spm chemistry chapter 4

8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 4

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SPM CHEMISTRY

Chapter 4: Periodic Table of Elements

Prepared by: Ms. Brintha Ganapathy BSc. MSc.

4.1 e!elopment of the Periodic Table

A) Antoine Lavoisier (1743 17!4) "rench che#ist

• $%e#ents &ere c%assi'ed into 4 rops

• Li#itation so#e &ron in*or#ation (%iht and heat &ere

consider as e%e#ents

B) +ohann ,obereiner (17- 1-4!) Ger#an che#ist

• $%e#ents &ere c%assi'ed into rops na#ed as triad (/riad

La& re%ationship bet&een properties and ato#ic #asses

o* the e%e#ents)

• Li#itation on%y a *e& e%e#ents &ere c%assi'ed

0) +ohn e&%ands (1-37 1-!-) British che#ist

• $%e#ents &ere arraned hori2onta%%y in ascendin order o*

their ato#ic #asses and each ro& consisted o* 7 e%e#ents

(La& o* ctaves sa#e properties &ere repeated at every

eiht e%e#ent)

• Li#itation obeyed by the 'rst 17 e%e#ents on%y (*ro# to

0a)

,) Lothar Meyer (1-3 1-!5) Ger#an che#ist

• Properties o* the e%e#ents &ere in a periodic pattern &ith

their ato#ic #asses

• Si#i%ar che#ica% properties occpied the sa#e re%ative

positions on the crve

1


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"


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$) ,#itri Mende%eev (1-34 1!7) 6ssian che#ist

• $%e#ents &ere arraned in ascendin order o* their ato#ic

#asses

• $%e#ents &ith si#i%ar che#ica% properties &ere p%aced in a

rop

• Gap *or ndiscovered e%e#ents

• Prediction: a%%i# scandi# and er#ani# (discover

%ater)

• Separate rops *or certain e%e#ents: transition e%e#ents

• Meede%eev8s Periodic /ab%e &as sed as a basis *or the

*or#ation o* the Periodic /ab%e

") . +. G. Mose%ey (1--7 1!15) British physicist

• $%e#ents &ere arraned hori2onta%%y in ascendin order

proton n#bers

• $%e#ents &ith the sa#e n#ber va%ence e%ectrons sa#e

rop

• 1- vertica% co%#ns Grop 1 Grop 9 nti% Grop 1-

• A%a%i #eta% Grop 1

• A%a%ine earth #eta% Grop 9

• /ransition e%e#ents Grop 3 to Grop 19

• a%oen Grop 17

• ob%e as Grop 1-

• ori2onta% ro& o* the e%e#ents period

• Period 1 9 e%e#ents

• Period 9 and 3 - e%e#ents

• Period 4 and 5 1- e%e#ents

• Period ; 39 e%e#ents

• Period 7 97 e%e#ents

• $%e#ents (Grop 1 9 and 13) #eta%

#


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• /ransition e%e#ents (Grop 3 to 19) #eta%

• $%e#ents (Grop 15 1; and 17) non


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Relationship bet$een the electron arran%ement of the

atom of an element to its %ro&p and period

1. Grop o* an ato# can be deter#ined sin the n#ber o*

================== ====================.

9. $%e#ents &ith sa#e n#ber o* va%ence e%ectrons are

p%aced on the sa#e rop.

'&mber of !alence

electron

(ro&p

1 19 9

3


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4." (ro&p 1* elements

Element Electron arran%ement of atom

e%i# ? e "

eon ? e 9.*Aron ? Ar 9.-.*

@rypton ? @r 9.-.1-.*

enon ? e 9.-.1-.1-.*

6adon ? 6n 9.-.1-.39.1-.*

(eneral Characteristics

• Monoato#ic as

• Grop 1- e%e#ents are no&n as ================

================ becase they are che#ica%%y inert.• Ato#ic si2e o* the e%e#ents ==================== oin

do&n the rop becase

============================================================

==========.• e%i# ato# has on%y one she%% '%%ed &ith 9 e%ectrons.

ence he%i# is said to have achieved ================

e%ectron arrane#ent.

• /he oter#ost she%% o* the ato#s (e Ar @r e and 6n)

has - e%ectrons. ence these e%e#ents said to have

achieved ================e%ectron arrane#ent.

• Ato#s o* nob%e ases do not re%ease e%ectrons accept

e%ectrons or share e%ectrons hence they

================================================

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Ph,sical properties

• ================ ases

• ================ as at roo# te#peratre

• ================ in &ater

• 0annot condct ================

• Poor condctors o* ================

• Me%tin point and boi%in point ================ oin do&n

the rop as the ato#ic si2e increases. ence *orce o*

attraction bet&een ato#s o* each e%e#ent beco#es

stroner.

• ,ensity o* e%e#ent ================ oin do&n the rop

Chemical properties

• 0he#ica%%y ================ ? not reactive ? non


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4.# (ro&p 1 elements

Element Electron arran%ement of

atom

Lithi# ? Li 9.1

Sodi# ? a 9.-.1

Potassi# ? @ 9.-.-.1

6bidi# ? 6b 9.-.1-.-.1

0aesi# ? 0s 9.-.1-.1-.-.1


• Grop 1 e%e#ents are no&n as ================

=================.

• Ato#ic radis o* the e%e#ents ================ oin do&n

the rop becase

============================================================

=========.

• /he oter#ost she%% o* the ato#s (Li a @ 6b 0s and "r)

has ======= va%ence e%ectron.

• Good redcin aents

• Cery reactive

< 6eactivity o* the e%e#ents ================ oin do&n

the rop becase reactivity depends on

=========================.

< $%ectropositivity is the abi%ity o* an ato# to %ose

e%ectrons to *or# a positive ion.

< As oin do&n the rop the n#ber o* she%%s '%%ed

&ith e%ectrons =========================.

< /he *orce o* attraction bet&een the nc%es and the

va%ence e%ectron beco#es =========================.*


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< ence it is ================== to donate an e%ectron.

< /hs $%ectropositivity =================== do&n the

rop.

/


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Ph,sical properties

• Grey so%ids &ith shiny ================ sr*aces &hen

*resh%y ct.

• ================ so%ids at roo# te#peratre

• Good condctors o* ================ and ================

• ================ #e%tin point and boi%in point co#pared

< Me%tin point and boi%in point o* the e%e#ents

================ oin do&n the rop

<

/his is becase the ato#ic si2e increases and n#ber o*she%%s '%%ed &ith e%ectrons increases

< ence the #eta%%ic bondin bet&een ato#s beco#es

&eaer.

< /hs %ess heat enery is reDired to overco#e the

&eaer #eta%%ic bondin.

•

================ density (Li a and @ oat on the sr*ace&ater ? 6b 0s and "r sin in the &ater)

< ,ensity o* e%e#ent ================ oin do&n the

rop

Chemical properties

• 0he#ica%%y very ================

< 6eact rapid%y &ith o>yen and &ater vapor in the air

< ence #st be ept in ================ oi%

• 6eact &ith co%d &ater

< Prodcin al0aline metal h,droide sol&tions and

h,dro%en %as

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< $Dation:

=========================================================

========

11


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• 6eact &ith o>yen

< Prodcin $hite solid metal oides

< $Dation:

=========================================================

=========

• Meta% o>ides disso%ve in &ater

< Prodcin al0aline metal h,droide sol&tions

< $Dation:

=========================================================

===================

• 6eact &ith ha%oens

< Prodcin $hite solid metal halides

< $Dation:

=========================================================

===================

Safet, preca&tions

• 0annot ho%d the rop 1 e%e#ents &ith ================

hands

• Eear sa*ety ================ and ================

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4.4 (ro&p 1 elements

Element Electron arran%ement of

atom

"%orine ? " 9.

0h%orine ? 0% 9.-.Bro#ine ? Br 9.-.1-.

Fodine ? F 9.-.1-.1-.

Astatine ? At 9.-.1-.39.1-.


• Grop 17 e%e#ents are no&n as ================.

• $>ist as diato#ic #o%ec%es ("9 0%9 Br9 F9 and At9)

• Ato#ic radis o* the e%e#ents ================= oin do&n

the rop as the

============================================================

============

• /he oter#ost she%% o* the ato#s (" 0% Br F and At) have

!alence electrons

• Good o>idisin aents

• Cery reactive

< 6eactivity o* the e%e#ents ================ oin do&n

the rop becase reactivity depends on

=========================.

< $%ectroneativity is the abi%ity o* an ato# to ain

e%ectrons to *or# a neative ion.

< As oin do&n the rop the n#ber o* she%%s '%%ed

&ith e%ectrons =========================.

< /he *orce o* attraction bet&een the nc%es and the

va%ence e%ectron beco#es =========================.

< ence it is ================== to receive an e%ectron.1#


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< /hs e%ectroneativity =================== do&n the

rop.

14


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Ph,sical properties

• on


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• 6eact &ith hot iron

< Prodcin bro&n so%ids iron(FFF) ha%ides

< $Dation:

=========================================================

==================

• 6eact &ith sodi# hydro>ide a so%tion

< Prodcin &ater and t&o types o* sodi# sa%ts

< $Dation:

=========================================================

==================

Safet, preca&tions

• Eear sa*ety o%es and %oves &hen hand%in the

e%e#ents

• and%e the e%e#ents in the *#e cpboard

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4.) Elements across a period

• /he Periodic /ab%e has 7 periods

• #ber o* va%ence e%ectrons o* each e%e#ent

================ by one across a period

cross Period #

'a M% l Si P S Cl r

G1 G9 G13 G14 G15

G1; G17 G1-


• Ato#ic si2e o* the e%e#ents ================ across the

period

< /his is becase across the period proton n#ber

increases.

< ence the e%ectrostatic *orces o* attraction bet&een

the nc%es and the va%ence e%ectrons increase.

< Ca%ence e%ectrons are p%%ed c%oser to the nc%es.

< /hs the ato#ic radis decreases.

• $%ectroneativity o* the e%e#ents ===============

• $%ectropositivity o* the e%e#ents ================

• 0hane *ro# ================ to ================

• Meta%%ic properties ================

'a M% l Si P S Cl r

1

Metals Semi metal 'on5metal

6asic oidesmphoteric cidic oides


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ses o* se#i


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Special Characteristics

• "or# co%ored ions or co#ponds

< 09H: ================

< "e9H: ================

< "e3H: ================

< 0oba%t ch%oride crysta%: ================

• ,iIerent o>idation n#bers in their co#pond

< "ind the o>idation n#ber o* the copper in the

*o%%o&in co#ponds

C&7 C&87

• se*% cata%ysts

< 'ic0el hydroenation o* veetab%e oi%

< Copper9II s&lphate reaction o* 2inc &ith di%te

s%phric acid to %iberate hydroen as

< Man%anese9I; oide deco#position o* hydroen

pero>ide to %iberate o>yen as

< Iron aber process

< ;anadi&m9; oide 0ontact process

< Platin&m st&a%d process

• "or# co#p%e> ions

< e>acyano*errate (FFF) ion J"e(0);K3<

1/


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-ses

• Fron sed as stee%

• 0hro#i# coatin corroded #eta%s

heat

spm chemistry chapter 4

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