spring water geology report - university of belgrade

UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU

RUDARSKO GEOLOŠKI FAKULTET 11 000 Beograd, Đušina 7, P.P. 162

tel: (011) 3219101 faks: (011) 3235539

UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY Serbia, Belgrade, Djusina 7, www.rgf.bg.ac.yu tel: +381 11 3219101, fax: +381 11 3235539

R E P O R T

ON THE ACTIVITIES ON TENEMENT V-463 GORNJA LISINA SOURCE

MUNICIPALITY OF BOSILEGRAD - SE SERBIA

Belgrade, June 2012.

Author ___________________________ Rastko Petrović, MSc Hydrogeology Researcher Department of Hydrogeology

TABLE OF CONTENTS TEXT 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1

1.1. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AND AVAILABLE DATA ......................................... 1

2. TENEMENT SETTING ............................................................................................ 2

2.1. TENEMENT LOCATION ........................................................................................... 2 2.2. TENEMENT LOGISTICS ............................................................................................ 3 2.3. GORNJA LISINA SOURCE SETTING ....................................................................... 4

3. HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING ........................................................................... 7

3.1. GENERAL .................................................................................................................. 7 3.1.1. Springs 1 to 9 ............................................................................................... 7 3.1.2. Spring 10 ....................................................................................................... 7

3.2. GROUNDWATER QUALITY ...................................................................................... 9 3.2.1. Springs 1 to 9 ............................................................................................... 9 3.2.2. Spring 10 ..................................................................................................... 11

3.3. GROUNDWATER QUANTITY ................................................................................. 13 3.3.1. Springs 1 to 9 ............................................................................................. 13 3.3.2. Spring 10 ..................................................................................................... 14

4. CONCLUSION AND TIME PLAN ......................................................................... 15

APPENDIX 1. GEOGRAPHICAL MAP

Scale 1:300000 2. GEOLOGICAL MAP

Scale 1:100000 3. HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP

Scale 1:25000

Tenement V-463 Summary “HEALTHWATER“

1 Department of Hydrogeology

Faculty of Mining and Geology

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND “HEALTHWATER” enterprise, from Bosilegrad (SE Serbia), invited Department of Hydrogeology1, of the Faculty of Mining and Geology2, of the University of Belgrade3, to provide consulting and technical support, also to conduct necessary hydrogeological exploration programme on the Tenement V-463. Since 2008 serious hydro and geological exploration has been performed. After recognizing and mapping the area of interest, many springs were noticed. Total of 10 were marked, out of which 9 were tapped with tapping construction suitable for monitoring and one has Thompson V-notch installed. The hydrogeological programme considered defining both geological setting and conceptual hydrogeological model of the area, with adequate legislation obligations, in order to get necessary permissions for water usage. Shallow groundwater is to be used for bottling, considering that water factory is planned to be built. So far, springs 1-9 have necessary licenses, which can be used to commence with acquiring permissions for factory bulid-up. This Summary presents the findings for this stage of exploration, data review and project design. Since there is obvious difference in hydrogeological setting between springs 1 to 9 and spring 10, they will be considered thus represented separately in this Summary. 1.2. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AND AVAILABLE DATA Beginning at April 2008, DHG has conducted investigations on the V-463 Tenement, which comprised regional recognizing, followed by detailed mapping and groundwater sampling. Information collected was used to define drainage system, potential contaminants and preliminary zones of sanitary protection, as well as to plan the more focused investigation. Further investigation comprised defining of hydrogeological cross-sections and design for tapping construction. Engineering works were conducted on 9 springs. The available data is reviewed to develop a conceptual understanding of the site and surrounds. The review uses all available reports, plans, maps, and data to detail the site setting, geology, hydrogeology and hydrology.

1 Acronym for the Department of Hydrogeology (http://www.rgf.bg.ac.rs/dhg/Engleski%20jezik/index.htm) is DHG,

thus will be used further in the text. 2 http://www.rgf.bg.ac.rs/?lang=en 3 http://www.bg.ac.rs/




2. TENEMENT SETTING 2.1. TENEMENT LOCATION The tenement V-463 is located in SE part of Serbia (Fig. 1), approx. 375 kilometers from Serbian capital and regional centre, Belgrade4.

Figure 1. Tenement location

4 http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=220




The tenement covers an area of 17.25 square kilometers and it is marked with 8 representative vertexes* (Table 1). Table 1. Extent Coordinates of the Tenement B-2235

Vertex ID Easting [m]

Northing [m]

A 7609000 4719000 B 7609000 4714000 C 7608000 4714000 D 7608000 4712500 E 7610500 4712500 F 7610500 4715000 G 7612000 4715000 H 7612000 4719000

The tenement outspreads partially over areas of two bordering (with Republic of Bulgaria) municipalities: Surdulica6 and Bosilegrad7 (Fig. 1). Gornja Lisina source is situated in the same name local community approximately 5 kilometres upstream Lisinska river from the centre. Regarding environmental issues, position of the tenement can be considered as suitable for the purpose. The nature is preserved, practically intact. There are no signs of urbanization of any kind. Neither industrial facilities nor retail area can be noticed in vicinity of the tenement. 2.2. TENEMENT LOGISTICS Regarding logistics, the tenement is very well positioned, considering its distance from regional centers, such as Belgrade and Niš (Serbia), Priština (Kosovo), Skopje (FYR Macedonia), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Thessaloniki (Greece). Regarding roads, there are several key local and regional roads in vicinity of the tenement (Appendix 1). It is only few kilometers away from local (asphalted) road Vladičin Han – Bosilegrad, 65 km from regional road E-75, approx. 18 km from border with Bulgaria, approx. 125 km from border with Macedonia and approx. 120 km from border with Kosovo. Regarding railroads, there are several local and international lines, such as Belgrade-Thessaloniki, via Skopje and Belgrade-Sofia, via Niš. Regarding air-traffic, there are 4 airports in radius of 200 and 2 more in radius of 400 kilometers: in Sofia (approx. 80 km), in Niš (approx. 145 km), in Skopje (approx. 180 km), in Priština (approx. 200 km), Belgrade (380 km) and Thessaloniki (approx. 420 km). Nearest loading ports are: Belgrade (on Danube), Thessaloniki (on Aegean sea of the Mediterranean) and Burgas and Varna (in Bulgaria, approx 600 km away, on Black sea).

5 Projection of coordinates in Table 1 is Gaus-Krueger, zone Serbia 7 6 http://www.surdulica.org/eng/Siteview.asp?ID=10 7 http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C5%A1tina_Bosilegrad


4 Department of Hydrogeology Faculty of Mining and Geology

2.3. GORNJA LISINA SOURCE SETTING Many springs were noticed on the Tenement V-463: 10 of them were marked, out of which 9 were tapped (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Site setting: Tapping construction, spring and suitable position for

potential factory location As apparent on Fig. 2, some 3 kilometers down the river Lisinska, there is a suitable place for potential factory. All necessary approvals for the pipeline from springs to the factory are provided.



Gornja Lisina Source is situated in Lisinska river basin. Six springs (ordinal 1-6) are positioned on northern and three (7-9) on southern side of the source (Fig. 3). Spring 10 is positioned just next to the riverbed of Lisinska.

Figure 3. Source setting: Tapping construction, spring and modeled stream network



As mentioned, 9 springs are tapped and spring 10 has a Thompson V-notch installed. Typical tapping construction scheme is shown on Fig. 4. V-notch on spring 10 is shown on Fig. 5.

Figure 4. Tapping construction scheme

Figure 5. Thompson V-notch installed on spring 10



3. HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING 3.1. GENERAL The whole area of interest is represented with two dominant geological structures: Božica granitoid body and crystalized schist series (Appendix 2). Other geological units are less common. Božica Granitoid is phacolithic body intruded probably before Devonian into specific series of metamorphics, called Božica series. Granite progressively altered one part of the series, forming a belt of feldspatized and granitized schist and gneiss, as well as of mica schist. Consequently, the whole area is represented with rocks of very close chemical composition but locally with different structure and texture. All springs of the Gornja Lisina source are formed in Božica granitoid body and feldspatized and granitized schist, genetically related to the granite. Aquifer of interest is represented with fissured porosity (Appendix 3). 3.1.1. Springs 1 to 9 Aquifer is shallow, formed in the zone of weathering, with the base only several metres deep. As a result of hydrogeological and geomorphological settings, all springs are descending. Typical cross-section is shown on Fig. 6.

Figure 6. Springs 1 and 2 – Cross-section 3.1.2. Spring 10

In contrast to spring 1 to 9, this aquifer is formed most likely in profound fissured structures, ascending by a faulting system through an alluvial fan, forming a diffusive outflow to the river Lisinska. General scheme is shown on Fig. 7 and proposed cross-section on Fig. 8.



Figure 7. Spring 10 - Scheme



Figure 8. Springs 10 and 7 – Assumed cross-section Geophysical exploration has been performed recently in the area of Spring 10. It is expected to obtain detailed report about aquifer geometry and other properties as soon as “GF Ing” company (hired to perform geophysical survey) engineers prepare it. 3.2. GROUNDWATER QUALITY 3.2.1. Springs 1 to 9 During previous hydrogeological investigation phase, groundwater samples were taken so chemical (Fig. 9) and microbiological analysis (Fig. 10) confirmed previous assumptions that water is fresh and potable. Since aquifer is shallow and susceptible to meteorological influence, parameters of chemical composition vary along the year. TDS varies from 80 to 180 mg/l. Analyzed values of pH vary from 7.7 to 8.2.

Still, groundwater originates from the same aquifer, has same genesis and hydrogeological setting. So, the ion ratio is pretty same for all springs (Fig. 11).



Figure 9. Chemical analysis on tapped spring T-6



Figure 10. Microbiological analysis on tapped spring T-6

Figure 10. Groundwater Chemical Composition 3.2.1. Spring 10

In contrast to springs 1 to 9, groundwater quality on spring 10 is stable along the year. As a result of generating most likely from profound hydrogeological structure



chemical composition varies not more than 10 % for each parameter (Tab. 2) and temperature varies 1.5 oC (from 8.3 to 9.8 oC) Table 2. Groundwater Quality Of The Spring 10 – Overview Date 14.12.2008. 14.07.2011. 18.10.2011. 15.02.2012. 26.04.2012

1. Basic physical and chemical setting pH 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.4 Turbidity [NTU] <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 Color [degrees of Pt-Cо scale] <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 EC [µs/cm] 160 160 145 140 140 TDS [mg/l on 105 оC] 110 140 130 130 130 Hardness [оdH] 3.8 4.1 3.6 3.4 3.4 KMnO4 consumption 1.6 1.7 1.7 2 2.4

2. Gas composition Oxygen O2 [mg/l] 9.4 9.0 10 10 Carbon-dioxide CO2 [mg/l] 10.0 8.0 8 8 Hydrogen sulphide H2S [mg/l] <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Ammonia NH3 [mg/l] <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

3. Ions Cation [mg/l]

Calcium (Ca2+) 23.2 24.6 21.0 19 17.2 Magnesium (Mg2+) 2.6 2.5 2.8 3 2.4 Sodium (Na+) 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.8 2.7 Potassium (K+) 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.8

Anion [mg/l] Carbonate (CO32-) <0.1 < 0.5 < 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Hydrocarbonate (HCO3

-) 76.3 76.3 76.0 70 65 Chloride (Cl-) 4.2 4.2 3.8 5 3.5 Sulphate (SO4

2-) 6.3 8.5 6.0 8.3 8 Nitrate (NO3

-) 1.1 1.8 1.4 0.8 2.1

4. Micro components Metals [mg/l]

Iron (Fе) < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Manganese (Mn) < 0.003 < 0.005 < 0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Chrome (Cr) < 0.001 < 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Aluminum (Al) < 0.04 < 0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Strontium (Sr) 0.08 0.10 0.08 0.04 Barium (Ba) < 0.02 < 0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Lithium (Li) 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 Rubidium (Rb) < 0.002 < 0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Zinc (Zn) < 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Copper (Cu) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Lead (Pb) < 0.001 < 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Cadmium (Cd) < 0.001 < 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsene (As) 0.010 0.010 0.007 0.007 Selenium (Se) < 0.0002 < 0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0002 Mercury (Hg) < 0.0002 < 0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0002 Nickel (Ni) < 0.005 < 0.005 <0.005 <0.005

Non metals [mg/l] Nitrite (NO2

-) < 0.005 < 0.004 < 0.004 <0.004 <0.004 Fluoride (F-) < 0.1 < 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Bromide (Br-) < 0.5 < 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Ortho Phosphorus (P) 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03

5. Pollutants Parametre [mg/l]

TOC 0.8 1.80 1.8 - Cianide <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total phenol <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Detergent <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Total oil and grease <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Mineral oil <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Organic Cl pesticide <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Organic P pesticide <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Benzene <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Total PAH <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 Trihalomethanes <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001



Date 14.12.2008. 14.07.2011. 18.10.2011. 15.02.2012. 26.04.2012

6. Microbiology Type of Bacteria Quantity

Coliform bacteria 0 4 4 8

Coliform bacteria - faecal origin 0 0 0 1

Aerobic mesophilic bacteria (on 37оC) 10 300 40 40 Streptococci - faecal origin 0 0 positive 0 SO4

reducting clostridia 0 0 0 0

Proteus 0 0 0 0

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0 0 0 0

Bacteriophages 0 0

Red protozoa and helminths 0

7. Radioactivity Parametre [Bq/l]

Total Alpha activity 0.02 0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Total Beta activity 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.05

3.3. GROUNDWATER QUANTITY During previous hydrogeological investigation, capacities were measured on all 10 springs, during one hydrological circle, for the period August 2008.–December 2009. (Tab. 3). Since that exploration phase, springs 1 to 9 have had tapping construction installed. Data collected was considered to be precise enough.

In that phase, the land where spring 10 is formed was not in possession of “Healthwater” enterprise. So, there was no constant access to the spring. Therefore monitoring was not organized accurately enough, resulting with the unconvincing data collected, which was used only as an orientation of the true potential of the spring 10.

The most recent phase of exploration has commenced on June 2011 and is to be

completed by the end of June 2012. This phase considered organizing adequate monitoring both of qualitative and quantitative properties of the spring 10, since “Healthwater” enterprise (in the meanwhile) sorted out legal issues and become the owner of the land where the spring 10 was formed.

3.3.1. Springs 1 to 9

For the period August 2008.–December 2009. registered yields on all 9 springs were in accordance to hydrogeological settings. They were not significant (not higher than 1 l/s), but were constant.

Mean monthly values of capacity for each spring (1 to 9) both in litres per second

as well as in millions of litres annually are represented in Tab. 3.



Table 3. Springs 1 to 9 - Capacity and Temperature Range

Spring Easting [m]

Northing [m]

Altitude [m]

Q [l/s] Q [106 l/year] T [oC] K [m/s] min max min max min max

1 7610014 4716972 1226 0.15 0.34 4.73 10.72 6.1 7.9

10-6

2 7609765 4717100 1315 0.14 0.4 4.42 12.61 6.1 6.9 3 7609765 4717123 1315 0.32 0.93 10.09 29.33 5.9 7.7 4 7610258 4717529 1435 0.1 0.14 3.15 4.42 5.4 8.5 5 7610202 4717515 1435 0.08 0.11 2.52 3.47 6 8.2 6 7610318 4717622 1445 0.27 0.38 8.51 11.98 6.2 8.6 7 7609514 4715475 1335 0.09 0.12 2.84 3.78 6.2 8.8 8 7609504 4715417 1355 0.07 0.1 2.21 3.15 6.2 8.1 9 7609559 4715490 1303 0.56 0.79 17.66 24.91 6.3 8

∑ 1.78 3.31 56.13 104.37

According to legislation of the Republic of Serbia, quantities that can be approved for exploitation by the Ministry of Environment, Mining and Spatial Planning are 90% of sum of minimal average monthly value, for the exploration period, represented to the Jury. Currently, Source in Gornja Lisina has approved quantities for springs 1 to 9 (Tab. 3). Table 3. Exploitation Quantities Approved by the Ministry

Spring Q

min month average [l/s]

Q - Approved by the Ministry 90% min month average

[l/s]

Q - Approved by the Ministry 90% min month average

[106 l/year] 1 0.16 0.14 4.42 2 0.15 0.14 4.42 3 0.36 0.32 10.09 4 0.1 0.09 2.84 5 0.08 0.07 2.21 6 0.28 0.25 7.88 7 0.09 0.08 2.52 8 0.07 0.06 1.89 9 0.58 0.52 16.4

∑ 1.67 52.66 3.3.2. Spring 10

Spring 10 is monitored as a part of ongoing hydrogeological exploration program and it is planned to acquire necessary approvals from the Ministry by the end of July 2012.

So far collected data indicates that spring 10 has significantly higher yielding

capacity than other 9 springs on aggregate. Current measured capacity is approximately 25 l/s!

Data is in final phase of analysis and will be available by the end of next week.

Then, it will be familiar how exactly „strong“ is the spring 10.



4. TIME PLAN Time plan considers finishing hydrogelogical exploration program regarding the spring 10 and putting it in legal framework, since it is the most significant one of the Source in Gornja Lisina. It is expected to finish most of the work by the end of June 2012 and acquire necessary approvals by the end of July/August 2012. Since there are already approvals for springs 1 to 9, it can be used to commence with obtaining administrative permissions for construction works on water factory build up. The idea is to finish most of the construction work, using existing approvals, by the time spring 10 gets legal for exploitation. Then, spring 10 is to be used as main resource and other 9 springs are to be reserve.

APPENDIX

spring water geology report - university of belgrade

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