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Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Social Reform
Section 2: The Abolitionists
Section 3: The Women’s Movement
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro
Social Reform
Essential Question How did religion influence the social reforms in the United States during the early and mid-1800s?
Chapter Intro
The Abolitionists
Essential Question How did abolitionists influence the antislavery movement?
Chapter Intro
The Women’s Movement
Essential Question What were the effects of the women’s rights movement of the middle to late 1800s?
Chapter Time Line
Section 1-Essential Question
How did religion influence the social reforms in the United States during the early and mid-1800s?
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• revival
• utopia
• temperance
• normal school
• transcendentalist
• civil disobedience
Academic Vocabulary
• lecture
• author
Reading Guide
Section 1-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Second Great Awakening
• temperance movement
Reading Guide (cont.)
Section 1
Religion and Reform
The Second Great Awakening influenced social and educational reforms.
Section 1
• A wave of religious fervor known as the Second Great Awakening swept through the United States in the early 1800s.
• People traveled great distances to hear preachers speak and to pray together at religious meetings called revivals.
• This new religious spirit inspired people to create communities called utopias.
Religion and Reform (cont.)
Section 1
• The temperance movement was started by people who wanted to ban alcohol in an effort to improve the world.
– They promoted their ideas of temperance through lectures, pamphlets, and rallies.
Religion and Reform (cont.)
Section 1
• Reformers also wanted to improve education.
– Horace Mann developed state-supported normal schools.
– The education of those with disabilities was also a consideration.
Religion and Reform (cont.)
Section 1
Cultural Trends
A distinct type of American literature emerged in the 1820s.
Section 1
• Transcendentalists were a group of thinkers and writers who stressed the relationship between humans and nature and the importance of the individual conscience.
Cultural Trends (cont.)
Section 1
• Leading transcendentalists included:
– Ralph Waldo Emerson
– Henry David Thoreau
– Margaret Fuller
Cultural Trends (cont.)
Section 1
• Civil disobedience was practiced by transcendentalists when they considered laws to be unjust.
• Women, such as Harriet Beecher Stowe, rose to prominence as authors of the most popular fiction.
Cultural Trends (cont.)
Section 2-Essential Question
How did abolitionists influence the antislavery movement?
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• abolitionist
• Underground Railroad
Academic Vocabulary
• route
• medical
Reading Guide
Section 2-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• American Colonization Society
• William Lloyd Garrison
• Sarah Grimké
• Angelina Grimké
• David Walker
• Frederick Douglass
• Sojourner Truth
• Elijah Lovejoy
Reading Guide (cont.)
Section 2
Early Efforts to End Slavery
During the early 1800s, some Americans began to call for an end to slavery.
Section 2
• Abolitionists were among the growing band of reformers who worked to abolish slavery.
• The first large-scale antislavery effort, the American Colonization Society, attempted to resettle African Americans back to Africa and the Caribbean.
Early Efforts to End Slavery (cont.)
The Abolition Movement
Section 2
• Many African Americans had been in the United States for generations and did not want to leave.
Early Efforts to End Slavery (cont.)
Section 2
The Movement Changes
Beginning in the 1830s, slavery became the most pressing issue for reformers.
Section 2
• As reformers saw the South becoming more dependent on slave labor, the pressure to end slavery increased.
• William Lloyd Garrison of Massachusetts started an antislavery newspaper called The Liberator.
• Among the first women to speak out publicly against slavery were sisters Sarah and Angelina Grimké.
The Movement Changes (cont.)
The Founding of Liberia
Section 2
• David Walker, Frederick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth were among the most prominent African Americans to speak out against slavery.
• The Underground Railroad was a network of escape routes and safe houses that enabled enslaved African Americans to escape to freedom in the North.
The Movement Changes (cont.)
Section 2
Clashes Over Abolitionism
Many Southerners and Northerners opposed abolition.
Section 2
• Many Southerners feared that abolishing slavery would end their way of life, and many Northerners opposed abolition because they feared it would pose a threat to the nation’s social order.
Clashes Over Abolitionism (cont.)
Section 2
• Abolitionists often were persecuted in the North.
– A Boston mob attacked and threatened to hang abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison.
– Elijah Lovejoy was killed by an angry mob who opposed his antislavery newspaper.
Clashes Over Abolitionism (cont.)
Section 2
• Southerners claimed that because they provided food, clothing, and medical care to their enslaved workers, slaves were treated better than Northern factory workers.
Clashes Over Abolitionism (cont.)
Section 3-Essential Question
What were the effects of the women’s rights movement of the middle to late 1800s?
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• suffrage
• coeducation
Academic Vocabulary
• capable
• ministry
Reading Guide
Section 3-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Lucretia Mott
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Susan B. Anthony
• Catherine Beecher
• Emma Hart Willard
• Mary Lyon
• Elizabeth Blackwell
Reading Guide (cont.)
Section 3
• Women abolitionists like Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton fought for women’s rights as well as an end to slavery.
• The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 called for woman suffrage and an end to laws that discriminated against women.
Women and Reform (cont.)
Women’s Rights
Section 3
• As the women’s movement grew, advocates like Susan B. Anthony fought for coeducation in the nation’s schools and universities.
Women and Reform (cont.)
Women’s Rights
Section 3
Progress by Women
Women made progress in achieving equality in education, marriage laws, and professional employment.
Section 3
• Many women’s rights advocates like Catherine Beecher and Emma Hart Willard believed that women would make very capable teachers.
• Mount Holyoke College was founded by Mary Lyon to give women an opportunity to study subjects previously considered suitable only for men.
Progress by Women (cont.)
Section 3
• Marriage and family law reform enabled women to own property after marriage and to seek divorce in certain situations.
• Employment in professions such as medicine and the ministry were dominated by men.
• Elizabeth Blackwell was a pioneer for women in the medical field.
Progress by Women (cont.)
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
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Vocab1
revival
a series of meetings conducted by a preacher to arouse religious emotions
Vocab2
utopia
community based on a vision of a perfect society sought by reformers
Vocab3
temperance
the use of little or no alcoholic drink
Vocab4
normal school
a two-year school for training high school graduates as teachers
Vocab5
transcendentalist
any of a group of New England writers who stressed the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things, and the importance of the individual conscience
Vocab6
civil disobedience
refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust as a nonviolent way to press for changes
Vocab7
lecture
talk or speech given to an individual or a group for education or as a gentle scolding
Vocab8
author
writer
Vocab9
abolitionist
a person who strongly favors doing away with slavery
Vocab10
Underground Railroad
a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North
Vocab11
route
line of travel
Vocab12
medical
health; pertaining to the practice of medicine
Vocab13
suffrage
the right to vote
Vocab14
coeducation
the teaching of male and female students together
Vocab15
capable
having the necessary abilities
Vocab16
ministry
the office, duties, or functions of a minister
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