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SPQR

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Anaureus withAugustus on the obverse and awinged victory on the reverse with SPQR above.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the Latin initialism. For other uses, see SPQR (disambiguation).

SPQR is an initialism from a Latin phrase, SentusPopulusqueRmnus ("The Senate

and People ofRome", see translation), referring to the governmentofthe ancient RomanRepublic, and used as an official emblem of the modern day comune (municipality) ofRome. It appears on coins, at the end of documents made public by inscription in stoneor metal, in dedications of monuments and public works, and was emblazoned on thestandards of the Roman legions.

The phrase appears many hundreds of times in Roman political, legal and historicalliterature, including the speeches ofCicero and theAb urbe condita libri("Books fromthe Founding ofthe City") ofTitus Livius (Livy).

Contents [hide]

1 Translation

2 Historical context

3 Modern variants3.1 Civic references

3.2 Informal4 Gallery

5 References

6 External links

Translation [edit]

SPQR: SentusPopulusqueRmnus. InLatin, Sentus is a nominative singular nounmeaning "Senate". Populusque is compounded from the nominative noun Populus, "thePeople", and -que, an enclitic particle meaning "and" which connects the two nominativenouns. The last word, Rmnus ("Roman") is anadjectivemodifying Populus: the"Roman People".

Thus, the sentence is translated as the more literal "The Senate and the Roman

People", or alternatively as "The Senate and the People of Rome".

Historical context [edit]

This section does not cite any references orsources. Please help improve this section by addingcitations to reliable sources. Unsourced material maybe challenged and removed. (March 2010)

The title's date of establishment is unknown, but it first appears in inscriptions of the LateRepublic, from c. 80 BC onwards. Previously, the official name of the Roman state, asevidenced on coins, was simply ROMA. The abbreviation last appears on coins ofConstantine I the Great (ruled AD 312-37).

The two legal entities mentioned, Sentus and the Populus Rmnus, are sovereignwhen combined. However, wherepopulus is sovereign alone, Sentus is not. Under theRoman Monarchy neither entity was sovereign. The phrase, therefore, can be dated to noearlier than the foundation of the Republic.

This signature continued in use under the Roman Empire. The emperors were consideredthe representatives of the people even though the sents consulta, or decrees of theSenate, were made at the pleasure of the emperor.

Populus Rmnus in Roman literature is a phrase meaning the government of thePeople. When the Romans named governments of other countries they used populus inthe singular or plural, such aspopul Prscrum Latnrum, "the governments of the OldLatins". Rmnus is the established adjective used to distinguish the Romans, as incvis Rmnus, "Roman citizen". The locative, Rmae, "at Rome", was never used forthat purpose.

The Roman people appear very often in law and history in such phrases as dignits,maiests, auctorits, lberts popul Rmn, the "dignity, majesty, authority, freedomof the Roman people". They were apopulus lber, "a free people". There was anexercitus, imperium, iudicia, honors, consuls, volunts of this samepopulus: "thearmy, rule, judgments, offices, consuls and will of the Roman people". They appear inearly Latin as Popolus and Poplus, so the habit of thinking of themselves as free andsovereign was quite ingrained.

The Romans believed that all authority came from the people. It could be said that similar language seen in more modern political andsocial revolutions directly comes from this usage. People in this sense meant the whole government. The latter, however, wasessentially divided into the aristocratic Senate, whose will was executed by the consuls and praetors, and the comitia centurita,"committee of the centuries", whose will came to be safeguarded by the Tribunes.

During the regime ofBenito Mussolini, SPQR was emblazoned on a number of public buildings and manhole covers in an attempt topromote his dictatorship as a "New Roman Empire".

Modern variants [edit]

Use ofSPQRhas been revived in modern times, throughout Europe andbeyond.[clarification needed] In Rome today sewage and water supply accesses contain thelabel "SPQR" in recognition of the innovation in sewage and water supply realized duringthe Roman times.

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Modern manhole cover in Rome withSPQR inscription.

A modern recreation of aRoman standard.

Civic references [edit]

SPQxis sometimes used as an assertion of municipal pride and civic rights. ReggioEmilia, for instance, has SPQR in its coat of arms, standing for "Senatus PopulusqueRegiensis". There have been reports ofSPQxfrom:

Amsterdam, Netherlands, SPQA at one of the majortheatres and some of thebridges[1]

Antwerp, Belgium, SPQA on theAntwerp City Hall[2]

Benevento, Italy, SPQB on manhole covers[3]

Bremen, Germany, SPQB in the Town Hall of Bremen[4]

Bruges, Belgium, SPQB on its coat of arms[5]

Brussels, Belgium, SPQB found repeatedly on the Law Courts of Brussels,[6] andover the main stage ofLa Monnaie/De Munt opera house

Dublin, Ireland, SPQH on the City Hall, Dublin built in 1769Florence, Italy, SPQF[3]

Florianpolis, Brazil, SPQF[3]

Freising, Germany, SPQF, above the door of the town hall

Ghent, Belgium, SPQG on the Opera, Theater and some other major buildings.

Hamburg, Germany, SPQH on a door in the Hamburg Rathaus[7]

Hannover, Germany

Haarlem, the Netherlands, SPQH on the face of the town hall at the "Grote Markt"Hasselt, Belgium, SPQH

Kortrijk, Belgium, SPQC, city hall

Leeuwarden, Netherlands, SPQL on the mayor's chain of office[8]

Liverpool, England, SPQL on various gold doors in St George's Hall[9]

City of London, England, SPQL[10]

Lbeck, Germany, SPQL on the Holstentor[11]

Lucerne, Switzerland

Modica, Italy, SPQM is on the coat of armsMolfetta, Italy, SPQM is on the coat of arms[12]

Olomouc, Czech Republic, SPQO on its coat of arms [3]

Palermo, Italy, SPQP[13]

Siena, Italy, SPQS[14]

Solothurn, Switzerland, on the Cathedral ofSt Ursus andVictor

Terracina, Italy, SPQT[15]

Tivoli, Italy, SPQT[16]

Verviers, Belgium, SPQV on the Grand Theatre[17]

Vienna, Austria[3]

Informal [edit]

The letters "SPQR" can sometimes be seen displayed on London market trader's stalls. In this instance it is alleged to stand for,'Small Profits, Quick Returns', a reminder not only of their trading philosophy but also of the Londoner's sense of humour.

MPQN, standing forMetallica Populusque Nimus, appears on the cover ofMetallica live DVDFranais Pour une Nuit, which wasrecorded in theArena of Nmes, a remodelled Roman amphiteatre.

Gallery [edit]

Senatus PopulusqueRomanus

The inscription in theArchof Titus

Modern coat of arms ofRome

Manhole cover in Romewith SPQR inscription

SPQR with eagle and fullLatin wording

SPQR of in the coat ofarms ofReggio Emilia

Detail from the mosaicfloor in the Galleria Vittorio

Emanuele II in Milan

"Superiority of the warriorclass. State 2." Etching by

Wenceslaus Hollar,(University of Toronto)

Arch of Septimius Severustop inscription

Dedicatory plaque toFederico Fellini on Via

Veneto

References [edit]

1. Heraldic symbols of Amsterdam , Livius.org , 2 December 2006.


http://www.livius.org/http://www.livius.org/a/netherlands/amsterdam-weapon/weapon.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPQR&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Venetohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Fellinihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Torontohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Emiliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manholehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Titushttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPQR&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_of_N%C3%AEmeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Pour_une_Nuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEmeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPQR&action=edit&section=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verviershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoli,_Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_of_Xantenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursus_of_Solothurnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solothurnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molfettahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucernehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstentorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Hall,_Liverpoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeuwardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortrijkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannoverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Rathaushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hall,_Dublinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Monnaiehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Courts_of_Brusselshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brugeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Hall_of_Bremenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneventohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_City_Hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romeinse_vlag.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romeinse_vlag.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Emiliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPQR&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManholeSPQR.JPG


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3. ^ abcde"Rome - Historical Flags (Italy)" , CRWflags.com , 14 November 2003.4. Unesco.org5. NGW.nl6. Eupedia.com7. (German)Nefershapiland.de8. (Dutch)Gemeentearchief.nl9. BBC.co.uk

10. Cityoflondon.gov.uk11. Flickr.com12. it:File:Molfetta-Stemma.png

13. Flickr.com14. Flickr.com15. ^ O. A. W. Dilke and Margaret S. Dilke (October 1961). "Terracina and the Pomptine Marshes". Greece & Rome (Cambridge University

Press) II:8 (2): 172178. ISSN00173835 . OCLC51206579 .16. Tibursuperbum.it17. (French)Bestofverviers.be

External links [edit]

Instances of "Roman Senate and People" in www.Perseus.edu

Lewis & Short dictionary entry for populus on www.Perseus.edu

Polybius on the Senate and People (6.16)

Ancient Rome topics

Categories: Ancient Roman government Latin mottos Initialisms


https://www.mediawiki.org/https://wikimediafoundation.org/https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPQRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_ushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Abouthttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttps://www.wikimediafoundation.org/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Initialismshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Latin_mottoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_governmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categorieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ancient_Rome_topics&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topicshttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Aid%3Db6c16http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059&query=id%3D%23109621&word=peoplehttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/vor?target=en%2C1&collection=Perseus%3Acollection%3AGreco-Roman&lookup=Roman+senate+and+people&formentry=1&template=&.submit=Search&searchText=&alts=1&extern=1&group=typecat&.cgifields=alts&.cgifields=group&.cgifields=extern&.cgifields=typehttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/SPQRhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/SPQRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPQR&action=edit&section=8http://www.bestofverviers.be/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=186:le-grand-theatre-de-verviers&catid=15:nos-lieux&Itemid=23http://www.tibursuperbum.it/eng/escursioni/passeggiate/Pomata.htmhttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51206579https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/00173835https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Presshttp://www.flickr.com/photos/rut/2688830684/http://flickr.com/photos/mypixbox/2090276640/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Molfetta-Stemma.pnghttp://www.flickr.com/photos/robertbue/526774794/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/65DC8039-12C4-4AC4-8DAD-16F1608E99B7/0/cityarms.PDFhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2007/04/19/st_georges_hall_opening_feature.shtmlhttp://www.gemeentearchief.nl/html/nl/564/Ambtsketen_burgemeesterhttp://www.nefershapiland.de/Hamburg%201.htmhttp://www.eupedia.com/gallery/showphoto.php/photo/1360/cat/views/limit/viewshttp://www.ngw.nl/int/bel/b/brugge.htmhttp://whc.unesco.org/archive/2003/whc03-27com-inf08ae.pdfhttp://www.crwflags.com/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/it_rome.htmlhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/woesinger/353095889/

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