sph4u electric forces mr. burns. maxwells equations gausss law: the electric fields mapping is equal...
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SPH4U
Electric ForcesMr. Burns
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Maxwell’s Equations
0
E
0B
BE
t
0 0 0
EB u J
t
Gauss’s Law: The electric field’s mapping is equal to the charge density divided by the permittivity of free space. The relationship between electric field and electric charge
Gauss’s Law for Magnetism: The net magnetic flux out of any closed surface is zero. There is no such thing as a magnetic monopole
We can make an electric field by changing a magnetic field
We can make a magnetic field with a changing electric field or with a current
0 0
1c
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0
E
Maxwell’s 1st Equation.
Maxwell’s first equation is Gauss’s Law. This equation tells us that electric field lines (E) DIVERGE outward from positive charges and CONVERGE inward to the negative charges.
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Maxwell’s 2nd Equation.
Maxwell’s second equation tells us that the magnetic field (B) never DIVERGES or CONVERGE. They always go around in closed loops, therefore there doesn’t exist a single magnetic pole.
0B
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Maxwell’s 3rd Equation.
Maxwell’s third equation is Faraday’s Law. This equation tells us that electric field lines (E) CURL around changing magnetic fields (B) and that changing magnetic fields induce electric fields.
BE
t
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Maxwell’s 4th Equation.
Maxwell’s fourth equation tells us that the magnetic field (B) lines CURL around electric currents AND that magnetic field (B) lines CURL around changing electric fields.
0 0 0
EB u J
t
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The Origin of Electricity
The electrical nature of matter is inherentin atomic structure.
kg10673.1 27pm
kg10675.1 27nm
kg1011.9 31em
C1060.1 19e
coulombs
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The Origin of Electricity
In nature, atoms are normallyfound with equal numbers of protonsand electrons, so they are electricallyneutral.
By adding or removing electronsfrom matter it will acquire a netelectric charge with magnitude equalto e times the number of electronsadded or removed, N.
Neq
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The Origin of Electricity
Example 1 A Lot of Electrons
How many electrons are there in one coulomb of negative charge?
Neq
1819-
1025.6C101.60
C 00.1
e
qN
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Charged Objects and the Electric Force
It is possible to transfer electric charge from one object to another.
The body that loses electrons has an excess of positive charge, whilethe body that gains electrons has an excess of negative charge.
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Charged Objects and the Electric Force
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE
During any process, the net electric charge of an isolated system remainsconstant (is conserved).
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Charged Objects and the Electric Force
Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other.
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Lightning
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Conductors and Insulators
Not only can electric charge exist on an object, but it can also movethrough an object.
Substances that readily conduct electric charge are called electricalconductors.
Materials that conduct electric charge poorly are called electricalinsulators.
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Charging by Contact and by Induction
Charging by contact.
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Charging by Contact and by Induction
Charging by induction.
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Charging by Contact and by Induction
The negatively charged rod induces a slight positive surface chargeon the plastic.
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Physicists did not like the concept of “action at a distance” i.e. a force that was “caused” by an object a long distance away
They preferred to think of an object producing a “field” and other objects interacting with that field
Thus rather than ...
+
-
they liked to think...
+
-
Coulomb’s Law
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Coulomb’s Law
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Coulomb’s Law
COULOMB’S LAW
The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point chargeon another point charge is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance betweenthem.
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Coulomb’s Law
Example 3 A Model of the Hydrogen Atom
In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the electron is in orbit about thenuclear proton at a radius of 5.29x10-11m. Determine the speed of the electron, assuming the orbit to be circular.
221
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Coulomb’s Law
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Electrostatics Gravitational Force
Two types of charges (q): positive and negative
One type of mass (m): positive mass
Attraction (unlike charges) and repulsion (like charges)
Attraction (all masses)
F: F:
Potential energy: Potential energy:
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Coulomb’s Law
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Gravitational vs. Electrical Force
r
F Fq1
m1
q2
m2
* smallest charge seen in nature!
For an electron:
* q = 1.6 ´ 10-19 Cm = 9.1 ´ 10-31 kg
FF
elec
grav
= ´ +417 10 42.
Coulomb’s Law
1 22elec
q qF k
r
1 22grav
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r
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kg
29
28.99 10
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Suppose your friend can push their arms apart with a force of 450 N. How much charge can they hold outstretched?
+Q -Q
2mF= 450 N
9
F 450Q r 2
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= 4.47•10-4 C
-4 1519
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0
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C
3115 9.1 10 kg
2.8 10 ee
152.54 10 kg
That’s smaller than one cell in your body!
2
2
kQF
r
Coulomb’s Law
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Coulomb’s Law
Example 4 Three Charges on a Line
Determine the magnitude and direction of the net force on q1.
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Coulomb’s Law
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Coulomb’s Law
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Find the net force exerted on the point charge q2. F32
F12
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2d
F32 F12
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y
xF net
423212net FFFF
Coulomb’s Law
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Coulomb’s Law
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The Electric Field
The positive charge experiences a force which is the vector sum of the forces exerted by the charges on the rod and the two spheres.
This test charge should have a small magnitude so it doesn’t affect the other charge.
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The Electric Field
Example 6 A Test Charge
The positive test charge has a magnitude of 3.0x10-8C and experiences a force of 6.0x10-8N.
(a) Find the force per coulomb that the test chargeexperiences.
(b) Predict the force that a charge of +12x10-8Cwould experience if it replaced the test charge.
CN0.2C100.3
N100.68
8
oq
F(a)
(b) N1024C100.12CN0.2 88 F
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The Electric Field
DEFINITION OF ELECTRIC FIELD
The electric field that exists at a point is the electrostatic force experiencedby a small test charge placed at that point divided by the charge itself:
oq
F
SI Units of Electric Field: newton per coulomb (N/C)
The strength of the electric field can be
thought of as the ratio of the force on that charge and the test
charge itself
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The Electric Field
It is the surrounding charges that create the electric field at a given point.
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The Electric Field
Electric fields from different sourcesadd as vectors.
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The Electric Field
Example 10 The Electric Field of a Point Charge
The isolated point charge of q=+15μC isin a vacuum. The test charge is 0.20m to the right and has a charge qo=+0.8μC.
Determine the electric field at point P.
oq
FE
2
21
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The Electric Field
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The Electric Field
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qkE
The electric field does not depend on the test charge.
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Point charge q:
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The Electric Field
Example 11 The Electric Fields from Separate Charges May Cancel
Two positive point charges, q1=+16μC and q2=+4.0μC are separated in avacuum by a distance of 3.0m. Find the spot on the line between the chargeswhere the net electric field is zero.
2r
qkE
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The Electric Field
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The Electric Field
Conceptual Example 12 Symmetry and the Electric Field
Point charges are fixes to the corners of a rectangle in twodifferent ways. The charges have the same magnitudesbut different signs.
Consider the net electric field at the center of the rectanglein each case. Which field is stronger?
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The Electric Field
THE PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
Parallel platecapacitor
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q VE
A d
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charge density
Change in potential (voltage)
Distance between plates
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Electric Field Lines
Electric field lines or lines of force provide a map of the electric fieldin the space surrounding electric charges.
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Electric Field Lines
Electric field lines are always directed away from positive charges andtoward negative charges.
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Electric Field Lines
Electric field lines always begin on a positive chargeand end on a negative charge and do not stop in midspace.
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Electric Field Lines
The number of lines leaving a positive charge or entering a negative charge is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
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Electric Field Lines
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Electric Field Lines
Conceptual Example 13 Drawing ElectricField Lines
There are three things wrong with part (a) of the drawing. What are they?
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The Electric Field Inside a Conductor: Shielding
At equilibrium under electrostatic conditions, any excess charge resides on the surface of a conductor.
At equilibrium under electrostatic conditions, theelectric field is zero at any point within a conductingmaterial.
The conductor shields any charge within it from electric fields created outside the conductor.
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The Electric Field Inside a Conductor: Shielding
The electric field just outside the surface of a conductor is perpendicular to the surface at equilibrium under electrostatic conditions.
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Flash – Coulombs Law
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Flash – Electric Forces