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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: War in Europe

Section 2: America’s Road to War

Section 3: Americans Join the Allies

Section 4: The War at Home

Section 5: Searching for Peace

Visual Summary

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Chapter Intro

War in Europe

Essential Question How did militarism contribute to the outbreak of World War I?


Chapter Intro

America’s Road to War

Essential Question Why did the United States enter World War I?


Chapter Intro

Americans Join the Allies

Essential Question How did the United States help the Allies win the war?


Chapter Intro

The War at Home

Essential Question How did the United States mobilize its resources to fight the war?


Chapter Intro

Searching for Peace

Essential Question Why did Wilson’s peace plan fail?


Chapter Time Line

Chapter Preview-End


Section 1-Essential Question

How did militarism contribute to the outbreak of World War I?


Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• nationalism

• ethnic group

• militarism

• alliance system

• balance of power

• U-boat

Academic Vocabulary

• dimension

• equip

Reading Guide


Section 1-Key Terms

Key People and Events

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Battle of Verdun

Reading Guide (cont.)


A. A

B. B

Section 1-Polling Question

Do alliances between countries help prevent war or make war more likely to occur?

A. They prevent war.

B. They make war more likely to occur.

0%0%


Section 1

Troubles in Europe

Several factors led to the outbreak of World War I.


Section 1

• The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 destroyed the delicate balance of European stability and led to war.

• Nationalism caused much of the tension in Europe.

Troubles in Europe (cont.)

– It encouraged new nations, such as Italy and Germany, to unify and establish their power in the world.


Section 1

– It encouraged certain ethnic groups to break away from existing nations and seek independence.

• As European nations competed for colonies, they strengthened their militaries and created an atmosphere of militarism.



Section 1

• Military buildups resulted in an alliance system, and by 1914 two major alliances were established.

– Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed the Triple Alliance.

– Great Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente.


• The purpose of alliances was to create a balance of power to keep the peace.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

Who were the members of the Triple Alliance?

A. Great Britain, France, and Russia

B. The United States, Great Britain, and Germany

C. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

D. Great Britain, France, and Spain


Section 1

Crisis in the Balkans

War spread throughout Europe as a result of the alliance system.


Section 1

• Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist, assassinated Franz Ferdinand as a way to bring down the Austro-Hungarian Empire and unite the Slavs.

• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in July 1914.

Crisis in the Balkans (cont.)


Section 1

• Europe’s alliance system caused the war to spread quickly.

– Serbia’s protector was Russia, while Germany supported Austria-Hungary.

– Germany declared war on Russia and then on France, Russia’s ally.

– When Germany invaded neutral Belgium, Great Britain—an ally to Belgium—declared war on Germany.

Crisis in the Balkans (cont.)


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

Why was Franz Ferdinand assassinated?

A. Because he was a brutal dictator

B. Because he was not true to his alliance

C. To bring peace to the Slavic people

D. To bring down the Austro-HungarianEmpire


Section 1

A World War Begins

World War I was a long, deadly war as a result of new technologies and battle strategies.


Section 1

• The Allied Powers comprised:

– Great Britain

– France

– Russia

– Japan

– Italy

A World War Begins (cont.)

Europe Goes to War


Section 1

• The Central Powers comprised:

– Germany

– Austria-Hungary

– the Ottoman Empire


Europe Goes to War


Section 1

• After defeating Belgium, the German army moved into France.

• British and French troops stopped the German advance at the Marne River near Paris.

• For three years, the opposing armies faced each other across trenches, with neither side advancing.



Section 1

• The Battle of Verdun in 1916 was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war, with more than 750,000 French and German soldiers losing their lives.

• Advances in technology changed the face of war.


– Improved cannons and other artillery fired larger shells at greater distances.

– Better rifles enabled soldiers to hit targets with greater accuracy.


Section 1

– Poison gas could kill or injure anyone who breathed it.

– Armored tanks could cross battle lines and fire on the enemy at close range.

– Fighter planes equipped with machine guns added a new dimension to the fighting.

– German submarines, known as U-boats—sunk ships carrying supplies to Britain.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following technology and weapons were NOT used in World War I?

A. Poison gas

B. Nuclear weapons

C. Armored tanks

D. Fighter planes


Section 1-End



Why did the United States enter World War I?


Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• propaganda

• autocracy

Academic Vocabulary

• stress

• revolution

Reading Guide


Section 2-Key Terms


• Lusitania

• Selective Service Act



A. A

B. B

C. C


How difficult is it to remain neutral when friends or family members have disagreements?

A. Very difficult

B. Somewhat difficult

C. Not at all difficult0% 0%0%


Section 2

American Neutrality

The United States tried to remain neutral in the war in Europe.


Section 2

• President Wilson declared that the United States would be neutral in the war in Europe.

• To gain support, both sides used propaganda to influence opinion.

• Allied propaganda stressed the German invasion of neutral Belgium and was more effective in the United States because of American sympathy for the British.

American Neutrality (cont.)

Land Forces


Section 2

• As a neutral nation, America sought to trade goods with both sides; however, Britain’s blockade of Germany made this difficult.

• To stop American trade with Britain, Germany stated that it would sink any vessels that entered or left British ports.

• When a German U-boat sank the British passenger liner Lusitania, 128 American citizens were killed.

American Neutrality (cont.)

War at Sea: The Submarine


A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 2

What was the initial stance of the United States government regarding World War I?

A. It supported the Allied Powers.

B. It supported the Central Powers.

C. It was neutral. 0% 0%0%


Section 2

The End of Neutrality

Relations with Germany worsened, and the United States entered World War I.


Section 2

• When Germany stated in 1917 that it would sink on sight any merchant vessel sailing to Allied ports, President Wilson broke off diplomatic relations with Germany.

• Anti-German feelings escalated when British agents intercepted a secret telegram from a German foreign minister offering an alliance with Mexico if war broke out.

The End of Neutrality (cont.)


Section 2

• A revolution to overthrow the autocracy and establish free elections took place in Russia, allowing Wilson to argue that the allies were fighting a war for democracy.

• In April of 1917, Congress passed a declaration of war against Germany.

• To raise an army quickly, Congress passed the Selective Service Act to set up a military draft.

The End of Neutrality (cont.)


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

What was the message of the Zimmermann telegram?

A. It offered Mexico a chance to reconquer lost territory in the United States.

B. It warned merchant ships that they would be sunk if they approached Allied ports.

C. It declared war on the United States.

D. It called for democracy in Russia.


Section 2-End



How did the United States help the Allies win the war?


Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• convoy

• armistice

• kaiser

Academic Vocabulary

• proceed

• consent

Reading Guide


Section 3-Key Terms


• Bolsheviks

• Vladimir Lenin

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• John J. Pershing



A. A

B. B

C. C


What do you think would have happened if there had been no Zimmerman telegram?

A. The United States would have entered the war when it did in April.

B. The United States would have entered the war at a later time.

C. The United States would not have been drawninto the war.

A B C

0% 0%0%


Section 3

Supplying the Allies

Russia withdrew from the war, but the American troops helped turn the tide in favor of the Allies.


Section 3

• To ensure that needed supplies reached Great Britain, U.S. Navy convoys escorted merchant ships.

• In 1917, the Bolsheviks—led by Vladimir Lenin—overthrew the democratic Russian government and pulled out of the war to focus on setting up their new Communist state.

Supplying the Allies (cont.)

Europe During World War I, 1914–1918


Section 3

• Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, enabling Germany to move thousands of troops to France.

• In 1918, German troops launched a massive attack to capture the city of Amiens before proceeding to Paris.




Section 3

• The American army—known as the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)—was led by General John J. Pershing and arrived in Europe in the spring of 1918.

• In the Battle of the Argonne Forest—the most massive attack in American history—the Allies pushed back the Germans and broke through the enemy lines.




A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

Why did Russia withdraw from the war?

A. They knew they were going to lose.

B. They wanted to focus on setting up their new government.

C. They did not want to fight alongside Americans.

D. Germany agreed to give some of their territoryto Russia.


Section 3

The End of the War

By late 1918, Germany was losing the war and appealed for an armistice to end the fighting.


Section 3

• In November of 1918, the governments of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire had surrendered to the Allied Powers.

• The German government appealed to President Wilson for an armistice.

The End of the War (cont.)


Section 3

• Wilson consented, but only under certain conditions.

– Germany must accept Wilson’s plan for peace and not renew hostilities.

– All German troops must leave Belgium and France.

– Wilson would only deal with civilian leaders, not the military.



Section 3

• In Germany, a revolution occurred and the German kaiser stepped down.

• The new leaders of Germany accepted Wilson’s terms for an armistice, which began on November 11, 1918.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following was NOT a reason Germany agreed to an armistice?

A. Germany’s allies had surrendered to the Allied Powers.

B. American troops and supplies had fortified the Allied War effort.

C. Russia had reentered the war.

D. Germans were suffering from shortages of food and other supplies.


Section 3-End



How did the United States mobilize its resources to fight the war?


Section 4-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• mobilization

• ration

• socialist

• pacifist

• dissent

Academic Vocabulary

• consume

• perceive

Reading Guide


Section 4-Key Terms


• Great Migration

• Espionage Act

• Sabotage Act

• Sedition Act



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D


Rate your agreement with the following statement: The people of the United States come together in times of crisis.

A. Strongly agree

B. Somewhat agree

C. Somewhat disagree

D. Strongly disagree A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


Section 4

Mobilizing the Nation

The United States prepared to fight the war.


Section 4

• After declaring war on Germany in 1917, mobilization affected almost every part of American life.

– The National War Labor Board was created to ensure businesses granted important demands of laborers in exchange for workers not going on strike.

– War bonds were sold and taxes were raised to pay for the war.

Mobilizing the Nation (cont.)


Section 4

– Labor shortages provided new job opportunities for women.


– Large numbers of African Americans left their homes in the rural South to find jobs in Northern cities in what was known as the Great Migration.

– The Food Administration encouraged rationing and Americans consumed less food.


Section 4

– The Committee on Public Information promoted the war as a battle for democracy and freedom.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the labor shortage as the United States mobilized for the war?

A. Labor unions organized strikes to demand higher wages and shorter hours.

B. Millions of men left their jobs to serve in the armed forces.

C. Immigration slowed during the war.

D. Demand increased as businesses produced goods vital to the war effort.


Section 4

Public opinion and the War

During World War I, the American government approved legislation to control public opinion.


Section 4

• Opposition to the war remained strong among socialists and pacifists.

• The Committee on Public Information tried to silence dissent.

• The Espionage Act of 1917 provided stiff penalties for spying or aiding the enemy.

Public opinion and the War (cont.)


Section 4

• The Sabotage Act and the Sedition Act made it a crime to say, print, or write any criticism perceived as negative about the government.

Public opinion and the War (cont.)


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

What did the socialists believe?

A. Industries should be publicly owned

B. Violence should not be used

C. Those participating in espionage should be executed

D. Criticism of the government should bepunished


Section 4-End



Why did Wilson’s Peace Plan fail?


Section 5-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• national self-determination

• reparation

Academic Vocabulary

• final

• achieve

Reading Guide


Section 5-Key Terms


• Fourteen Points

• League of Nations

• Treaty of Versailles

• Henry Cabot Lodge



A. A

B. B

C. C


Have you ever had to make reparations to a friend or family member because you damaged something of theirs?

A. Many times

B. Once or twice

C. Never 0% 0%0%


Section 5

Making a Peace

World War I ended, but the Allies opposed Wilson’s plan for peace.


Section 5

• President Wilson’s peace plan was outlined in the Fourteen Points.

– Several points reflected Wilson’s belief in national self-determination, although they did not provide clear solutions on how to achieve this goal.

– Wilson also called for free trade and freedom of the seas.

Making a Peace (cont.)

The Human Cost of War


Section 5

– Wilson supported an end to secret treaties among nations.

– He also called for limits on arms.

– Wilson’s final point was the creation of a League of Nations.


Europe After World War I


Section 5

• The European leaders showed little enthusiasm for the Fourteen Points.

• Great Britain and France demanded Germany make reparations for damages caused in the war.


Europe After World War I


Section 5

• Germany and the Allies signed the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. Under the terms of the treaty:

– Germany had to accept full responsibility for the conflict.

– Germany had to pay billions of dollars in reparations to the Allies.

– Germany had to disarm completely.



Section 5

– Germany had to give up overseas colonies and some territory in Europe.

– The Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires were carved up into new nations.

– A League of Nations was formed.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 5

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

What countries made up the Big Four?

A. Germany, Russia, Spain, and Italy

B. Great Britain, France, Italy, and Russia

C. Great Britain, France, the United States, and Italy

D. France, the United States, Italy, and Russia


Section 5

Opposition at Home

The U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.


Section 5

• Many Americans had doubts about the Treaty of Versailles.

– Some thought it dealt too harshly with Germany.

– Others worried that the League of Nations marked a permanent American commitment to international affairs.

Opposition at Home (cont.)


Section 5

• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge was the most powerful opponent of the treaty.

• The treaty was rejected by the Senate, and in 1921, the United States signed a separate peace treaty with each of the Central Powers.

Opposition at Home (cont.)


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 5

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following is NOT a reason the Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles?

A. It was a good chance to embarrass President Wilson.

B. The Senate felt the treaty dealt too harshly with Germany.

C. It was an opportunity to weaken the Republican Party.

D. The Senate did not approve of the League of Nations.


Section 5-End


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Vocab1

nationalism

intense loyalty to one’s nation or group and promotion of its interests above all others

Vocab2

ethnic group

a minority that speaks a different language or follows different customs than the majority of people in a country; people who share a common language and traditions

Vocab3

militarism

a buildup of military strength within a country

Vocab4

alliance system

defense agreements among nations

Vocab5

balance of power

the distribution of power among nations so that no single nation can dominate or interfere with another

Vocab6

U-boat

German submarine in World Wars I and II

Vocab7

dimension

aspect; one element or factor among many

Vocab8

equip

furnish; provide with

Vocab9

propaganda

ideas or information designed and spread to influence opinion

Vocab10

autocracy

government in which one person has unlimited power

Vocab11

stress

call particular attention to; emphasize

Vocab12

revolution

a war to overthrow a government

Vocab13

convoy

a group that travels with something, such as a ship, to protect it

Vocab14

armistice

a temporary peace agreement to end fighting

Vocab15

kaiser

emperor; the leader of Germany from 1871 to 1918

Vocab16

proceed

continue on

Vocab17

consent

agree to

Vocab18

mobilization

gathering resources and preparing for war

Vocab19

ration

to give out scarce items on a limited basis

Vocab20

socialist

person who believes industries should be publicly owned and run by the government rather than by private individuals

Vocab21

pacifist

person opposed to the use of war or violence to settle disputes

Vocab22

dissent

disagreement with or opposition to an opinion

Vocab23

consume

to use

Vocab24

perceive

to recognize; understand

Vocab25

national self-determination

the right of people to decide how they should be governed

Vocab26

reparations

payment by a defeated aggressor nation for damages caused by war

Vocab27

final

last; ultimate

Vocab28

achieve

accomplish; gain by effort

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