spencer schilling president herbert engineering corp
TRANSCRIPT
Spencer SchillingPresident
Herbert Engineering Corp.
OverviewShipboard Ballast OperationsTypical Ballast System ComponentsAIS and Ballast WaterShipboard Ballast Water Management
SolutionsExchangeTreatment
Treatment Technologies : Engineering Challenges
Shipboard Ballast OperationsWhy is ballast used?
Maintain seaworthy condition when lightly loaded
Draft, trim, stability, bending moment, shear force, slamming, propeller immersion, motions
Shipboard Ballast OperationsHow is it handled?
Loading condition is assessed and ballast allocated to remain within safe operational limits
Ballast movements coordinated with cargo operations
Impact on CrewProvides for vessel safetyControls vessel motion for better comfortRequires daily management of ballast and
maintenance of systems and tanks
Typical Ballast System ComponentsSimple liquid storage/handling systemTanks, piping, valves, pumpsVents, overflows, sounding tubes, level
indicatorsRemotely operatedSea chests and overboard discharges
Ballast System – Design Considerations
Total ballast volume – 6,000 to >100,000 m3Flow rates – 200 to 5000 m3/hrHead requirements – up to 30mIn service flexibility (# tks, pipe, valves, …)
Ballast Exchange Options Partial Ballast Conditions
Control systems
What are AIS?Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) are
organisms transported by human activities to a region where they did not occur historically and have established reproducing populations in the wild.
(Ref. Dobroski, ‘Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management’)
How do we manage AIS?Prevention – Best line of defense, vector
managementEradication – Costly and often
impossible, over $6 million to eradicate Caulerpa (algae) fromtwo small southern CA embayments
Species management once established – restrict local movement, control populations in sensitive habitats if possible
(Ref. Dobroski, ‘Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management’)
How do they get here?Many mechanisms (vectors) capable of
transporting AIS around the worldAquaculture, live seafood shipments, bait, pet
store trade, intentional releaseCommercial ships responsible for up to 80%
of introductions in coastal habitatsIncludes ballast water and vessel fouling
(Ref. Dobroski, ‘Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management’)
Ballast Water and AISSpecies are introduced upon ballast water
discharge in recipient regions
(Ref. Dobroski, ‘Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management’)
Ballast Water Management Options in CaliforniaRetain all ballast on board the vessel Ballast water exchangeDischarge to an approved shoreside treatment
facility (currently no such facilities in CA)Use of alternative, environmentally sound
CSLC or USCG approved method of treatment
(Ref. Dobroski, ‘Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management’)
Ballast Water Treatment StandardsOrganism Size Class California1,2 IMO Regulation D-21 Washington
Organisms greater than 50 µm in minimum dimension
No detectable living organisms
< 10 viable organisms per cubic meter
Technology to inactivate or remove:
95% zooplankton99% bacteria and
phytoplankton
Organisms 10 – 50 µm in minimum dimension
< 0.01 living organisms per ml
< 10 viable organisms per ml
Organisms less than 10 µm in minimum dimension
Escherichia coliIntestinal enterococciToxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (01
& 0139)
< 103 bacteria/100 ml< 104 viruses/100 ml
< 126 cfu3/100 ml< 33 cfu/100 ml< 1cfu/100 ml or < 1cfu/gram wet weight
zoological samples
< 250 cfu/100 ml< 100 cfu/100 ml< 1 cfu/100 ml or < 1 cfu/gram wet weight
zooplankton samples
[1] See Implementation Schedule (below) for dates by which vessels must meet California Interim Performance Standards and IMO Ballast Water Performance Standard[2] Final discharge standard for California, beginning January 1, 2020, is zero detectable living organisms for all organism size classes [3] Colony-forming-unitImplementation Schedule for Performance Standards
(Ref. Dobroski, ‘Aquatic Invasive Species and Ballast Water Management’)
Ballast Water Capacity of Vessel Standards apply to new vessels in this size class constructed on or after
Standards apply to all other vessels in this size class beginning in
< 1500 metric tons 2009 2016
< 1500 – 5000 metric tons 2009 2014
> 5000 metric tons 2012 2016
Treatment Technology ChallengeAchieve desired kill rateWork at high flow rates and with large volumesWork with water of varying salinity, temperature,
nutrients, clarityDo not introduce other personnel/environmental
hazardsProvide mechanism/process for testing/monitoringDo not disrupt ship operations/scheduleFit in limited space and survive ship conditions
(vibration, pitch/roll motions,...)Use available powerDo not add to ship maintenanceBe economical to buy, install, use and maintain
Treatment Technology SolutionsChemical Biocides (“Active Substances”)
Chlorine (Generated on Board)Ozone (Generated on Board)Proprietary Chemicals (some delivered pre-mixed)
Mechanical Separation - Filters Physical Change to Ballast Water Environment
Irradiate (UV light)DeoxygenateHeat
Chlorine NaCl + H2O + 2e NaOCl + H2Generate Chlorine / Sodium Hypochlorate
(bleach) with electrolytic cells on board Add solution when taking on ballast, maintain
levels during voyageLethal in hours>80% chance can meet IMO 2004
criteriaSystems designed but limited
testing to dateHigh dosage levels can promote
steel corrosionConcern about chemical residuals
OzoneOzone generator on board using
high voltage AC current Applied at uptake or dischargeLethal in 5-15 hoursShort half life limits corrosion
and makes safe at discharge<60% chance can meet IMO
2004 criteriaSystems designed but limited
testing to date
Proprietary ChemicalsPre-Mixed proprietary chemicals
introduced at metered dosage rate when taking on ballast
Chemicals degrade over time, designed to be safe at discharge
Lethal in 24 hrs>80% chance can meet IMO
2004 criteriaFull size testing ongoingHigh dosage levels can promote
steel corrosionConcern about chemical
residuals
ExamplePeracetic Acid
C2H4O3acetic acid,
hydrogen peroxide with sulfuric acid
catalyst.Produced on shore, delivered to ship in
chemical tanks
Mechanical Separation Filters and CyclonesFilters for larger organismsDone at uptake and/or discharge‘Lethal’ at time of treatment<80% chance can meet IMO 2004 criteriaFull scale testing on going
Filtration with Backflush 50 microns is the practical lower limitAutomatic backflush is required to allow for
unattended operationBackflush process reduces the net flow rate
and increases the system pressure drops
External backflushing pump is required
Probably not practical for bulkers and tankers with high flow rates and volumes
Filtration with Backflush Can remove most of the larger life forms
A 50 micron screen will remove most or all of the zooplankton and some of the phytoplankton and dinoflagellates.
Filters of a practical size are not effective against bacteria and viruses
Useful in reducing turbidity (suspended solids)
Cyclonic Separation
figure
Cyclonic SeparationCan remove solids heavier than the sea water
and larger than about 50 micronsAbout 5% to 10% of the total flow rate is
removed in the sludge dischargePressure drop is about 0.8 bar plus
backpressure valve at 1.2 to 1.5 bar
Cyclonic SeparationEffectively remove the large vertebrates and
invertebratesNot effective in reducing zooplankton
density, but it does reduce live densities
Not that effective in reducing bacteria, viruses, or phytoplankton
Physical Change to EnvironmentUltraviolet (UV) LightInactivates living organisms by causing DNA
mutationsProven effective against zooplankton,
phytoplankton, bacteria and viruses.Need pretreatment to reduce size of
organisms and exposure timeCan be used on intake and discharge
Ultraviolet (UV) LightCan be automatically controlled and
monitoredLong history in the marine industry and
demonstrated low maintenance requirements
Basic technology is readily available on the market
Turbid materials in the ballast flow attenuate and scatter the UV radiation
Physical Change to Environment DeoxygenateInert gas generated on boardWhen mixed with water, lowers Oxygen and
pH Lethal in 4 to 6 days>80% chance can meet IMO 2004 criteriaFull scale testing on going, some systems
approved by IMOReduces corrosion, but can require closed
tank vent system to maintain low oxygen atmosphere.
Physical Change to Environment Heat TreatmentHeat water to threshold temperature (42
degC)Lethal in hours to daysRequires large amount of energy and can be
difficult to generate heat in port when ME not running
<60% chance can meet IMO 2004 CriteriaFull scale testing on goingHeat promotes corrosion
2- Stage TreatmentCyclonic Separator + UV
3 - Stage TreatmentFilter + UV + Chemical50 micron filtration
remove large particlesremove sediments
UV light inactivate living organisms reduced efficacy with cloudy water
Catalystsactivated by UV energy producing oxidizing
chemicalsincreases efficacy of UV in cloudy water
Life Cycle CostsAcquisition
250 m3/hr 5000 m3/hr$100k to $400k $400k to $1800k
Installation $50k to $125k $200k to $800k
Operating$0.02/m3 to $0.45/m37000 m3 $140 $3,150
70,000 m3 $1,400 $31,500Maintenance $ ?
Safety IssuesHandling and storage of chemicals, radiation
and other equipment meant to kill living organisms
New risks to personnel and the environment
IMO G9 Procedures considering eco-toxicology, human health and ship and crew safety (MEPC.126(53))
Local, State, National water quality regulations
Regulatory Compliance and TestingStricter standardsTesting is time
consuming Lab results may not
scale well to full sizeFunctional testing and
equipment certification “Type Approval”, or
In service testing (“end of pipe”) for continuous monitoring
Organism Size Class California1,2
Organisms greater than 50 µm in minimum dimension
No detectable living organisms
Organisms 10 – 50 µm in minimum dimension
< 0.01 living organisms per ml
Organisms less than 10 µm in minimum dimension
Escherichia coliIntestinal enterococciToxicogenic Vibrio cholerae
(01 & 0139)
< 103 bacteria/100 ml< 104 viruses/100 ml
< 126 cfu3/100 ml< 33 cfu/100 ml< 1cfu/100 ml or < 1cfu/gram wet
weight zoological samples
Need for Engineered SolutionsDevelop treatment technologies (Entrepreneur
stage)Design testing methods and process for type
approval or continuous monitoring Automatic ballast water analyzers (bug counters)
Ship design adjustments and system integrationRegulatory development/evaluation
Spencer SchillingPresident
Herbert Engineering Corp.