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THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. Nos. 136149-51. September 19, 2000.

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES,appellee, vs. WALPAN

LADJAALAM y MIHAJIL alias "WARPAN",appellant.

The Solicitor General !or p"#$%t$!!-#ppe""ee.

Atty. Jose E. Fernandez !or #&&'se(-#ppe""#%t.

SYNOPSIS

)ppe""#%t *#"p#% +#(##"#m $/#$", #"so %o% #s *#rp#%, #ppe#"s be!ore 's

t/e September 1, 199 De&$s$o% o! t/e Re$o%#" Tr$#" o'rt 7RT8 o! #mbo#%#$t 7:r#%&/ 168, /$&/ !o'%( /$m '$"t o! t/ree o't o! t/e !o'r &/#res "o(e(

##$%st /$m. He #s !o'%( '$"t o! t/e &r$mes o! 718 V$o"#t$o% o! Se&t$o% 15-),

)rt$&"e III, o! Rep'b"$& )&t No. 6425, ot/er$se %o% #s t/e D#%ero's Dr's )&to! 192, #s #me%(e(; 728 I""e#"

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!or ($re&t #ss#'"t, /$&/ &o%st$t'te t/e most ser$o's &r$me, s/o'"( be $mpose( #%(#pp"$e( $% $ts m#@$m'm per$o(.

4.ID.; I++BG)+

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o! t/e sep#r#te o!!e%se o! $""e#" possess$o% o! ! $re#rms. Ne$t/er % s'&/ '%"#!'" #&tbe &o%s$(ere( to /#?e #r#?#te( t/e ($re&t #ss#'"t. T#&SB

The Case

*#"p#% +#(##"#m $/#$", #"so %o% #s *#rp#%, #ppe#"s be!ore 's t/e

September 1, 199 De&$s$o% 1o! t/e Re$o%#" Tr$#" o'rt 7RT8 o! #mbo#%# $t7:r#%&/ 168, /$&/ !o'%( /$m '$"t o! t/ree o't o! t/e !o'r &/#res "o(e( ##$%st

/$m.

=$"e( ##$%st #ppe""#%t ere !o'r I%!orm#t$o%s, 2#"" s$%e( b )ss$st#%t Re$o%#"St#te $%es

#%( se?e% 78 ro'%(s o! "$?e #mm'%$t$o%; to 728 m##>$%es $t/

te%t 7208 #%( te%t [-o%e 7218 ro'%(s o! "$?e [#mm'%$t$o%; o%e718 /omem#(e "$ber .3 re?o"?ers $t/ !$?e 758 "$?e #mm'%$t$o%;

o%e 718 -9 7s$%"e8 r$!"e $t/ po'&/ #%( $t/ !$?e 758 empts/e""[s; o%e 718 /ome m#(e "$ber .3 $t/ SN-311092 $t/ !$?e

"$?e #mm'%$t$o% #%( o%e empt s/e"" o! [# ". 3 . . . Sm$t/ #%(*esso%; to 728 .3 #"$berpaltikre?o"?er $t/ Ser$#" N'mber

311092 #%( o%e (e!#&e( 9 re%#(e "#'%&/erpaltik, $t/o't !$rst/#?$% obt#$%e( t/e %e&ess#r "$&e%se #%( or perm$t t/ere!or !rom

#'t/or$t$es &o%&er%e(, $% !"#r#%t ?$o"#t$o% o! t/e #!oreme%t$o%e(

"#.$

T/e t/$r( I%!orm#t$o%, %!or m'"t$p"e #ttempte( m'r(er $t/ ($re&t #ss#'"

or(e( t/'s

T/#t o% or #bo't September 24, 199, $% t/e $t o! #mbo#%#,

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('r$% t/e !$r$% #%( ere %ot /$t b t/e b'""ets #%( e@p"os$?es !$re(b t/e #&&'se( #%( #"so b t/e !#&t s#$( po"$&e o!!$&ers ere #b"e to

rest"e $t/ to 728 o! t/e #&&'se( %#me" *#"p#%+#(##"#my$/#$" a.k.a.F*#rp#%F #%( )/m#( S#$"#bb$yH##$r#%$,

/o ere s'b('e( #%( s'bse'e%t" p"#&e( '%(er #rrest; /ere#s#&&'se(

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?e/$&"es 7TSN, #r&/ 4, 199, p. 32; )pr$" 22, 199, p. 548. :e!oret/e &o'"( re#&/ #ppe""#%tFs /o'se, t/ree 738 perso%s s$tt$% #t #

%e#rb store r#% to#r(s t/e /o'se s/o't$%, F[

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7TSN, )pr$" 22, 199, p. 58 #%( /#( bee% to #ppe""#%tFs /o'se #bo't!$!tee% 7158 t$mes be!ore. He e%t to R$o Ho%(o #%( #rr$?e( #t

#ppe""#%tFs /o'se #t 320 p.m. He bo'/t

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po"$&e, /e #s s"eep$% $% t/e /o'se o! D#%(#o, # re"#t$?e o! /$s$!e. He #s #"o%e. He s"ept $% D#%(#oFs /o'se #%( %ot $% /$s /o'se

be'se t/e /#[( F# sort o! # &o%!ere%&eF #s D#%(#oFs (#'/ter #s"e#?$% !or S#'($ )r#b$#. He %ot$&e( t/e prese%&e o! po"$&eme% $%

/$s %e$/bor/oo( #t )p"##, R$o Ho%(o /e% /e /e#r( s/ots. Heoe 'p #%( e%t o't o! t/e /o'se #%( t/#t #s t/e t$me t/#t /e #s

#rreste(. He s#$( /e #s #rreste( . . . $at% the other side of myhouse& at the other side of the fence here ! as sleepin(. . . .At the

"ack of my houseF 7ts%, p. , id.8. He (oes %ot %o /o #rreste( /$m

Fconsiderin( that the one ho arrested me does not ha)enameplate.'He #s #rreste( b !o'r 748 perso%s. Not o%e o! t/ose/o #rreste( /$m test$!$e( $% o'rt. He #s /#%(&'!!e( #%( p"#&e(

$%s$(e # eep p#re( #t R$o Ho%(o B"eme%t#r S&/oo". )&&or($% to/$m, /e ($( %ot !$re # '% #t t/e po"$&eme% !rom [t/e se&o%( !"oor o!

/$s /o'se. He s#$( t/e 'policemen' $ere% 'the one$s% ho fire$d% atus'7ts%, p. 5, id.8. I! /e !$re( # '% #t t/e po"$&eme% !or s're t/e

[o'"( ($e F$"%ecause the door is )ery near. . .the )icinity of myhouseF. He (oes %ot o% t/e 14 r$!"e 7B@/. F:-3F8 /$&/ #&&or($%

to po"$&eme%, /e 'se( $% !$r$% #t t/em. T/e '% (oes %ot be"o% to/$m. He (oes %ot /#?e # '% "$e t/#t 7ts%, p. 15, id.8. ) po"$&em#%

#"so o%s #% 14 r$!"e b't /e (oes %ot %o t/e po"$&em#% 7ts%, pp.

16-1, id.8. He s#$( t/#t t/e 9 r$!"e 7B@/. F:-4F8, t/e t/ree 738empt 16 r$!"e m##>$%es 7B@/. FGF; FG-1F to FG-2F8, t/e to 72814 m##>$%es $t/ "$?e #mm'%$t$o% 7B@/s. FG-3F; FG-4F8; t/e to

728 "$ber .3 re?o"?ers 7B@/s. F:-1F; F:-2F8, t/e !$!t 7508 #"'m$%'m!o$"s e#&/ &o%t#$%$% s/#b' 7B@/s. FA-1F to FA-50F8 p"#&e( $%s$(e #

pe%&$" se 7B@/. FAF, t/e #ssorte( &o$%s p"#&e( $%s$(e # b"'e b#7B@/. F*F8 #%( t/e /$te &rst#""$%e sto%e 7B@/. FF8 #"" (o %ot be"o%

to /$m. He s#$( t/#t t/e po"$&eme% 'st pro('&e( t/ose t/$%s #s t/e$re?$(e%&e. T/e !$re#rms (o %ot be"o% to /$m. T/e ere bro'/t b

t/e po"$&eme% 7ts%, p. 43, # 4, 1998. Re#r($% t/e b"'e b#&o%t#$%$% #ssorte( &o$%s, /e s#$( 'that is not ours* ! think this +is,

theirs*. . .they -ust "rou(ht that as their e)idence' 7ts%, pp. 15-

24, id.8

*#"p#% +#(##"#m (e&"#re( t/ere ere o&&'p#%ts /o ere re%t$%/$s e@te%s$o% /o'se. He #!!$rme( t/#t /e o%s t/#t /o'se. =o'r 748

perso%s ere st#$% $% t/e e@te%s$o% /o'se. He &o'"( o%"

re&o%$>e t/e /'sb#%( /ose %#me $s omo. T/e #re !rom Ao"o.T/e "e!t t/e p"#&e #"re#( be'se t/e ere #!r#$( /e% t/e po"$&e

r#$(e( t/e p"#&e. 7ts%, pp. -10, # 4, 1998. He (oes %ot %oprose&'t$o% $t%ess R$%o +o&so% :#rto"ome. )"t/o'/ +o&so%

re&o%$>e( /$m, $% /$s se /e (oes %ot %o +o&so% #%( /e (oes%ot re&o%$>e /$m 7ts%, p. 11, id.8. He ($( %ot se"" #%t/$% to +o&so%

#%( ($( %ot e%tert#$% /$m. He $s %ot se""$% s/#b' b't /e %os 'for afact that there are plenty of person ho are en(a(ed in sellin( sha"u

in that place*'$% t/#t #re# %o% #s )p"##, R$o Ho%(o. O%e o! t/em

$s H#($ )b$ 7ts%, pp. 11-14, id.8.

)!ter /$s #rrest *#"p#% +#(##"#m #s bro'/t to t/e po"$&e st#t$o%

/ere /e st#e( !or o%e (# #%( o%e %$/t be!ore /e #s tr#%s!erre(to t/e $t #$". */$"e #t t/e po"$&e st#t$o%, /e #s %ot #b"e to t#e #

b#t/. He smoes to p#&s o! &$#rette # (#. */$"e /e #s #t t/epo"$&e st#t$o%, /e smoe( [# &$#rette $?e% to /$m b /$s o'%er

s$ster. He "$/te( t/e &$#rettes $t/ [# m#t&/. =rom t/e po"$&est#t$o%, /e #s bro'/t to t/e

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ee"r. */e% )%$"/## tr$e( to br$% t/e b# o'ts$(e t/e room, t/er#bbe( t/e b# !rom /er #%( poe( # '% #t /er. )t t/#t t$me

*#"p#% +#(##"#m #s %ot $% t/e /o'se. )/#m#( S#$"#bb$ #s #"so%ot $% t/e /o'se. ) Se#r&/ *#rr#%t #s s/o% to )%$"/## #!ter t/e

se#r&/ #s &o%('&te( #%( 'st be!ore t/e po"$&eme% "e!t t/e p"#&e.)%$"/## )/#m#( s#$( t/#t 'it as already late in the afternoon$&%

"efore they left that as the time the Search /arrant +as, (i)en tous "y . . . 0aran(ay Captain ussin Elhano'7ts%, pp. 6-, # 5,

1998. :#r#%# /#$rm#% B"/#%o #rr$?e( 'already late in the

afternoon* almost sundon' 7ts%, p. 9, id.8. )%$"/# (e&"#re( t/#t#s$(e !rom # b# &o%t#$%$% ee"r #%( # b# !'"" o! mo%e, s/e /#(%ot see% #%t/$% e"se t/#t #s t#e% !rom *#"p#% +#(##"#mFs

/o'se 7ts%, pp. 9-12, id.8.

)m#( 7)/m#(8 S#$"#bb$, 3 e#rs o"(, m#rr$e( test$!$e( t/#t #bo't400 oF&"o& [o% t/e #!ter%oo% o! September 24, 199, /e #s

st#%($% $% !ro%t o! /$s /o'se /e% po"$&eme% #rr$?e( #%($mme($#te" #rreste( /$m. He #s #bo't to o to t/e $t

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T/e tr$#" &o'rt obser?e( t/#t t/e /o'se o! #ppe""#%t #s r#$(e( o% September 24, 199b ?$rt'e o! Se#r&/ *#rr#%t No. 20 $ss'e( o% t/e s#me (#. Hoe?er, t/e "oer &o'rt

%'""$!$e( t/e s#$( *#rr#%t be'se $t /#( bee% $ss'e( !or more t/#% o%e spe&$!$&o!!e%se, 1$$% ?$o"#t$o% o! Se&t$o% 3, R'"e 126 o! t/e R'"es o! o'rt. 1%T/e &o'rt a

9uor'"e(

It s/o'"( be st#te( #t t/e o'tset t/#t Se#r&/ *#rr#%t No. 20 $s tot#""Fnull and )oidF be'se $t #s $ss'e( !or more t/#% o%e spe&$!$&

o!!e%se . . . &o%tr#r to Se&t$o% 3, R'"e 1[26 o! t/e R'"es o! o'rt

/$&/ pro?$(es t/#t F) se#r&/ #rr#%t s/#"" %ot $ss'e b't 'po%prob#b"e 'se in connection ith one specific offense . . . .FI% Tam"asan )s. People*246 SR) 14 719958, t/e S'preme o'rt

r'"e( t/#t # se#r&/ #rr#%t !or more t/#% o%e o!!e%se E # Fstters/ot #rr#%tF ?$o"#tes Se&t$o% 3, R'"e 126 o! t/e [Re?$se( R'"es o!

o'rt #%( $s Ftot#"" %'"" #%( ?o$(.F 1&7emp/#s$s $% t/eor$$%#"8 #I&DH

Ne?ert/e"ess, t/e tr$#" &o'rt (eeme( #ppe""#%tFs #rrest #s ?#"$(. It emp/#s$>e( t/#t /e

/#( s/ot #t t/e o!!$&ers /o ere tr$% to ser?e t/e ?o$( se#r&/ #rr#%t. T/$s !#&t#s est#b"$s/e( b t/e test$mo%$es o! se?er#" po"$&e o!!$&ers, 2'/o ere p#rt$&$p#%ts

$% t/e r#$(, #%( &o%!$rme( b t/e "#bor#tor report o% t/e p#r#!!$% tests &o%('&te( o%

t/e !$re#rms #%( #ppe""#%t. 21)(($t$o%#"", t/e '(e %ote( t/#t )ppe""#%t +#(##"#m,b#se( o% /$s st#teme%ts $% /$s o'%ter )!!$(#?$t, $mp"$e(" &o%tr#($&te( /$s #ssert$o%s$% ope% &o'rt t/#t t/ere /#( bee% %o e@&/#%e o! '%!$re ('r$% t/e r#$(. 22T/e tr$#"

&o'rt &o%&"'(e( t/#t t/e test$mo%$es o! t/ese o!!$&ers m'st pre?#$" o?er #ppe""#%tFs%#rr#t$o% t/#t /e #s %ot $% /$s /o'se /e% t/e r#$( #s &o%('&te(.

're o! t/e !o""o$% #s #"so (e

?#"$( t/e 14 r$!"e 7$t/ # m##>$%e &o%t#$%$% se?e%tee% "$?e #mm'%$t$o%8 2b #ppe""#%t ##$%st t/e po"$&e e"eme%ts, to 14 m##>$%es, #%( t/ree ot/er

r$!"e m##>$%es. 2T/e tr$#" &o'rt obser?e( t/#t t/ese $tems ere $% p"#$% ?$et/e p'rs'$% po"$&e o!!$&ers. oreo?er, $t #((e( t/#t t/ese s#me $tems ere e?

[o! t/e &omm$ss$o% o! # &r$me #%(Kor &o%tr#b#%( #%( t/ere!ore, s'bse$>'re 2#s$%&e #ppe""#%t /#( %ot #pp"$e( !or # "$&e%se to possess !$re#rm #%

%ot bee% $?e% #'t/or$t to rr !$re#rm o'ts$(e /$s res$(e%&e. 2$

=or be$% $%&re($b"e #%( '%s'pporte( b e?$(e%&e, #ppe""#%tFs &"#$m t/#t t/e

t/#t ere se$>e( b t/e po"$&e o!!$&ers /#( bee% p"#%te( #s ($sbe"$e?e( b t/&o'rt. It r'"e( t/#t $! t/e po"$&e o!!$&ers #%te( to p"#%t e?$(e%&e to $%&r$m$%#tt/e &o'"( /#?e (o%e so ('r$% t/e pre?$o's r#$(s or t/ose &o%('&te( #!ter /$s

To $ts m$%(, $t #s '%be"$e?#b"e t/#t t/e o'"( &/oose to p"#%t e?$(e%&e, /eere #&&omp#%$e( b t/e b#r#%# &/#$rm#% #%( # r#($o reporter /o m$/t

##$%st t/em. It t/e% ($sm$sse( t/ese #""e#t$o%s, s#$% t/#t !r#me-'p, "$e #"$b#% $%/ere%t" e# (e!e%se. 2%

T/e tr$#" &o'rt #"so &o%?$&te( t/e #&&'se( o! t/e &r$me o! m#$%t#$%$% # (r' re#so%e( #s !o""os

T/e test$mo% o! R$%o :#rto"ome +o&so%, &orrobor#te( b S

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/(ro&/"or$(e b b'r%$% t/e s#$( re'"#te( (r' #%( s%$!!$% $tssmoe $t/ t/e 'se o! #% #"'m$%'m !o$" tooter. ) (r' (e% $s # "#$r or

/$(e## /ere pro/$b$te( or re'"#te( (r's #re 'se( $% #% !ormor #re !o'%(. Its e@$ste%&e [m# be pro?e( %ot o%" b ($re&t

e?$(e%&e b't m# #"so be est#b"$s/e( b proo! o! !#&ts #%(&$r&'mst#%&es, $%&"'($% e?$(e%&e o! t/e e%er#" rep't#t$o% o! t/e

/o'se, or $ts e%er#" rep't#t$o% #mo% po"$&e o!!$&ers. T/e'%&orrobor#te( test$mo% o! #&&'se( *#"p#% +#(##"#m #..#.

F/arpanF t/#t /e ($( %ot m#$%t#$% #% e@te%s$o% /o'se or # room

/ere (r' 'sers /o #""ee(" b' s/#b' !rom /$m $%/#"es orsmoes s/#b' %%ot pre?#$" o?er t/e test$mo%$es o! +o&so%, S

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II

T/e tr$#" &o'rt erre( /e% $t (e%$e( t/e #ppe""#%t t/e r$/t #%(opport'%$t !or #% o&'"#r $%spe&t$o% o! t/e s&e%e o! t/e !$re!$/t #%(

/ere t/e /o'se o! t/e #ppe""#%t [#s "ote(. B#ISD

III

T/e tr$#" &o'rt erre( /e% $t r'"e( t/#t t/e pres'mpt$o% o! re'"#r$t

$% t/e per!orm#%&e o! t/e$r ('t$es [e@&"'(e( t/e &"#$m o! t/e#ppe""#%t t/#t t/e !$re#rms #%( met/#mp/et#m$%e /(ro&/"or$(e7i.e.s/#b'8 ere p"#%te( b t/e po"$&e. 1

I% t/e $%terest o! s$mp"$&$t, e s/#"" t#e 'p t/ese $ss'esseriatim 7#8 (e%$#" o! t/e

re'est !or o&'"#r $%spe&t$o%, 7b8 &re($b$"$t o! t/e prose&'t$o% $t%esses, #%( 7&8 t/e(e!e%se o! !r#me 'p. I% #(($t$o%, e s/#"" #"so ($s&'ss t/e proper &r$mes #%( pe%#"t$es

to be $mpose( o% #ppe""#%t.

The Court's 8ulin(

T/e #ppe#" /#s %o mer$t.

First !ssue

#enial of 8e9uest for ;cular !nspection

)ppe""#%t $%s$sts t/#t t/e tr$#" &o'rt erre( $% (e%$% /$s re'est !or #% o&'"#r

$%spe&t$o% o! t/e +#(##"#m res$(e%&e. He #r'es t/#t #% o&'"#r $%spe&t$o% o'"(/#?e #!!or(e( t/e "oer &o'rt # better perspe&t$?e #%( #% $(e# $t/ respe&t to t/e

s&e%e o! t/e &r$me.2*e (o %ot #ree.

*e !#$" to see t/e %ee( !or #% o&'"#r $%spe&t$o% $% t/$s se, espe&$#"" $% t/e "$/t o!t/e &"e#r test$mo%$es o! t/e prose&'t$o% $t%esses. *e %ote $% p#rt$&'"#r t/#t t/e

(e!e%se /#( e?e% re'este( Se( to be $t/$% t/e

($s&ret$o% o! t/e tr$#" '(e. #Here, t/ere $s %o re#so% to ($st'rb t/e e@er&$se o($s&ret$o%.$

Second !ssue

Credi"ility of Prosecution /itnesses

)ppe""#%t, $% esse%&e, 'est$o%s t/e &re($b$"$t o! t/e prose

$t%esses. %S'!!$&e $t to st#te t/#t t/e tr$#" &o'rtFs #ssessme%t o! t/e$r &re($b$

e%er#"" #&&or(e( respe&t, e?e% !$%#"$t.&)!ter re!'"" e@#m$%$% t/e r#%( !$%($% %o m#ter$#" $%&o%s$ste%&$es to s'pport #ppe""#%tFs &"#$m, e e@empt t/$s se !rom t/e e%er#" r'"e.!'J'$te t/e &o%tr#r, t/e test$mo%$es o!

$t%esses pos$t$?e" s/oe( t/#t #ppe""#%t /#( !$re( 'po% t/e #ppro#&/$% e"eme%ts, #%( t/#t /e /#( s'bse'e%t" #ttempte( to espe. S

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JNo, o' s#$( o' ere #b"e to e%ter t/e /o'se #!ter t/e #te #sope%e( b o'r &o""e#'e =e"$pe G##%t$% . . . I $"" re!orm

t/#t 'est$o%.

J*/o ope%e( t/e #te r. *$t%ess

)S

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*/#t /#ppe%e( t/ere#!ter #s %#rr#te( b Se%$or $%e, % o' st$"" $(e%t$! t/$s

)Ces.

J*/

)I p't . . . m#r$%s.

@@@ @@@ @@@

ORT

So, #[s$(e !rom t/e m##>$%e #tt#&/e( to t/e 14 r$!"e o' !o'%(

s$@ more m##>$%es D)H&T

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JT/e 16 m##>$%es [ere empt

)Bmpt.

JHo #bo't t/e 14

)=o'%( $t/ [#mm'%$t$o%.

13

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@@@ @@@ @@@

JSo, /ere #re t/e t/ree 16 m##>$%es

)I% t/e &or%er.

J*/#t ($( o' (o $t/ [t/ese t/ree m##>$%es o! 16

)I t'r%e( [t/em o?er to t/e $%?est$#tor.

J#% o' $(e%t$! t/em

)Ces, be'se o! m $%$t$#"s[.

J*/ere #re o'r $%$t$#"s

)O% t/e m##>$%es.

JRA+

)RA+. !!

T/ese ere &o%!$rme( b t/e res'"ts o! t/e p#r#!!$% tests &o%('&te( o% #ppe""#%t #%(

o% t/e e#po%s se$>e( ('r$% t/e r#$(. :ot/ o! /$s /#%(s #s e"" #s t/e e#po%s,p#rt$&'"#r" t/e -14 /$&/ /e /#( 'se(, ere pos$t$?e !or '%po(er %$tr#te.

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J*/#t (oes $t $%($te

)It $%($tes t/#t t/e !$re#rm #s re&e%t" !$re(.

J)%(, /ere $s t/$s s#b 'se( #t t/e t$me o! t/e s#bb$% o! t/$sB@/$b$t

)T/$s o%e.

e( be'se t/$s e#po% &o'"( %ot be

"$&e%se( $% !#?or o!, or rr$e( b, # pr$?#te $%($?$('#". !&

Third !ssue

#efense of Frame6up

=rom t/e &o%?o"'te( #r'me%ts stre% be!ore 's b #ppe""#%t, e #t/er t/m#$% (e!e%se /e r#$ses $s !r#me-'p. He &"#$ms t/#t t/e $tems se$>e( !rom /$s

ere p"#%te(, #%( t/#t t/e e%t$re #mbo#%# po"$&e !or&e #s o't to et /$m&ost.

T/$s o'rt /#s $%?#r$#b" /e"( t/#t t/e (e!e%se o! !r#me-'p $s $%/ere%t" e#,

$t $s e#s to !#br$te, b't terr$b" ($!!$&'"t to ($spro?e(. ')bse%t #% s/o$%

$mproper mot$?e o% t/e p#rt o! t/e po"$&e o!!$&ers, 1&o'p"e( $t/ t/e pres'mo! re'"#r$t $% t/e per!orm#%&e o! t/e$r ('t, s'&/ (e!e%se %%ot be $?e% &re(e%&e. 2I%(ee(, #!ter e@#m$%$% t/e re&or(s o! t/$s se, e &o%&"'(

#ppe""#%t /#s !#$"e( to s'bst#%t$#te /$s &"#$m. O% t/e &o%tr#r, /$s st#teme%ts o'%ter )!!$(#?$t #re $%&o%s$ste%t $t/ /$s test$mo% ('r$% t/e tr$#". He te

t/'s

JNo, r. *$t%ess, (o o' remember /#?$% e@e&'te( #%)!!$(#?$tK # o'%ter-)!!$(#?$t

)I &o'"( %ot remember.

JI /#?e /ere # o'%ter-)!!$(#?$t #%( $t #s s$%e( be!ore t/$sreprese%t#t$o% o% t/e t/ (# o! De&ember 199[; te"" 's

/ose s$%#t're $s t/$s #ppe#r$% #bo?e t/e tper$tte%%#me.

=IS)+ NV)+

J. . . *#"p#% +#(##"#m, /ose s$%#t're $s t/$s

7S/o$%8

)Ces, S$r. T/$s $s m$%e.

JNo, $% p#r#r#p/[s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, #%( ; o' st#te( $% t/$s

o'%ter-)!!$(#?$t /$&/ I 'ote Ft/#t I #s rest$% #%(s"eep$% /e% I /e#r( t/e '%s/ots #%( I %ot$&e( t/#t t/e

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s/ots ere ($re&te( to#r(s o'r /o'se.. #%( I $%spe&te(#%( . . . e ere #tt#&e( b #rme( perso%s. . . #%( I #s

#ppre/e%(e( b t/e perso%s /o #tt#&e( . . . o'r /o'seF;[t/e /o'se o' #re re!err$% to [$% t/$s p#r#r#p/, /ose

/o'se [#re o' re!err$% to, $s t/$s [/#t o' #re re!err$% to[#s o'r /o'se or t/e /o'se o! o'r %e$/bors [!rom /$&/

o' s#$( o' /e#r( '%s/ots

)O'r /o'se.

JNo, $% p#r#r#p/ 6 o! o'r o'%ter-)!!$(#?$t o' st#te( #%( I'ote Ft/#t [o% t/#t #!ter%oo% o! September 24, 199, I #s

#t /ome $% m /o'se )p"##, R$o/o%(o, :o. #mpo 's"$m,m &omp#%$o%s $% m /o'se [ere t/e to o"( ome% #%(

m &/$"(re%, $s t/$s &orre&t

)T/e ere %ot t/ere.

JNo, $% t/#t st#teme%t r. *$t%ess, o' s#$( t/#t o' ere #t

/ome $% [o'r /o'se #t )p"##, R$o/o%(o, :o. #mpo's"$m[; /$&/ $s /$&/ %o, o' ere $% o'r /o'se or

o' ere $% o'r %e$/bors, /o'se #t t/#t t$me /e% o'/e#r( '%s/ots

)I #s $% t/e /o'se %e#r m /o'se.

JSo, o'r st#teme%t p#rt$&'"#r" p#r#r#p/ 6 o! o'r o'%ter-

)!!$(#?$t t/#t o' ere #t /ome $% [o'r /o'se #t )p"##R$o/o%(o :o. #mpo 's"$m, $s . . . %ot &orre&t

)Ces, S$r. T/$s $s %ot &orre&t. !

Crime and Punishment

T/e tr$#" &o'rt &o%?$&te( #ppe""#%t o! t/ree &r$mes 718 m#$%te%#%&e o! # (r' (e%, 728

($re&t #ss#'"t $t/ #ttempte( /om$&$(e, #%( 738 $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms. *e $""($s&'ss e#&/ o! t/ese.

>aintenance of a #ru( #en

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&"e#r" est#b"$s/e( b t/e test$mo% o!

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T/e tr$#" &o'rtFs r'"$% #%( t/e OSGFs s'bm$ss$o% e@emp"$! t/e "e#" &omm'%$tFs($!!$&'"t $% r#pp"$% $t/ t/e &/#%es bro'/t #bo't b R) 294. He%&e, be!ore 's

%o #re oppos$% ?$es o% /o to $%terpret Se&t$o% 1 o! t/e %e "#, /$&/ pro?$(es#s !o""os

SBTION 1.Se&t$o% 1 o! anufactureof Firearms or Ammunition.E T/e pe%#"t o!prision

correccional $% $ts m#@$m'm per$o( #%( # !$%e o! %ot "esst/#% =$!tee% t/o's#%( pesos 7

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/$&/ $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms $s #% #r#?#t$% &$r&'mst#%&e. I% ot/er or(s, $!# &r$me ot/er t/#% m'r(er or /om$&$(e $s &omm$tte(, # perso% m# st$"" be &o%?$&te(

o! $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms. I% t/$s se, t/e ot/er &r$me &omm$tte( #s ($re&t#ss#'"t $t/ m'"t$p"e #ttempte( /om$&$(e; /e%&e, t/e tr$#" &o'rt !o'%( #ppe""#%t '$"t

o! $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms.

*e %%ot #&&ept e$t/er o! t/ese $%terpret#t$o%s be'se t/e $%ore t/e p"#$%"#%'#e o! t/e st#t'te. ) s$mp"e re#($% t/ereo! s/os t/#t $! #% '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm

$s 'se( $% t/e &omm$ss$o% o! #% &r$me, t/ere % be %o sep#r#te o!!e%se o! s$mp"e

$""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms. He%&e, $! t/e ot/er &r$me $s m'r(er or /om$&$(e,$""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms be&omes mere" #% #r#?#t$% &$r&'mst#%&e, %ot #sep#r#te o!!e%se. S$%&e ($re&t #ss#'"t $t/ m'"t$p"e #ttempte( /om$&$(e #s

&omm$tte( $% t/$s se, #ppe""#%t % %o "o%er be /e"( "$#b"e !or $""e#" possess$o% o!!$re#rms.

oreo?er, pe%#" "#s #re &o%str'e( "$ber#"" $% !#?or o! t/e #&&'se(.#2I% t/$s se,

t/e p"#$% me#%$% o! R) 294Fs s$mp"e "#%'#e $s most !#?or#b"e to /ere$%#ppe""#%t. Ver$", %o ot/er $%terpret#t$o% $s 'st$!$e(, !or t/e "#%'#e o! t/e %e "#

(emo%str#tes t/e "e$s"#t$?e $%te%t to !#?or t/e #&&'se(. #)&&or($%", #ppe""#%t%%ot be &o%?$&te( o! to sep#r#te o!!e%ses o! $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms #%(

($re&t #ss#'"t $t/ #ttempte( /om$&$(e. oreo?er, s$%&e t/e &r$me &omm$tte( #s

($re&t #ss#'"t #%( %ot /om$&$(e or m'r(er, $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms %%ot be(eeme( #% #r#?#t$% &$r&'mst#%&e.

*e ree&t t/e OSGFs &o%te%t$o% t/#t elo* itu(* Purisima#%( Gonza(a68eyes* JJ.*&o%&'r.

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SBOND DIVISION

[G.R. No. 10206. A#%'#r 25, 2000.

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES,plaintiff6appellee, vs. LEONLUMILAN( ANTONIO GARCIA a)* FRED ORBISO,accused6

appellants.

The Solicitor General !or p"#$%t$!!-#ppe""ee.

0en-amin . ;lalia!or #&&'se(-#ppe""#%ts.

SYNOPSIS

)ppe""#%ts p"e#(e( %ot '$"t to #% $%!orm#t$o% !or J'#"$!$e( I""e#" e( '%(er t/e Re?$se(

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&omp"#$%t or $%!orm#t$o% #%( /e $s s'bse'e%t" &o%?$&te( or #&'$tte( or t/e se##$%st /$m $s ($sm$sse( or ot/er$se term$%#te( $t/o't /$s e@press &o%se%t b #

&o'rt o! &ompete%t 'r$s($&t$o%, /e $s prose&'te( !or # se&o%( o!!e%se or #% #ttemptto &omm$t t/e s#me or !r'str#t$o% t/ereo! or #% ot/er o!!e%se, /$&/ %e&ess#r$"

$%&"'(es or $s %e&ess#r$" $%&"'(e( $% t/e o!!e%se &/#re( $% t/e !ormer &omp"#$%t or$%!orm#t$o%.

3.ID.; ID.; IN=OR)TION; RDBR OR HOIIDB DOBS NOT

NBBSS)RI+C IN+DB OR IS IN+DBD IN J)+I=IBD I++BG)+

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.ID.; ID.; IN=OR)TION; DBSRIe( or #""oe( b t/e "# to eep, possess #%( rr !$re#rms,($( t/e% #%( t/ere $"!'"", '%"#!'"" #%( !e"o%$o's" /#?e $% t/e$r

possess$o% #%( '%(er t/e$r &o%tro" #%( &'sto(, !$re#rms $t/o't !$rst/#?$% obt#$%e( t/e %e&ess#r perm$t #%(Kor "$&e%se to possess t/e

s#me, andt/#t o% t/e o&s$o% o! s'&/ possess$o%, t/e /ere$%#&&'se( $t/ tre#&/er ($( t/e% #%( t/ere $"!'"", '%"#!'"" #%(

!e"o%$o's" $t/ $%te%t to $"" s'((e%" #%( '%e@pe&te(" #%(

21

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$t/o't $?$% t/em &/#%&e to (e!e%( t/emse"?es, !$re( [s$& #t #%(s/oot e"$to% )s'%&$o%, o(esto Ro'e, #%( B"$o% (e"# r'>

$%!"$&t$% 'po% t/em '%s/ot o'%(s /$&/ ($re&t" 'se( t/e$r(e#t/s; and!'rt/er $%!"$&t$% o% t/e s#me o&s$o% '%s/ot o'%(s

'po% Aerr o re""e( t/#t t/e ere

(r$%$% #t t/e /o'se o!

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I% ?$e o! t/e ee$t%ess #&&o'%t o! , t/e &r$me &omm$tte( #s 'r(er.

3.Re"#t$?e to t/e $%'r$es s'st#$%e( b Aerr

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T/e $mport#%t !$rst 'est$o% *e m'st #%ser $s /et/er or %ot #ppe""#%ts m# beproper" &o%?$&te( o! m'r(er, !r'str#te( m'r(er #%( #ttempte( m'r(er '%(er #%

I%!orm#t$o% t/#t &/#res t/em $t/ '#"$!$e( $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms 'se( $%m'r(er $% ?$o"#t$o% o! Se&t$o% 1 o!

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s'be&t pro?$s$o% $s ob?$o's" me#%t to be t/e pe%#"t !or $""e#"possess$o% o! !$re#rm #%( %ot t/e pe%#"t !or /om$&$(e or m'r(er. . .

@@@ @@@ @@@

B?$(e%t", the ma-ority did not . . .create to offenses "y di)idin( a

sin(le offense into to. Ne$t/er ($( $t resort to t/e F'%pre&e(e%te(#%( $%?#"$( #&t o! tre#t$% t/e or$$%#" o!!e%se #s # s$%"e $%ter#te(

&r$me #%( t/e% &re#t$% #%ot/er o!!e%se b 's$% # &ompo%e%t &r$me

/$&/ $s #"so #% e"eme%t o! t/e !ormer.F Thema-ority has alaysmaintained that the killin( of a person ith the use of an ille(allypossessed firearm (i)es rise to to separate offenses of +a, homicide

or murder under the 8e)ised Penal Code* and +", ille(al possessionof firearm in its a((ra)ated form. 2

S$%&e @ui-ada, /oe?er, m#% &/#%es /#?e bee% $%tro('&e( to Se&. 1 o!

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I! /om$&$(e or m'r(er $s &omm$tte( $t/ t/e 'se o! #% '%"$&e%se(!$re#rm, s'&/ 'se o! #% '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm s/#"" be &o%s$(ere( #s #%

#r#?#t$% &$r&'mst#%&e. ""&(

*/ere #% #&&'se( 'ses #% '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm $% &omm$tt$% /om$&$(e or m'r(er,/e m# %o "o%er be &/#re( $t/ /#t 'se( to be t/e to sep#r#te o!!e%ses o!

/om$&$(e or m'r(er '%(er t/e Re?$se(

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*/$"e t/e I%!orm#t$o% spe&$!$"" st#tes t/#t #ppe""#%ts #re be$% #&&'se( o! t/e&r$me o! J'#"$!$e( I""e#" urder B

!'rt/er $%!"$&t$% o% t/e s#me o&s$o% '%s/ot o'%(s 'po% Aerr

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S$meo% . T/ree o!t/em, s$r.

J)bo't o', ($( o' s'!!er #% $%'r$es or %ot

)Ces, s$r.

J*/#t p#rt o! o'r bo( #s /$t

) "e!t "e, s$r. 7*$t%ess po$%te( to /$s "e!t "e /$&/ #s #"re#(

#mp't#te(8.

J:es$(es o' #%( t/ree ot/ers /ose %#mes o' me%t$o%e( #s/#?$% ($e(, (o o' %o $! #% o! o'r ot/er &omp#%$o%s

s'!!ere( #% $%'r or $%'r$es

)Romeo e /$m.

J*/#t ($( t/#t '%m#% /om o' re&o%$>e( (o, $! /e ($(#%t/$%

)He t'r%e( 's #ro'%(, s$r, to see $! e ere #"re#( (e#(.

J)%( % o' te"" t/e o'rt /o $s t/e perso% o' re&o%$>e(

)=re( Orb$so. ++pr

J*$"" o' "oo $%to t/e perso%s $%s$(e t/e &o'rtroom /o #re se#te(t/ere $% t/e be%&/es #%( te"" t/e o'rt $! t/#t =re( Orb$so $s

/ere $% o'rt or %ot

)He $s %ot $% o'rt.

J)%( #!ter o' re&o%$>e( =re( Orb$so #s o' st#te(, /#t e"se/#ppe%e(

)*/#t I /e#r(, s$r, t/#t ot/er &omp#%$o% o! t/e '%m#% s#$( t/#t

t/e #re "oo$% !or :o Bstr#(#.

@@@ @@@ @@@

2

J)%( o' s#$( t/#t perso%s e%tere( $%&"'($% t/e perso% o' e#r"$er )*/$"e e ere (r$%$% $%s$(e t/e /o'se e /e#r( '% reports

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J)%( o' s#$( t/#t perso%s e%tere( $%&"'($% t/e perso% o' e#r"$erre&o%$>e(. D$( o' &ome to %o /o m#% perso%s

e%tere(

)I remember, s$r.

JHo m#% o! t/em

)T/ree 738, s$r.

JNo, o' re&o%$>e( o%e o! t/em #s =re( Orb$so. )bo't t/e ot/er

perso%s, ere o' #b"e to re&o%$>e t/em or %ot

)I #"so re&o%$>e( t/em, s$r.

J#% o' te"" t/e o'rt t/e %#me or t/e perso%s /om o're&o%$>e( ot/er t/#% =re( Orb$so

)#%o% To% G#r&$#. 7*$t%ess po$%te( to # m#% se#te( #t t/e t/$r(

ro o! t/e be%&/es o! t/e o'rt, #%( /e% #se(, /e #?e /$s%#me #s )%to%$o G#r&$#8.

J)bo't t/e t/$r( perso%

)T/e m#% se#te( bes$(e )%to%$o G#r&$#, s$r.

J*/#t $s /$s %#me

)T/#t I %o $s +eo% +'m$"#%. 7*$t%ess po$%te( to # m#% se#te(

bes$(e )%to%$o G#r&$#, #%( /e% #se(, /e #?e /$s %#me #s+eo% +'m$"#%.2

)%( :e%$to )"o%>o &orrobor#te( /$m $% t/$s $se

J*/#t #s t/#t '%'s'#" $%&$(e%t t/#t /#ppe%e(

)*/$"e e ere (r$%$% $%s$(e t/e /o'se, e /e#r( '% reports!$r$% #t t/e (oor o! t/e /o'se o!

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)Ces, s$r.

Je( /$m. )!ter t/e !$r$% /#(

&e#se( #%( /$"e /e #s $% t/e s#$( pos$t$o% prete%($% to be (e#(, t/e #""ee(#ss#$"#%ts e%tere( t/e prem$ses. He re&o%$>e( =re( Orb$so /e% t/e "#tter t'r%e( t/e

bo($es o! t/e ?$&t$ms to #s&ert#$% $! t/e ere #"re#( (e#(. He #"so &"#$me( to /#?esee% #ppe""#%ts e%ter t/e prem$ses #%( %ot$&e( #ppe""#%t +'m$"#% /o"($% #%

#rm#"$te r$!"e. #

) %e@'s o! "o$"" re"#te( &$r&'mst#%&es, /oe?er, re%(er o. =$rst, /e &"#$ms to /#?e re&o%$>e( #ppe""#%ts #%( =re( Orb$so

t/e /e"p o! t/e "$/t o! t/e !"#mes &om$% o't o! t/e$r respe&t$?e !$re#rms /e%ere !$r$% t/em.!!T/$s $s p#te%t" '%be"$e?#b"e, &o%s$(er$% t/#t /e #s (r

"$'or $%s$(e t/e /o'se o!

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&o%s$(er$% t/#t t/e ere t/e o%" perso%s /o e%t to t/e$r "aran(ay$% G#o%G#o% S'r o% O&tober 12, 19 #rme( $t/ "o% !$re#rms. He st#te( t/#t /e s#

)tt. O"#"$# toet/er $t/ ot/er perso%s $%&"'($% #ppe""#%ts +'m$"#% #%( G#r&$# #tt/e /o'se o! H$"#r$o +#'# #t #bo't 400 oF&"o& o! t/e s#me (#te #tte%($% t/e

e(($% o! +#'#Fs so%. po% see$% #ppe""#%t +'m$"#% #%( to ot/ers /om /e ($(%ot %o rr$% #rm#"$te r$!"es, /e "e!t t/e p"#&e #%( pro&ee(e( to t/e /o'se o!

endoza* @uisum"in(#%(0uena* JJ.*&o%&'r.

BN :)N

[G.R. No. 14265. A'" 22, 2005.

+ICENTE AGOTE Y MATOL,petitioner, vs. HON. MANUEL F.LOREN,O( P-si*i)/ J0*/( RTC( B-a) !( Ma)ila a)*

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES,respondents.

D E C I S I O N

GARCIA,Jp

I% t/$s #ppe#" b # o! # pet$t$o% !or re?$e o% certiorari'%(er R'"e 45 o! t/eo! o'rt, pet$t$o%er icente A(ote y >atolsees to #%%'" #%( set #s$(e t/e !o""

reso"'t$o%s o! t/e o'rt o! )ppe#"s $% CA6G.8. SP ?o. D763#, to $t

1.8esolution dated Septem"er 7* 7, 1($sm$ss$% t/e

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T/#t o% or #bo't )pr$" 2, 1996, $% t/e $t o! #%$"#,

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t/e !#"se/oo( o! t/e !#&ts #""ee(. D)BI&

o%s$(er$% t/#t 5-ud(ments of re(ional trial courts in the e4ercise of their ori(inal

-urisdiction are to "e ele)ated to the Court of Appeals in cases hen appellant raises9uestions of fact or mi4ed 9uestions of fact and la5, /$"e appeals from -ud(ments

of the $same courts% in the e4ercise of their ori(inal -urisdiction must "e "rou(htdirectly to the Supreme Court in cases here the appellant raises only 9uestions of

la11, pet$t$o%er s/o'"( /#?e #ppe#"e( t/e tr$#" &o'rtFs r'"$% to t/$s o'rt b #o! # pet$t$o% !or re?$e o% certiorari$% #&&or(#%&e $t/ R'"e 45 o! t/e 199 R'"es o!

$?$"

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7 8 p 7 8$""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms '%(er es t/e possess$o% o! t/e s#me, "$e $% t/e se o! e"e&t$o% '% b#%, #s /

)s e#r" #s )''st 199, t/e mo%t/ #!ter Rep. )&t No. 294 too e!!e&t, 1& t/$s/#s pro%o'%&e( $% Gonzales )s. Court of Appeals2't/#t s#$( "# m'st be

retro#&t$?e e!!e&t $% !#?or o! t/ose #&&'se( '%(er

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'%"$&e%se( !$re#rm #s #% #r#?#t$% &$r&'mst#%&e #s pro?$(e( t/ere$%, /e% t/e

'se o! #% '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm #s %ot spe&$!$"" #""ee( $% t/e $%!orm#t$o%, #sre'$re( b t/e R'"es o% r$m$%#"

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t/e o'rt (e&"#re( t/#t $%so!#r #s $t $s !#?or#b"e to t/e #ppe""#%t, t/e pro?$s$o%s o!

Rep. )&t No. 294 s/o'"( be #pp"$e( "$ber#"" #%( retro#&t$?e" $% t/#t #ppe""#%t m'stbe #&'$tte( o! t/e &/#re o! $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms. DIHBTS

G'$(e( b t/e !oreo$%, t/e o'rt %%ot b't set #s$(e pet$t$o%erFs &o%?$&t$o% $%

r$m$%#" #se No. 96-14920 !or $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rm s$%&e #%ot/er &r$me#s &omm$tte( #t t/e s#me t$me, i.e., ?$o"#t$o% o! OB+B Reso"'t$o% No. 226 or

t/e G'% :#%.

)(m$tte(", t/$s r'"$% $s %ot $t/o't m$s$?$%s &o%s$(er$% t/#t $t o'"( me#%pet$t$o%erFs #&'$tt#" o! t/e more ser$o's o!!e%se o! $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms

/$&/ rr$es # m'&/ /e#?$er pe%#"t t/#% ?$o"#t$o% o! t/e OB+B '%-b#%reso"'t$o%. Hoe?er, #s e /#?e r#t$o%#"$>e( $%:ad-aalam1

. . . I%(ee(, t/e #&&'se( m# e?#(e &o%?$&t$o% !or $""e#" possess$o%o! !$re#rms b 's$% s'&/ e#po%s $% &omm$tt$% #% e?e% "$/ter

o!!e%se, "$e #"#rm #%( s%(#" or s"$/t p/s$" $%'r$es, bot/ o!/$&/ #re p'%$s/#b"e b #rresto me%or. T/$s &o%se'e%&e, /oe?er,

%e&ess#r$" #r$ses !rom t/e "#%'#e o! R) 294, /ose $s(om $s%ot s'be&t to t/e o'rtFs re?$e. )% per&ept$o% t/#t t/e res'"t

re#&/e( /ere #ppe#rs '%$se s/o'"( be #((resse( to o%ress.I%(ee(, t/e o'rt /#s %o ($s&ret$o% to $?e st#t'tes # %e me#%$%

(et#&/e( !rom t/e m#%$!est $%te%(me%t #%( "#%'#e o! t/e"e$s"#t're. O'r t#s $s &o%st$t't$o%#"" &o%!$%e( o%" to #pp"$% t/e

"# #%( 'r$spr'(e%&e to t/e pro?e% !#&ts, #%( e /#?e (o%e so $%t/$s se.

T/e so"em% poer #%( ('t o! t/e o'rt to $%terpret #%( #pp" t/e "# (oes %ot

$%&"'(e t/e poer to &orre&t b re#($% $%to t/e "# /#t $s %ot r$tte% t/ere$%. */$"ee '%(erst#%( respo%(e%tPeople's&o%te%t$o% t/#t t/e 'se o! t/e !$re#rm seeme( to

/#?e bee% t/e m#$% &o%s$(er#t$o% ('r$% t/e (e"$ber#t$o%s o! t/e s'be&t pro?$s$o% o!Rep. )&t No. 294, t/e !#&t rem#$%s t/#t t/e or( 'se %e?er !o'%( $ts # $%to t/e

!$%#" ?ers$o% o! t/e b$"" /$&/ e?e%t'#"" beme Rep. )&t No. 294. T/e o'rtFs/#%(s #re %o t$e( #%( $t %%ot s'pp" t/e per&e$?e( (e!$&$e%& $% t/e !$%#" ?ers$o%

$t/o't &o%tr#?e%$% t/e most b#s$& pr$%&$p"es $% t/e $%terpret#t$o% o! pe%#" "#s

/ere poers #re #""ote( to t/e t/ree 738 re#t br#%&/es, o%" t/e +e$s"#t'r

reme( s'&/ (e!$&$e%&, $! #%, b proper #me%(me%t o! Se&. 1 o! Rep. )&t No.

)s r$tte%, Se&. 1, Rep. )&t No. 294 restr#$%s t/e o'rt !rom &o%?$&t$% pet$o! t/e sep#r#te &r$me o! $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rm (esp$te t/e !#&t t/

$%Almeida, t/e '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm #s %ot #&t'#"" 'se(. =or s're, t/ere $s, se, &"oser re"#t$o% betee% possess$o% o! '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm #%( ?$o"#t$o%

OB+B '%-b#% t/#% t/e $""e#" possess$o% o! '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm to t/e &r$""e#" possess$o% o! pro/$b$te( (r's $%Almeida.

*HBRB=ORB, r$m$%#" #se No. 96-14920 !or $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#

/ereb DISISSBD /$"e t/e '(me%t o! &o%?$&t$o% $% r$m$%#" #se N14921 !or ?$o"#t$o% o! OB+B Reso"'t$o% No. 226 $% re"#t$o% to Rep. )

166 7G'% :#%8, $s )==IRBD.

S$%&e pet$t$o%er /#s #"re#( ser?e( more t/#% t/e pe%#"t $mpose( 'po% /$m tr$#" &o'rt $% r$m$%#" #se No. 96-14921, /$s $mme($#te re"e#se !rom &'st

/ereb ORDBRBD '%"ess (et#$%e( !or some ot/er "#!'" 'se. HIBST)

SO ORDBRBD.

#a)ide* Jr.* C.J.* Puno* Pan(ani"an* @uisum"in(* =nares6Santia(o* San

Gutierrez* Carpio* Austria6>artinez* Corona* Carpio >orales* Calle-o* Sr.* AzTin(a#%( Chico6?azario* JJ.*&o%&'r.

SBOND DIVISION

[G.R. No. 12604. September 29, 2000.

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES(plaintiff6appellee( vs. PO2RODEL SAMONTE,accused6appellant.

The Solicitor General !or p"#$%t$!!-#ppe""ee.

36

Atty. ermel 8. >arantal !or #&&'se(-#ppe""#%t. !or #ppe""#%ts, /oe?er, R) 294 /#s %o #me%(e( t/e s#$( (e&ree #%( &o%s$(! "$ ( !$ $ " t$ $ t $

http://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/376?search=(gr%3A+(14267*))+OR+(gr%3A+(%3F%3F14267+))#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/376?search=(gr%3A+(14267*))+OR+(gr%3A+(%3F%3F14267+))#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/376?search=(gr%3A+(14267*))+OR+(gr%3A+(%3F%3F14267+))#footnotes

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SYNOPSIS

) s/oot$% $%&$(e%t o&&'rre( $% +e#sp$ $t res'"t$% $% t/e (e#t/ o! S$e!re( .

Here$% #&&'se(-#ppe""#%t olina, t/e o'rt (e&"#re(, t/'s =ort'%#te",

'se o! #% '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm s$mp" #s #% #r#?#t$% &$r&'mst#%&e $% m'r

/om$&$(e, #%( %ot #s # sep#r#te o!!e%se. T/e $%te%t o! o%ress to tr#sin(leo!!e%se t/e $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rm #%( t/e &omm$ss$o% o! m'r

/om$&$(e $t/ t/e 'se o! s'&/ '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm $s &"e#r !rom t/e (e"$ber#t$o%sSe%#te ('r$% t/e pro&ess o! #me%($% Se%#te :$"" No. 114. %(er t/e #me%(

$! /om$&$(e or m'r(er $s &omm$tte( $t/ t/e 'se o! #% '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm, s'&/ t/e s#me s/o'"( o%" be &o%s$(ere( #s #% #r#?#t$% &$r&'mst#%&e. I)STD

2.ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; RBTRO)TIVB )

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o'rt !$%(s #&&'se( RODB+ S)ONTB G3!:T=beo%(

re#so%#b"e (o'bt o! #r#?#te( or '#"$!$e( I""e#" p$ $t, res'"t$% $% t/e (e#t/ o! o%e S$e!re(. 2Here$% #&&'se(-#ppe""#%t p$,

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!> ;F TE C8!>E ;F ;>!C!#E.

5#ESP!TE TE P8;SEC3T!;?'S FA!:38E T; ESTA0:!S TE

E:E>E?TS C;?ST!T3T!E ;F TE C8!>E ;F !::EGA:P;SSESS!;? ;F F!8EA8>S* TE T8!A: C;38T C;?!CTE#

TE ACC3SE#6APPE::A?T.51'

I% s'pport o! t/e !$rst #ss$%me%t o! error, #&&'se(-#ppe""#%t &o%te%(s t/#t $%sp$te o!t/e !#&t t/#t $t #s m#(e %o% to t/e tr$#" &o'rt t/#t :r#%&/ 9 o! t/e s#me &o'rt

7Re$o%#" Tr$#" o'rt o! +e#>p$ $t8 #&'$tte( /$m $% r$m$%#" #se No. 6336 !or/om$&$(e, s#$( &o'rt st$"" e%tert#$%e( r$m$%#" #se No. 633 !or $""e#" possess$o% o!

!$re#rms #r#?#te( b /om$&$(e '%(er anufacture of Firearms or Ammunition.

E T/e pe%#"t o!prision correccional$% $ts m#@$m'm per$o( #%( #

$mpose( 'po% #% perso% /o s/#"" '%"#!'"" m#%'!#&t're, (e#" $%,

#&'$re, ($spose, or possess, #% "o poere( !$re#rm, s'&/ #sr$m!$re /#%('%, .30 or .32 #%( ot/er !$re#rm o! s$m$"#r !$repoer,

p#rt o! !$re#rm, #mm'%$t$o%, or m#&/$%er, too" or $%str'me%t 'se( or$%te%(e( to be 'se( $% t/e m#%'!#&t're o! #% !$re#rm or

#mm'%$t$o%Pro)ided, T/#t %o ot/er &r$me #s &omm$tte(.

T/e pe%#"t o!prision mayor$% $ts m$%$m'm per$o( #%( # !$%e o!T/$rt T/o's#%( pesos 7

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/o s/#"" rr #% "$&e%se( !$re#rm o'ts$(e /$s res$(e%&e $t/o't

"e#" #'t/or$t t/ere!or. 7emp/#s$s o'rs8

I%People )s. @ui-ada, 12e r'"e( t/#t ?$o"#t$o% o!

7/24/2019 SPL - Cases for RA 8294

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FT/e

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( (

PASTORAL( P-si*i)/ J0*/( RTC:B-. &1( Ba66-( Ca;i5(

HON. HERMINIO P. GER+ACIO( P-6;i)ial P-6s056- 67

Ca;i5( AMANDO OCAMPO a)* ISAGANI

OCAMPO,respondents.

Ale-andro and Anarna :a ;ffice !or pet$t$o%er.

The Solicitor General !or p'b"$& respo%(e%t.

;campo #izon #omin(o and 8amon Es(uerra !or pr$?#terespo%(e%ts.

SYNOPSIS

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o(ulE T/e pre"$m$%#r $%?est$#t$o% &o%('&te( b t/e !$s" !or t/e

p'rpose o! (eterm$%$% /et/er #prima faciee@$ts #rr#%t$% t/e prose&'t$o% o! t/e#&&'se( $s term$%#te( 'po% t/e !$"$% o! t/e $%!orm#t$o% $% t/e proper &o'rt. I% t'r%, #s

#bo?e st#te(, t/e !$"$% o! s#$( $%!orm#t$o% sets $% mot$o% t/e &r$m$%#" #&t$o% ##$%stt/e #&&'se( $% o'rt . . . */$"e $t $s tr'e t/#t t/e !$s" /#s t/e '#s$ '($&$#" ($s&ret$o%

to (eterm$%e /et/er or %ot # &r$m$%#" se s/o'"( be !$"e( $% &o'rt, o%&e t/e se /#(#"re#( bee% bro'/t to &o'rt /#te?er ($spos$t$o% t/e !$s" m# !ee" s/o'"( be

proper $% t/e se t/ere#!ter s/o'"( be #((resse( !or t/e &o%s$(er#t$o% o! t/e o'rt.T/e o%" '#"$!$t$o% $s t/#t t/e #&t$o% o! t/e o'rt m'st %ot $mp#$r t/e s'bst#%t$#"

r$/ts o! t/e #&&'se(, or t/e r$/t o! t/e

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)m#%(o ere e#&/ #rme( $t/ # '% #%( st#rte( pet$t$o%er /o r#% /ome to #?o$(/#rm b't pr$?#te respo%(e%ts Is##%$ #%( )m#%(o &o%t$%'e( s/oot$%, /$tt$%

pet$t$o%erFs res$(e%&e $% t/e pro&ess. 2

) ser$es o! &r$m$%#" &omp"#$%ts ere !$"e( b pet$t$o%er o% o%e /#%( #%( pr$?#terespo%(e%ts o% t/e ot/er. :'t t/e &o%tro?ers $% t/$s pet$t$o% #rose !rom t/e &omp"#$%t

!$"e( b pet$t$o%er o% 5 )pr$" 1994 !or I""e#"

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O% 25 A'%e 1996, p'rs'#%t to t/e Reso"'t$o% o! t/e Se&ret#r o! A'st$&e, t/e

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#ss#'"t$% /$m. T/ese #re !$%($%s o! !#&t s'pporte( b e?$(e%&e /$&/ %%ot be($st'rbe( b t/$s o'rt.

:es$(es, t/e r'"$%s re"$e( 'po% b t/e o'rt o! )ppe#"s #%( pr$?#te respo%(e%ts (e#"

$t/ t/e '#%t'm o! e?$(e%&e %ee(e( to &o%?$&t perso%s !or I""e#" o(ul11E

T/e pre"$m$%#r $%?est$#t$o% &o%('&te( b t/e !$s" !or t/e p'rpose

o! (eterm$%$% /et/er #prima faciee@$sts #rr#%t$% t/eprose&'t$o% o! t/e #&&'se( $s term$%#te( 'po% t/e !$"$% o! t/e

$%!orm#t$o% $% t/e proper &o'rt. I% t'r%, #s #bo?e st#te(, t/e !$"$% o!s#$( $%!orm#t$o% sets $% mot$o% t/e &r$m$%#" #&t$o% ##$%st t/e

#&&'se( $% o'rt . . . */$"e $t $s tr'e t/#t t/e !$s" /#s t/e 9uasi-udicial($s&ret$o% to (eterm$%e /et/er or %ot # &r$m$%#" se

s/o'"( be !$"e( $% &o'rt, o%&e t/e se /#( #"re#( bee% bro'/t to&o'rt /#te?er ($spos$t$o% t/e !$s" m# !ee" s/o'"( be proper $% t/e

se t/ere#!ter s/o'"( be #((resse( !or t/e &o%s$(er#t$o% o! t/eo'rt. T/e o%" '#"$!$t$o% $s t/#t t/e #&t$o% o! t/e o'rt m'st %ot

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*HBRB=ORB, t/e $%st#%t pet$t$o% !or re?$e $s GR)NTBD #%( t/e #ss#$"e(

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SO ORDBRBD.

>endoza* @uisum"in( #%(#e :eon* Jr.* JJ.*&o%&'r.

0uena* J.*too %o p#rt, &o%&'rre( $% ) (e&$s$o%.

BN :)N

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PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES,plaintiff6appellee, vs.

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T/e (e&$s$o% o! t/e tr$#" &o'rt #s mo($!$e(. I% r$m. #se No. J-96-6049

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J-96-6050, t/e (e&$s$o% &o%?$&t$% t/em o! $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms #%(#mm'%$t$o% #s re?erse( #%( set #s$(e.

SYLLABUS

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s'&&ess o! t/e &r$me or repe""$% #% #ttempt to res&'e t/e ?$&t$m #s s/o% b t/e#?#$"#b$"$t o! #rms #%( #mm'%$t$o% to t/em. T/ese $tems &o%tr#st st#r" $t/ t/e

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se%te%&e( to #% $%(eterm$%#te pr$so% term o! !o'r 748 e#rs, %$%e 798 mo%t/s #%(

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t/e b#& se#t ($re&t" be/$%( t/e (r$?er. &He !o'%( o't "#ter t/e $(e%t$t$es o! t/e(r$?er /om /e '%(o'bte(" re&o%$>e( ('r$% t/e #b('&t$o% to be #&&'se(-#ppe""#%t

Gerr V#""er, #%( o! t/e ot/er perso% o% t/e p#sse%er se#t be/$%( V#""er #s #&&'se(-#ppe""#%t Ro"#%( Ro%#"( G#r&$#.1'He (es&r$be( t/e m#% /o ($semb#re( !rom

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*/$"e $%s$(e t/e r )tt. T$o"e&o #s m#(e to &ro'&/ o% t/e "e room. 12)s $t spe(

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T' #%( t/e$r s'bor($%#tes to t#$" t/$s r /$&/ t/e ($( #"" t/e # to t/e De Ve#

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#""ee( o%er o! t/e &ompo'%(.$%)&&'se( Ro%#"( G#r&$#, (esp$te /$s #(m$ss$o% to

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7!"id., p. 228.

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J:'t I t/o'/t t/#t /e% o' ere p's/e( $%s$(e t/e r, o' erep's/e( /e#( !$rst, /o % o' e#s$" (es&r$be t/$s perso%

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)B?e% $! t/e p's/e( m /e#(, t/ere #s #% opport'%$t !or me to

see t/e !#&e o! t/e #&&'se(.1'

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&r#?e% #&ts #re &omm$tte(. T/ere $s %o re#so% to ($sbe"$e?e )tt. T$o"e&oFs &"#$m t/#t/e s# t/e !#&es o! /$s #b('&tors &o%s$(er$% t/#t t/e br#>e%" perpetr#te( t/e &r$me

$% bro#( (#"$/t $t/o't (o%%$% m#ss to /$(e t/e$r !#&es. :es$(es, t/ere #s #mp"eopport'%$t !or /$m to ($s&er% t/e$r !e#t'res !rom t/e t$me to 728 o! /$s $(%#ppers

#ppro#&/e( #%( !or&e( /$m $%to t/e$r r #%( o%&e $%s$(e s# t/e ot/er to 728,$%&"'($% Gerr V#""er, "o% e%o'/ to re"" t/em '%t$" /e #s b"$%(!o"(e(.

T/e ?$&t$mFs $(e%t$!$t$o% o! #&&'se(-#ppe""#%t V#""er $s %ot #% b$t pre'($&e( b /$s

!#$"'re to me%t$o% V#""erFs %#me $% /$s #!!$(#?$t. It $s e""-sett"e( t/#t #!!$(#?$ts #re$%&omp"ete #%( $%#&&'r#te $%?o"?$% #s t/e (o mere p#ss$?e me%t$o% o! (et#$"s#%&/ore( e%t$re" o% t/e $%?est$#torFs 'est$o%s. 1'$)s t/e ?$&t$m /$mse"! e@p"#$%e(

E

JNo, $% J'est$o% No. 5 #%( I 'ote . . . */ ($( o' %ot $(e%t$!/ere t/e %#me o! t/e (r$?er #s o%e Gerr V#""er

):e'se t/e %e?er #se( me t/e %#me. T/e 'st #se( me to

%#rr#te /#t /#ppe%e(. H#( t/e #se( me t/e %#me, I &o'"(/#?e me%t$o%e( t/e %#me. 1'%

I% "$/t o! t/e pos$t$?e $(e%t$!$t$o% b t/e ?$&t$m o! #&&'se(-#ppe""#%t V#""er, t/e"#tterFs (e%$#" m'st !#"" #bso"'te". "e#r", pos$t$?e $(e%t$!$t$o% o! t/e #&&'se(/ere teor$" #%( &o%s$ste%t #%( $t/o't #% s/o$% o! $"" mot$?e o% t/e p#rt o!

t/e ee$t%ess test$!$% o% t/e m#tter pre?#$"s o?er /$s (e!e%se. 1'&*/e% t/ere $s

=$%#"", e (o %ot see #% mer$t $% V#""erFs e%'mer#t$o% o! #""ee( $%&o%s$ste%&t/e test$mo% o!

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m# st#rt b 'est$o%$% !or t/e s#e o! # (o'bt; %or # (o'bt s'este( or s'rm$se(

$t/o't !o'%(#t$o% $% !#&ts or test$mo%, !or $t $s poss$b"e #"#s to 'est$o% #%&o%&"'s$o% (er$?e( !rom test$mo%. Re#so%#b"e (o'bt m'st #r$se !rom t/e e?$(e%&e

#(('&e( or !rom t/e "#& o! e?$(e%&e, #%( $t s/o'"( pert#$% to t/e !#&ts &o%st$t't$?e o!t/e &r$me &/#re(. )&&'se(-#ppe""#%ts /#?e %ot s/o% t/e prese%&e o! s'&/ !#t#"

(e!e&ts $% t/$s se. "e#r", #"" t/e e"eme%ts #%( '#"$!$% &$r&'mst#%&es to #rr#%t&o%?$&t$o% !or t/e &r$me o! $(%#pp$% !or r#%som #%( ser$o's $""e#" (ete%t$o% /#?e

bee% est#b"$s/e( beo%( re#so%#b"e (o'bt.

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&o-&o%sp$r#tors, e !$%( t/e s#me to /#?e #"so bee% s/o% beo%( re#so%#b"e (o'bt.o%sp$r#& e@$sts /e% to or more perso%s &ome to #reeme%t &o%&er%$% t/e

&omm$ss$o% o! # !e"o% #%( (e&$(e to &omm$t $t !or /$&/ "$#b$"$t $s o$%t. 11!

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)Ces, s$r . . . . T/e re?o"?ers &o%!$ste( o% t/#t r#$( #re o%e 718 .3

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ro'%(s o! "$?e #mm'%$t$o%s. 11#

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#&&'se(-#ppe""#%ts +#r$b# #%( Roe" ere '%#rme( #"t/o'/ '%s $%s$(e o%e o! t/erooms o! t/e /o'se ere #?#$"#b"e !or t/e$r 'se #%( possess$o%.

)ssess$% t/ese est#b"$s/e( &$r&'mst#%&es $% t/e m#%%er most !#?or#b"e to +#r$b# #%(

Roe", e &o%&"'(e t/#t t/e ere mere" '#r($% t/e /o'se !or t/e p'rpose o!e$t/er /e"p$% t/e ot/er #&&'se(-#ppe""#%ts $% !#&$"$t#t$% t/e s'&&ess!'" (e%o'eme%t

to t/e &r$me or repe""$% #% #ttempt to res&'e t/e ?$&t$m, #s s/o% b t/e #?#$"#b$"$to! #rms #%( #mm'%$t$o% to t/em. T/e t/'s &ooper#te( $% t/e e@e&'t$o% o! t/e

o!!e%se b pre?$o's or s$m'"t#%eo's #&ts b me#%s o! /$&/ t/e #$(e( or !#&$"$t#te(t/e e@e&'t$o% o! t/e &r$me b't $t/o't #% $%($spe%s#b"e #&t !or $ts #&&omp"$s/me%t.

%(er )rt. 1 o! The 8e)ised Penal Code, t/e #re mere #&&omp"$&es.

I%People ). #e era 11$e ($st$%'$s/e( # &o%sp$r#tor !rom #% #&&omp"$&e $% t/$s

m#%%er E

o%sp$r#tors #%( #&&omp"$&es /#?e o%e t/$% $% &ommo% t/e %o#%( #ree $t/ t/e &r$m$%#" (es$%. o%sp$r#tors, /oe?er, %o t/e

&r$m$%#" $%te%t$o% be'se t/e t/emse"?es /#?e (e&$(e( 'po% s'&/&o'rse o! #&t$o%. )&&omp"$&es &ome to %o #bo't $t #!ter t/e

pr$%&$p#"s /#?e re#&/e( t/e (e&$s$o%, #%( o%" t/e% (o t/e #ree to&ooper#te $% $ts e@e&'t$o%. o%sp$r#tors (e&$(e t/#t # &r$me s/o'"(

be &omm$tte(; #&&omp"$&es mere" &o%&'r $% $t. )&&omp"$&es (o %ot

(e&$(e /et/er t/e &r$me s/o'"( be &omm$tte(; t/e mere" #sse%t tot/e p"#% #%( &ooper#te $% $ts #&&omp"$s/me%t. o%sp$r#tors #re t/e#'t/ors o! # &r$me; #&&omp"$&es #re mere" t/e$r $%str'me%ts /o

per!orm #&ts %ot esse%t$#" to t/e perpetr#t$o% o! t/e o!!e%se.

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&r$me or repe""$% #% #ttempt to res&'e t/e ?$&t$m #s s/o% b t/e #?#$"#b$#rms #%( #mm'%$t$o% to t/em. T/ese $tems &o%tr#st st#r" $t/ t/e tr$e( #%

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S$%$!$%t", t/e &r$me &o'"( /#?e bee% #&&omp"$s/e( e?e% $t/o't t/e p#rt$&$

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(em#%(e( r#%som. T/e p#rt$&$p#t$o% o! +#r$b# #%( Roe" #s t/'s $%($spe%s#b"e. )s e /#?e /e"( $% Garcia ). CA, $% some e@&ept$o%#" s$t'#

/#?$% &omm'%$t o! (es$% $t/ t/e pr$%&$p#" (oes %ot pre?e%t # m#"e!#&tobe$% re#r(e( #s #% #&&omp"$&e $! /$s ro"e $% t/e perpetr#t$o% o! t/e /om$&

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/et/er t/e #&&'se( #&te( #s pr$%&$p#" or #&&omp"$&e, t/e b#"#%&e t$ps !or t/e m!orm o! &r$m$%#" "$#b$"$t o! #% #&&omp"$&e.12'

*e #re %ot '%##re o! t/e r'"$% $%People ). :icayant/#t &o%sp$r#& % be (e

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e@e&'t$o% o! t/e &r$me #%( t/e st#te t/e ?$&t$m #s $% ('r$% t/e (ete%t$o%, $t &be s#$( beo%( re#so%#b"e (o'bt t/#t t/ese #&&'se(-#ppe""#%ts ere $% # re#"

(et#$%$% )tt. T$o"e&o #%( pre?e%t$% /$s espe. T/e o?er%$% se "# $s P

). Chua uy122/ere e r'"e( E

T/e (e!e%(#%tsF st#teme%ts to t/e po"$&e ($sr(e(, t/e p#rt$&$p#t$o%

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Se&. 1.3nlaful >anufacture* Sale* Ac9uisition* #ispositionor Possession of Firearms or Ammunition !nstruments 3sed

or !ntended to "e 3sed in the >anufacture of Firearms orAmmunition. E T/e pe%#"t o!prision correccional$% $ts

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too # /#%( $% $t. Hoe?er, e #re %ot s#t$s!$e( !rom t/e&$r&'mst#%&es o! t/e se t/#t t/e /e"p $?e% b t/ese #&&'se( #s

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t/e re&or(s s/o t/#t #&&'se(-#ppe""#%t Gerr V#""er %ee("ess" ($( so e@&"'s$?e" $%/$s be/#"!. 12:'t $% "$/t o! t/e e%#&tme%t o! R) 294 #me%($%

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pro?$s$o%s o! t/e pre&e($% p#r#r#p/s or $""!'"" or%o$%" #""o #% o! t/em to 'se '%"$&e%se( !$re#rms or

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T/e pe%#"t o! arresto mayors/#"" be $mpose( 'po% #%

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#s &omm$tte( b t/e perso% #rreste(. I! t/e $%te%t$o% o! t/e "# $%

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#mm'%$t$o%s t/ere be$% #%ot/er &r$me E $(%#pp$% !or r#%som E /$&/ t/eperpetr#t$% #t t/e s#me t$me.

I% !$%e, e #!!$rm t/e &o%?$&t$o% o! Gerr V#""er #%( Ro%#"( Ro"#%( G#r

pr$%&$p#"s #%( Rot&/e" +#r$b# #%( Ro(#%te Roe" #s #&&omp"$&es !or t/e &r$$(%#pp$% !or r#%som #%( ser$o's $""e#" (ete%t$o%. T/$s o'rt $s &ompe"

$mpose t/e s'preme pe%#"t o! (e#t/ o% V#""er #%( G#r&$# #s m#%(#te( b )ro! The 8e)ised Penal Code, #s #me%(e( b R) 659.

T/e pe%#"t $mpos#b"e o% +#r$b# #%( Roe" #s #&&omp"$&es $s reclusion perpetpe%#"t o%e (eree "oer t/#% t/#t pres&r$be( !or t/e &r$me &omm$tte( p'

to )rt. 52 $% re"#t$o% to )rt. 61, p#r. 718, o! t/e Code. *e /oe?er set #s$'(me%t $% r$m. #se No. J-96-6049 &o%?$&t$% +#r$b# #%( Roe" o!

possess$o% o! !$re#rms #%( #mm'%$t$o% $% "$/t o! t/e !oreo$% ($s&'ss$o%.

)s re#r(s t/e mor#" (#m#es ##$%st #&&'se(-#ppe""#%ts to be p#$( b t/solidum*e !$%( t/e #mo'%t o!

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#%( s'bs$($#r$" !or t/e ot/ers.1'T/'s, t/e pr$%&$p#"s, #&&'se(-#ppe""#%ts Ro%#"(Ro"#%( G#r&$# #%( Gerr V#""er, s/#"" p# t/e$r ?$&t$m )tt. Rom'#"(o T$o"e&o

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perso% to be #rreste( /#s &omm$tte( $t. Here, t/ro'/ &omp"#$%#%ts, t/e po"$&eo!!$&ers #s&ert#$%e( t/#t # robber /#( 'st bee% &omm$tte(, #%( pet$t$o%er #s

($re&t" $mp"$te( #s # s'spe&t. T/e%, #&t'#" possess$o% o! #% '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm,/$&/ pet$t$o%er #ttempte( to (r# o't, b $tse"!, #mo'%ts to &omm$tt$% #% o!!e%se $%

t/e prese%&e o! t/e #rrest$% o!!$&er. T/e !#&t t/#t t/e robber se #s %e?er bro'/tto tr$#" (oes %ot (epe%( 'po% t/e $%('b$t#b"e e@$ste%&e o! t/e &r$me. T/e #rr#%t"ess

#rrest o! pet$t$o%er be$% "#!'", t/e $%&$(e%t se#r&/ #%( s'bse'e%t se$>'re o! t/e'%"$&e%se( !$re#rm $% 'est$o% $s "$e$se "#!'" #%( ?#"$( p'rs'#%t to Se&. 12 R'"e

126 o! t/e R'"es o! o'rt.

SYLLABUS

1.RBBDI)+ +)*; BVIDBNB; *ITNBSSBS; RBDI:I+ITC; =INDINGS O=

TRI)+ ORT, RBS#t$o% $re#so%#b" be $%!erre( b t/e o!!$&er or !'%&t$o%#r to /om t/e "# #t t/e m

"e#?es t/e (e&$s$o% !or t/e 're%t p'rpose o! s'spe%($% t/e "$bert o! t/e &$='rt/ermore, t/e o'rt #&%o"e(es t/#t po"$&e #'t/or$t$es % stop # p

!or&$b" /e% s'&/ #&t$o% $s b#se( o% somet/$% more t/#% # mere re#so%#b"#rt$&'"#b"e s'sp$&$o% t/#t s'&/ # perso% /#s bee% e%#e( $% &r$m$%#" #&t$?$t

to"(, t/e #rrest$% o!!$&ers re#so%#b" #&te( 'po% perso%#" %o"e(e #t t/e t$m%ot o% '%re"$#b"e /e#rs# $%!orm#t$o%, to e!!e&t # "#!'" #rrest. T/e re#so%

prompte( &omp"#$%#%ts to re!r#$% !rom $(e%t$!$% t/e #&&'se( ('r$%e@#m$%#t$o% b t/e po"$&e re#r($% t/e robber $s %ot (eterm$%#t$?e o! t/e reso

o! t/e prese%t se. It be#rs stress$% t/#t t/e se %o be!ore 's $s !or t/e $possess$o% o! !$re#rms, #%( %ot !or t/e robber. &HD#)

4.ID.; ID.; SB)RH )ND SBIRB; SB)RH INIDBNT TO +)*)RRBST; )SB )T :)R. E T/e #rr#%t"ess #rrest o! pet$t$o%er $s "#!'"; #%

$%&$(e%t#" se#r&/ #%( s'bse'e%t se$>'re o! t/e '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm $% 'es

"$e$se "#!'" #%( ?#"$( p'rs'#%t to Se&t$o% 12, R'"e 126 o! t/e R'"es o! o"#!'" #rrest m# be m#(e e$t/er /$"e # &r$me $s #&t'#"" be$% &omm$tte(, o#!ter $ts &omm$ss$o%. T/e r$/t to se#r&/ $%&"'(es $% t/ese $%st#%&es t/#t o! se#

t/e perso% o! o%e /o $s #rreste(, $% or(er to !$%( #%( se$>e t/$%s &o%%e&te( $

63

&r$me #s $ts !r'$ts or #s t/e me#%s !or $ts &omm$ss$o%. */e% pet$t$o%er #s se#r&/e(&o%tempor#%eo's" $t/ t/e #rrest, t/e 5paltik5

#s !o'%( $% /$s possess$o%, #%(

se$>e(. S'&/ se$>'re %%ot be &o%s$(ere( '%"#!'" %or '%re#so%#b"e. oreo?er, #tt/#t mome%t o! se#r&/ #%( se$>'re, t/ere #s $% t/e m$%( o! t/e #rrest$% o!!$&er more

t/ $ $ t/ t t$t$ ( < t$t$ F t " "

T/ere!ore !o""o$% R.). 294, t/e pe%#"t $mpose( o% pet$t$o%er s/o'"( %"oere( to be%e!$t t/e pet$t$o%er. =or t/e pe%#"t pro?$(e( !or s$mp"e

possess$o% $% t/e #me%(me%t $s "oer t/#% t/#t pro?$(e( !or '%(er t/e o"( "#t/e pro?$s$o% o! R.). 294 $s !#?or#b"e to pet$t$o%er, $t s/o'"( /#?e # retro

!! t t t ) t$ " 22 ! t/ R $ ( < " ( $

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t/#% # mere s'sp$&$o% t/#t pet$t$o%er #s #rme(.

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SO ORDBRBD. !++p/$"

T/$s se stemme( !rom # &/#re !or I""e#"

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O% #rr#$%me%t, pet$t$o%er p"e#(e( %ot '$"t. Tr$#" o% t/e mer$ts e%s'e(, res'"t$% $%/$s &o%?$&t$o%. 1!&(p/$"

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'% po(er res$('e. 2

Respo%(e%ts, t/ro'/ t/e O!!$&e o! t/e So"$&$tor Ge%er#" 7OSG8, m#$%t#$% t/#t t/ese#r&/ #s #% $%&$(e%t to # "#!'" #rrest. Bro, t/e #ssert t/#t t/e .3 p#"t$

re?o"?er re&o?ere( !rom pet$t$o%er $s #(m$ss$b"e $% e?$(e%&e. T/e #(( t/#tpet$t$o%erFs (e%$#"s %%ot pre?#$" o?er t/e pos$t$?e test$mo% o!

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o%s$(er$% t/e &$r&'mst#%&es $% t/$s se, e !$%( t/#t t/ere #s s'!!$&$e%t re#so% to

'st$! # #rr#%t"ess #rrest o! pet$t$o%er !or $""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms. Se&t$o% 5 o!R'"e 113 o! t/e R'"es o! o'rt, pro?$(es t/#t &(#s$#

SBTION 5.Arrest ithout arrant;hen laful. E ) pe#&e

o!!$&er or # pr$?#te perso% m#, $t/o't # #rr#%t, #rrest # perso%

7#8*/e%, $% /$s prese%&e, t/e perso% to be #rreste( /#s &omm$tte(, $s#&t'#"" &omm$tt$%, or $s #ttempt$% to &omm$t #% o!!e%se;

7b8*/e% #% o!!e%se /#s $% !#&t 'st bee% &omm$tte(, #%( /e /#sperso%#" %o"e(e o! !#&ts $%($t$% t/#t t/e perso% to be #rreste(

/#s &omm$tte( $t; #%(

7&8*/e% t/e perso% to be #rreste( $s # pr$so%er /o /#s espe(!rom # pe%#" est#b"$s/me%t or p"#&e /ere /e $s ser?$% !$%#"

'(me%t or tempor#r$" &o%!$%e( /$"e /$s se $s pe%($%, or /#sespe( /$"e be$% tr#%s!erre( !rom o%e &o%!$%eme%t to

#%ot/er. &(#s$#

I% ses !#""$% '%(er p#r#r#p/ 7#8 #%( 7b8 /ereo!, t/e perso%#rreste( $t/o't # #rr#%t s/#"" be !ort/$t/ (e"$?ere( to t/e %e#rest

po"$&e st#t$o% or #$", #%( /e s/#"" be pro&ee(e( ##$%st $% #&&or(#%&e$t/ R'"e 112, Se&t$o% .

T/e !$%($%s o! t/e tr$#" &o'rt, #&&epte( b t/e #ppe""#te &o'rt, s/o t/e pert$%e%&e o!

p#r#r#p/s 7#8 #%( 7b8 o! Se&t$o% 5 #bo?e&$te(. T/ro'/ po"$&e ($sp#t&/ to t/e s&e%eo! # &r$me report #%( $% t/e prese%&e o! &omp"#$%#%ts, $t #s #s&ert#$%e( t/#t #

robber /#( 'st bee% &omm$tte(, #%( t/e #rrest$% o!!$&ers /#( perso%#" %o"e(et/#t pet$t$o%er #s ($re&t" $mp"$te( #s # s'spe&t. )s e@p"#$%e( b # respe&te(

#'t/or$t o% &r$m$%#" pro&e('re &(""

s'sp$&$o's p"#&es or '%(er s'sp$&$o's &$r&'mst#%&es re#so%#b"te%($% to s/o t/#t s'&/ perso% /#s &omm$tte(, or $s #bo't to

&omm$t, #% &r$me or bre#&/ o! t/e pe#&e.

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=IS)+

*#s /e #b"e to p'"" t/#t somet/$%

*ITNBSS

No.

=IS)+

)%(, /#t #s t/#t

*ITNBSS

T/e .3 p#"t$. +e@+$b

=IS)+

*/e% o' s# [t/#t /#t ($( o' (o . . . /e% o' s# t/e #&&'se(

p'""$% o't t/#t .3 p#"t$

*ITNBSS

I po$%te( [#t /$m m '% [t/e% s/o'te( F(o%Ft mo?e or IF"" s/ootF 2

Not/$% $% pet$t$o%erFs test$mo% s'&&ess!'"" reb'ts :'r(eosF %#rr#t$o%. )&t'#"

possess$o% o! #% '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm, /$&/ pet$t$o%er #ttempte( to (r# o't, b $tse"!,

#mo'%ts to &omm$tt$% #% o!!e%se $% t/e prese%&e o! t/e #rrest$% o!!$&er&o%temp"#te( $% p#r#r#p/ 7#8, Se&t$o% 5 o! t/e #bo?eme%t$o%e( R'"e.

pp pb't 'po% t/e %#t're o! t/e (ee(, /ere !rom s'&/ &/#r#&ter$>#t$o% $t m# re#so

be $%!erre( b t/e o!!$&er or !'%&t$o%#r to /om t/e "# #t t/e mome%t "e#?(e&$s$o% !or t/e 're%t p'rpose o! s'spe%($% t/e "$bert o

&$t$>e%. !='rt/ermore, t/e o'rt #&%o"e(es t/#t po"$&e #'t/or$t$es % perso% !or&$b" /e% s'&/ #&t$o% $s b#se( o% somet/$% more t/#% #

re#so%#b"e #%( #rt$&'"#b"e s'sp$&$o% t/#t s'&/ # perso% /#s bee% e%#

&r$m$%#" #&t$?$t. )"" to"(, t/e #rrest$% o!!$&ers re#so%#b" #&te( 'po% pe%o"e(e #t t/e t$me, #%( %ot o% '%re"$#b"e /e#rs# $%!orm#t$o%,#to e!"#!'" #rrest. &(p/$"

T/#t t/e ?$&t$ms o! t/e reporte( robber !#$"e( to p'rs'e # !orm#" &omp"#$%t

(e&$s$?e $% t/$s se. */#t $s m#ter$#" $s t/#t t/e o!!$&ers #&te( $% respo%se e?e%ts /$&/ /#( 'st tr#%sp$re( #%( ""e( !or t/e #ppropr$#te po"$&e respo%se.

t/e e"eme%t o! perso%#" %o"e(e, t/e o!!$&ers &o'"( %ot be !#'"te(. It $s %ot &to s# t/e #&te( $t/o't obser?$% st#%(#r(s o! re#so%#b"e%ess #%( prob#b"e

T/e respo%(e( prompt" to # "e$t$m#te &omp"#$%t o! t/e ?$&t$ms #%( t/ere#so%#b"e s'sp$&$o% t/#t t/e perso%s po$%te( o't #t t/e s&e%e ere t/e perpetr#t

t/e o!!e%se. T/$s $% $tse"! $s s'!!$&$e%t 'st$!$t$o% !or t/e o!!$&ers to "" t/e #tt

o! t/e #&&'se( #t t/#t po$%t $% t$me /e% /e #s $(e%t$!$e( #s # s'spe&t b&omp"#$%#%ts.

T/e re#so% /$&/ prompte( &omp"#$%#%ts to re!r#$% !rom $(e%t$!$% t/e #&('r$% t/e e@#m$%#t$o% b t/e po"$&e re#r($% t/e robber $s %ot (eterm$%#t$?e

reso"'t$o% o! t/e prese%t se. It be#rs stress$% t/#t t/e se %o be!ore 's $s !$""e#" possess$o% o! !$re#rms, #%( %ot !or t/e robber.

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#(m$ss$o% t/#t pet$t$o%er #('# /#( bee% tot#"" r'"e( o't #s # s'spe&t $% t/e &r$me. I!

pet$t$o%er #%te( to $mpress t/e o'rt t/#t e?e% o% prob#b"e 'se /e &o'"( %ot be#&&oste(, t/e% t/#t $mpress$o% $s $%#&&'r#te #%( ro%. O% &ross-e@#m$%#t$o%,

pet$t$o%er /$mse"! ($( %ot obe&t to t/e 'est$o% b't #(m$tte( t/e !#&t t/#t t/e&omp"#$%t #s $t/(r#%, b't %ot !or t/e re#so% t/#t /e #s r'"e( o't #s t/e perso%

/o &omm$tte( t/e o!!e%se. !'

G$?e% t/e &$r&'mst#%&es $% t/$s se, e #re &o%str#$%e( to #!!$rm t/e !$%($% be"ot/#t t/e #rr#%t"ess #rrest o! pet$t$o%er $s "#!'". *e #"so #ree t/#t t/e $%&$(e%t#"

se#r&/ #%( s'bse'e%t se$>'re o! t/e '%"$&e%se( !$re#rm $% 'est$o% $s "$e$se "#!'"#%( ?#"$( p'rs'#%t to Se&t$o% 12, R'"e 126 o! t/e R'"es o! o'rt, to $t

SBTION 12.Search incident to laful arrest. E ) perso% "#!'""

#rreste( m# be se#r&/e( !or (#%ero's e#po%s or #%t/$% /$&/m# be 'se( #s proo! o! t/e &omm$ss$o% o! #% o!!e%se, $t/o't #

se#r&/ #rr#%t. +$b+e@

Noteort/, #mo% t/e e@&ept$o%s to t/e %e&ess$t !or # se#r&/ #rr#%t $s t/e r$/t o!

se#r&/ #%( se$>'re #s #% $%&$(e%t to # "#!'" #rrest. ) "#!'" #rrest m# be m#(ee$t/er /$"e # &r$me $s #&t'#"" be$% &omm$tte(, or soo% #!ter $ts &omm$ss$o%. T/e

r$/t to se#r&/ $%&"'(es $% t/ese $%st#%&es t/#t o! se#r&/$% t/e perso% o! o%e /o $s#rreste(, $% or(er to !$%( #%( se$>e t/$%s &o%%e&te( $t/ t/e &r$me #s $ts !r'$ts or #s

t/e me#%s !or $ts &omm$ss$o%. !1

*/e% pet$t$o%er #s se#r&/e( &o%tempor#%eo'