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Section 1: Primary and Secondary Groups

Section 2:Other Groups and Networks

Section 3: Types of Social Interaction

Section 4:Formal Organizations

Chapter Preview 1

Chapter Preview · Section 1Primary and Secondary Groups (pages 172–176)

Groups are classified by how they develop and function. Primary groups meet emotional and support needs, while secondary groups are task-focused.

Chapter Preview 2

Chapter Preview · Section 2Other Groups and Networks (pages 177–180)

Reference groups help us evaluate ourselves and form identities. In-groups and out-groups divide people into “we” and “they”. Social networks extend our contacts and le us form links to many other people.

Chapter Preview 3

Chapter Preview · Section 3Types of Social Interaction (pages 181–189)

Five types of social interaction are basic to group life: cooperation, conflict, social exchange, coercion, and conformity.

Chapter Preview 4

Chapter Preview · Section 4Formal Organization (pages 190–196)

A formal organization is created to achieve some goal. Most are bureaucratic. The existence of primary groups and relationships within formal organizations can either help or hinder the achievement of the goals.

Chapter Preview-End

Section 1-Preview

Groups are classified by how they develop and function. Primary groups meet emotional and support needs, while secondary groups are task focused.

Section 1-Key Terms

• group

• social category

• social aggregate

• primary group

• primary relationships

• secondary group

• secondary relationships

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1-Polling Question

A B C D

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Which group is most important in your life?

A. Your friends

B. Your classmates

C. Your teammate

D. Your teachers

Section 1

Groups, Categories, and Aggregates

• A group is composed of people who share several features, including the following:

– They are in regular contact with one another.

– They share some ways of thinking, feeling and behaving.

Section 1

Groups, Categories, and Aggregates (cont.)

– They take one another’s behavior into account.

– They have one or more interests or goals in common.

Section 1

Groups, Categories, and Aggregates (cont.)

• A social category is composed of people who share a social characteristic.

• A social aggregate is composed of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

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Scientists are an example of a

A. Group

B. Social category

C. Social aggregate

D. Society

Section 1

Primary Groups

• A primary group is composed of people who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another’s company.

• Primary relationships are intimate, personal, caring and fulfilling.

Section 1

Primary Groups (cont.)

• Conditions needed for a primary group:

– Small size

– Face-to-face contact

– Continuous contact

– Proper social environment

Section 1

Primary Groups (cont.)

• The functions of a primary group are:

– Emotional support

– Socialization

– To encourage conformity

Section 1

Secondary Groups

• A secondary group is impersonal and goal oriented.

• Secondary relationships involve only limited parts of personalities.

Section 2-Preview

Reference groups help us evaluate ourselves and form identities. In-groups and out-groups divide people into “we” and “they”. Social networks extend our contacts and let us form links to many other people.

Section 2-Key Terms

• reference group

• in-group

• out-group

• social network

Section 2

Reference Groups

• Reference groups help us to evaluate ourselves and to acquire attitudes, beliefs, and norms—in both positive and negative ways.

Section 2

In-Groups and Out-Groups

• An in-group requires extreme loyalty from its members to the exclusion of others.

• The in-group feels opposition, antagonism, or competition toward the out-group.

Section 2

In-Groups and Out-Groups (cont.)

• These groups can be found anywhere and display some sort of boundary that distinguishes them.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

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Which could be considered a group boundary?

A. Handshake

B. Clothing

C. Badges

D. All of the above

Section 2

Social Networks

• A social network is the web of social relationships that join a person to other people and groups.

Section 2

Social Networks (cont.)

• A social network does not qualify as a group, but serves many purposes.

• Functions:

– A sense of belonging and purpose

– Help and advice

– Help finding a job

Section 3-Preview

Five types of social interaction are basic to group life: cooperation, conflict, social exchange, coercion, and conformity.

Section 3-Key Terms

• cooperation

• conflict

• social exchange

• coercion

• conformity

• groupthink

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 3-Polling Question

A B C

0% 0%0%

How often do you interact with your neighbors?

A. Often

B. Occasionally

C. Never

Section 3

Five Types of Group Social Interaction

• The five types of social interaction basic to group life:

– Cooperation

– Conflict

– Social exchange

– Coercion

– Conformity

Section 3

Five Types of Group Social Interaction (cont.)

– Some encourage stability and some encourage change.

Section 3

Cooperation

• Cooperation is a form of interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach some goal.

Section 3

Conflict

• Groups or individuals that work against one another for a larger share of the rewards are in conflict.

Section 3

Conflict (cont.)

• The positive effects of conflict are that it:

– promotes cooperation and unity within the opposing groups.

– draws attention to social inequalities.

– changes norms, beliefs and values.

Section 3

Social Exchange

• Social exchange is a type of social interaction in which one person voluntarily does something for another person, expecting a reward in return.

• Reciprocity involves doing for others what they have done for you.

Section 3

Social Exchange (cont.)

• Cooperation is different than social exchange because nothing is expected in return.

Section 3

Coercion

• Coercion is social interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to give in to the will of other individuals or groups.

• This is the opposite of social exchange.

Section 3

Conformity

• Conformity is behavior that matches the group expectations.

• Solomon Asch’s line experiment demonstrates conformity.

Cards for Asch’s Experiments

Section 3

Conformity (cont.)

• Groupthink exists when thinking in a group is self-deceptive, based on conformity to group beliefs, and created by group pressure.

Illustrating Types of Social Interaction

A. A

B. B

Section 3

Can you name a time when you conformed despite your true beliefs?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%

Section 3-End

Section 4

Max Weber and Bureaucracy

• Rationalization—the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning rather than tradition and superstition—was on the rise as the industrial economy developed.

Section 4

Max Weber and Bureaucracy (cont.)

• Weber believed that a bureaucracy could offer steadiness, precision, continuity, speed, efficiency, and minimum cost since the industrial economy was moving so quickly.

• Bureaucracy is designed to protect individuals despite its negative reputation.

Membership in Labor Unions

Figure 6.2

Vocab 1

group

at least two people who have one or more goals in common and share common ways of thinking and behaving

Vocab 2

social category

people who share a social characteristic

Vocab 3

social aggregate

people temporarily in the same place at the same time

Vocab 4

primary group

people who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another’s company

Vocab 5

primary relationships

interactions that are intimate, personal, caring, and fulfilling

Vocab 6

secondary group

people who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task

Vocab 7

secondary relationships

impersonal interactions involving limited parts of personalities

Vocab 8

reference groups

group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms

Vocab 9

in-group

exclusive group demanding intense loyalty

Vocab 10

out-group

group targeted by an in-group for opposition, antagonism, or competition

Vocab 11

social network

a web of social relationships that join a person to other people and groups

Vocab 12

cooperation

interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a goal

Vocab 13

conflict

interaction aimed at defeating and opponent

Vocab 14

social exchange

a voluntary action performed in the expectation of getting a reward in return

Vocab 15

coercion

interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to behave in a particular way

Vocab 16

conformity

behavior that matches group expectations

Vocab 22

rationalization

the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning

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