Figure Skating

Beretvás Blanka

2011

2

C O N T E N T

1 Abstract .............................................................................................3

2 History.................................................................................................2.1 Origin...........................................................................................42.2 Early 20th century ...................................................................172.3 Between World War I and II ...................................................242.4 After World War II ..................................................................31

3 Winter Olympic .................................................................................3.1 Olympic Figure Skating History .............................................933.2 First Youth Winter Olympics Innsbruck 2012……….. ..126

4 ISU .......................................................................................................4.1 History..................................................................................... 1284.2 ISU Competitons..................................................................... 1314.3 The ISU Judging System ........................................................ 147

4.3.1 Technical Element Score .......................................... 1594.3.2 Program Component Score...................................... 1604.3.3 Final Score ................................................................. 160

4.4 Jumps....................................................................................... 1614.5 Spins......................................................................................... 167

4.6 Lifts…………………………………………………………… 1704.7 Step sequence.......................................................................... 172

5 Summary.................................................... .. …………………….174

6 Annex .................................................................................................. 6.1 List of illustrations………………….. . …….. ………….………..175

6. 2 ISU Communication No. 1682…………………………… …… 176 6. 3. SHEFFIELD 2012 European Figure Skating Championships 178 6. 4. Club "200"…………………………………………………… 186 6. 5. Hall of Fame Member……………………………………… 197

3

1 AB ST R A C T

I was a little girl, I was a figure skater. After a severe injury I had to finish it. Iregularly visit figure skating championships and I write articles about it as ajournalist. I can’t separate figure skating from my life. I am in touch with manyfigure skaters and we make a lot of programs together. Mainly I write about thehistory of figure skating, ISU (International Skating Union) and I mention the newJudging System.

Lidwina's fall, a 1498

The picture, of Saint Lidwina, patron saint of ice skaters, falling on the ice was thefirst work of art to feature ice skating as a main theme. Another important aspect ofthe painting is a man seen in the background, who is skating on one leg. This meansthat the ice skates the man was wearing must have sharp edges similar to thosefound on modern ice skates.

4

2 H I S T O R Y

2.1 ORIGIN

The oldest pair of skates known date back to about 3000 B.C.,found at the bottom of alake in Switzerland. The skates were made from the leg bones of large animals, holeswere bored at each end of the bone and leather straps were used to tie the skates on.An old Dutch word for skate is "schenkel" which means "leg bone".

Around the 14th Century, the Dutch started using wooden platform skates with flatiron bottom runners. The skates were attached to the skater's shoes with leatherstraps. Poles were used to propel the skater. Around 1500, the Dutch added a narrowmetal double edged blade, making the poles a thing of the past, as the skater couldnow push and glide with his feet (called the "Dutch Roll").

A Medieval scene of ice skating, painted by Esaias van de Velde

In the Netherlands, ice skating was considered proper for all classes of people toparticipate in, as shown in many pictures by the Old Masters. However, in otherplaces, participation in ice skating was limited to only members of the upper classes.Emperor Rudolf II of the Holy Roman Empire enjoyed ice skating so much he had alarge ice carnival constructed in his court in 1610 in order to popularize the sport.King Louis XVI of France brought ice skating to Paris during his reign. Madame dePompadour, Napoleon I, Napoleon III, and the House of Stuart were, among others,royal and upper class fans of ice skating. It is said that Queen Victoria got to knowher future husband, Prince Albert, better through a series of ice skating trips.

Ice skating was brought to England by King Charles II, who learned about it whilevisiting Holland. 1763 saw the first documented account of an ice skatingcompetition where the skaters raced across fifteen miles of frozen canals in England.In 1889 the Dutch held the first world championships.

5

Ice skating was a sport that could be participated in by everyone from the wealthy tothe poor. Because of this, its popularity remained high and it spread across theworld. It wasn't until the 1700s that ice skating was brought to North America byScottish immigrants. Its versatility and mass appeal gave it staying power and madeit a popular sport. Today, the world is treated to the Olympic Games every fouryears, and the opportunity to watch world class athletes speed across the ice.

The history of figure skating begins a bit more recently than traditional ice skating.Figure skating differs from traditional ice skating in its style. The term figure skatingderives from the action of doing tracings on the ice. Figure skating began with iceskaters performing figure eights, brackets and circles on the ice. It is different fromregular ice skating in that it combines both the athletic aspect of ice skating with art.

The art of figure skating of course has its origins in ice skating. The first ice skateswere used in the Netherlands. These were made of animal bone, tied on with leatherstraps, and used to get across frozen lakes. These first ice skates were used withpoles.

'Skating fun' by 17th century Dutch painter by Hendrick Avercamp

The British were the first to make tracings on the ice with their skates, doing so in theearly 1700s. As ice skate technology advanced to iron and then blades attached toboots, making figures on the ice became easier and more of an art form.

In 1848, E. V. Bushnell of Philadelphia, PA invented the first all steel clamp forskates.

6

In 1865, Jackson Haines, a famous American skater, developed the two plate all metalblade. The blade was attached directly to Haines' boots. The skater became famousfor his new dance moves, jumps and spins. Haines added the first toe pick to skatesin the 1870's, making toe pick jumps possible.

Central Park, New York City, Winter: The Skating Pond, 1862 by Currier and Ives

The first artificial ice rink (mechanically-refrigerated) was built in 1876, at Chelsea,London, England and was named the Glaciarium. It was built near the King's Roadin London by John Gamgee.

In 1914, John E. Strauss, a blade maker from St. Paul, Minnesota, invented the firstclosed toe blade made from one piece of steel, making skates lighter and stronger.

The largest outdoor ice rink is the Fujikyu Highland Promenade Rink in Japan, builtin 1967 and boasts an ice area of 165,750 square feet - equal to 3.8 acres.

7

SKATING ASSOCIATION

The next step in the development of figure skating came in 1742, when the first iceskating association was formed, the Edinburgh Skating Club. The first instructionalbook concerning ice skating was published in London in 1772. The book, written by aBritish artillery lieutenant, Robert Jones, describes basic figure skating forms such ascircles and figure eights.

Jackson Haines, considered to be the father of modern figure skating.

The founder of modern figure skating as it is known today was Jackson Haines(* b. 1840 † d. 1875), an American.

He won the first Championships of America held in Troy, New York in 1864. Haineswas known as the first skater to incorporate ballet and dance movements into hisskating, as opposed to focusing on tracing patterns on the ice. Haines also inventedthe sit spin and developed a shorter, curved blade for figure skating that allowed foreasier turns. He was also the first to wear blades that were permanently attached tothe boot.

Haines continued to add new dance elements to his routines, and astounded a crowdin Vienna in the winter of 1868. Many in the audience expressed wonder at how anormal man could move over the ice in such a manner. Haines's performance led tothe establishment of the Vienna School, which continued to develop Haines's artisticstyle. Although Haines himself died at the age of 35 in 1875 from the effects oftuberculosis, his influence lived on.

8

Jackson Haines

9

AXEL PAULSEN

Axel Paulsen (1855-1938) was a Norwegian figure skater and speed skater. He is theinventor of the figure skating Axel jump.

Paulsen first publicly executed the Axel jump in 1882 at the World Championships inVienna while wearing speed skates.At the Vienna World Championships Paulsenwon both the speed skating and fancy (figure) skating events becoming the WorldChampion.

In the winter of 1883 Paulsen went to North America to participate in a series ofskating events. On February 8, 1883 a race was held at the open air rink inWashington Park, Brooklyn, New York. Paulsen defeated 17 picked skaters, thefastest from Norway, Canada, England and the United States and set the followingrecords at the race:

1 mile: 3 minutes, 34 3/5 seconds5 miles: 19 minutes, 10 seconds10 miles: 39 minutes, 7 3/5 seconds

10

Paulsen was a professional skater competing in races and meets that offered thewinners prize purses and metals; he was the World Professional Speed SkatingChampion from 1882 to 1889. He lost the title on February 1, 1890 to Canadianprofessional speed skating champion Hugh J. McCormick at a 3-race meet inMinneapolis, Minnesota.

The Axel is a figure skating jump with a forward take-off. It is named after theNorwegian skater Axel Paulsen, who first performed the jump in 1882. An Axel jumphas an extra ½ rotation in the air due to its forward take-off. For a jump withcounterclockwise rotation, it has a takeoff from the left forward outside edge and alanding on the right back outside edge; this can be reversed for a clockwise jump.The Axel can also be done as a double jump with 2½ rotations, or as a triple with 3½rotations.

During the last half of the nineteenth century, informal international competitions inboth Speed Skating and Figure Skating were organized occasionally in different partsof the world. The first modern Speed Skating competition was held in Norway in1863 and the first major International Speed Skating race was held in Hamburg(GER) in 1885. In 1882, the first International Figure Skating competition took placein Vienna (AUT)

Haines claimed to be the champion of America in 1863; however, at that time manyself-proclaimed "championships" were held without any legitimate or official claimto the title, so Haines' title cannot be substantiated. At any rate, the continued coolreception given to him in his own country prompted him to go to Europe, where hewas warmly and enthusiastically received. When he arrived in Vienna, he receivedthe warmest reception of all; he was an immediate success. Little wonder, in thehome of the graceful Viennese Waltz! It was here, as a direct result of his pioneeringperformances, that the so-called "International Style of Figure Skating" was born. Itwasn't until many years later - in the first decade of this century - that this stylefinally came home to America.

Although Haines himself died at the age of 35 in 1875, his students at the ViennaSchool established the International Skating Union in 1892, the first international iceskating organization, and one of the oldest sports associations still in existence. It wasfounded in Scheveningen, in the Netherlands, but is now based in Lausanne,Switzerland. The Union created the first codified set of figure skating rules.

The Internationale Eislauf-Vereingung (International Skating Union) formed in 1892to govern international competition in speed and figure skating.

The men's singles European championship first took place in Hamburg in 1891, whilethe ladies' singles and pair skating European championships started in Vienna in1930.

11

Oskar Uhlig was a German figure skater. Nation He won the first EuropeanFigure Skating Championships to be contested.

He represented Berliner Eislaufverein von 1886. On 12 October 1893 he was electedas the Chairman of the club Berliner Eislaufverein von 1886. From 1900 on he wasVice-chairman of the club.

In 1894 Uhlig was also referee of speed skating events.

Figure skating Result

Event 1891European Championships 1st

Anon Schmitson (* b. 1880; † d. 1900) was an Germany figure skater. Nation .

Hamburg 1891 gold Oskar Uhlig, silver Anon Schmitson

Evens 1891European Championships. 2.German Championships 1.

Eduard Engelmann Jr.(*14 July 1864†31 October 1944) was an Austrian figureskater, engineer, and cyclist. He was a three-time gold medallist at the EuropeanFigure Skating Championships. He had three children, all of whom became figureskaters: Edi, Helene and Christine, who married Karl Schäfer.

FIGURE SKATING COMPETITION

The Olympic Games and World Championships were not yet established inEngelmann's time.

Event 1892 1893 1894European Championships 1st 1st 1st

12

Eduard Engelmann Jr.

ENGINEERING

Engelmann studied at the Vienna University of Technology, specializing in railwayengineering. He built the Kraftwerk Wienerbruck power station, theLandessiechenanstalt Oberhollabrunn hospital, and was manager of theNiederösterreichischen Eisenbahnamtes (Lower Austrian Railway office) of theMariazellerbahn.

In 1909, he built the first ever artificial ice rink on land, which was established as anice rink by his father Eduard Engelmann Sr. in the Hernals district of Vienna. In 1912,he built, in Vienna's Heumarkt district, what was at the time the largest artificial icerink in Europe. The rink was improved on in later years; in 1932, the ice rink covered3,000 square meters. He built another rink in Budapest in 1922.

In 1944, shortly after his death, the rink he built in Vienna-Hernals was bombed andtotally destroyed. It was rebuilt after World War II and reopened in 1946; today, thelocation holds a supermarket, which, since 1974, has had an artificial ice rinkattached.

As a cyclist, Engelmann was one of the founders of the Wiener Cyclisten-Clubs(Cyclists Clubs of Vienna). He won the cycling championships for unicyclists threetimes in the German cyclists' union.

Georg Zachariades (* b.1880; † d. 1900 was an Austrian figure skater. Nation Österreich

European Championships Bronze Wien 1892 Men, Bronze Berlin 1893 Men.

13

1892 gold Eduard Engelmann silverTibor von Földváry

1893 gold Eduard Engelmann silver Henning Grenander

EVENS 1892 1893 1894European Championships 3. 3. 4.German Championships 1. 1. 2.

Tibor von Földváry was an Hungarian figure skater. He was the European FigureSkating Championships gold medalist in 1895. He was also a judge at the WorldChampionships shortly after his competitive career.

Event 1892 1893 1894 1895European Championships 2nd 4th 3rd 1st

The Budapest Skating Club

The Budapest Skating Club was established in 1869, as an early sprout of the "unityfreedom waked on prices of heavy struggles back wined constitution". In aninteresting way it happened similarly the re-establishing 120 years later in 1989 as anearly sprout of the new unity law.

14

European Championships MEN

Year Location Name Place

1892 Vienna, Austria Tibor Földváry 2

1894 Vienna, Austria Tibor Földváry 3

1895 Budapest, Hungary Tibor Földváry 1

Földváry Tibor

The member and competitor of the BSC was Lili Kromberger (1890-1974), the firstWorld Champion of the Hungarian sport, who became four times WorldChampion in figure skating between 1907 and 1911. She got into the Hall of Fames asthe first Hungarian one.

15

Kronberger Lili

World Championships

LADIESYear Location Name Place

1906 Davos, Switzerland Lili Kronberger 3

1907 Vienna, Austria Lili Kronberger 3

1908 Troppau, Austria Lili Kronberger 1

1909 Budapest, Hungary Lili Kronberger 1

1910 Berlin, Germany Lili Kronberger 1

1911 Vienna, Austria Lili Kronberger 1

16

Kronberger Lili

Gustav Hügel was an Austrian figure skater. Nation Österreich

He was the 1897 & 1899-1900 World Champion and the 1901 European Champion.

He won the German national championships in 1894 because, at that time, Austriaand Germany held joint championships.

Results:

Event 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901World Championships 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 1stEuropean Championships 6th 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 1stGerman Championships 1st 2nd

17

World ChampionshipsSilver Sanint Petersburg 1896 MenGold Stockholm 1897Silver London 1898Gold Davos 1899Gold Davos 1900

European ChampionshipsSilver Wien 1894Silver Budapest 1895Silver Davos 1899Silver Berlin 1900Gold Wien 1901

The first Championship, known as the Championship of the Internationale Eislauf-Vereingung, was held in Saint Petersburg in 1896. The event had four competitorsand was won by Gilbert Fuchs.

Gilbert Fuchs (b.1871 in Graz, Austria - d.1952 in Germany) was a Germanfigure skater and world champion in figure skating.

In 1896, he won the first world figure skating championships, held in St. Petersburg,Russia. In 1906 he recaptured the title in Munich.

Relations with his constant rival Ulrich Salchow were strained. In 1906, Salchow didnot compete in Munich, Fuchs' hometown, because he expected to be judgedunfairly. Likewise, Fuchs did not participate in the 1908 Olympics because he felt thejudges favored Salchow.

Only once did Fuchs place higher in a competition than Salchow, the 1901 Europeansin Vienna. Fuchs however didn't win, coming second to Gustav Hügel of Austria.)

Fuchs learned figure skating on his own, after learning gymnastics, weightlifting,and stone put. After finishing secondary school, he served in a cavalry regiment,later studying agriculture in Vienna. Still later, he moved to Munich, Bavaria, inGermany and studied forestry. He practiced on Germany's first artificial ice rink,named "Unsöldsche Kunsteisbahn", which opened in 1892 and competed for MunichEV and Germany. He wrote and published: "Theory and Practice of Figure Skating"(German: "Theorie und Praxis des Kunstlaufes am Eise").

18

Beyond figure skating, Fuchs studied the morphology of the bark beetle (German:Borkenkäfer). In 1929, in his late fifties, he wrote his PhD thesis titled “Europeantimber industry after the war” (German: "Europäische Holzwirtschaft derNachkriegszeit"). ("War" here referred to the First World War.)

RESULTS

Event 1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

WorldChampionships

1st (*) 3rd 2nd 1st 3rd 2nd

EuropeanChampionships

3rd 2nd 2nd 2nd

GermanChampionships

1st 1st 1st

2.2 EARLY 20TH CENTURY

The 1903 ISU Congress considered gender issues but passed no new rules. The 1905Congress established a second class ladies competition. Winners were to be known asISU, not World Champions. Men's and Ladies events were normally held separately.The first ladies competition was in 1906 and held in Davos. The first pairscompetition was held in St. Petersburg in 1908, even though in some countries pairscompetition was illegal and considered indecent. . Pair skating was introduced at the1908 World Championships, where the title was won by Anna Hübler & HeinrichBurger

Olympic medal recordFigure skating

Gold 1908 London Pairs

Anna Hübler (January 2, 1885 - July 5, 1976) was a German pair skater. She wasan Olympic champion and two-time World champion with skating partner HeinrichBurger.

19

Hübler and Berger were the first World champions and the first Olympic championsin pairs figure skating. They never became European champions, because theEuropean championships were established in 1930. They skated for the clubMüchener EV (Munich EV). Hübler was the first female German Olympic champion.(The first woman winning an Olympic medal for Germany was the single skater ElsaRendschmidt. She won silver in 1908.

Heinrich Burger (31 May 1881 - 27 April 1942) was a German figure skater

The championships were presumed all-male since competitive skating was generallyviewed as a male sport, however there were no specific rules regarding the gender ofcompetitors. In 1902 Madge Syers entered the championships, and won the silvermedal.

Magde & Edgar Syers

Madge Syers

Personal informationCountry represented United Kingdom

Born 16 September 1881Kensington, London

Died9 September 1917(aged 35)Weybridge, Surrey

Skating club Prince's Skating ClubRetired 1908

20

Florence Madeline "Madge" Syers ( Cave, 16 September 1881 – 9 September 1917)was a British figure skater. She became the first woman to compete at the WorldFigure Skating Championships in 1902 by entering what was previously an all-maleevent and won the silver medal, which prompted the International Skating Union(ISU) to create a separate ladies' championship. Syers was the winner of the first twoladies' events in 1906 and 1907, and went on to become the Olympic champion at the1908 Summer Olympics, the first Olympic Games to include figure skating. She alsocompeted as a pairs skater with her husband Edgar Syers, winning the bronze medalat the 1908 Olympics.

Ladies' singlesEvent 1906 1907 1908

Olympics 1stWorld

Championships 1st 1st

Open singlesEvent 1902 1903 1904

World Championships 2ndBritish Championships 1st 1st

Pairs

Event 1908Olympics 3rd

In 1899 Madge met her future husband Edgar Syers, a figure skater and coach whowas 18 years her senior. Edgar was an exponent of the international skating style,which was freer and less rigid than the traditional English style, and encouragedMadge to adopt this style. Madge and Edgar completed together in pairs skatingevents, and in 1900 finished second in one of the first international pairs events,staged in Berlin. They married in June of that year. The Syers co-authored The Bookof Winter Sports in 1908.The 1908 Summer Olympics in London were the first Gamesto include figure skating events in the programme, which were staged in October atthe Prince's Club. Syers entered both the ladies' event and the pairs with Edgar. Inthe ladies' event, Syers comfortably won the compulsory figures section, with all fivejudges placing her first. The official report of the Games described her as "in a classby herself" and stated that "the wonderful accuracy of her figures, combined withperfect carriage and movement, was the chief feature of the morning's skating." Inthe free skating, the report described her as having "excelled in rhythm and time-keeping, and her dance steps, pirouettes, &c., were skated without a fault." She wasagain placed first by all five judges and won the title. In the pairs event Syers andEdgar finished third (of three couples) and won the bronze medal.

21

Syers retired from competitive skating after the Olympics due to fading health.She and Edgar co-authored a second book together, The Art of Skating (InternationalStyle), published in 1913. She died of heart failure caused by acute endocarditis on 9September 1917 at her home in Weybridge, Surrey, aged 35.Syers was elected to the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1981.

Two men's skating events were contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics: singleskating and special figures. Panin won the special figures event and competed, butdid not finish, in the singles event. 1908 was the only year in which special figureswas an Olympic event. Panin also competed in the 1903 World Figure SkatingChampionships, placing second behind Salchow.

Illustration of special figures by Panin

22

Panin in 1908. Personal information

Fullname

Nikolay Aleksandrovich Panin-Kolomenkin

Born January 8, 1872Khrenovoye, near Voronezh

Died January 19, 1956 (aged 83)Leningrad

Olympic medal recordCompetitor for Russia

Men's Figure skatingGold 1908 London Special figures

23

Men's Figure skatingGold 1908 London Individual

“Belle époque” many new, talented figure skaters came from Germany, amongthem Werner Rittberger, Alois Lutz … .Werner Rittberger invented another jump, at first named eponymously, buteventually changed to the name it is known by today, the loop jump.Alois Lutz (1898-1918) was an Austrian figure skater. He invented the Lutz jump.He performed it for the first time in competition in 1913.

Bruce Mapes (b.August 16, 1901–d.February 18, 1961) was an American figure skaterfrom the early 1900s. In 1913, the jump now known today as the flip became knownby his last name, but it is not known for certain if he was the inventor.

Ulrich Salchow at the 1908 Olympics Personal information

Full name: Karl Emil Julius UlrichSalchow

Countryrepresented: Sweden

Date of birth: 7 August 1877

Place of birth: Copenhagen , DenmarkDate of death: 19 April 1949 (aged 71)Place of death: Stockholm

24

Charlotta Oelschlägel won a championship in the United States at the age of 17, andhad a professional career spanning ten years

Also notable for their impaortnt contributions to the sport of figure skating are AxelPaulsen, Ulrich Salchow, Werner Rittbberger and Alois Lutz. Each man created ajump that is now named after him. Paulsen, a Norwegian equally expert in figureand speed skating, introduced his jump in Vienna in 1882 at what is generallyregarded as the first international championship. The “axel” was later perfected...

On March 20, 1914 an international figure skating championship was held in NewHaven, Connecticut. This was the ancestor of both the United States and CanadianNational Championships. However, international competitions in figure skatingwere interrupted by World War I

Werner Rittberger (born 14 July 1891 in Berlin, Germany; † 12 August 1975 inKrefeld, Germany) was a German figure skater.

Rittberger invented the Loop jump in 1910. German (and most other European)figure skaters call this jump “Rittberger”.

Rittberger won the German Nationals eleven times between 1911 and 1928, and thesilver medal at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1910, 1911, and 1912. Heskated for the Berliner SC club representing Germany.

After World War II he became a figure skating coach in Krefeld.

Results

Event 1910 1911 1912 1913 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928Winter OlympicGames WD

WorldChampionships 2nd 2nd 2nd 7th 4th

EuropeanChampionships 2nd 3rd 4th 3rd 2nd

GermanChampionships 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 2nd 1st

25

HUNGARIAN “Budapesti Korcsolyázó Egylet” Results

World Championships

LADIES Year Location Name Place

1912 Davos, Switzerland Opika Méray Horváth 11913 Stockholm, Sweden Opika Méray Horváth 11914 St. Moricz, Switzerland Opika Méray Horváth 1

MEN

Year Location Name Place1910 Davos, Switzerland Andor Szende 31912 Manchester, England Andor Szende 31913 Vienna, Austria Andor Szende 31914 Helsinki, Finland Andor Szende 3

.

2.3. BETWEEN WORLD WAR I AND II

The largest figure skating competitions were renewed after World War I, with thefirst taking place in 1922. The best-known figure skaters in this period were SonjaHenie from Norway

Sonja 1926

and Karl Schäfer, from Austria .

26

The two dominated the sport in this time. Henie, a ten-time world champion,brought a new style to figure skating in both athletic practice and dress. Previously,female figure skaters had skated in bulky clothing and long skirts. Henie broke withtradition by wearing a short knee-length skirt during her routines. In addition, herfluid and unlabored movements and overall elegance were considered to be a majoradvancement for figure skating. Schäfer won the European figure skatingchampionship eight times, and the world championship seven times, in the periodfrom 1929 to 1936

One such country was Japan, which had applied for the Winter Olympics in 1940.Early championships for both ladies and pairs were retrospectively given WorldChampionship status in 1924.In the early years judges were invited by the host country and were often local. Atthe 1927 ladies' event held in Oslo, three of the five judges were Norwegian.The three Norwegian judges gave first place to Norwegian competitor Sonja Henie,while the Austrian and German judges placed defending champion Herma Szabofirst.

27

Herma Szabo (February 22, 1902 - May 7, 1986) was an Austrian singles and pairsfigure skater. She is the 1924 Olympic champion in ladies' singles and a seven-timeWorld Champion, including five titles in singles (1922-1926) and two titles in pairspartnered with Ludwig Wrede.

Szabo was born in Vienna, where she came from a family of figure skaters. Hermother was Christa von Szabo, a two time world medalist in pairs figure skating andher uncle was Eduard Engelmann Jr., a three time European Champion in men'sfigure skating, who built the first artificial ice rink.As a result, Szabo was exposed tothe sport at a young age, where she practiced at her uncle's ice rink along with hercousins Helene Engelmann and Christine Engelmann, who went on to marry KarlSchäfer.

She competed as a figure skater under different surnames, which include von Szabó,Plank-Szabo, Planck-Szabo, Jarosz-Szabo and Jaross-Szabo. The International SkatingUnion uses the surname Szabo to refer to her accomplishments. Szabo won the goldmedal at the 1924 Winter Olympics in ladies figure skating. At the Olympics, shehelped modernize ladies's figure skating by wearing a skirt cut above the knee. High-cut skirts allowed for more freedom of movement in the legs. Despite this, SonjaHenie is usually credited with being the first to wear short skirts in competition.

Szabo did not compete in the Europeans because the ladies and pair events were notestablished until 1930. However, she won five consecutive world titles in ladies'figure skating from 1922 to 1926. She is one of four women to have won the Worldtitle five times, the others being Sonja Henie, Carol Heiss, and Michelle Kwan.

In addition, she was also an early pioneer in pairs figure skating, where shecompeted with Ludwig Wrede. They won the World title twice, in 1925 and 1927,and placed third in 1926. She is the only skater to hold a simultaneous world titles inpairs and singles.

With her accomplishments, she is considered to be one of the most decorated figureskaters of all time.

She retired in 1927 after she was defeated by Sonja Henie of Norway at the WorldChampionships. This result was controversial because the judging panel consisted ofthree Norwegians, a German, and an Austrian. The three Norwegian judges placedHenie first, while the German and Austrian judges placed Szabo first.

She became disillusioned with the sport and never skated again. Henie offered her arematch years later, but she refused to participate. Her abrupt retirement, led herpartner Wrede, to find a different partner for the 1928 Olympic Games, but not withthe same success.

Despite the bitter end to her career, Szabo was inducted into the World FigureSkating Hall of Fame in 1982. She died at age 84 in Rottenmann, Styria.

28

RESULTS

Ladies singles

Event 1918 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927Winter Olympic Games 1stWorld Championships 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 2ndAustrian Championships 2nd 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st

Pairs (with Ludwig Wrede)

Event 1925 1926 1927World Championships 1st 3rd 1stAustrian Championships 1st 1st

The controversial result stood, giving Henie her first world title, however followingthe controversy the ISU introduced a rule allowing no more than one judge percountry on the panel.

HUNGARIAN “Budapesti Korcsolyázó Egylet” Results

World ChampionshipsMEN

Year Location Name Place1934 Vienna, Austria Elemér Terták 3

1948 Davos, Switzerland Ede Király 3

1949 Paris, France Ede Király 2

1950 London, England Ede Király 2

PAIRSYear Location Name Place

1929 Budapest, Hungary Olga Orgonista – SándorSzalay 3

1931 Berlin, Germany Emilia Rotter – László SzollásOlga Orgonista – SándorSzalay

12

1932 Montreal, Canada Emilia Rotter – László Szollás 2

1933 Stockholm, Sweden Emilia Rotter – László Szollás 1

29

1934 Helsinki, Finland Emilia Rotter – László Szollás 1

1935 Budapest, Hungary Emilia Rotter – László SzollásLuci Galló – Rezső Dillinger

12

1948 Davos, Switzerland Andrea Kékessy – Ede Király 2

1949 Paris, France Andrea Kékessy – Ede Király 1

Winter Olimpic Games

PAIRSYear Location Name Place

1932 Lake Placid, USA Emilia Rotter – László Szollás 3

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen,GER Emilia Rotter – László Szollás 3

1948 St. Moritz, Switzerland Andrea Kékessy– Ede Király 2

European Championships

MEN

1937 Prague, Czechoslovakia Elemér Terták 3

1949 Milano, Italy Ede Király 2

1950 Oslo, Norway Ede Király 1

PAIRSYear Location Name Place

1930 Vienna, Austria Olga Orgonista – SándorSzalay

12

30

Emilia Rotter – László Szollás

1931 St. Moritz, Switzerland Olga Orgonista – SándorSzalayEmilia Rotter – László Szollás

12

1934 Prague, Czechoslovakia Emilia Rotter – László Szollás 1

1935 St. Moritz, Switzerland Luci Galló – Rezső Dillinger 3

1936 Berlin, Germany Piroska and AttilaSzekrényessy 3

1937 Prague, Czechoslovakia Piroska and AttilaSzekrényessy 3

1948 Prague, Czechoslovakia Andrea Kékessy – Ede Király 1

1949 Milano, Italy Andrea Kékessy – Ede Király 1

1950 Oslo, Norway Marianna and László Nagy 1

Rotter-Szollás pairs Pataky Terták

31

Marianna Nagy ( b.January 13, 1929 – d.May 3, 2011) was a Hungarian pairskater. She and partner and brother László Nagy were two time Olympic bronzemedalists, two-time European champions (1950 and 1955), and three-time Worldbronze medalists (1950, 1953, 1955). She was born in Szombathely

COMPETITIVE HIGHLIGHTS

(with László Nagy)

Event 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958Winter Olympic Games 7th 3rd 3rdWorld Championships 7th 4th 3rd 3rd 3rd 7thEuropean Championships 2nd 1st 3rd 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 4thHungarian Championships 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st

32

Olympic medal record

Bronze 1952 Oslo Pairs Bronze 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo Pairs

Competitor for Hungary + died may 3, 2011

2. 4. AFTER WORLD WAR II

The 1930 championships in New York combined all three competitions into oneevent for the first time, and was also the first championships to be held outsideEurope. Ice dancing entered the program officially in 1952, after having been anunofficial part of the championships since 1936. In 1960, the number of participantsper country was limited to a maximum of three per discipline.The ice dancing championship was held for the first time in Bolzano in 1954

Up until 1948, skaters representing any ISU Member could enter the EuropeanChampionships. After Canadian Barbara Ann Scott and American Dick Button wonthe singles titles that year, entries were restricted to skaters representing Europeancountries. Because of the years of war, Europe, which had previously had been thecenter of figure skating, as well as the area of origin of many of its top names, fellbehind the United States in terms of figure skating dominance.

33

Many of the new elite figure skaters came from the United States and Canada,bringing with them a style that emphasized more speed and endurance, as well asdynamic movements. Some of the new top figure skaters included AmericansRichard Button (who was the first skater to complete both the double axel jump anda loop jump with three rotations), ; and Canadians Barbara AnnScott and Donald Jackson.

Barbara-Ann Scott

Barbara-Ann Scott, photo by Yousuf Karsh,1946

Personal informationCountry represented CanadaBorn May 9, 1928 (age 83)Retired 1948

Olympic medal recordLadies' figure skating

Competitor for CanadaGold 1948 St. Moritz Singles

BIOGRAPHY

Barbara-Ann Scott began skating at a very young age with the Minto Skating Club ofOttawa, Ontario, Canada. She was only eleven years old when she won her firstCanadian national junior title. Two years later, in 1942, the thirteen-year-old becamethe first female to ever land a double lutz in competition.

From 1945 to 1948, she won the North American Figure Skating Championships. In1948 she became the first North American to win the European and World FigureSkating Championships, making her a Canadian national heroine.

Subsequent to her victory, her hometown of Ottawa gave her a new convertibleautomobile, but she had to turn down the gift in order to retain her amateur status soas to be able to compete in the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland.

34

In the Winter Games she became the first Canadian to win the figure skating goldmedal

Barbara-Ann Scott doing a stag jump.

Event 1941 1942 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948Winter Olympics 1stWorld Championships 1st 1stEuropean Championships 1st 1stNorth American Championships 1st 1stCanadian Championships 2nd 2nd 1st 1st 1st 1st

In 1961, the crash of Sabena Flight 548 claimed the lives of the entire United StatesFigure Skating team and their coaches. This effectively put an end to the period ofpost-war American domination of the sport.

35

Carol HeissPersonal information

Country represented United StatesBorn January 20, 1940 (age 71)Former coach Pierre BrunetSkating club SC of New YorkRetired 1960

Olympic medal recordLadies' figure skating

Competitor for the United StatesSilver 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo SinglesGold 1960 Squaw Valley Singles

RESULTS

Event 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960Winter Olympics 2nd 1stWorld Championships 2nd 1st 1st 1st 1st 1stNorth American Championships 2nd 2nd 1st 1stU.S. Championships 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 1st 1st 1st 1st

On February 15, 1961, the entire U.S. figure skating team and their coaches werekilled in the crash of Sabena Flight 548 in Brussels, Belgium en route to the WorldChampionships in Prague. This tragedy sent the U.S. skating program into a periodof rebuilding.

Alain CalmatPersonal information

Country represented FranceBorn 31 August 1940 (age 70)Former coach Jacqueline VaudecraneRetired 1965

Olympic medal recordFigure skating

Competitor for FranceSilver 1964 Innsbruck Men's singles

36

Alain Calmat (born 31 August 1940, in Paris) is a French former competitive figureskater, surgeon, and politician. He is the 1964 Olympic silver medalist, the 1965World Champion, the 1962–1964 European Champion, and the 1958 & 1962–1965French national champion.

COMPETITIVE HIGHLIGHTS

Event 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965Olympic Games 9th 6th 2ndWorld Championships 11th 9th 7th 9th 5th 7th 3rd * 3rd 2nd 2nd 1stEuropeanChampionships 5th 5th 4th 4th 3rd 4th 4th 2nd 1st 1st 1st 2nd

French Championships 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 1st 1st 1st 1st

* Championships cancelled due to Sabena Flight 548 crash.

At the same time, the Soviet Union rose to become a dominant power in the sport,especially in the disciplines of pair skating and ice dancing. At every WinterOlympics from 1964 until 2006, a Soviet or Russian pair won gold in pair skating,often considered one of the longest winning streaks in modern sports history. The1967 World Championships was the last event held in an outdoor rink.

Diane Towler Green

Diane Towler (married Green) (born 16 December 1946 in London, England) is aformer British ice dancer and currently a figure skating coach.

37

She is a four-time World and European Champion in ice dancing with skating-partner Bernard Ford. Their coach was Gladys Hogg. They participated at theintroduction of ice dancing at the Olympics in 1968. Ice Dancing has become part ofthe Winter-Olympics in 1976. Diane and Bernard are also members of the WorldFigure skating Hall of Fame Colorado Springs. They are mostly well known for theirZobra the Greek programme which helped to improve ice dance. Diane and Bernardalso received MBEs for their service to Ice skating

After her amateur career, Diane Towler and Bernard Ford participated in ice shows.After her skating-partner moved to Canada, Towler became a figure skating coach.Among her students are Janet Sawbridge and Peter Dalby (Bronze at the Europeans1972) and her twins Candice and

Phillipa

Phillipa both British Junior ice dance Champions and world competitors. HerNephew Mark Bosley Junior ice Dance Champion and 5th at junior worlds. AlanAbretti and Liz Coates became World and European competitors

Results

(with Bernard Ford)

Event 1963-64 1964-65 1965-66 1966-67 1967-68 1968-69World Championships 13th 4th 1st 1st 1st 1stEuropean Championships 4th 1st 1st 1st 1stBritish Nationals 3rd 1st 1st 1st 1st

38

András Sallay (born 15 December 1953) is a former ice dancer from Hungary .Competing with Krisztina Regőczy, he won a gold medal at the 1980 World FigureSkating Championships and a silver at that year's Winter Olympics.

39

RESULTS

(ICE DANCE WITH KRISZTINA REGŐCZY)

Event 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80Winter Olympic Games 5th 2ndWorld Championships 6th 4th 4th 3rd 2nd 1stEuropean Championships 6th 4th 2nd 3rd 3rd 2ndHungarian Championships 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1stSkate America 1stSkate Canada International 1st

Sallay András-Regőczy Krisztina

40

Jayne TorvillPersonal information

Countryrepresented United Kingdom

Born 7 October 1957 (age 53)Partner Christopher Dean

Former partner Michael Hutchenson(pairs)

Former coach Betty CallawayJanet Sawbridge

Retired 1984, 1994

Olympic medal recordCompetitor for the United Kingdom

Gold 1984 Sarajevo Ice dancingBronze 1994 Lillehammer Ice dancing

Torvill and Dean's free program at the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympics, performed tothe music of Maurice Ravel's Boléro, became world famous. They received twelveperfect 6.0 marks, one of five occasions they were awarded all perfect scores forartistic impression. This is one of the most popular achievements in the history ofBritish sport, watched by a British television audience of twenty four million.

Torvill and Dean turned professional after their 1984 Olympic win and under thenexisting Olympic Committee rules their professional status made them ineligible tocompete in the Olympics again. However in 1993 the International Skating Unionrelaxed the rules for professional skaters, allowing the pair to participate in the 1994Winter Olympics in Lillehammer where they won a bronze medal.

They now star in the ITV show Dancing on Ice. The duo took the show on tour toarenas across the country in 2007, 2008 & 2009

Torvill was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1999. Torvilland Dean were admitted to the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1989.

Torvill currently resides in Sussex, England, with her husband, Phil Christensen, andtheir two children, Kieran and Jessica. She remains close friends with skating partnerChristopher Dean.

41

Amateur competitive results (with Dean)

Event 1975–1976

1976–1977

1977–1978

1978–1979

1979–1980

1980–1981

1981–1982 1982–1983 1983–

19841993–1994

Winter OlympicGames 5th 1st 3rd

WorldChampionships 11th 8th 4th 1st 1st 1st 1st

EuropeanChampionships 9th 6th 4th 1st 1st Withdrew 1st 1st

BritishChampionships 2nd 3rd 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st

NHK Trophy 1stSt IvelInternational 1st 1st

Oberstdorf 2nd 1stSt Gervais 1stMorzine Trophy 1stJohn DavisTrophy 1st

NorthernChampionships 1st

SheffieldTrophy 1st

Rotary WatchesCompetition 2nd

PROFESSIONAL COMPETITIVE RESULTS (WITH DEAN)Event 1984 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996

World Professional Championships 1st 1st 1st 1st 1stChallenge of Champions 1st 1st 1stWorld Team Championship 3rd 1st 1st

Compulsory figures were removed from the World Championships in 1991. The 6.0system was used for judging until the 2004 championships, and the ISU JudgingSystem was used from the 2005 edition onwards. In the years of the WinterOlympics, when the World Championships are held around a month after theOlympic Games, there have been cases of Olympic medalists not attending. The lasttime that all Olympic medalists attended a subsequent Worlds competition was in1992.

42

Reasons for forgoing the post-Olympics Worlds have included skaters needing restfor physical and mental exhaustion, and/or Olympic medalists wanting to goprofessional to cash in on their Games success. The ISU has begun discussinglengthening the time between the Games and the Worlds.

Practice gala

Nancy Kerrigan

Personal informationCountry represented United StatesBorn October 13, 1969 (age 41)Height 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m)

Former coach Evy ScotvoldMary Scotvold

Retired 1994

43

Olympic medal recordWomen's figure skating

Competitor for the United StatesSilver 1994 Lillehammer Ladies' singlesBronze 1992 Albertville Ladies' singles

RESULTS

Event 1985–86

1986–87

1987–88

1988–89

1989–90

1990–91

1991–92

1992–93

1993–94

Winter Olympics 3rd 2ndWorldChampionships 3rd 2nd 5th

U.S.Championships 11th J. 4th J. 12th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st

Skate America 5th 2ndTrophée Lalique 3rdNHK Trophy 5thNations Cup 1stPiruetten 1stGoodwill Games 5thNovarat Trophy 1st

JANUARY 1994 ATTACK

Main article: Tonya Harding: The Kerrigan attack

Kerrigan gained considerable fame beyond the skating world when, on January 6,1994, she was clubbed in the right knee with a collapsible police baton by Shane Stantat the U.S. Figure Skating Championships at Cobo Arena in Detroit, an assaultplanned by rival Tonya Harding's ex-husband Jeff Gillooly and friend ShawnEckardt.

Kerrigan was captured on camera after the attack grabbing her knee and wailing"Why, why, why". This video became a staple of nearly every news organization inthe days after the attack.Though Kerrigan was forced to withdraw from the U.S.Championships due to injury, the USFSA chose to name her to the Olympic teamrather than second-place finisher Michelle Kwan.

44

Kerrigan recovered quickly from her knee injury and resumed her intensive training.She practiced by doing complete back-to-back double runthroughs of her programs,until she felt completely confident in her ability to compete under pressure. At thesame time, the fame she had acquired from the attack led to further professionalopportunities; it was reported that she had already signed contracts for $9.5 millionbefore the Olympic competition began.

1994 WINTER OLYMPICS AND POST-EVENT CONTROVERSY

Seven weeks after the attack, Kerrigan skated what she considered to be the best twoperformances of her life and won the silver medal in the 1994 Lillehammer WinterOlympics at the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre, finishing second to Oksana Baiul.Kerrigan had won the short program, but lost the free skate to Baiul in a close andcontroversial 5–4 decision.CBS Television further played up the controversy byportraying it as a Cold War east/west split, particularly singling out German judgeJan Hoffmann for supposedly biased judging.

Then, while Kerrigan and bronze medalist Chen Lu waited over 20 minutes forOlympic officials to find a copy of the Ukrainian anthem, someone mistakenly toldKerrigan the delay in the presentation was because Baiul was putting on make-up.Kerrigan, showing obvious frustration, was caught on-camera saying "Oh, come on.So she's going to get out here and cry again. What's the difference?".CBS chose to airthe undiplomatic comment, marking a distinct shift in the way Kerrigan wasportrayed in the media, which had been somewhat protective of her image up to thatpoint because of the attack against her.

Kerrigan then chose not to attend the closing ceremonies at the Olympics; her agentclaimed this was because Norwegian security had advised her not to do so due todeath threats that had been made against her, but this was later denied.Instead,Kerrigan left Norway to take part in a pre-arranged publicity parade at Walt DisneyWorld, her $2 million sponsor.

During the parade, she was caught on microphone saying "This is dumb. I hate it.This is the most corniest thing I have ever done."She later said her remarks had beentaken out of context: she was commenting not on being in the parade, but on havingto wear her silver medal in the parade.

News articles described Kerrigan as "grumpy" and "bitchy", as well as shy anduncomfortable with the attention that was focused on her as a result of theattack.Commenting on the media backlash, Mike Barnicle of The Boston Globe said"Now the thing is over so we've got to kill her. That's us [the media], nother."Whether as a result of the bad publicity or her own inclinations, some ofKerrigan's previously-announced endorsement and television deals were droppedfollowing the Olympics.

45

Kerrigan's Olympic skating fashions

Nancy Kerrigan's Olympic skating outfits were designed by noted fashion designerVera Wang. Along with Christian Lacroix's designs for Surya Bonaly in 1992, Wang'sdesigns marked a new trend for couture designs in figure skating.Kerrigan's white1992 free skating costume resembled a wedding dress with sheer illusion sleeves anda basketweave design on the bodice. For the 1994 games, Kerrigan wore anotherwhite dress by Wang, trimmed with black velvet bands and sheer black sleeves forthe original program, and a champagne-colored dress set with 11,500 rhinestones forthe free skate. Wang donated the latter two dresses to Kerrigan; their value wasestimated at $9,600 and $13,000, respectively.

Kerrigan retired from active competition after the Olympics. She subsequentlyappeared in a few professional competitions such as Ice Wars, but instead chose tofocus her professional career on performing in a variety of ice shows. She hasappeared in Champions on Ice, Broadway on Ice, and an ice show adaptation of themusical Footloose, among other productions.She played a small part in the 2007 filmBlades of Glory with Will Ferrell. Kerrigan also appeared in the 2006 FOX televisionprogram Skating with Celebrities.She hosted Nancy Kerrigan's World of Skating onthe Comcast Network and has also done commentary work for other skatingbroadcasts. During the 2010 Winter Olympics, Kerrigan served as a "specialcorrespondent" for Entertainment Tonight.She has written an instructional book onadvanced figure skating technique, Artistry on Ice (ISBN 0-7360-3697-0).In 2003,Kerrigan became a national spokeswoman for Fight for Sight (U.S.).Kerrigan wasinducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 2004.She was honoredat Ice Theatre of New York's annual benefit gala in 2008.

SPONSOR

46

THE EFFECT OF TELEVISION

Compulsory figures formerly accounted for up to 60% of the score in singles figureskating, which meant that skaters who could build up a big lead in figures could wincompetitions even if they were mediocre free skaters. As television coverage ofskating events became more important, so did free skating. Beginning in 1968, theISU began to progressively reduce the weight of figures, and in 1973, the shortprogram was introduced. With these changes, the emphasis in competitive figureskating shifted to increasing athleticism in the free skating. By the time figures werefinally eliminated entirely from competition in 1990, Midori Ito had landed the firsttriple axel by a woman, and Kurt Browning the first quadruple jump by aman.Television also played a role in removing the restrictive amateur status rulesthat once governed the sport. To retain skaters who might otherwise have given uptheir eligibility to participate in lucrative professional events, in 1995 the ISUintroduced prize money at its major competitions, funded by revenues from sellingthe TV rights to those events.

Present day

Figure skating is a very popular part of the Winter Olympic Games. Countries whohave produced many successful skaters in recent decades include Russia and theformer Soviet Union, the United States, Canada, Germany and Japan. The sport iscurrently experiencing a surge in popularity in Asia, particularly in Japan, China andSouth Korea, as well as in the Nordic countries such as Norway, Finland, andSweden.

On April 6, 2011, the International Olympic Committee officially confirmed theapproval of a team event, to be introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics.Each teamwill be composed of a men's and ladies single skater, a pair, and an ice dancing team.Ten teams may compete, with five eliminated after the short program.

Figure skating is an expensive sport, particularly due to the costs of ice time andcoaching. Some national associations provide some degree of funding to skaters onthe national team. In Germany, many elite skaters choose to join the army to sponsortheir skatin

Maya Valentinovna Usova (Russian: Майя Валентиновна Усова), born 22 May1964 in Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) is a Russian ice dancer. She won the 1993World Championships with partner and then-husband Alexander Zhulin. They alsowon bronze and silver medals at the 1992 and 1994 Olympic Winter Games,respectively.

47

Maya Usova Olympic medalistFigure skating

Competitor for the Unified TeamBronze 1992 Albertville Ice dancing

Competitor for RussiaSilver 1994 Lillehammer Ice dancing

Full name Maya ValentinovnaUsova

Country represented RussiaFormer country(ies)represented Soviet Union

Born 22 May 1964 (age 47)Nizhny Novgorod

Height 160 cm (5.2 ft)Former partner Alexander Zhulin

Skating club Profsoyuz Moskva /Sportsclub Moskva

Retired 1994

Usova and Zhulin

48

Alexander Zhulin.

Usova and Zhulin later divorced. They skated professionally together for four yearsbefore parting company. Usova then skated with former ice dancing rival and fellowcountryman Evgeny Platov, who had won two Olympic gold medals with OksanaGrishuk.

Between 2002 and 2004, Usova helped Tatiana Tarasova and skating partner EvgenyPlatov coach numerous skaters, including Galit Chait and Sergei Sakhnovsky andShizuka Arakawa.

Tatiana Tarasova Galit Chait

49

Galit Chait-Sergei Sakhnovsky

She currently coaches at the Igloo in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey. She is married to aRussian professor in medicine, Anatoly Orletsky.In 2010, she gave birth to theirdaughter, Anastasia.

Usova is an International Technical Specialist for Russia.

Off the ice, she has appeared in several Marlboro advertisements in Russia.

RESULTS

(WITH ZHULIN)

Event 1983-84

1984-85

1985-86

1986-87

1987-88

1988-89

1989-90

1990-91

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

Winter OlympicGames 3rd 2nd

WorldChampionships 2nd 3rd 3rd 2nd 1st

EuropeanChampionships 4th 2nd 2nd 3rd 2nd 1st 3rd

SovietChampionships 2nd 3rd 3rd 3rd 2nd 2nd 1st

Skate America 1st 1stNations Cup 1stNHK Trophy 2nd 1st 1st 1stNebelhornTrophy 1st

Prize of MoscowNews 4th 3rd 2nd

WinterUniversiade 1st 2nd

50

Tatyana Aleksandrovna Navka(Russian: Татьяна Александровна Навка)(born April 13, 1975 in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR) is a Russian ice dancer whohas also competed for the Soviet Union and Belarus.She is the 2006 Olympic Champion with partner Roman Kostomarov

She originally skated for the Soviet Union with Samuel Gezalian. Following the fallof the Soviet Union, Navka and Gezalian began skating for Belarus. They placed 11that the 1994 Winter Olympics. When that partnership fell through, Navka partneredwith Nikolai Morozov, with whom she competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics, alsofor Belarus.

Navka left Morozov in 1998. She then partnered with Roman Kostomarov and begancompeting for Russia. After taking a year off after the birth of her daughter, Navkabegan competing in earnest. Nakva and Kostomarov won the World Championshipin 2004 and 2005, as well as the European Championships. They are the 2006Olympic champions in ice dancing.

Navka was married to Alexander Zhulin. They have one daughter, Sasha, born in thesummer of 2000. She was briefly married to Nikolai Morozov, so she could obtaincitizenship for Belarus.

Navka took part in TV projects of Channel One Russia: Stars On Ice (winner incouple with actor Marat Basharov) and Ice Age (runner-up in couple with actor VilleHaapasalo). In the 2008/2009 season of Ice Age she again was runner-up, partneredwith actor Vadim Kolganov.

In September 2008 Navka together with professional dancer Alexander Litvinenkotook part in Eurovision Dance Contest 2008.

51

Tatyana Navka - Roman Kostomarov

Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (Russian: Николай Александрович Морозов;born 17 December 1975 in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a Russian formercompetitive ice dancer, who works as a coach and a choreographer.

COACHING CAREER

After his retirement, Morozov became a coaching assistant for Tatiana Tarasova. Helater left Tarasova and began coaching and choreographing on his own. Morozov'smain coaching base was formerly the Ice House in Hackensack, New Jersey (UnitedStates). He returned to Moscow after the Russian government asked him to help inthe preparation for the 2014 Sochi Olympics.He is based mainly at the Novogorsknational training center in Moscow, and during summers, also spends time in NewJersey. He dismissed claims that the Russian skating federation had requested hestop working with non-Russian skaters.

52

His current and former students include:Ladies' single skaters

Miki Ando.Coached her to win the 2007 and 2011 World Championships.

He is also her choreographer.Shizuka Arakawa.Coached her to win the Olympic gold medal in 2006.Elene Gedevanishvili,Elena Glebova,Valentina Marchei,Fumie Suguri,Alena Leonova

Nobunari Oda Elena Glebova

Men's single skaters

Florent Amodio.Coached him to win the 2011 European Championships.Javier Fernández, he is also his choreographer,Austin Kanallakan,DaisukeMurakami,Nobunari Oda,Kevin van der Perren,Adam Rippon,Daisuke Takahashi,coached him to win the silver medal at the 2007 World Championships, SergeiVoronov

Sergei Voronov

53

Ice dancers

· Shae-Lynn Bourne & Victor Kraatz. Coached them to win the 2003 WorldChampionships.

· Anna Cappellini & Luca Lanotte· Kristin Fraser & Igor Lukanin.· Melissa Gregory & Denis Petukhov.· Elena Grushina & Ruslan Goncharov. Coached them to an Olympic Bronze

medal in 2006.

Ruslan Goncharov Elena Grushina

· Nóra Hoffmann & Attila Elek. Hungary

· Svetlana Kulikova & Arseni Markov.· Emilie Nussear & Mathew Gates.· Cathy Reed & Chris Reed· Isabella Tobias & Otar Japaridze.· Jennifer Wester & Daniil Barantsev.· Anna Zadorozhniuk & Sergei Verbillo.· Alexandra Zaretski & Roman Zaretski.

54

· Elena Ilinykh & Nikita Katsalapov

Pair skaters

· Tatiana Volosozhar & Stanislav Morozov.

Choreographing career

His current and former choreography clients include

· Alisa Drei

· Ivan Dinev.

· Sasha Cohen

· Elene Gedevanishvili.

· Julia Golovina & Oleg Voiko.

· Takeshi Honda.

55

Brian Joubert.

· Tamar Katz.· Alexandra Kauc & Michał Zych.· Michelle Kwan.· Ann Patrice McDonough.· Elena Muhhina.· Pang Qing & Tong Jian.

56

Alban Préaubert Annick Dumont

· Alban Préaubert.· Scott Smith.· Yosuke Takeuchi.· Tatiana Volosozhar & Maxim Trankov.· Xu Ming.· Alexei Yagudin.

Elvis Stojko

Personal informationCountryrepresented Canada

Born March 22, 1972 (age 39)Height 170 cm (5.6 ft)

Former coach Uschi Keszler, DougLeigh

Skating club Richmond Hill FSCRetired 2002

Olympic medal recordFigure skating

Silver 1994 Lillehammer Men's singlesSilver 1998 Nagano Men's singles

57

Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad in combination, the first quadruple toeloop-double toe loop combination, at the World Championships.1991.

first quad-triple combination (the first quad toe-triple toe) at the Champions SeriesFinal.

A total of three quads are landed by three different skaters at this competition:Ilya Kulik (RUS), Alexei Urmanov (RUS) and Elvis Stojko (CAN) 1997.

Alexei Urmanov

Surya Bonaly

Personal information Country represented FranceBorn December 15, 1973 (age 37)Residence Las Vegas, Nevada, United StatesFormer coach Didier Gailhaguet, Suzanne Bonaly, Alain GilettiSkating club AC Boulogne BillancourtRetired 1998

COMPETITIVE HIGHLIGHTS

Event 1987-88

1988-89

1989-90

1990-91

1991-92

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

Winter Olympics 5th 4th 10thWorldChampionships 10th 9th 5th 11th 2nd 2nd 2nd 5th

EuropeanChampionships 8th 4th 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 2nd 9th 6th

World JuniorChampionships 3rd 2nd 1st

FrenchChampionships 4th 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 2nd

Skate America 6th 5th 3rd 2nd 3rd 4th

58

Skate CanadaInternational 7th 1st 3rd

Trophée Lalique 7th 1st 1st 5th 1st 1st 1st 3rdCup of Russia 4thNHK Trophy 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 4thNations Cup 1stNebelhornTrophy 2nd 1st

Piruetten 4th

She toured with the Champions on Ice skating show for several years until they wentout of business after the 2007 season. Bonaly also recently completed shows in Russiawith Evgeni Plushenko and was a guest skater at Ice Theatre of New York'sDecember 2008 gala in NYC where she successfully performed her signaturebackflip.

Irina

Irina Eduardovna Slutskaya (Russian: Ири ́на Эдуа́рдовна Слу́цкая IrinaEduardovna Slutskaya; born February 9, 1979) is a Russian figure skater. She is atwo-time World Champion (2002, 2005), two-time Olympic medalist (silver in 2002,bronze in 2006), seven-time European Champion (1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005,2006), a four-time Grand Prix Final Champion (2000–2002, 2005) and a four-timeRussian National Champion (2000–2002, 2005). Slutskaya, known for her athleticability, was the first female skater to land a triple lutz-triple loop combination. She isalso known for her trademark double Biellmann spin with a foot change, which shealso invented.She is generally considered to be the most successful ladies' singles skater in Russianhistory.

59

CAREER

Slutskaya started skating at the age of four and was coached by Zhanna Gromovasince the age of six and throughout her competitive career. During her career,Slutskaya won a total of 40 gold medals, 21 silver medals, and 18 bronze medals.

In 1996, Slutskaya became the first Russian woman to win the European title. Shealso won the title in 1997. She finished third at the 1996 World Championships andfourth in 1997.

At the 1998 Winter Olympics, she finished fifth in a very close free skate fight for thebronze. Maria Butyrskaya, Lu Chen, and Irina were 3rd, 4th, 5th respectively afterthe short program. Although these 3 skaters each made 1 mistake, Chen andButyrskaya's were step outs while Irina had a fall. Lu Chen ended up edgingButyrksaya 5–4 for the bronze. Chen also edged Slutskaya 6–3.

Countryrepresented Russia

Born February 9,1979 (age 32)

Residence Moscow,Russia

Height 160 cm(5.2 ft)

Coach ZhannaGromova

Skatingclub

Sport ClubMoskvitch

60

The next month she took a silver medal at the 1998 World Championships. The 1998–99 season was not a good season for her. She did not win any competitions thatseason and missed both the European and the World Championships. She almostdecided to stop skating and call it a career.

Slutskaya made a successful comeback at the 2000 Grand Prix Final. She landedseven clean triples, including two triple-triple combinations and became the firstwoman to do a triple lutz-triple loop combination. She later won her third Europeantitle and won a silver medal at the 2000 World Championships with Michelle Kwanwinning the gold.

At the 2001 World Championships, she became the first woman to land a triplesalchow-triple loop-double toe loop combination and won the silver medal. She lostin a 7–2 decision to Michelle Kwan. Kwan had no visible mistakes while Slutskayabadly two-footed her triple lutz-triple loop-double toe loop combination and had twosloppy landings.

Slutskaya won silver at the 2002 Winter Olympics and became the second Russianever to win a medal in the women's event. The competition had been billed inadvance as a head-to-head battle between Slutskaya and American Michelle Kwan.After the short program, as expected, Kwan and Slutskaya placed first and secondwith Sasha Cohen and Sarah Hughes of the U.S. placing third and fourth,respectively. Many expected the free skate to play out like the 2000 and 2001 WorldChampionships where Kwan and Slutskaya would fight for gold. Unexpectedly,Kwan made mistakes in her free skate, but still led American Sarah Hughes in theoverall standings. Slutskaya had to win the free skate in order to win gold. Slutskayaskated a nervous performance with minor errors throughout. Hughes won the freeskate in a 5–4 decision against Slutskaya, and with Kwan finishing in third behindSlutskaya, Hughes won the gold overall. Russia, still somewhat aggrieved about theoutcome of an earlier dispute over the pairs competition, filed a complaint againstthe result but it was rejected shortly. The next month she won the World title inNagano. Going into the freeskate, Slutskaya had an advantage. She had finished 1stin both the qualifying and short program. Fumie Suguri was 2nd, and Kwan wasonly in 3rd after a shaky short program. Slutskaya could lose to Kwan in the freeskate (e.g. finish 2nd to Kwan) and still win. Regardless, she skated a strongperformance and a majority of the judges named Slutskaya the winner of the freeskate. This was her first world title.

Illness and comeback

Slutskaya chose not to compete at the 2003 World Championships after receivingnews that her mother had fallen seriously ill, requiring a kidney transplant.

61

The initial transplant was rejected and another one had to be performed.However,soon after her mother's condition began improving, Slutskaya's own health sharplydeteriorated, including fatigue and swelling in the legs.She went to several hospitalswhich struggled to correctly diagnose her condition. Doctors told her that she shouldstay away from the cold, but she refused and finished 9th at the 2004 WorldChampionships.She was diagnosed with vasculitis.

Podium

In 2005, Slutskaya made a strong comeback after a long stay at a hospital. She wonboth the European and World titles. Being the first World Championships to be heldunder the new CoP system, Irina was the last to skate [1st after Short Program]. Shemade it her moment, as she skated a near-perfect program. Shedding tears whilereceiving her very high marks, the crowd chanted "Ira, Ira" (a diminutive from Irina),and she was overcome with emotion. In an interview, she said:

“ This is the question they ask: how could you get up after your fall lastyear? That's not right at all. You can't talk that way. When a person is ill,it's not a fall, it's a misfortune. And no one, unfortunately, is safe fromthat. I only want to say to those who don't believe in their [own capacityfor] recovery: believe, fight...I got up — you can too. ”

62

To this day, she still recalls that the 2005 World Championships Free Skate was "theskate of her life." Although she has had perfect performances before, to her this wasmore special because "she was in front of her friends and family, and she was skatingat home".

2005.

Cohen Kostner

On January 19, 2006, Slutskaya won the European Championships for the seventhtime. In 2005, she had already tied the record for the most European Championshipvictories (with 6), and added another to her collection, becoming the most successfulLadies Skater at the European Championships.

At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, Slutskaya was one of the heavy favoritesto win the gold medal. She was in second place after the short program, behind SashaCohen of the United States. In the long program, Slutskaya doubled a triple flip andthen fell on a triple loop jump. She won the bronze medal, behind gold medalistShizuka Arakawa of Japan and silver medalist Cohen. Slutskaya did not compete inthe 2006 World Figure Skating Championships the following month, and has notskated in competition since. In November 2006, she denied reports that claimed shewas retiring from competitive figure skating, saying the reports were completelyfalse.

63

Gala

Post-competitive career

On April 10, 2007 Slutskaya announced she was returning to Russia from the UnitedStates and would not participate on the 2007 Champions on Ice tour after finding outshe and her husband, Sergei, were expecting a child.Slutskaya stated that she wasenjoying motherhood and had no plans to return to skating competitively. "I don’tsee the target," she said. "I don’t know why I have to go there. I have almost all thetitles."

She began a career in showbusiness. She presented figure skating reality shows onRussia Channel 1 "Stars on Ice" with co-host Yevgeni Plushenko and "Ice Age" withactor Marat Basharov. She has released CD, too. In 2008, she took part in a RussianTV soap opera about figure skating "Hot Ice".She has also toured as the lead skater inthe Russian version of the show "Winx on Ice".

In November 2008, Slutskaya performed in the "Skate from the Heart" show. In 2009,she was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.

PERSONAL LIFE

Slutskaya was born in 1979 in Moscow, Russian SFSR, USSR, the only child of aRussian mother and Jewish father. Her mother was a former cross-country skier forthe Soviet Union.

In August 1999, Slutskaya married her on-and-off boyfriend of three years, SergeiMikheev. They had met each other at a summer camp near Moscow, where Mikheevwas a physical education instructor. She gave birth to a son, named Artem, inNovember 2007 in Moscow. Regretting not having siblings herself, she said shewould like another child. In October 2010, she gave birth to their second child, adaughter named Varvara.

64

RECORDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

· Invented the double Biellmann spin with foot change· First Russian woman to win European title (1996)· First woman to land triple lutz, triple loop combination in competition (2000

Grand Prix Final)· First woman to land a triple salchow, triple loop, double toe-loop combination

(2001 World Championships)· First Russian woman skater to win a silver medal at the Olympics (2002 Salt

Lake City)· Four-time Russian Nationals champion· Four-time Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final Champion· Two-time World Champion (2002, 2005)· First woman ever to win seven European titles (2006)

Event 1992–93

1993–94

1994–95

1995–96

1996–97

1997–98

1998–99

1999–00

2000–01

2001–02

2002–03

2003–04

2004–05

2005–06

WinterOlympicGames

5th 2nd 3rd

WorldChampionships

7th 3rd 4th 2nd 2nd 2nd 1st WD 9th 1st

EuropeanChampionships

5th 1st 1st 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 1st WD 1st 1st

WorldJuniorChampionships

8th 3rd 1st

RussianChampionships

3rd 3rd 2nd 3rd 4th 4th 1st 1st 1st 2nd WD 1st

RussianJuniorChampionships

1st

Grand Prix 2nd 3rd 4th 3rd 1st 1st 1st 2nd 1st 2nd

65

FinalSkateAmerica 3rd 3rd

SkateCanadaInternational

1st 3rd 1st 2nd

SparkassenCup 1st 2nd 3rd

Cup ofChina 1st 1st

TrophéeLalique 4th

Cup ofRussia 1st 1st 3rd 1st 1st 1st 3rd 1st 1st

NHKTrophy 2nd 1st 2nd

FinlandiaTrophy 1st

GoodwillGames 6th 5th 1st

NebelhornT. 1st 1stWinterUniversiade 2nd

INJURIES AND HEALTH ISSUES

Competitive skaters generally do not wear helmets or other protective gear. There isa risk of head injuries, particularly in pair skating as a result of falls fromlifts.Although pair skaters are most susceptible, serious head injuries can occur in alldisciplines, including ice dancing. Partners have accidentally slashed each other, aswell as skaters from different teams when there are many skaters practicing on theice. This has sometimes occurred when partners drift too close during side-by-sidecamel spins. Several female pair skaters have suffered head/face injuries during thiselement, including Elena Berezhnaya, Jessica Dubé, and Galina Maniachenko. Singleand pair skaters may develop serious damage to their hips after many years ofpracticing jumps and throws. Foot, knee, and back injuries may affect all fourdisciplines.

Collisions in practices occur occasionally. Midori Ito collided with Laetitia Hubert atthe 1991 World Championships, while Oksana Baiul and Tanja Szewczenko collidedat the 1994 Olympics, but all went on to compete. On practice sessions with multipleskaters on the ice, the skater whose music is playing conventionally has right of way.

66

In addition, pairs and ice dancers skating as a unit have right of way over thoseskating separately as changing course is more difficult for a couple.

Eating disorders and disordered eating are reportedly common in figure skating

Ice rink

Michelle Kwan

Personal information

Michelle Wingshan Kwan(關穎珊 Guān Y ngshān)

Born 1980. július 7. (31 )Torrance, Kalifornia, USA

SkatingKlub

Los Angeles FSC

Countryrepresented

USA

Former coach Rafael Arutunian, Frank Carroll, Scott WilliamsTatyjana Taraszova, Lori Nichol, Nyikolaj Morozov, SarahKawahara, Peter Oppegard, Karen Kwan, Christopher Dean

67

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998–99

1999–00

2000–01

2001–02

2002–03

2003–04

2004–05

Olympic Game 2. 3.World Ch 8. 4. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 1. 3. 4.U.S. Ch. 2. 2. 1. 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.Grand Prix final 2. 2. 2.Skate America 7. 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.Skate Canada 1. 1. 1. 2. 3.Goodwill Games 2. 1. 2.Trophée Lalique 3. 1.

Gala

Sasha Cohen

Cohen performs an arabesque spiral .

68

Personal informationFull name Alexandra Pauline CohenCountry represented United States Born October 26, 1984 (age 26)Westwood, Los Angeles, California Home town Newport Beach, CaliforniaHeight 1.58 m (5 ft 2 in)Coach John Nicks Former coach Rafael Arutunian, John Nicks,Tatiana Tarasova, Robin WagnerChoreographer Lori Nichol, Nikolai MorozovFormer choreographer David Wilson, Tatiana Tarasova, Marina Zoueva, IgorShpilband, Robin Wagner, Ekaterina GordeevaSkating club Orange County

I-spin

69

Sasha Cohen

COMPETITIVE HIGHLIGHTS

Event 1997–1998

1998–1999

1999–2000

2000–2001

2001–2002

2002–2003

2003–2004

2004–2005

2005–2006

2009–2010

Winter OlympicGames 4th 2nd

WorldChampionships 4th 4th 2nd 2nd 3rd

World JuniorChampionships 6th

U.S.Championships 6th N. 2nd J. 2nd WD 2nd 3rd 2nd 2nd 1st 4th

Grand Prix Final 1st 2ndSkate America 5th 1st WDSkate CanadaInternational 1st 1st

Trophée EricBompard 3rd 1st 1st 2nd WD

70

Cup of Russia 4th 2ndNations Cup 5thFinlandia Trophy 1stJunior GrandPrix, Sweden 1st

Gardena SpringTrophy 1st J.

Pacific CoastSectionals

2ndN. 1st J. 1st

SouthwestPacific Regionals

2ndN. 1st J.

Bay-bay

71

GALA

Shizuka Arakawa

Personal informationCountry represented JapanBorn December 29, 1981 (age 29) Residence Simsbury, Connecticut Height 165 cm(5.41 ft) Former coach Nikolai Morozov, Evgeni Platov, Nanami Abe, TatianaTarasova, Richard Callaghan, Minoru Sano, Kumiko Sato, Hiroshi Nagakubo

Event 1993–94

1994–95

1995–96

1996–97

1997–98

1998–99

1999–00

2000–01

2001–02

2002–03

2003–04

2004–05

2005–06

WinterOlympics 13th 1st

WorldChampionships

22nd 8th 1st 9th

FourContinentsChampionships

6th 6th 2nd 2nd

World JuniorChampionships

8th 7th 8th

JapaneseChampionships

2nd 1st 1st 5th 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd WD 3rd

72

JapaneseJuniorChampionships

1st 1st 1st

Asian WinterGames 2nd 1st

Grand PrixFinal 4th 3rd 2nd

Cup of China 3rdTrophée EricBompard 9th 6th 2nd 3rd

Cup ofRussia 7th 5th 2nd

NHK Trophy 7th 6th 8th 5th 3rd 1stSkateAmerica 9th 4th 3rd

Skate CanadaInternational 2nd

SparkassenCup 7th 5th

WinterUniversiade 1st

NebelhornTrophy 2nd 1st

TriglavTrophy

1stN.

Gala practice

73

Rena INOUE / John BALDWIN /USA/

Inoue was a two-time Olympian for Japan in both single and pairs. Inoue's bestsingles result was 5th place at the 1994 Junior Worlds. She received U.S. citizenshipin 2005. Baldwin hails from a skating family. Both his parents were skaters, his fatherwas a National Champion in singles and pairs and his brother Don is also a figureskater. Baldwin has been on the U.S. National team since 1986 and was the 1991National Junior Champion and 1990 World Junior Bronze medallist in singles.Inoue/Baldwin are the first couple to have landed a throw triple Axel in competition(2006 National Championships) and international competition (2006 Olympic WinterGames). The couple switched coaches following the 2008/09 season. Coaches JenniMeno and Todd Sand are three-time World medallists in Pair Skating.

74

Rena INOUE / John BALDWIN /USA/

75

Tanith BELBIN

BenjaminAGOSTO

Date of birth: 11.07.1984. Date of birth: 15.01.1982

Place of birth: Kingston /CAN/ Place of birth: Chicago, IL

Coach: Natalia Linichuk, Gennadi KarpanossovChoreographer: Natalia Linichuk Former Coach: Igor Shpilband, Marina Zueva

76

Event 1999–00

2000–01

2001–02

2002–03

2003–04

2004–05

2005–06

2006–07

2007–08

2008–09

2009–10

Winter OlympicGames 2nd 4th

WorldChampionships 17th 13th 7th 5th 2nd 3rd 3rd 4th 2nd

Four ContinentsChampionships 2nd 2nd 1st 1st 1st 2nd

World JuniorChampionships 3rd

U.S.Championships 1st J. 2nd 2nd 2nd 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st WD 2nd

Grand PrixFinal 3rd 2nd WD 2nd WD WD

Skate America 5th 3rd 1st 1st 1st 1st 2nd 1stCup of China 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1stTrophéeLalique 6th 3rd 4th

Cup of Russia 2nd 1stNebelhornTrophy 1st

GoodwillGames 5th

Junior GrandPrix Final 4th 1st

Junior GrandPrix, Mexico 1st

Junior GrandPrix, Germany 1st

Junior GrandPrix, Canada 1st

Junior GrandPrix, Japan 2nd

77

PODIUM

Gala EDVIN MARTON & PLUSHENKO

78

Evgeni Plushenko

Country represented Russia Born November 3, 1982 (age 28)Solnechny, Khabarovsk Krai Residence Saint Petersburg Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Coach Alexei Mishin Former coach Mikhail Makoveev Choreographer David AvdishOlympic medal recordGold 2006 Turin Silver 2002 Salt Lake City Silver 2010 Vancouver

Event 1995–96

1996–97

1997–98

1998–99

1999-00

2000–01

2001–02

2002–03

2003–04

2004–05

2005–06

2009–10

WinterOlympicGames

2nd 1st 2nd

WorldChampionships 3rd 2nd 4th 1st 1st 1st WD

EuropeanChampionships 2nd 2nd 1st 1st 1st 2nd 1st 1st 1st

World JuniorChampionships 6th 1st

RussianChampionships 6th 4th 3rd 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st

Grand PrixFinal 5th 3rd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st

Skate America 2nd

Skate CanadaInternational 1st 1st

Bofrost Cup onIce 1st 1st 1st 1st

TrophéeLalique 1st

Cup of Russia 4th 2nd 2nd 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1stNHK Trophy 1st 1st 1stFinlandiaTrophy 7th 3rd 1st

Blue Swords 1stEuropeanYouthOlympics

1st

GoodwillGames 2nd 1st

79

practice

80

Edvin Marton

„NON PLUShenko ULTRA“!

81

Júlia Sebestyén

Personal information Country represented Hungary Born May 14, 1981 (age 30)Miskolc Residence Budapest Height 1.64 m (5 ft 5 in) Coach Gurgen Vardanyan

Former coach András Száraz Eszter Jurek Choreographer Jerena IpakjanNina Petrenko Skating club Tiszaújvárosi SC

She competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics and placed 8th. In 2003 bronze medal, shewon the 2004 European Figure Skating Championships, gold medal.

Jurek Eszter Száraz András

Sebestyen has competed at European Championships since 1995 and at WorldChampionships since 1998. She is a four-time Olympian (1998, 2002, 2006, 2010).

82

JULI

Carolina KOSTNER /ITA/

Date of birth: 08.02.1987 Place of birth: Bolzano Height: 169 cm Home town: OrtiseiProfession: student Hobbies: art, music, reading, sports Start sk. / Club: 1990 /Fiamme Azzurre

Practice

Coach: Michael Huth Choreographer: Lori Nichol Former Coach: C. Fassi, F. Carroll,E. de Bernardis, F. Juricek Practice low season: 48 h / week at Oberstdorf/GERPractice high season: 48 h / week at Oberstdorf/GER

83

2005

Kostner won the first European Ladies title for Italy in history (in 2007). She is thefirst Italian lady to medal at World Championships (bronze in 2005) since SusannaDriano took the bronze medal at the 1978 World Championships. Kostner is also thefirst Italian single skater to win a medal at Junior Worlds (bronze in 2003). She is acousin and godchild of famous Italian skier Isolde Kostner and says she feelsinspired by her. Kostner's mother Patrizia was a nationally ranked figure skater inthe 1970s and her father Erwin played ice hockey on the National Italian team atWorld Championships and Olympic Games. Kostner has two brothers, Martin (oneyear older) and Simon (three years younger). Simon plays ice hockey competitively.Kostner switched coaches after the 2009/10 season and returned to long-time coachMichael Huth after training one season in the USA.

World Champ:. Thwo bronze, one silver

84

European Champ: Three gold, thwo silver, one bronze

International Competition YearPlaceSBS ISU Grand Prix Final2008/2009 Goyang City 2008 3.

ISU GP Trophee Eric BompardParis 2009 6.

ISU GP Samsung Anycall Cupof China 2009 Beijing 2009 6.

12th Merano Cup 2009 Merano 2009 1.

International Competition YearPlaceISU GP NHK Trophy 2010Nagoya 2010 1.

ISU GP Skate America 2010Portland OR 2010 3.

ISU GP Final 2010/2011 Beijing 2010 2.Gardena Spring Trophy 2011Gardena 2011 1.

Carolina at „OPERA ON ICE“

On October 1st 2011 the famous Arena di Verona will host the show "Opera on Ice", aspectacular figure skating gala in which the big champions will be presentingselected acts from the 2012 opera season (Don Giovanni, Aida, Carmen, Romeo andJuliet, Turandot, Tosca). Carolina has been selected as the testimonial of this event!

JULIET Verona

Sport, art and the Opera music together for a new show in the Arena: Opera on Ice.This new event presented on board of the cruise ship Voyager of the Seas in Venicewill take place on 1st October and Queen of this special night in Verona will beCarolina Kostner, a famous italian / international ice skater. With her, anotherworld olympic champion, Stephane Lambiel will dance on ice. Their performancewill be on the note of the famous operas of the season 2012 in the Arena: DonGiovanni, Aida, Carmen, Romeo and Juliet, Turandot and Tosca. A part of theincome of this night will be give for charity.In general sports are not allowed in the Arena, but this event is considered a way ofmaking art and it is an occasion to create a new show that could be repeated everyyear.

85

In Oberstdorf, Germany

The skating centre in Oberstdorf, Germany is well known and very popular withfigure skaters from all over the world. This summer many national and internationalskaters attended the annual summer camp to prepare for the upcoming season.Approximately 140 skaters from 20 countries took part in the eighth annualinternational “IceDome” training camp that is organized by coach Michael Huth andhis wife Claudia. The “IceDome” camp consists of two blocks: one from June 18 toJuly 17 and the other August 6-20. Among the skaters who attended the first sessionwere World bronze medalist Carolina Kostner, ice dancers Nelli Zhiganshina andAlexander Gazsi and about 140 novice and junior skaters from Scandinavia, England,the Czech Republic and Canada. At the same time, other residents and regularguests such as Michal Březina, the German pairs skaters Maylin Hausch and DanielWende and Italian pairs skaters Stefania Berton and Ondrej Hotarek worked on theirnew programs. Hausch and Wende had previously spent two weeks in Detroit anda couple of days in Andalo, Italy training with Tamara Moskvina’s group (whichincluded Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov and Katarina Gerboldt andAlexander Enbert) before returning to Germany.

Tomáš VernerCountry represented: Czech RepublicBorn 3 June 1986 (age 25)Former coach: Michael HuthFormer training locations Oberstdorf

Competitor for the Czech RepublicMen's Figure Skating

European ChampionshipsBronze 2011 Bern Men's singlesGold 2008 Zagreb Men's singlesSilver 2007 Warsaw Men's singles

86

Tomas Verner

87

Carolina Koster & Michael Huth & Annette Dytrt

88

Peter Liebers

Carolina Kostner

89

Stéphane Lambiel

Country represented Switzerland

Born April 2, 1985 (age 26)Martigny, Valais Home town Saxon Height 1.75 m(5 ft 9 in) Coach Peter Grütter Former coach Viktor PetrenkoGalina Zmievskaya Choreographer Salome BrunnerAntonio Najarro Skating club Patineurs de Genève Retired March 9, 2010 ISUpersonal best scores Combined total 246.72 2010 Winter Olympic

PERSONAL LIFE

Lambiel grew up in Saxon, Switzerland. He has a sister, Silvia (born in 1982), and abrother, Christophe (born in 1989). Lambiel's mother is Portuguese. Lambiel lives inLausanne, Switzerland and received his "maturité" (matura) in biology andchemistry in June 2004. Lambiel speaks French, German (not Swiss German), English,and Portuguese fluently. He is learning Italian.

90

coach Peter Grütter /SUI/

He has recurring injuries in both his knees, requiring him to miss exhibitions andtraining time. Unlike most figure skaters, Lambiel can spin and jump in bothdirections.He is able to do successive double axels, changing his rotation directionbetween each one. However, he has stopped training this.

In a 2008 interview, Alexei Mishin called him an "outstanding artist and spinsgenius" and added that his retirement is an "immense loss". According to Mishin,Lambiel was "strangled by the modern figure skating regulations".

Alexei Mishin

Event 2002–03

2003–04

2004–05

2005–06

2006–07

2007–08

2009–10

Winter Olympic Games 2nd 4thWorld Championships 10th 4th 1st 1st 3rd 5thEuropean Championships 5th 6th 4th 2nd 2nd 2ndSwiss Championships 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1stGrand Prix Final 1st 1stCup of China 2nd 3rdCup of Russia 5th 2nd 2ndSkate CanadaInternational 1st

91

Trophée LaliqueNebelhorn Trophy 1stOndrej Nepela Memorial 1stFinlandia TrophyLes Etoiles de la Glace 1st

CAREER AS CHOREOGRAPHER

Lambiel has also started a career as a choreographer.He has choreographed for:Daisuke Takahashi, Denis Ten

2005. 2008.

2004.

92

2011.