes by side

of Sriniketan and side of Balaji Guest House to intercept the

Sanku Mitta Road and goes along existing road going to

Anand Alwar Tank Junction and from there all-along the

existing road via Q-Complex, S V Museum, Sringeri Shankar

Math, Mysore Choultry, Khasi math, Vijaya Bank, Officers

Quarters ‘A’ type, Varahaswamy Guest House II till

Papanasanam Road Junction.

-From Papanasanam Road Junction new alignment is proposed

via South of GG Dham Treatment Plant and theh takinga south

direction curve and passing outside Type ‘B’ and Type ‘D’

Quarters to join existing road near S V High School at Point E.

-From Point E again a new alignment passing in between

Police Quarters and Balaji Nagar and then going east of

Kausthambam Guest House and again straight down adjoining

‘F’ Type Quarters till Point ‘G’.

From Point ‘G’ the alignment goes along the foothills towards

west to meet the point adjoining APSRTC Tirumala Bus depot

and then straight down to meet near Petrol Pump and then to

Toll Gate Circle and the existing Tirupati-Tirumala Road and to

the starting Point ‘A’(before the Ghat road).



163



164

Peripheral Road: Consisting of 2 lanes divided carriage way on either

side, pedestrian walkways of 9 ft on either end sides, 8 ft. green strip

between pedestrian walkway and parking lanes, Parking lanes (kerb-

side parking) of 9 ft. on either side.

Approximate cost:

It is estimated that this will cost around Rs 5 Crore.




165

6.6.9.2 Task No. 14: 80 ft wide Main Arterial Road at Tirumala

6.6.9.3 Task No. 15: 60 ft wide main roads at Tirumala

With 30 ft. pedestrian way and space for a 2-lane battery operated

vehicle and a 7 feet greenery in between the pedestrian walkway and

the Battery operated vehicle lanes.



166

6.6.9.4 Task No. 16: Local roads 1: 40 ft. wide roads

Objective

Vehicular movement within Tirumala may be regulated by

restriction of movement, viz. Terminating all vehicles outside

the 100 ft wide Peripheral Ring road and have all transit-

oriented facilities on the outer-side of this 100 ft wide Peripheral

ring road. Inside the Peripheral ring road, making it

pedestrainized (allowing only battery operated mini

buses/vehicles on specified roads) –making it vehicle-free

zone.

Proposal

Vehicular traffic movement will not be allowed within/inside the

entire Peripheral ring road except along the identified east-West

Arterial road connecting Balajinagar, Garuda Circle, Lepakshi

Museum, Coffee Board Canteen, SNC and Sanku Mita Road.

Inside the peripheral ring road i.e., in North and South Zone

Precincts, movement will be restricted through the following

means:

Pedestrian Walkways

The 2 LRTS Routes

Battery-operated 8-seater vehicles which would be

available at specified points including the 10 Nodal

Amenities complex



167



168

6.6.9.5 Task No. 17: Local roads 2: 30 ft. wide roads




169

6.6.9.6 Task No. 18: Internal Streets 20 ft. wide streets




170

Area requirements:

Approximate cost:


6.6.10 Development of pedestrian facilities at Tirumala

6.6.10.1 Task No. 19: Pedestrian Paths

Area all round the temple, Commercial retail shopping near Kalyan

Katta is made vehicle free. Pilgrims will be able to reach temple and

the central commercial area on foot from any point within the inner

circle. Each and every corner of the town will be within walkable

distance from Public Transport System.

6.6.10.2 Task No. 20: Pedestrian Plaza at TET

6.6.10.3 Task No. 21: Walkalators

Area requirements:

Approximate cost:




171



172

6.6.11 Development of parking facilities at Tirumala

6.6.11.1 Task No. 22: Onstreet Parking



173

6.6.12 Task No. 23: Off-street Parking/Parking Lots

(i) All round the vehicle free central precinct will are provided

with sufficient parking place.

(ii) Parking spaces will be provided near all public buildings

(iii) Central Parking Tirumala Entry Terminal (TET)-dovetailed

with TET project.

(iv) Within residential area off street parking will be available

in small lots.

Area requirements:

Approximate cost:

Estimated time for completion: months

6.6.13 Task No. 24: Design and Development of street furniture

Tirumala.

Area requirements:

Approximate cost:


6.6.14 Task No. 25: Development of Eco friendly Transportation

for Tirumala


include detailed analysis of existing system, integration with future

scenarios as per projections, proposing new systems and quality

control and management systems for the future.



174

Stage 2 work would involve implementation as per approved DPR

Quality of space enhancement

6.6.15 Task No. 26: Overall Urban Design and Aesthetics

Improvement.

Including barrier free design proposals to be integrated into the

development planning and implementation

Creation and Treatment of public spaces, Building facades, Inter-

connectivity between buildings, visitor experience, reuse and

redevelopment of existing buildings, creation of open spaces from

the existing built up fabric of Tirumala.

Approximate cost:

6.6.16 Task No. 27: Heritage and Building Conservation

Conservation of heritage buildings and precincts

.Conservation of art and culture

Approximate cost:

6.6.17 Landscape enhancement of Tirumala

6.6.17.1 Task No. 28: Zone 1 within Wall 1: 150 mtrs

6.6.17.2 Task No. 29: Zone 2 within Wall 2: 250 mtrs

6.6.17.3 Task No. 30: Other Areas



175

6.6.18 Task No. 31: Concept plan and technical report on options

for reuse of buildings at Tirumala

6.6.19 Task No. 32: Heritage Conservation and Building

preservation



176

6.6.20 Task No. 33: Heritage Museum and Gallery at Tirumala.

(Expansion of existing facility)

6.6.21 Task No. 34: Arts & Cultural University at Tirumala.

(Expansion of existing facility)

6.6.22 Task No. 35: Forest Conservation in Tirumala Hills

6.6.23 Task No. 36: Climate Change and Mitigation Study for

Tirumala Tirupati Region


Region


Region



177

Pilgrim Movement Darshan Management Improvement

6.6.26 Development of Central Facilitation Areas (CFCs)

6.6.26.1 Task No. 39: Tirupati City Central Facilitation Centre

(CFC) at Srinivasa Mangapuram.

6.6.26.2 Task No. 40: Alipiri City Central Facilitation Centre

(CFC) at: Alipiri

6.6.26.3 Task No. 41: Renigunta Town Central Facilitation

Centre at Dhodlamitta Jn


circulation network. Each CFC will be spread over an approximate

area of around 10 acres with ample parking and circulation areas,

amenities, administration offices, circulation lounge for pilgrims

ready to alight the transportation to Tirumala and also those

retuning back from the hilltop.


circulation network. These three CFCs shall have planned

townships catering to about 15,000 pilgrims per day. All these 6

townships shall be planned and developed with modern layout

planning with all facilities and stay and entertainment and of


All the three central seva centers and the main one at Tirumala hill

top would be interlinked by LAN Computer network.


above 6 centers to get accreditation number and queue number.



178

The total area requirement per CFC Complex is estimated to be

around 40 acres. Therefore a total of 600 acres need to be

identified spread across these six locations. The calculation is

done for buildings of Stilt +9 floors with 30% ground coverage with

the rest of the area left for parks, parking, play grounds/recreation,

public facilities and amenities, cultural centres etc.



179

6.6.27 Task No. 42: Development of Base Residential Camps

(BRCs)

To be integrated at three locations along with CFC at 3 locations

Three locations for base camps are suggested:

1. Basecamp Cum CFC 1: Srinivasa Mangapuram

2. Basecamp Cum CFC 2: Alipiri

3. Basecamp Cum CFC 3: Dhodla mitta

At 3 locations these CFCs shall have base camps developed in the

form of planned townships catering to about 20,000 pilgrims per day

each thus taking care of around 60,000 pilgrims per day in total. All

these 3 townships shall be planned and developed with modern

layout planning with all facilities and stay and entertainment and of




180

All the 3 Central Facilitation Centres (Seva Centers) and the main

one at Tirumala hill top would be interlinked by LAN Computer

network.


above three centers to get accreditation number and queue number.

The total area requirement per CFC is estimated to be around 50

acres. Therefore a total of 600 acres need to be identified spread

across these three locations. The calculation is done for buildings of

Stilt +9 floors with 30% ground coverage with the rest of the area left

for parks, parking, play grounds/recreation, public facilities and

amenities, cultural centres etc.

6.6.28 Development of Integrated Tirumala Entry Terminal (TET)

Complex

It is suggested that TTD consider and Integrated Tirumala Entry

Terminal (TET) at the main entry/exit. This TET would function as a

full fledged arrival and departure lounge and should be able to

efficiently accommodate and manage the movement of around 5000

per sons per hour per day. This would mean that at a given period

around 10,000 pilgrims total would be transiting through this terminal

per hour. It is estimated that around that the total complex would

require around 40 acres and would accommodate the following

components:



181

TET Complex components

vii) TET Block: Main terminal, CFC for direct pilgrims, Admn Office,

Amenities Centre, CCLC: 5 acre

viii) Parking Area: 10 acres

ix) BRT/LRT Stand terminal: 5 Acres

x) Public Plaza with fountains, trees, resting areas and

recreational space for pilgrims to relax before and after the

pilgrimage: 10 acres

xi) Arts and Cultural University: 5 Acres

xii) Heritage Museum and Interpretation Centre: 5 Acres

40 acres of land needs to be demarcated for this purpose which

would include the transit areas, security, ancillary activities and

management offices. This would include a large central plaza, open

congregation space of around 10 acres which would be integrated

with parks, cultural centre, dissemination centres etc.



risk of disaster.



182

6.6.28.1 Task No. 43: TET Block: Main terminal, CFC for direct

pilgrims, Admn Office, Amenities Centre, CCLC: 5

acre

6.6.28.2 Task No. 44: Parking Area: 10 acres

6.6.28.3 Task No. 45: BRT/LRT Stand terminal: 5 Acres

6.6.28.4 Task No. 46: Public Plaza with fountains, trees,

resting areas and recreational space for pilgrims to

relax before and after the pilgrimage: 10 acres

6.6.28.5 Task No. 47: Arts and Cultural University: 5 Acres

6.6.28.6 Task No. 48: Heritage Museum and Interpretation

Centre: 5 Acres

6.6.29 Task No. 49: Development & management of Central

Logistics & Control Centre (CLCC)

Management system for CLCC (building to be part of TET

Complex)

6.6.30 Task No. 50: Improvement of Signage and directions

6.6.31 Demarcation of Inner and Outer Zone

(Part of the Pilgrim Movement and Darshan Management Plan -

PMDM)



183

6.6.31.1 Task No. 51: Wall 1: Length 1.7 kms: Area

encompassed 39 Acres

6.6.31.2 Task No. 52: Wall 2 : 3. Kms; Area encompassed

125 Acres



184

6.6.32 Task No. 53: Development of the Outer perimeter

Boundary Fence for Tirumala Includes Reserve forest,

dam, reservoir, wind towers: length 19.5 kms Area

encompassed 6450 Acres



185

6.6.33 Task No. 54: Development of the Inner perimeter Boundary

Fence for Tirumala Hills (securing Habitable Area): length

10 kms, Area encompassed 865 Acres



186

6.6.34 Task No. 55: Development of state of the art biometric

based security and monitoring system.

6.6.35 Task No. 56: Development of state of the art queuing and

accreditation system including software and

administration, overall software development system

6.6.36 Task No. 57: Development of Monitoring and Evaluation

System for Quality Control, International benchmarks like

ISO Certification system

6.6.37 Task No. 58: Development of state of the art security

agency for Tirumala

6.6.38 Task No. 59: Development of Efficient and Effective

Awareness Campaign

for new systems to be put in place.

New Modes of travel

Assisting TTD in upkeep of spiritual and natural pristine

environment of Tirumala

Cleanliness off public travel/public transport

Security systems

srivari master plan for tirumala prepared by sista vishwanath,director (planning),hyderabad...

Documents

religious places

religious tourism

religious activities

srivarimasterplan draftreport

huge number of pilgrims

religious hill town

powerful religious destination

pilgrimage places