spss help and tutorials v 15 parts 1 - 4
TRANSCRIPT
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Descriptive StatisticsDescriptive Statistics
Version 15Version 15Part 1Part 1
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The Purpose of this
Workshop
To show you how to input data into SPSS
according to the data type you have
To show you how to perform statistics, and
to interpret the results of that statisticalperformance
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Agenda Data Manipulation
Select Cases
Split File
Reporting Copy and Paste into
Word
Introduction ResearchStages
Open SPSS
Creating a data file Define Variables
Enter Data
Descriptive Statistics Frequency
Crosstabs
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Wh
at isS
PSS?
Statistical
Package for
Social
Science
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What is Statistics?Statistics is a set ofMathematical
techniques used to:
summarize research data
determine whether the data supportthe researchers hypothesis
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Researc
h Stages
1. Planning and Designing
2. Data Collecting
3. Data Analyzing
4. Data Reporting
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Format of QuestionsFixed Response
Open-Ended
Response
e.g.
PROs
CONs
Easy to Enter Easy to Construct
Difficult to ConstructDifficult to Enter
Invalid Responses
What is your gender?
a. Female b. Male
What is your gender?
( _____________ )
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Improving YourSurvey
Look at this categoryWhat kind of color do you like to have for your computer?
1. Beige 2. Black 3. Gray 4. White 5.Others __________
omputer Owned * color rossta ulation
o t
1 1 2 3 7
8 1 5 10 24
2 2 1 5
11 2 9 14 36
A e
IB or o atib
o e
o ter
e
ota
beige b ack hite 5
co or
ota
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Test of SignificanceTest of Significance
Version 15Version 15
Part 2Part 2
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The Purpose of
This Works
hop
To show you how SPSS can help
you interpret the results o tained
from a sample and make
inferences a out the population.
SAMPLE POPULATION
Statistically Significant?
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Agenda
Null Hypothesis
Test of Significance
Correlations
Paired-SamplesTTest
Independent-Samples T
Test
Multiple Response Sets Frequency
Crosstabs
Data Entry
Copy and Paste
variables
Insert variables andcases
Delete variables and
cases
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A null hypothesis (H0) is a statisticalhypothesis that is tested for possiblerejection under the assumption that it istrue.
The purpose of most statistical tests isto determine if the obtained results
provide a reason to conclude hether ornot the differences are the result ofrandom chance.
Rejection of H0 leads to the alternative
hypothesis.
Null Hypoth
esis
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Research Questions
# : s there any relationship etween
academic performance and nternet
access?Hands-on: Correlation
# : s there any instructional effect
taking place?
Hands-on: Paired-Samples T Test
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# : Is there a difference in the
average numberof seedlings
gro n in the light and those gro nin the dark??
Hands-on: ndependent-Samples TTest
Research Questions
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Correlations
A correlation is a statistical device that
measures the nature and strength of a
supposed linearassociation etween twovaria les.
No Relationship
Y
X
Negative
Relationship
Y
X
Y
X
Positive Relationship
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TTests T Tests are used to test if an o served difference
etween two means is statistically significant.
Hands-onPaired-Samples T Test One Single Group (Students) with Two Varia les
(Pretest and Posttest) for each student
Hands-on
ndependent-Samples T Test Two groups of seedlings receiving different treatments
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Multiple Response Sets
Used when respondents are allowed toselect more than one answerin a singlequestion.
y running a frequency analysis, theresult provides an overall raw frequencyfor each answer.
Crossta s can also e used to examinethe relationship etween the sets andother varia les.
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Research Questions
# : Which airline was selected ashaving een flown most often in theprevious six months?
Hands-on: Frequency Analysis
# : Which airline was selected most
often y passengers who identifiedthemselves as afraid to fly?
Hands-on: Crossta s
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Version 15Version 15
Part 3Part 3
Linear RegressionLinear Regression
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The purpose of this orkshop
To sho you ho SPSS can help
you in ans ering research
questions or testinghypothesis byusingRegression.
To provide you ith step-by-step
instructions on ho to performRegression ithSPSS.
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Agenda
Simple Regression Scatter Plot
Predicting Values of
Dependant Variables PredictingThis YearsSales
Multiple
Regression Predicting Values of
Dependant Variables
PredictingThis YearsSales
Data Transformation
Computing
Reporting
Chart Editing
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What is LinearRegression?
Linear: Straight line
Regression: Finds t
he model t
hatminimizes the total variation in the
data (i.e., the best fit).
Linear
Regression: Can be dividedinto t o categories: Simple
Regression and Multiple Regression
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Dependent & Independent
Variables Variables can be classified into t o
categories: independent and dependent
variables. An independent variable is a variable that
influences the value of another variable.
Adependent variable is a variable hosevalues are influenced by another variable.
This is influence, notcause and effect.
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Simple
Regression Estimates the linear relationship bet een one
dependent (Y) and one independent (X) variable:
Linear Equation:Y = aX + b
- a: the slope of the line- b: constant (Y-intercept, here X=0)
- X: Independent Variable
- Y: Dependent Variable
Since e already kno the values ofX andY,hat e are trying to do here is to estimate a
(slope) and b (Y-intercept).
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Scatter Plot Before you perform
regression, youshould try todetermine hether a
linear relationsh
ipexists bet een t ovariables.
Scatter plot allo syou to examine the
linear nature of therelationship bet eent o variables.
If the relationshipdoes not seem to belinear, then you mayend up ith a eak
regression model.
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MultipleR
egression Estimates the coefficients of the
linear equation, involvingmore than
one independent variable.
For example, you can predict a
salespersons total annual sales (the
dependent variable) based onindependent variables such as age,
education, and years of experience.
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Multiple Regression
Linear Equation: Z =aX + bY + c
a &b: slope coefficients
c: Constant (Y-Intercept)
X &Y: Independent variables
Z: Dependent variable
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ChiChi--Square and ANOVASquare and ANOVA
Version 15Version 15
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The purpose of this workshop
To sho you ho SPSS can help you inans ering research questions or testinghypothesis by using Chi-Square and
ANOVA. To provide you ith step-by-step
instructions on ho to perform Chi-Squareand ANOVA ithSPSS.
To s
ho you
ho to import and exportdata using Microsoft Excel and Po erPoint
Ho to use scripting in SPSS
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Agenda
Chi-Square test Test for Goodness of Fit
One Way ANOVA
Post-Hoc Tests
Two-Way ANOVA
Importing/Exporting ExcelSpreadsheets
UsingScrpiting in SPSS
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Chi-Square Test
Chi-Square goodness-of-fit test:
estimates how closely an o served
distri ution matches an expected
distri ution.
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Weight Cases
Before Chi-Square is run, Weight Cases
should is used to identify the o served
values.
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With Fixed Expected Values
Research Question #1: A large hospitalschedules discharge support staff assuming
that patients leave the hospital at a fairlyconstant rate throughout the week. The
hospital administration wants to determine
whether the num er of discharges is the same
or different for each day of the week.
H0: Patients leave the hospital at a constant rate.
Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
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With Fixed Expected Values within a
Contiguous Subset of Values
Research Question #2: The hospital requestsa follow-up analysis: can staff e scheduled
assuming that patients discharged on weekdays
only (Monday through Friday) leave at a
constant daily rate?H0: Patients discharged on weekdays only
(Monday through Friday) leave at a constant
daily rate.
Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
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With Customized Expected Values
Research Question #3: A manufacturertries first-class postage for direct mailings,hoping for faster responses than with ulkmail. Order-takers record how many weeksafter the mailing each order is received.
H0: First-class and ulk mail do not result indifferent customer response times.
Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
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One Way ANOVA
ANOVA: Analysis of Variance.
One-way ANOVA can be thought of as a
generalization of th
e pooled t-test. Instead of dealingwith two populations,
we have more than two populations or
treatments.
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One Way ANOVA Hands On
Research Question #4: Four differentalloys are tested for corrosion resistance.
Five plates of the same size of each alloy
are placed underwater for days. Each
plate has the num er of corrosion pits
measured.
H0: The four alloys exhi it the same kind ofehavior and are not different from one
another.
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Post Hoc Tests
The null hypothesis in ANOVA is rejected
when there are some differences in , ,
, x
.
But, we need to know where specifically
these differences are.
This is achieved with the Post Hoc Tests.
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Research Question #5: Since the nullhypothesis has een rejected in thefirst case (proving that all the alloys do
not exhi it the same ehavior) the nextstep is to determine which of the meandifferences are significantly different?
H0: The differences in the treatmentmeans are not significant.
H0: 0 = 1 = a
Post Hoc Tests
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Two-Way ANOVA
Instead of having one independent
varia le, Two-way Analysis of Variance
procedures produce an analysis for a
quantitative dependent varia le affected
y more than one factor.
It also provides information a out how
varia les interactor com ine in the effect
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Two-Way ANOVA Hands On
Research Question #6: Students are to writetheir final exam with either a lue- ook or alaptop. In addition, students are divided into
three groups according to their typing a ility.After evaluating the final, the mean score ofdifferent groups is examined to see whethertyping a ility and testing method affect examscores.
H0:Typing a ility and test methods do not affectexam scores.
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Importing/Exporting Data
Data can e imported into SPSS from an
Excel spreadsheet
Data can e exported from SPSS to anExcel spreadsheet or to PowerPoint
slides.
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UsingScripting in SPSS
Used to capture commands that are used
repeatedly.
Can use different data files as long as thevaria les in the commands always have
the same name.