SQL – DDL

� CREATE

� ALTER

� DROP� Schema

� Table

� Tablespace

� Index

� View

� Domain

� Constraint

� ...

SQL DDL: CREATE SCHEMA

� CREATE SCHEMA ime-sheme

[ AUTHORIZATION ime-vlasnika-sheme]

[ CREATE TABLE iskaz {, CREATE TABLE iskaz }]|

[ CREATE VIEW iskaz {, CREATE VIEW iskaz }] |

[ CREATE INDEX iskaz {, CREATE INDEX iskaz}] |

[ GRANT iskaz {, GRANT iskaz } ]

SQL DDL: DROP SCHEMA

� DROP SCHEMA ime-sheme RESTRICT

SQL DDL: bazna tabela -CREATE TABLE

� CREATE TABLE ime-bazne-tabele

(def-kolone {, def-kolone}

[, def-prim-kljuca]

[, def-str-kljuca {, def-str.kljuca}])

[, uslov-ogranicenja {, uslov-

ogranicenja}])

[drugi-parametri]

SQL DDL: CREATE TABLE

(cont.)

� def-kolone:

ime-kolone tip-podatka

[NOT NULL[[WITH] DEFAULT [vrednost]]]

tip-podatka:

INT (32) SMALLINT (16) BIGINT (64)

DEC(p,q) (1<=p<=31, 0<=q<=p);

FLOAT(p) ili FLOAT (1<=p<=24), DOUBLE (25<=p<=53)

CHAR(m)

CHAR VARCHAR TEXT BLOB

DATE TIME

Itd.

SQL DDL: CREATE TABLE

definicija primarnog ključa

� [NOT NULL [[WITH] DEFAULT

[vrednost]]]

� PRK:

[CONSTRAINT ime] PRIMARY KEY

(ime-kolone {, ime-kolone})

� NOT NULL kolone

SQL DDL: CREATE TABLE

definicija stranog ključa

� STK:

[CONSTRAINT ime] FOREIGN KEY (

kolona {, kolona})

REFERENCES odnosna-tabela

[ON DELETE efekat]

[ON UPDATE efekat]

SQL DDL: ON DELETE efekat

� NO ACTION (podrazumevano, posle svih)

� RESTRICT(pre svih)

� SET NULL

� CASCADE

SQL DDL: ON UPDATE efekat

� NO ACTION (podrazumevano dejstvo)

� RESTRICT

SQL DDL: CREATE TABLE:

uslov ograničenja

� CONSTRAINT ime CHECK ( uslov)

� Primer:

CONSTRAINT GODTIR CHECK

(GODINA >= 1980 OR TIRAZ >=5000)

� Uslov za kolonu: uz definiciju kolone

� Primer – uz kolonu K_SIF:

CONSTRAINT BROJ_KNJIGE

CHECK (VALUE >= 'k1' AND VALUE <= 'k5001')

CREATE TABLE: primer

CREATE TABLE K

(K_SIF CHAR(5) NOT NULL,

NASLOV CHAR(50) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,

OBLAST CHAR(20),

PRIMARY KEY (K_SIF))

CREATE TABLE: primer

CREATE TABLE I

(I_SIF CHAR(6) NOT NULL,

NAZIV CHAR(20) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,

STATUS SMALLINT,

DRZAVA CHAR(20) NOT NULL WITH DEFAULT,

PRIMARY KEY (I_SIF))

CREATE TABLE: primer

CREATE TABLE KI

(K_SIF CHAR(5) NOT NULL,

I_SIF CHAR(6) NOT NULL,

IZDANJE SMALLINT NOT NULL,

GODINA SMALLINT,

TIRAZ INTEGER,

PRIMARY KEY (K_SIF, I_SIF, IZDANJE),

FOREIGN KEY (K_SIF) REFERENCES K ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT,

FOREIGN KEY (I_SIF) REFERENCES I ON DELETE CASCADE)

ALTER TABLE

� ALTER TABLE bazna-tabela

ADD ime-kolone tip-podataka [NOT NULL [[WITH]

DEFAULT [ vrednost]]]

| ADD def-prim-kljuca

| ADD def-str-kljuca

| ADD uslov-ogranicenja

| DROP def-prim-kljuca

| DROP def-str-kljuca

| DROP uslov-ogranicenja

| drugi parametri

DROP TABLE

� DROP TABLE bazna-tabela

CREATE, DROP INDEX

� CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX ime-indeksa ON

bazna-tabela

( ime-kolone [redosled] {, ime-kolone

[redosled]})

[ drugi-parametri]

� Primer:

CREATE INDEX XKIC ON KI (CENA)

� DROP INDEX ime-indeksa

CREATE, DROP VIEW

� CREATE VIEW ime-pogleda [( kolona {, kolona})]

AS puni upitni blok

[WITH CHECK OPTION]

� Primer: � CREATE VIEW JUGIZD

AS SELECT I SIF, NAZIV

FROM I

WHERE DRZAVA='Jugoslavija'

� DROP VIEW ime-pogleda

� Primer: DROP VIEW JUGIZD

SQL - 92 – DDL: CREATE

DOMAIN

� Od SQL 92:

� CREATE DOMAIN naziv-domena [AS] tip-

podataka

[ podrazumevana-definicija ]

[ lista-definicija-ogranicenja-domena ]

� DROP DOMAIN naziv-domena opcija

SQL – DDL: CREATE DOMAIN

� tip-podataka - skalarni tip, i:

BIT [VARYING] (n)

INTERVAL

DATE

TIME

TIMESTAMP.

SQL – DDL: CREATE DOMAIN

� podrazumevana-definicija :

DEFAULT podrazumevana-vrednost

� Na primer,

DEFAULT NULL

� lista-definicija-ogranicenja-domena, npr.

CREATE DOMAIN K_SIF AS CHAR(5) DEFAULT '?'

CONSTRAINT BROJ_KNJIGE

CHECK (VALUE >= 'k1' AND VALUE <= 'k5001')

SQL – DDL: CREATE DOMAIN

� Opcija pri uklanjanju domena može biti

RESTRICT ili CASCADE

� ALTER DOMAIN

� SET, DROP DEFAULT

� ADD, DROP CONSTRAINT

� Ne podržava pravu semantiku domena

CREATE TABLE: atributi nad

domenima, ON UPDATE efekatCREATE TABLE KI

(K_SIF K_SIF NOT NULL,

I_SIF I_SIF NOT NULL,

IZDANJE IZDANJE NOT NULL,

GODINA GODINA NULL,

TIRAZ TIRAZ 0,

PRIMARY KEY (K_SIF, I_SIF, IZDANJE),

FOREIGN KEY (K_SIF) REFERENCES K

ON DELETE NO ACTION

ON UPDATE NO ACTION,

FOREIGN KEY (I_SIF) REFERENCES I

ON DELETE CASCADE

ON UPDATE CASCADE,

CHECK (IZDANJE>0 AND IZDANJE<50 ))

ALTER, DROP TABLE: izmena,

uklanjanje

ALTER TABLE

DROP TABLE [RESTRICT | CASCADE] – pogled,

uslov ograničenja

Opšti uslov integriteta

� CREATE ASSERTION ime-pravila CHECK( uslov)

� DROP ASSERTION ime-pravila

� Uslov: logički izraz proizvoljne složenosti, kao u WHERE liniji, npr.

� CREATE ASSERTION KI1 CHECK

(NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM I, KI

WHERE I.STATUS < 20 AND

I.I_SIF = KI.I_SIF AND KI.TIRAZ > 5000))

CREATE SCHEMA

� CREATE SCHEMA ime-sheme

<autorizacija>

<karakterski skup> /*default karakterskog skupa sheme*/

<opis svake komponente sheme>

[ definicija-domena | definicija-tabele |

definicija-pogleda |

definicija-uslova-ogranicenja

{, definicija-domena}, {, definicija-tabele}

{, definicija-pogleda},

{, definicija-uslova-ogranicenja}

]

DROP SCHEMA

� DROP SCHEMA ime-sheme

[RESTRICT | CASCADE]

SQL DML: unošenje

INSERT INTO ime-tabele …

1. Unošenje pojedinačne vrste

2. Unošenje bloka

SQL DML: unošenje

� INSERT INTO ime-tabele [( ime-kolone

{,ime-kolone})]

VALUES ( konstanta {,konstanta})

� INSERT INTO ime-tabele [( ime-kolone

{,ime-kolone})]

puni upitni blok

SQL: unošenje pojedinačne vrste

INSERT INTO K (K_SIF, NASLOV)

VALUES (‘k7’, ‘Čarobna šuma’)

Isto:

� INSERT INTO K (K_SIF, NASLOV, OBLAST)

VALUES ('k7', ' Čarobna šuma ', NULL)

Integritet

� INSERT INTO KI (K_SIF, I_SIF, IZDANJE, TIRAZ)

VALUES ('k20', 'i20', 3, 10000) - odbijen

SQL: unošenje bloka

� CREATE TABLE IP_DRZAVA

(I_SIF CHAR(6) NOT NULL,

P_SIF CHAR(6) NOT NULL,

DRZAVA CHAR(20),

PRIMARY KEY (I_SIF,P_SIF));

INSERT INTO IP_DRZAVA

SELECT I_SIF, P_SIF, I.DRZAVA

FROM I, P

WHERE I.DRZAVA = P.DRZAVA

SQL: unošenje bloka - rezultat

SELECT *

FROM IP_DRZAVA

SQL: unošenje bloka - WITH

� CREATE TABLE IZD_BC

(NAZIV CHAR(20) NOT NULL)

� INSERT INTO IZD_BC

WITH PI AS

(SELECT DISTINCT IME, NAZIV

FROM P, I, KP, KI

WHERE P.P SIF=KP.P SIF AND KP.K SIF=KI.K SIF

AND KI.I SIF=I.I SIF)

SELECT NAZIV

FROM PI

WHERE IME='B.Copic'

SQL: ažuriranje

� UPDATE ime-tabele [ ime n-torne promenljive]

SET ime-kolone = izraz {,ime-kolone = izraz}

[ WHERE logicki-izraz ]

Na primer

UPDATE KI

SET TIRAZ = TIRAZ*1.1

WHERE i_SIF = ‘i3’

� Integritet entiteta

� Referencijalni integritet

SQL: ažuriranje - primeri

� UPDATE KI

SET I_SIF = 'i6'

WHERE I SIF = 'i4‘

odbija se

� UPDATE KI

SET TIRAZ = TIRAZ * 1.1

WHERE I_SIF IN

(SELECT I_SIF

FROM I

WHERE DRZAVA = 'Jugoslavija')

SQL: brisanje

� DELETE FROM ime-tabele [ ime n-tornepromenljive]

[ WHERE logicki-izraz ]

� Na primer

DELETE FROM KI

WHERE I_SIF = ‘i4’

� Referencijalni integritet, na primer:

� DELETE FROM I

WHERE I_SIF='i3'

SQL: Korelisani podupit u

ažuriranju i brisanju

� Na primer: Izbrisati izdavače koji izdaju

knjigu sa šifrom k3.

� DELETE FROM I

WHERE 'k3' IN

(SELECT KI.K_SIF

FROM KI

WHERE KI.I_SIF = I.I_SIF)

DODATAK:

CHARACTER -tipovi podataka

� Više kategorija karakterskih skupova

� Zavise od standarda, sistema / implementacije� Ulazni (entry) nivo ANSI SQL: skup karaktera za tip

CHARACTER definisan je implementacijom� minimum: ASCII podskup od 95 grafičkih karaktera

� Ulazni i srednji (entry, intermediate) nivo saglasnostisa FIPS (Federal Information Processing Standards)SQL zahteva podršku tipovima:

� SQL_CHARACTER: 83 ASCII karaktera - najuniverzalniji skupkarakra

� ASCII_GRAPHIC: 95 grafičkih ASCII karaktera� LATIN1: 191 grafički karakter standarda ISO 8859-1

Tipovi podataka

� ASCII_FULL: svih 256 8-bitnog ASCII, ANSI/ISO 8859-1, uključujući kontrolne karaktere

� SQL_TEXT: SQL_CHARACTER i drugi skupovi karakterapodržani implementacijom

� Npr, u FIPS:

� CREATE SCHEMA INFO_SCHEM

AUTHORIZATION "_SYSTEM"

DEFAULT CHARACTER SET SQL_TEXT

SQL 92

� Sql92: 3 kategorije karakterskih skupova

� Nacionalni ili internacionalni standardi: uINFORMATION_SCHEMA,

� Obezbeđeni implementacijom: uINFORMATION_SCHEMA

� Definisani aplikacijom: u bilo kojoj shemi koju aplikacija izabere

� SQL_TEXT: uključuje sve SQL karaktere u

svim karakterskim skupovima

SQL 92 tipovi podataka

� <data type> ::=

<character string type> [ CHARACTER SET <character set specification> ]

| <national character string type>| <bit string type>| <numeric type>

| <datetime type>

| <interval type>� <character string type> ::=

CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]| CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]

| CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>| CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

| VARCHAR <left paren> <length> <right paren>

� (Implicitni <character set specification> definisan implementacijom)

SQL 92 tipovi podataka (nast.)

� <national character string type> ::=

NATIONAL CHARACTER [ ( <length> ) ]

| NATIONAL CHAR [ ( <length> ) ]

| NCHAR [ ( <length> ) ]

| NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING ( <length> )

| NATIONAL CHAR VARYING ( <length> )

| NCHAR VARYING ( <length> )

Isto što i CHARACTER / CHAR /(length) CHARACTER SET predefinisani_skup

MySQL: karakterski skupovi

� Karakterski skupovi za:� server,

� bazu podataka,

� tabelu,

� konekciju

� Default server character set: ISO-8859-1 (Latin1)� Promena: --default-character-set=character_set_name

� Baza podataka: � CREATE DATABASE db_name [DEFAULT

CHARACTER SET character_set_name [COLLATE collation_name]]

� ALTER DATABASE db_name [DEFAULT CHARACTER SET character_set_name [COLLATE collation_name]]

MySQL: karakterski skupovi

� Tabela: � CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_list ) [DEFAULT

CHARACTER SET character_set_name [COLLATE collation_name]]

� ALTER TABLE table_name [DEFAULT CHARACTER SET character_set_name] [COLLATE collation_name]

� Kolona:� column_name {CHAR | VARCHAR | TEXT}

(column_length) [CHARACTER SET character_set_name[COLLATE collation_name]]

� Na primer,� CREATE TABLE t1 ( c1 CHAR(10) CHARACTER SET

latin1 ) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_danish_ci;

MySQL: karakterski skupovi

� Od 4.1: podrška Unicode kroz utf8 i ucs2

skupove karaktera

� Primer (ekvivalentne deklaracije):

� CHAR(10) CHARACTER SET utf8

� NATIONAL CHARACTER(10)

� NCHAR(10)

� (utf8 je predefinisani skup za NCHAR)

mysql> SHOW CHARACTER SET;� +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+

� | Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |

� +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+

� | big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |

� | dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |

� | cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |

� | hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |

� | koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |

� | latin1 | ISO 8859-1 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |

� | latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |

� | swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |

� | ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |

� | ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |

� | sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |

� | cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_bulgarian_ci | 1 |

� | hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |

� | tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |

� | euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |

� | koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |

� | gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |

� | greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |

� | cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |

� | gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |

� | latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |

� | armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |

� | utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |

� | ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |

� | cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |

� | keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |

� | macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |

� | macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |

� | cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |

� | latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |

� | cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |

� | cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |

� | binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |

� +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+