spot.pcc.eduspot.pcc.edu/anatomy/231/231 supplemental guide winter... · web viewperforating...

Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus

BI 231 Lab

Supplemental Package

PCC-Sylvania BI 231 Laboratory Supplement

1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showers.2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches.4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose.5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, takingimmunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor.7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissection of preserved material.8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to the instructor immediately.12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelineswill be excluded from the Laboratory

Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials

Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.

Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.

Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.

1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace.6. At the end of an experiment:a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash container provided.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelinesand directions will be excluded from the Laboratory

Please Read

You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!

Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests.

Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.

Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.

Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be automatically thrown out.

There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests.

Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.

If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator ([email protected]) Thank you!

mailto:[email protected]

BI 231

Anatomy and Physiology I

Lab 1: Organs, Systems and Organization of the Body: Today’s Lab Objectives:

1. Be able to identify the organ systems and organs listed on any of the models found in lab2. Know the functions of the organ systems3. Know the basic organs found in the organ systems4. Be able to use directional terms to identify body structures5. Be able to determine from illustration or written description planes of the body6. Be able to identify major regions of the body7. Identify abdominal quadrants and 9 abdominal regions and major organs found in each8. Be able to identify the superficial muscles on the muscle men

The Organ Systems

Reproductive

Gonads (testes and ovaries)

Urinary

Kidneys, urinary bladder

Nervous

Brain and spinal cord

Muscular (muscles)

Skeletal (bones)

Respiratory

Nose, larynx, trachea and lungs

Lymphatic

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and tonsils

Integumentary

Skin

Digestive

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver

Endocrine

Thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas

Cardiovascular

Heart, blood and blood vessels

What is Anatomical Position?

Directional Terms:

Superior

Inferior

Medial

Lateral

Superficial

Deep

Ventral (anterior)

Dorsal (posterior)

Proximal

Distal

Contralateral

ispsilateral

Planes:

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Coronal (frontal) plane

Sagittal plane

Midsagittal

Parasagittal

Body Cavities:

Dorsal

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Ventral

Thoracic

MediastinumPleural

Visceral pleuraParietal pleura

PericardialVisceral pericardiumParietal pericardium

Abdominal pelvicAbdominalPelvic

Regions of the body:CranialCephalicFacial

FrontalOrbitalBuccalMental

NasalOralNuchal (back of neck)CervicalAcromialAxillaryThoracic

PectoralSternal

BrachialAbdominalUmbilicalCubital (elbow)

AntebrachialScapularVertebralLumbarSacralGlutealCoxalInguinalPubicPatellarDigitalPedalTarsalcruralFemoralManualCalcanealPoplitealCarpal

Abdominal Regions

Nine Regions Four Quadrants

Right hypochondriac right upper quadrantLeft hypochondriac left upper quadrantEpigastric right lower quadrantRight lumbar left lower quadrantLeft lumbarUmbilicalHypogastricRight iliac (inguinal)Left iliac (inguinal

Muscles to know:

SternocleidomastoidTrapeziusDeltoidPectoralis majorExternal abdominal obliqueRectus abdominisBiceps brachiiTriceps brachiiLatissimus dorsiSartoriusRectus femorisTibialis anteriorGluteus maximusSemitendinosusBiceps femorisGastrocnemius

Lab 2: Tissues Quiz #1: Anatomical Terminology

Today’s Lab Objectives:

1. Be able to identify the various tissues under the microscope2. Be able to associate tissues with organs in which they are found3. Know the functions of the various tissues4. Identify the muscle types

Epithelial Tissue

How are epithelial tissues named?

*Simple squamous epithelium:Locations where found:Functions:

*Simple cuboidal epitheliumLocations where found:Functions:

*Simple columnar epitheliumLocations where found:Functions

*Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (ciliated and non ciliated)Locations where found:Functions:

*goblet cells

*Stratified squamous epithelium (Keratinized and Non keratinized)Locations where found:Functions:

*Transitional epitheliumLocations where found:Functions

MembranesSerous

VisceralParietal

Muscle Tissues*Skeletal Muscle

Characteristics:Functions:

*Cardiac MuscleCharacteristics:Functions:

*Smooth MuscleCharacteristics:Functions

Connective Tissues

*Know the fibers CollagenElasticReticular

CellsFibroblastsFibrocytesAdipocytesChondrocytesOsteocytes

Mesenchyme

Fibrous Connective Tissues*Dense regular connective tissue

Characteristics:Locations where it can be found in the body:

*Dense irregular connective tissueCharacteristics:Locations where it can be found in the body:

*Elastic connective tissueCharacteristics:Locations where it can be found in the body

Loose connective tissue*Reticular connective tissue

Characteristics:Locations where it can be found in the body

*reticular fibers*Areolar connective tissue

Characteristics:Locations where it can be found in the body

*collagen fibers*elastic fibers

*Adipose tissueDescription:Location in the body:

Cartilage*Hyaline cartilage

Description:Location in the body:

*FibrocartilageDescription:Location in the body:

*Elastic cartilageDescription:Location in the body:

*chondrocytesLacunaPerichondrium

*Bone*Central canal*Osteocytesosteons

Description:Functions:

*BloodPlasmaErythrocytes (RBCs)Leukocytes (WBCs)Platelets

Description:Functions:

Be able to identify on histology slides

Lab 3: Integumentary System Quiz #2: Histology

Objectives:

1. List the two layers of the integument2. List and identify all the layers of the epidermis3. Describe the structure and function of sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands and be

able to identify them on both models and slides4. Identify the hair follicle in longitudinal and cross section5. Be able to identify meissner’s and Pacinian corpuscles on both models and slides6. Describe the hypodermis

Epidermis- Stratified squamous epithelium hardened with keratin

*Stratum basaleBasement membraneMelanocytes

*Stratum spinosumDesmosomes

*Stratum granulosumKeratohyalin granules (precursors of keratin found in the outer most layer of epidermis)

*Stratum lucidumOnly found in the palms of the hand and soles of the feet

*Stratum corneum

Dermis – majority of the fibers are irregularly arranged collagenous with lesser numbers of elastic and reticular fibers

*Papillary layer (areolar connective tissue)*Meissner’s (tactile) CorpusclesMerkel (tactile) discs (also found in lower epidermis)

*Reticular layer (Dense irregular connective tissue)*Pacinian (lamellated) CorpuscleWarm and cool receptorsPain receptors

Hypodermis (adipose and areolar connective tissues)

Integumentary Glands

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands*Eccrine (merocrine) glandsApocrine glands

Lactiferous (milk) glands*Sebaceous (oil) glands

SebumCeruminous (earwax) glands

Hair*Hair follicles*Hair

*Shaft*Root*Hair bulb

Types of hairDeterminate hairIndeterminate hair

*Dermal papillaRoot sheath*Piloerector (arrector pili) muscleCross section of hair

MedullaCortexMelaninCuticle

Nails

Nail bodyFree edgeEponychiumNail rootNail bedLunuleHyponychiumNail grooveNail folds

* Be able to identify on histology slides and models where available

Lab 4: Introduction to skeletal and nervous systems (pages 55-79)

Quiz #3: Integumentary system

Objectives:

Describe the composition if bone tissueDescribe the microscopic structure of compact boneBe able to identify structures listed on models and under microscopeDescribe the 3 parts of the neuronList the main divisions of the nervous systemDescribe the functions of the various neuroglias

Skeletal system

Axial skeleton: skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Appendicular skeleton: Pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapulaUpper extremity: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalangesPelvic girdle: hip boneLower extremity: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Composition of Bone TissueOrganic material

Collagenous fibersInorganic material

HydroxyapatiteBone Shapes

Long boneShort bonesFlat bonesIrregular bones

Bone Morphology

EpiphysesDiaphysisArticular cartilageEpiphyseal plateEpiphyseal lineCompact boneSpongy bone

TrabeculaeMarrow cavity

Red marrow

Yellow marrowDiploePeriosteum

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibersNutrient foraminaPerforating (Volksmann’s) canalsEndosteum

Microscopic Structure of Bone

OsteonsCentral (haversian) canalPerforating canalsLacunaeOsteocytesCanaliculiLamellae

ConcentricCircumferentialInterstitial

Bone CellsOsteoblastsOsteocytesOsteoclastsOsteogenic cells

Nervous System

NeuronAxon

Axon hillockDendriteNeurosoma

NeuroplasmNissl bodiesNucleus

Neuron Shapes

*Multipolar neuronBipolar neuronsUnipolar neurons

Synapses

Synaptic knobNeurotransmittersElectrical synapse

Neuroglia

PNSSchwann cellNodes of RanvierMyelinMyelin sheathSaltatory conduction

CNSOligodendrocytesAstrocytesMicrogliaEpendymal cells

Specialized Neurons

*Pyramidal cells*Purkinje cells

*Be able to identify on histology slides

Please use the extra time in lab to review for the practical next week!

Lab 5 – Practical #1

The practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab

Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package Models Images Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions) 75 questions Timed stations

Lab 6 – Axial SkeletonNo Quiz

Lab Objectives:

By the end of today’s lab you should be able to identify the bones and markings listed below on bones of the skull.

You should be able to identify parts of vertebrae, ribs sternum and hyoid bones

The skull (exercise 11)

Frontal boneSupraorbital ridge

Parietal bone (2)

Temporal bone (2)Zygomatic process of temporal boneMastoid processStyloid processExternal auditory meatusInternal auditory meatusJugular foramenCarotid canalMandibular fossa

Occipital boneForamen magnumOccipital condylesSuperior nuchal lineInferior nuchal lineExternal occipital protuberance

SuturesCoronal sutureSagittal sutureSquamous sutureLambdoidal suture

SphenoidGreater wingsSuperior orbital fissureSella turcica

Hypophyseal fossaDorsum sellae

Lesser wingsOptic canalForamen rotundumForamen ovaleForamen lacerumForamen spinosumPterygoid processes

Medial pterygoid plateLateral pterygoid plate

Ethmoid boneCrista galliCribriform platePerpendicular plateMiddle nasal conchaeOlfactory foramina

MandibleBody of mandibleRamus of mandibleAngle of mandibleMandibular condyleMental foramenMental symphysisCoronoid processMandibular notchMandibular foramenMylohyoid lineAlveolar processes

Maxilla (2)Alveolar marginInfraorbital foramen

Paranasal sinusesMaxillary sinusSphenoid sinus Ethmoid sinusFrontal sinus

Zygomatic bones (2)Zygomatic arch

Lacrimal (2)VomerNasal (2)Palatine (2)Inferior nasal concha (2)Wormian (sutural) bones

Hard palate = maxilla + palatine boneNasal septum = vomer + perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

FontanelsAnterior (frontal) fontanelPosterior (occipital) fontanelSphenoid (anterolateral) fontanels (2)Mastoid (posterolateral) fontanels (2)

Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Hyoid (Exercise 10)

Spinal CurvaturesCervical curvature Thoracic curvatureLumbar curvatureSacral (pelvic) curvature

Abnormal curvaturesScoliosisKyphosisLordosis

Typical Vertebra structuresIntervertebral discsVertebral foramenBody of vertebraVertebral archLaminaTransverse processesSpinous processSuperior articular processesSuperior articular facetInferior articular processInferior articular facetIntervertebral foramina

Cervical Vertebrae (7)Atlas (C1) no bodyAxis (C2) Dens (odontoid process)Transverse foramenBifid spinous process

Thoracic Vertebrae (12)Superior costal facetInferior costal facetTransverse costal facets

Lumbar Vertebrae (5)Sacrum (5 fused)

Anterior sacral foraminaPosterior sacral foraminaSacral promontory

Coccyx

RibsHeadNeckTubercleCostal grooveTrue ribsFalse ribs (with floating ribs)

Sternum ManubriumBodyXiphoid process

Hyoid

Lab 7: Appendicular SkeletonQuiz #4: Axial Skeleton

Lab Objectives:

By the end of today’s lab you should be able to identify the bones and markings from the list below.

Pectoral Girdle

Scapula

Acromion processCoracoid processSpine of scapulaSupraspinous fossaInfraspinous fossaSubscapular fossaGlenoid cavityLateral (axillary border)Medial (vertebral) borderSuperior borderInferior angleSuperior angle

ClavicleSternal endAcromial endConoid tubercle

Upper ExtremityHumerus

Head of humerusAnatomical neckSurgical neckGreater tubercleLesser tubercleIntertubercular grooveDeltoid tuberosityMedial epicondyleLateral epicondyleCoronoid fossaRadial fossaOlecranon fossaCapitulumTrochleaLateral suprocondylar ridgeMedial supracondylar ridgeInfraglenoid tubercle

UlnaOlecranon processCoronoid processTrochlear notchRadial notch of ulnaHead of ulnaStyloid process of ulna

RadiusHead of radiusRadial tuberosityUlnar notch of radiusStyloid process of radius

Carpal bones (from lateral to medial)Proximal row: scaphoid- lunate-triquetrum-pisiformDistal row: trapezium-trapezoid-capitate-hamate

Metacarpal bones (I-V)Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

Pelvic GirdleOs coxae

IliumIliac crestAnterior superior iliac spineAnterior inferior iliac spinePosterior superior iliac spinePosterior inferior iliac spineGreater sciatic notchIliac fossa

IschiumIschial spineIschial tuberosityLesser sciatic notchIschial ramus

PubisSuperior ramusInferior ramusBody of pubisPubic symphysisPubic crest

Obturator foramenAcetabulumPelvic brim

Lower ExtremityFemur

Head of femurNeck of femurGreater trochanterLesser trochanterGluteal tuberosityIntertrochanteric lineIntertrochanteric crestLinea asperaMedial supracondylar line Lateral supracondylar lineIntertrochanteric crestIntertrochanteric lineMedial epicondyleLateral epicondyleMedial condyleLateral condyleIntercondylar fossaPatellar surfaceFovea capitisAdductor tubercle

PatellaArticular facets

TibiaMedial condyle Lateral condyleIntercondylar eminenceTibial tuberosityMedial malleolus

FibulaHead of fibulaLateral malleolus

Tarsal bones:TalusCalcaneusCuboidNavicularMedial (first), intermediate (second) and lateral (third) cuneiform

MetatarsalsPhalanges

The knee jointMedial meniscusLateral meniscusAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL)Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Fibular collateral ligamentTibial collateral ligamentPatellar ligamentTendon of quadriceps

Lab 8: Axial MusclesQuiz #5: Appendicular Skeleton

____________________________________________________________________________________

Objectives:

1. Locate the muscles listed and be able to identify these muscles on models2. Also be able to identify the main origin, insertion and action of each muscle3. You will need to know the following terms of movement to be able to properly identify

actions of the muscle

Anatomical terms of movement

(Need to know these for actions of muscles)Flexion- ExtensionAbductionAdductionSupination- Pronation- Opposition- Reposition- Eversion- InversionProtractionRetractionElevationDepressionDorsiflexionPlantar flexionMedial rotationLateral rotationCircumductionLateral flexion

For your information:

Sterno = sternum

Hyo = hyoid

Glossus = tongue

Thyro = thyroid

Omo = scapula

Mylo = molar (teeth)

Myo = muscle

Name of muscle gives O & I

Thyrohyoid = O thyroid, I hyoid bone

Sternohyoid = O sternum, I hyoid

Omohyoid = O sternum, I hyoid

Be able to identify the muscle, action, origin and insertion for each muscle

Muscles

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD

ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

Frontalis Epicranial aponeurosis Skin over forehead Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead

Facial VII

Occipitalis Nuchal line on occipital bone Epicranial aponeurosis Fixes epicranial aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly

Facial VII

Nasalis Maxillary bone; cartilage of nose Bridge of nose Compresses nostrils; dilates nostrils Facial VII

Temporalis Temporal bone Coronoid process of mandible Elevates and retracts mandible Trigeminal V

Masseter Zygomatic process and arch Ramus of mandible Elevates mandible Trigeminal V

Orbicularis oculi Medial orbital margin Skin surrounding eye Closes eyelids and acts during squinting and blinking

Facial VII

Orbicularis oris Maxillary bone; mandible lips Closes and purses lips Facial VII

Zygomaticus major Zygomatic bone Corner of mouth Elevates corner of mouth Facial VII

Zygomaticus minor Zygomatic bone Upper lip Raises upper lip

Mentalis Alveolar ridge of incisors of mandible Skin over chin Elevates and protrudes lower lip Facial VII

Risorius Fascia of masseter Corner of mouth Draws corner of mouth laterally Facial VII

SUPERFICIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE NECK


Omohyoid

Superior belly

Inferior belly

Clavicle and first rib

Superior margin of scapula

Hyoid bone

Clavicle and 1st rib

Depresses hyoid bone Ansa cervicalis

Thyrohyoid Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Hyoid bone Depresses hyoid bone, elevates thyroid cartilage

Ansa cervicalis

Sternohyoid Posterior surface of manubrium, and medial clavicle

Hyoid bone Depresses hyoid bone Ansa cervicalis

Stylohyoid Styloid process Hyoid bone Moves hyoid bone up and back Facial VII

Mylohyoid Inferior margin of mandible Hyoid bone Elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth, depresses mandible

Trigeminal V

Digastric

- Anterior belly

-Posterior belly

Anterior: Lower border of mandible near midline

Posterior: Mastoid process of temporal bone

Hyoid bone Elevates hyoid bone and base of tongue, depresses mandible

Ant: Trigeminal V

Post: Facial VII

MUSCLES OF THE NECK & BACK


Sternocleidomastoid Manubrium and medial third of clavicle Mastoid process Flexion and lateral flexion of neck; rotates head so face is turned superiorly and to the opposite side

C2 and C2, spinal accessory, XI

Trapezius Posterior surface of occipital bone; ligamentum nuchae; and spinous process of thoracic vertebrae

Lateral third of clavicle; acromion process; spine of scapula

Superior fibers: elevates scapula

Middle fibers: retracts scapula

Inferior fibers: depress scapula

Spinal accessory XI, C3, and C4

Latissimus dorsi Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, crest of ilium

Intertubercular groove of humerus Extension, adduction and medial rotation of arm

Thoracodorsal

Levator scapula Transverse processes of C1-4 Medial border above spine of scapula

Elevates scapula; acts with pectoralis minor to inferiorly rotate scapula

Doral scapular

Rhomboid major Spinous process of T2-5 and supraspinous ligament

Medial border below spine of scapula

Adducts scapula and rotates it downward; stabilizes scapula

Dorsal scapular

Rhomboid minor Spinous process of C7-T1 Medial border of scapula at base of spine

Adducts scapula and rotates it downward; stabilizes scapula

Dorsal scapular

Serratus anterior External surface of upper 8 ribs Medial border of scapula Abducts scapula and rotates it upward. Important in horizontal arm movements (‘boxer’s muscle)

Long thoracic

Erector Spinae Thoracolumbar fascia; posterior surface of sacrum; iliac crest; spinous process of T11-T12 and L1-L5

Transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, tubercles of inferior nine ribs, and mastoid process of skull

Extension of vertebral column Spinal nerves dorsal rami

Inferior Serratus Posterior

Spinous processes of the lower two thoracic and the upper two or three lumbar vertebrae

Lower borders of the bottom four ribs

Pulls ribs down, resisting pull of diaphragm

T9-T12

Splenius Spinous processes of inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae

Mastoid process, occipital bone, and transverse processes of superior cervical vertebrae

Extension of the head and neck; lateral flexion and rotation of the head and neck

Cervical spinal nerves

Scalenes

- Anterior- Middle Posterior

Transverse processes of C3-C6



1st rib

1st rib

2nd rib

Ant. and middle: elevates 1st rib, flexes neck forward and laterally, rotates neck

Post: elevates 2nd rib, flexes neck laterally, slightly rotates neck

Cervical spinal C3-C8.

MUSCLES OF THORACIC WALL


Diaphragm Internal surfaces of xiphoid process and inferior 6 ribs; anterior surfaces of vertebrae L1, L2 and L3

Centra tendon of the diaphragm Increases volume of thoracic cavity by pulling central tendon inferiorly

Phrenic nerves (C3-C5)

External intercostals Inferior border of rib above Superior border of rib below Elevates rib cage during normal inspiration

Intercostal

Internal intercostals Superior border of rib below Inferior border of rib above Depresses rib cage during forced expiration

Intercostal

Pectoralis major Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique

Lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

Flexion, medial rotation and adduction of the arm

Lateral and medial pectoral

Pectoralis minor Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5 Coracoid process of scapula Depression and inferior rotation of scapula

Medial pectoral

MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL


Rectus abdominis Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis Xiphoid process and cartilages of ribs 5 to 7

Flexion of vertebral column; stabilizes pelvis during walking; compresses abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation.

Intercostal 7 to 12

External abdominal oblique

External surface of lower 8 ribs Linea alba; pubic crest; pubic tubercle; iliac crest

Rotation and lateral flexion of trunk; increases intraabdominal pressure during forced expiration

Intercostals 8 to 12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal

Internal abdominal oblique

Lateral half of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia

Lower four ribs, linea alba and by conjoined tendon to pubis

Compresses abdomen, and flex vertebral column; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column


Transverse abdominis Lateral third of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia

Linea alba, pubis crest Compresses abdomen and Increases intraabdominal pressure during forced expiration


MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND ARM


Deltoid lateral third of clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Anterior fibers: medial rotation and flexion of arm

Middle fibers: abduction of arm

Posterior fibers: lateral rotation and extension of arm

Axillary

Supraspinatus Supraspinous fossa Superior portion of greater tubercle of humerus

Abducts humerus Suprascapular

Infraspinatus Infraspinous fossa Middle portion of greater tubercle of humerus

Rotates humerus laterally Suprascapular

Teres minor Lateral border of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Rotates humerus laterally Scapular circumflex

Subscapularis Subscapular fossa Lesser tubercle of humerus Rotates humerus medially Upper and lower subscapularis

Teres major Scapula, near inferior angle Medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

Extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of arm at shoulder joint.

Lower subscapular

Biceps brachii Long head, supraglenoid tubercle;

Short head, coracoid process scapula

Tuberosity of radius Flexes and supination of forearm; flexion of arm

Musculocutaneous

Brachialis Anterior distal two-thirds of humerus Coronoid process of ulna Flexes forearm Musculocutaneous and radial

Coracobrachialis Coracoid process of scapula Middle third of humerus Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder joint

Musculocutaneous nerve

Triceps brachii Long head, infraglenoid tubercle;

Lateral head, proximal portion of posterior humerus;

Medial head, distal half of posterior humerus

Olecranon process of ulna Extension of forearm; long head extends and adducts arm

Radial

Lab 9: Appendicular musclesQuiz #6: Muscles Group 1

Objectives:

1. Locate the muscles listed and be able to identify these muscles on models2. Also be able to identify the origin, insertion and action of each muscle

____________________________________________________________________________________

Anconeus Lateral epicondyle of humerus Olecranon process, posterior surface of ulna

Weak extensor of ulna, stabilizes elbow joint in extension

Radial

MUSCLES OF ANT. FOREARM


Flexor carpi radialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Base of second metacarpal Flexion and abduction of the wrist Median

Flexor carpi ulnaris Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process, & posterior ulna

Pisiform, hamate, and fifth metacarpal

Flexes and adducts wrist Ulnar

Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna

Lateral surface of radius Pronates and flexes forearm Median

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna

Middle phalanges of fingers Flexes fingers and wrist Median

Flexor digitorum profundus

Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane

Distal phalanges of fingers Flexes fingers and wrist Median and Ulnar

Flexor pollicis longus Middle half of radius, interosseous membrane, coronoid process of ulna

Distal phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb and wrist Median

Palmaris longus Medial epicondyle of the humerus Palmar aponeurosis Weak flexion of wrist Median

MUSCLES OF POSTEROLATERAL FOREARM


Brachioradialis Lateral supracondylar ridge Styloid process of radius Flexes forearm Radial

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Second metacarpal Extends and abducts wrist Radial

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Lateral epicondyle of humerus Third metacarpal Extends and abducts wrist Radial

Extensor digitorum Lateral epicondyle of humerus Distal and middle phalanges of each finger

Extends fingers and hand Radial

Extensor digiti minimi Lateral epicondyle of humerus Tendon of extensor digitorum on fifth phalanx

Extends 5th digit and hand Radial

Extensor carpi ulnaris Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna

Fifth metacarpal Extends and adducts hand at wrist joint

Radial

Abductor pollicis longus Posterior surface of ulna and radius, and interosseous membrane

First metacarpal Abducts and extends thumb Radial

Extensor pollicis brevis Posterior surface of middle of radius and interosseous membrane

Base of proximal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb Radial

Extensor pollicis longus Posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane

Base of distal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb Radial

Supinator Lateral epicondyle of humerus, proximal ulna

Lateral surface and posterior border of radius

Supinates forearm Radial

MUSCLES OF THE PALM


Abductor pollicis brevis

Scaphoid and trapezium Proximal phalanx of thumb Abduction of thumb; opposition of thumb

Median

Flexor pollicis brevis Trapezium Proximal phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb; opposition of thumb Median

Flexor digiti minimi Hook of hamate Proximal phalanx of fifth digit Flexes fifth digit Ulnar

Abductor digiti minimi

Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris

Proximal phalanx of fifth digit Abducts fifth digit Ulnar

MUSCLES OF DEEP BACK AND GLUTEAL REGION


Gluteus maximus Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and coccyx

Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract

Principal extensor and lateral rotator of thigh;

Inferior gluteal

Gluteus medius Lateral surface of ilium Greater trochanter of femur, lateral surface

Abduction and medial rotation of thigh; steadies the pelvis during walking

Superior gluteal

Piriformis Anterior surface of sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Abducts thigh Twigs from sacral one and two

Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Elevation superior to mid-portion of intertrochanteric crest on posterior femur

Laterally rotates and stabilizes hip joint Nerve to quadratus lumborum

Psoas

Major

Transverse processes of bodies of lumbar vertebrae

Lesser trochanter of femur with iliacus

Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally, and flex trunk at hip as in sitting up from supine position

Femoral

Iliacus Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum Lesser trochanter of femur with psoas major

Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally, and flex trunk at hip as in sitting up from supine position

Femoral

MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR THIGH


Biceps femoris Long head, ischial tuberosity;

Short head, lateral supracondylar ridge of femur

Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

Extension of thigh; flexion of leg Sciatic

Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia Extension of thigh; flexion of leg Sciatic

Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity, Medial condyle of tibia Extension of thigh; flexion of leg Sciatic

MUSCLES OF ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL THIGH


Sartorius Anterior superior iliac spine Medial surface of tibia near the knee joint

Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of thigh; flexion of leg

Femoral

Tensor fasciae latae Anterior superior iliac spine of ilium Iliotibial tract Flexes thigh, abducts, and medially rotates thigh; steadies trunk on thigh while standing

Superior gluteal

Quadriceps femoris

Rectus femoris

Anterior inferior iliac spine and upper margin of acetabulum

Tibial tuberosity Extension of leg; flexion of thigh Femoral

Vastus lateralis Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur

Tibial tuberosity Extends leg Femoral

Vastus medialis Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur

Tibial tuberosity Extends leg Femoral

Vastus intermedius Upper shaft of femur Tibial tuberosity Extends leg Femoral

Adductor longus Body of pubic bone Middle third of linea aspera Adduction and flexion of thigh Obturator

Adductor magnus Inferior ramus of pubic bone; ramus of ischium

Ischial tuberosity of ischium

Linea aspera and adductor tubercle Adduction and flexion of thigh; extension of thigh

Obturator & sciatic

Gracilis Body and inferior ramus of pubic bone

Medial surface of tibia near the knee joint

Adducts thigh at hip joint, medially rotates thigh, and flexes leg at knee joint.

Obturator

Pectineus Superior ramus of pubis Just inferior to the lesser trochanter Adducts and flexes thigh, assists with medial rotation of thigh

Femoral

MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR LEG


Tibialis posterior Posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula; interosseous membrane

Navicular, with slips to cuneiform; cuboid; metatarsals 2-4

Plantar flexion and inversion of foot Tibial

Flexor digitorum longus

Posterior surface of tibia Distal phalanges of digits 2-5 Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of toes Tibial

Flexor hallucis longus Posterior surface of fibula; interosseous membrane

Distal phalanx of great toe Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of great toe

Tibial

Soleus Head of fibula; posterior surface of fibula; medial aspect of tibia

With gastrocnemius into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Plantar flexion of foot Tibial

Gastrocnemius Medial and lateral condyles of femur With soleus into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of the leg

Tibial

Popliteus Lateral surface of lateral condyle Posterior surface of tibia just below condyles

Flexion of leg; medial rotation of leg to unlock knee prior to leg flexion

Tibial

Plantaris Lateral supracondylar line of femur Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Assists in plantar flexion of foot and flexion of leg

Tibial

MUSCLES OF THE ANTEROLATERAL LEG

AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT


Tibialis anterior Lateral condyle and lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane

Base of first cuneiform and first metatarsal

Dorsiflexes and inverts foot Deep fibular

Extensor hallucis longus

Anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

Distal phalanx of great toe Dorsiflexes foot and extends great toe Deep fibular

Extensor digitorum longus

Lateral condyle of tibia; medial surface of fibula & interosseous membrane

Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5

Dorsiflexes foot and extends toes Deep fibular

Fibularis longus Head and lateral surface of fibula First metatarsal and first cuneiform and

Eversion of foot Superficial fibular

Fibularis brevis Lateral surface of fibula Fifth metatarsal Eversion of foot Superficial fibular

Extensor digitorum brevis

Dorsal surface of calcaneus By four tendons into extensor expansion

Extends toes Deep fibular

Extensor hallucis brevis

Medial surface of calcaneus Proximal phalanx of great toe Extends toes Deep fibular

MUSCLES OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT


Abductor hallucis Tuberosity of calcaneus Medial aspect of proximal phalanx of great toe

Abducts and flexes great toe; supports medial longitudinal arch

Medial plantar

Flexor digitorum brevis

Tuberosity of calcaneus By four tendons into middle phalanx of lateral four toes

Flexes lateral four toes Medial plantar

Abductor digiti minimi

Tuberosisty of calcaneus Lateral side of proximal 5th phalanx Abducts 5th Toe Lateral plantar

Flexor hallucis brevis Cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones Base of proximal phalanx of 1st toe Flexes great toe Medial plantar

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Base of 5th Metatarsal Base of proximal 5th phalanx Flexes 5th toe Lateral plantar

The final practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab (bones and muscles)

Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package Models Images 75 questions Timed stations

spot.pcc.eduspot.pcc.edu/anatomy/231/231 supplemental guide winter... · web viewperforating...

Documents