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Contents7161A: Photonics in Dermatology and Plastic Surgery . . . . . . . .2

7161B: Urology: Diagnostics, Therapeutics, Robotics, Minimally Invasive, and Photodynamic Therapy . . . . . .11

7161C: Advanced Technology and Instrumentation in Otolaryngology: Lasers, Optics, Radio Frequency, and Related Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

7161D: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Light in Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

7161E: Optical Techniques in Neurosurgery, Brain Imaging, and Neurobiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

7162: Lasers in Dentistry XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

7163: Ophthalmic Technologies XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

7164: Optical Methods for Tumor Treatment and Detection: Mechanisms and Techniques in Photodynamic Therapy XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

7165: Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

7166: Optics in Bone Biology and Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . .76

7167: Frontiers in Pathogen Detection: From Nanosensors to Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

7168: Optical Coherence Tomography and Coherence Domain Optical Methods in Biomedicine XIII . . . . . . . . .89

7169: Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic Systems VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

7170: Design and Quality for Biomedical Technologies II . . .123

7171: Multimodal Biomedical Imaging IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

7172: Endoscopic Microscopy IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

7173: Optical Fibers and Sensors for Medical Diagnostics and Treatment Applications IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

7174: Optical Tomography and Spectroscopy of Tissue VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

7175: Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XX . . . . . . .174

7176: Dynamics and Fluctuations in Biomedical Photonics VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185

7177: Photons Plus Ultrasound: Imaging and Sensing 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

7178: Biophotonics and Immune Responses IV . . . . . . . . . . .213

7179: Optics in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

7180: Photons and Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

7181: Energy-based Treatment of Tissue and Assessment V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

7182: Imaging, Manipulation, and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239

7183: Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

7184: Three-Dimensional and Multidimensional Microscopy: Image Acquisition and Processing XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280

7185: Single Molecule Spectroscopy and Imaging II . . . . . . .291

7186: Optical Diagnostics and Sensing IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302

7187: Biomedical Applications of Light Scattering III . . . . . .308

7188: Nanoscale Imaging, Sensing, and Actuation for Biomedical Applications VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320

7189: Colloidal Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327

7190: Reporters, Markers, Dyes, Nanoparticles, and Molecular Probes for Biomedical Applications . . . . . .338

7191: Fluorescence In Vivo Imaging Based on Genetically Engineered Probes: From Living Cells to Whole Body Imaging IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350

7192: Plasmonics in Biology and Medicine VI . . . . . . . . . . . .355

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also be developed in a reliable and repeatable manner. Further challenge lies in the development of these substrates on a wafer scale and still capturing the functionalities of large SERS enhancement factors and reproducibility of the SERS substrates. Based on fi nite difference time domain (FDTD) calcula-tions, we fabricated highly effi cient plasmonics-active one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nanowire structures, on entire 4-inch wafers, for achieving a substantial electromagnetic enhancement of the SERS signals. Moreover, we were able to fabricate sub-5 nm nano-scale gaps in these SERS substrates over the wafer by a process that is not time consuming and that is compatible with large-scale development of these SERS substrates on a wafer-scale and the existing silicon technology.

To carry out SERS sensor measurements of the gold nanowire-based SERS substrates, samples with the fabricated nanostructures were coated with SERS active dye molecules such as p-mercaptobenzoic acid (pMBA) and cresyl fast violet (CFV), as well as a mixture of these molecules. The ef-fect of decreasing the nano-scale spacing between adjacent gold-coated nanowires on the SERS signals, from the different molecules present on the substrates, was evaluated. The SERS substrates were also employed to detect small quantities of chemical and biological agents.

7192-32, Poster Session

Optical neural signal detection using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing systemS. Kim, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic of); K. Byun, Kyung Hee Univ. (Korea, Republic of); J. Lee, J. H. Kim, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic of); D. A. Kim, Konkuk Univ. (Korea, Republic of); M. L. Shuler, Cornell Univ. (United States); S. J. Kim, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic of) and Nano-Bioelectronics & Systems Research Ctr. (Korea, Republic of)

In this study, a surface-sensitive optical detection method utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is proposed to provide a label- and artifact-free optical method for recording neural signals. Since a resonance condition in SPR characteristics is sensitive to variations of the medium surround-ing a metal surface, a small change in refractive index caused by neural activities can be quantitatively analyzed by calculating a resonance shift in SPR curves. We developed a low noise SPR neural recording system and its sensitivity was evaluated by measuring the dependence of SPR characteristics on various ethanol concentrations. From these results, a minimum value of measurable refractive index variation was determined to be small enough to measure the neural activity. For a current stimulation over a threshold, evoked neural responses obtained from rat sciatic nerve were successfully measured without any artifact noises. Moreover, the optical responses were highly correlated with the simultaneously recorded electrical responses. Verifi cation studies using varied stimulation amplitudes and a lidocaine solution showed that the signals measured with our SPR sensing system were neural in origin. In this study, we intend to provide a basis for application of an SPR structure to optical detection of neural activity and furthermore to prove its feasibility by introducing the relevant experimental results.

7192-33, Poster Session

Sensitivity enhancement by phase sensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensors using periodic nanowire structuresK. Ma, D. Kim, D. Kim, Yonsei Univ. (Korea, Republic of); T. Yu, H. Ho, The Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong (Hong Kong, China)

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is widely used as a biosensing tech-nique because it provides a way to measure biomolecular interactions on a quantitative basis in real time without using labels. Numerous attempts have been made to improve SPR sensing characteristics such as sensitiv-ity. One such approach is to measure phase variation that involves SPR in the process of a biomolecular interaction of interest. On the other hand, nanostructure-mediated excitation of SPR has been known to improve

sensitivity of an SPR biosensor due to much enhanced localized fi eld ef-fects induced by the hot spots created in the nanostructure. In this paper, as an evolutionary approach to SPR sensitivity enhancement, we address the use of nanostructures into phase sensitive SPR scheme.

In particular, we calculated the plasmon characteristics of nanowire-based phase sensitive detection using rigorous coupled wave analysis and com-pared the data with a conventional thin metal fi lm based sensor system. The calculation was performed with DNA hybridization and water-glycerin mixture as target materials. The results indicate that the nanowire-based phase detection allows an order-of-magnitude increase of sensitivity for detecting DNA hybridization compared to a conventional scheme at the expense of somewhat reduced dynamic range. The enhancement was also observed numerically for water-glycerin mixture at about fi ve times. The performance generally deteriorated if an additional attachment layer was considered.

Periodic nanowire samples were fabricated using electron-beam lithog-raphy at 300 nm period corrugated on a thin gold fi lm. Their biosensing performance was tested using a differential phase interferometer. Further experiments on the development of two-dimensional biosensor arrays using a phase imaging setup were also conducted.

7192-34, Poster Session

Performance analysis of extinction-based localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors in the presence of surface roughnessK. Byun, Kyung Hee Univ. (Korea, Republic of); S. J. Yoon, D. Kim, Yonsei Univ. (Korea, Republic of)

In this study, the impact of surface roughness on the sensor performance of extinction-based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosen-sors was investigated. The LSPR sensor measures resonance wavelength shifts in extinction spectra due to biochemical interactions that are ampli-fi ed by periodic metallic nanostructures. The numerical computation was conducted using rigorous coupled-wave analysis with Gaussian random surface profi les. The results suggest that, when a surface is of roughness smaller than 2 nm in height deviation, the sensitivity of an LSPR biosensor is not signifi cantly infl uenced regardless of correlation length (CL). However, we have found that extinction peak amplitude and curve width are affected substantially with a decrease in CL. Especially, at CL smaller than 100 nm, surface roughness may induce interference between localized surface plasmons excited by the surface and nanowires, which can lead to major degradation of sensor performance. This study suggests that surface rough-ness must be taken into consideration when designing and fabricating an extinction-based LSPR biosensor for desired sensor performance.

7192-35, Poster Session

A new parallel scan spectral SPR 2D sensing systemL. Liu, Y. He, S. Ma, J. Guo, Tsinghua Univ. (China)

2D surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a promising sensing technique for biochips without labeling. In this letter, we describe a new parallel scan spectral SPR 2D sensing system. We demonstrate experimentally, with a line-shape light illumination, that an image acquired with area CCD detector provides both SPR wavelength information and one-dimensional spatial distribution. Thus, two-dimensional distribution of refractive index of the entire sensing plane can be obtained with one-dimensional optical line parallel scan. The technique offers advantages of both high sensitivity and high throughput. A low-density DNA biochip is used for testing and the result implies that the system could have potential applications in biochips analysis.

Conference 7192: Plasmonics in Biology and Medicine VI