Sponsored by Human Kinetics &

The University of North TexasDeveloped by The UNT Department of

Kinesiology, Health Promotion, & Recreation

Physical Education and Activity for Kids

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UNT Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, & Recreation Faculty involved in PEAK• Karen Weiller, Ph.D.

• Scott Martin, Ph.D.

• James Morrow, Jr., Ph.D.

• Allen Jackson, Ed.D.

• Miguel Perez, Ph.D.

• Patsy Caldwell, Ed.D.

2www.coe.unt.edu/khpr/peak

Topics Covered

• Physical Activity and Health

• Minority Issues Related to Physical Activity and Health

• Teaching Physical Education to Promote Physical Activity

• Changing Directions

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Physical Activity and Health

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Notes for the Importance of Physical Activity 460 BC to 1996• Throughout history we have known that the

human body needs regular physical activity to achieve optimum health.

• The future health status of the population of the U.S. is going to be related to the physical activity levels present in our lifestyles.

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Notes for Who Recommends Physical Activity for Health• Almost all major health organizations

recognize the benefits of physical activity in the prevention of chronic disease.

• The question is not who does recommend physical activity but who doesn’t.

6a

Notes for Surgeon General’s Comment• The Surgeon General’s report on physical

activity and health is the culminating scientific position on the need for regular physical activity to improve the health of the citizens of the U.S.

7a

Notes for Physical Activity and Exercise Should Lead to Improved Health Related Physical Fitness• Health related fitness identifies physical

fitness factors that are related to health outcomes.– Cardiorespiratory endurance - cardiovascular disease

– Body composition - obesity

– Musculoskeletal fitness (strength, flexibility, local muscular endurance) - functional capacity, osteoporosis, and low back pain

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Notes for Physical Activity Patterns in Young Children are Not Good• Too many of our children are physically

inactive to achieve and maintain good health.

• Childhood obesity and physically inactive lifestyles can track into adulthood.

9a

Notes for Physical Activity Patterns in Children and Adolescents• The percentage of young people who are

physically inactive grows as they age and we have a young adult population where the majority are physically inactive.

10a

Notes for Lower Cardiovascular Endurance Levels in Children

• The lack of physical activity leads to many teenagers who are physically unfit. The problem is especially serious in teenage girls.

11a

Notes for Increased Body Fatness as Children Age• Over 30 percent of adults in the U.S. are

considered overweight for good health.

• A growing trend of obesity is present in our children.

• Teenage obesity has been shown to track into adulthood.

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Notes for Healthy People 2000• The Healthy People 2000 program of the

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services was initiated in 1990 to improve the health of U.S. citizens.

• Increased levels of physical activity was one of the major goals.

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Notes for 1995 Midcourse Review • Unfortunately the goals for increased levels

of physical activity through physical education are not being met and probably will not be achieved by the year 2000.

• Some of the physical activity objectives are even moving in the WRONG direction.

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Notes for U.S. Surgeon General Comments• These statements from the Surgeon General’s

report illustrate the lack of physical activity and physical education provided for our children.

• When physical activity interventions are used in the schools, they work. We just do not have enough quality physical education programs.

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Notes for Good Physical Education Programs Emphasize• People do things they like to do. Children need to

have fun while they are physically active.• Children need to learn to be active in their leisure

time.• Children need to learn that physical activity is an

essential part of a healthy lifestyle.

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Notes for Physically Active Children and Adolescents • Childhood attitudes and behaviors do relate

to adult attitudes and behaviors.

• Physically active and fit children tend to be physically active and fit adults.

• Obese adolescents tend to be obese adults.

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Notes for Regular Physical Activity in Childhood and Adolescence• Physically active children receive fitness

and heath benefits for both the mind and the body.

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Minority Issues Related to Physical Activity and Health

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Notes for Minority Issues Related to Physical Activity and Health• The health status of minority groups in the

U.S. is negatively impacted by poor nutritional habits and low levels of physical activity.

• National studies have found that members of underrepresented groups are less likely than the general population to engage in leisure time physical activity.

• For a number of reasons women are less likely than men to engage in physical activity.

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Notes for Physical Activity Among Minorities• Studies have found different activity levels

between different ethnic groups (Pate, 1996; Zakarian et al., 1994).

• There also appear to be differences in the types of activities chosen by ethnic groups.

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Notes for Market Physical Activity Programs as Recreational Activities• Studies have shown that members of under-

represented groups might not respond well to traditional exercise methods.

• Alternative forms (e.g., recreation) have been found to be effective means to reach underrepresented groups (Lewis et al., 1993).

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Notes for Promote Team and Individual Activities• Cultural values promoting group status and

wellbeing necessitate the inclusion of team as well as individual activities in promoting physical fitness among members of underrepresented groups.

• The community plays a key role among minority groups, therefore, it is recommended that team sports and activities be promoted.

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Notes for Promote Outdoor Activities• The community plays a key role among

minority groups, therefore, it is recommended that outdoor activities be promoted.

• This will not only increase physical activity levels, but it is expected to increase group cohesiveness.

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Notes for Provide a Safe Environment• Unfortunately, low-SES individuals might

reside in unsafe environments making it difficult to engage in outdoor activities.

• Community environments must be made safer so that people can engage in leisure time physical activities.

• Myers (1995) found that after school programs are effective.

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Teaching Physical Education to Promote Physical Activity

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Notes for Teaching Physical Education to Promote Physical Activity• Developmentally Appropriate • National Standards• Foundations of Physical Education

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Elementary school children should accumulate at least 30 - 60 minutes of age and developmentally appropriate physical activity on all or most days of the week.Some activity should be in periods of 10 - 15 minutes or more and include moderate to vigorous activity with brief rest periods.Extended inactivity is discouraged.(Corbin & Pangrazzi, 1997).

Notes for Developmentally Appropriate Physical Education• COPEC - nation’s largest

professional association for children’s physical education

• Quality, daily physical education should be available to all children

• Outcome of developmentally appropriate program - individuals who are physically educated

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Notes for Purpose of COPEC Document• Describe in a straightforward manner

practices that are appropriate for children in physical education programs.

• Extend awareness that childhood is the time to begin development of active and healthy lifestyles.

• Responsibility primarily within physical education programs in schools.

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Notes for What is a Physically Educated Person?• HAS learned skills necessary to perform variety of

physical activities• DOES participate regularly in physical activities• IS physically fit• KNOWS implications of and benefits from

involvement in physical activities• VALUES physical activities and its contributions

to a healthful lifestyle (NASPE, 1990)

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Notes for Appropriate Practices• Programs that are age appropriate and

individually appropriate

• Programs that are designed for age group to be served

• Programs which recognize that children are not miniature adults

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Notes for Appropriate Fitness Development• Children understand important concepts of

physical fitness.

• Children understand the contribution fitness makes to a healthy lifestyle.

• Children are not required to participate in fitness activities, but helped to understand why they participate.

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Notes for Fitness Development• Children are not required to participate

in fitness activities just for the sake of participating, but helped to understand reasons why

• Using exercise as punishment – Drawbacks

• punishment can arouse fear of failure• punishment can hinder the learning of skills• punishment can act as negative reinforcement.

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Notes for Physical Fitness Tests• Physical fitness tests are used as part of a

process through which children understand, enjoy and improve physical health.

• Tests are used as a tool for developing physical fitness knowledge, understanding and competence.

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Notes for Why is This Important to Me?• Assist in recognition of practices which are

in the best interests of children.

• Assist in “selling” best programming to all those concerned with children’s physical health and well-being.

• Apply interrelated components of document to programming.

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National Standards for Physical Education

Identify What A Physically Educated Person Can Do

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Notes for National Standards for Physical Education• The standards are a part of an

educational reform that identifies what a child should know and be able to do by high school graduation.

• These standards were developed under the direction of the National Association for Sport and Physical Education with input from practitioners at all levels.

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Notes for Can Do Many Activities and is Expert in a Few• The intent of this standard is the development

of adequate skill in order to participate in activities for a lifetime.

• This is achieved through emphasis on fundamental motor skills at the elementary level, developing a wide variety of skills in middle school and becoming specialized in a few activities in high school.

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Notes for Knows How to:

• The learner can use cognitive information to enhance personal motor skill acquisition and performance.

• The learner develops the ability to independently acquire new skills and refine existing ones.

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Notes for Active Lifestyle• The intent of this standard is to

establish patterns of regular participation in meaningful physical activity.

• Regular participation is more likely to occur when students have developed interests and skills in a wide variety of activities in order to identify those that have meaning for each individual.

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Notes for Healthy Fitness Status• Each individual will develop a health

enhancing level of fitness.

• The ultimate goal is that students will have the skill and willingness to accept responsibility for maintaining a healthy fitness level throughout life.

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Notes for Personal and Social Behavior• The intent of this standard is achievement

of self-initiated behaviors that promote personal and group success while participating in physical activities.

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Notes for Respects Differences Among All People• The intent of this standard is that

children from different ethnic and racial backgrounds will successfully participate together.

• Individuals with disabilities and varying physical characteristics are active participants.

• There is acceptance and involvement for all individuals.

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Notes for Understands Benefits of Physical Activity• The intent of this standard to develop

awareness of the values and benefits derived from participation in physical activity.

• Development of awareness of the personal benefits contributes to a lifetime of active participation.

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Notes for Contributions of Standards to Local Schools• Benchmarks for specific grade levels are

identified to assist in implementation of a progressive curriculum from kindergarten to high school graduation.

43a

Notes for Foundations of Physical Education• This class is more than just participation in

various sports and dance activities.

• There is an integration of classroom activities, laboratory experiences and participation in a variety of fitness activities.

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Notes for Stairway to Lifelong Participation

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• Many approaches are used in this class to empower students to apply skills, knowledge, and attitudes that lead to maintenance of a health enhancing level of fitness throughout their adult lives.

Notes for Content Includes

Page 1• During the cognitive part of the class

students acquire knowledge of fitness concepts and principles necessary for the development of a personal fitness program.

• They learn the relationship between physical inactivity and disease.

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Notes for Content Includes

Page 2• Students experience many modalities of

activity that enhance personal fitness in order to identify enjoyable ways of achieving fitness.

• Enjoyment has been identified as an important prerequisite to continued participation.

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Notes for Content Includes

Page 3• Through the laboratory experiences

students develop skills in assessment of their fitness level and apply cognitive understanding to the development of a personal fitness program.

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Changing Directions

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Notes for Changing Directions

• Who Can Help Promote Lifelong Physical Activity?

• Guidelines for Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity

• Action Tips49a

"Impacting lifestyle behaviors is not easy. It may involve attempts to modify behaviors that are well ingrained. Many people need to be involved. Let's look at who might be involved."

Notes for Who Can Help Promote Lifelong Physical Activity?• "No single group can help promote physical

activity. It involves the collaborative efforts of parents, teachers, school administrators, recreation leaders, community services, health professionals, and the students themselves."

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Notes for Guidelines for Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity Among All People• Children and adolescents should

accumulate at least 30 to 60 minutes of age and developmentally appropriate physical activity from a variety of physical activities on all, or most days of the week.”

• Activities should be based on the characteristics for children and adolescents.

51a(adapted from COPEC)

Notes for Action Tips Page 1• Most Americans are not physically active.

• Physical inactivity has been related to a number of adverse health reactions.

• Physical activity not only assists with physical health, but it also affects our mental health status.

• All adolescents should be physically active daily or nearly every day (e.g., play, games, recreation, sports, physical education).

• In addition to daily lifestyle activities, three or more sessions per week of activities lasting 20 minutes or more at a time, that require moderate to vigorous levels of exertion, are

recommended.

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Notes for Action Tips Page 2• Many reasons have been given for not

participating in physical activities. Lack of time, ability, and desire are often sited. Playgrounds, low-cost “gyms,” and recreational sites should be made available for people to exercise.

• It is imperative for the development of our children.

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Notes for Action Tips Page 3• The U.S. Surgeon General has

determined that Americans are not physically active.

• Role modeling is not only good for getting children to exercise, but also assists all of us.

• Protected and safe environments have been found to increase participation in leisure time physical activities.

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Sponsored by Human Kinetics &

The University of North TexasDeveloped by The UNT Department of

Kinesiology, Health Promotion, & Recreation

Physical Education and Activity for Kids

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References

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References

• Corbin, C.B., & Pangrazi, R.P. (1997) Guidelines for appropriate physical activity for elementary school children. Council for Physical Education for Children.

• Fardy, P.S., White, R.E., Clark, L.T., Amodio, G., Hurster, M.H., McDermott, K.J., & Magel, J.R. (1995). Health promotion in minority adolescents: A Healthy People 2000 pilot study. Journal of Caridopulmonary Resuscitation, 15(1), 65-72.

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References

• Lewis, C.E., Raczynski, J.M., Heath, G.W., Levinson, R., Hilyer, J.C., & Cutter, G.R. (1993). Promoting physical activity in low-income African-American communities: The PARR Project. Ethnicity and Disease, 3(2), 106-118.

• Myers, H.F., Kagawa-Singer, M., Kumanyika, S.K., Lex, B.W., & Markides, K.S. (1995). Behavioral risk factors related to chronic diseases in ethnic minorities. Health Psychology, 14(7), 613-621.

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References• National Association for Sport and Physical Education.

(1995). Moving Into the Future National Physical Education Standards: A Guide to Content and Assessment. St. Louis: Mosby.

• Rainey, D., & Murray, T. (1997). Foundations of Personal Fitness. St.Paul: West Publishing Company.

• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1996). Healthy people 2000: Midcourse review and 1995 revisions. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

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References

• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1996). Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.

• Zakarian, J.M., Hovell, M.F., Hofstetter, C.R., Sallis, J.F., & Keating, K.J. (1994). Correlates of vigorous exercise in a predominantly low SES and minority high school population. Preventive Medicine, 23(3), 314-321.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Human Kinetics and the College of Education at the University of North Texas for their financial support. Also, a special thanks is extended to Patrick Baley for his technical assistance in the development of Project Peak.

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Focus Group Assessment

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Focus Group Assessment

Please respond to the following questions about this multimedia presentation.

Does this media presentation meet the stated objective? Yes Nocomments:

What did you like about the media presentation? What did you not like about the media presentation? Identify changes/additions which you believe would better

address the stated project purpose.

The purpose of this project is to develop a multimedia, motivational package designed to demonstrate the value of lifetime physical activity and the role physical education plays in maintaining healthy and active lifestyles.

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