speech vs eths statesuuu

8/19/2019 Speech vs ETHS Statesuuu

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2AC Overview Surv StExtend Kehl - USFG surveillance erodes the US model of free society – makes

it increasingly dicult for groups around the orld to pressure their oppressive

governments! Extend Schneier– that legitimi"es repressive government practices

a#road and leads to authoritarianism – the plan$s restoring trust is key! Extend %unt

- the impact is #are life – authoritarian surveillance of a population destroys theira#ility to act autonomously!

&ndependently' internet freedom is integral to engaging citi"ens to spur

#ottom up democrati"ation – extend (is#et et al! Extend )urdy - *emocracy is

declining in the s+uo and the impact is #are life - democracy preserves value to life

#y alloing citi"ens to make free decisions in the ideals of their on character!

%am#urg extension,

Extend %am#urg - the presence of democracy empirically diuses con.icts –eectively preventing destructive escalations! /inning that the plan upholds

democratic ideals means e in that there$s no risk of a ar impact!


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Climate Adaptation


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CAP


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Framework Framework-our interpretation is the ud!e is a "riti"al poli"#maker$

%pistemolo!# indi"ts are de&ense to the a' ut the# need to win an

alternative and wei!h the impa"ts to their methodolo!# a!ainst the a'

his is ke#-

1$ Predi"tailit#-the *SF+ is a stasis point-ke# to "lash

2$ Poli"# edu"ation-learnin! aout !overnmental poli"# is ke# to advo"a"#

and solution-ased politi"s

,$ epth-"omparison o& alternatives is ke#


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. omesti"C/0-

A *S person is a "itien "orporation or law&ul permanent

resident 3ordan 4 - 11!3!' (e 4ork University School of 1a 567789: cum laude'/ashington and

1ee University School of 1a 5677;9 5*avid' ver )rotocol? @A B!C!1! Dev! 7 567789'

http,ladigitalcommons!#c!edu#clrvol@Aiss;6

F&S2Hs provisions re+uire the government to o#tain a F&S2 arrant hen seeking

to surveil a IUnited States person!I 2 U!S! person is de0ned as a U!S! citi"en' a

permanent resident' a corporation incorporated in the United States' or an

unincorporated association consisting of mostly U!S! citi"ens or permanentresidents! F&S2' 7 U!S!C! J 759 567779!

he 5$S$A$ de6nes domesti" surveillan"e as asso"iated with

*nited States personsCassid# 1,

5Lohn' a 67 year sta riter at the (e 4orker' (!S!2! 1atest, Mhe Secret %istory of

*omestic Surveillance' http,!neyorker!comnesNohn-cassidyn-s-a-latest-

the-secret-history-of-domestic-surveillance 9(C

>n a day hen )resident >#ama said n the other hand' the online metadata-collection program as ended in 67'

although exactly hy that happened isn$t clear! Shan Murner' the >#ama 2dministration$s director of

communications for national intelligence' told the Guardian that operation Stellar /ind as stopped for


7/22

E1ECMD>(&C SUD=E&112(CE 2CM&=&M&ES *UD&(G 2 1&3&ME* )ED&>* M> *EMECM 2(* )DE=E(M 2CMS >F MEDD>D&S3

/&M%&( M%E U(&ME* SM2MES 2ccording to the &nspector General$s report' the order as drafted #y *avid 2ddington'

the chief counsel to =ice-)resident *ick Cheney! General 3ichael %ayden' ho as the director of the (!S!2! from

PPP until 677' riginally' it

lasted for Nust thirty days' and as limited to online communications in hich at least one of the communicants as

located outside the United States! 3oreover' it as explicitly #ased on


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Pre&er our interp . 3ust e"ause these *$S$ "ompanies do

usiness outside o& *$S$ territories does not mean that the#

are not *$S$ "ompanies these "ompanies are still ased within

the *$S$ whi"h means that we are domesti" surveillan"e within

territor#

Standards

1) :imits; he opposin! teams de6nition overlimits$

Overlimitin! !uts true edu"ation on the topi"$ 0n order to

learn aout &ederal !overnment domesti" surveillan"e we

must address the i!!est &orm o& domesti" surveillan"e

whi"h "omes &rom the P


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track and tap into conversations of suspected terrorists' civilians' and even friendly foreign heads of state! 2mid

criticism from civil rights groups' the >#ama administration initially defended the surveillance program' saying it is

legal' limited' and eective in preventing terrorist attacks! *irector of (ational &ntelligence Lames Clapper said the

program does not monitor phone calls' #ut ac+uires telephony metadata to #e +ueried only hen there is a

Ireasona#le suspicionI of links to a foreign terrorist organi"ation! Experts say the /hite %ouse is likely relying on

Section 6 of the )atriot 2ct' a provision that says government can mandate the turnover of Iany tangi#le thingsI

from any entity as long as the items are for an investigation to defend against international terrorism or spying! &n

congressional testimony' (S2 chief Gen! Keith 2lexander credited his agencyHs surveillance ith helping prevent

Ido"ensI of terrorist attacks' and said he elcomed a de#ate on the legality of the programs! &n 2ugust' )resident

>#ama created a task force of intelligence and legal experts to revie (S2 operations and recommend potential

reforms! Mhe in+uiry is reportedly part of a comprehensive /hite %ouse revie of signals intelligence! /hat as the

domestic surveillance controversy under BushT 2fter P' the Bush administration opted not to seek approval from

the F&SC #efore intercepting Iinternational communications into and out of the United States of persons linked to al-

aeda 5)*F9 or related terrorist organi"ations!I Mhe special secret court' set up in PA folloing previous

administrationsH domestic spying a#uses' as designed to act as a neutral overseer in granting government

agencies surveillance authori"ation! 2fter the (S2 program as revealed #y the (e 4ork Mimes in late 677'

former attorney general 2l#erto D! Gon"ales argued 5)*F9 that )resident Bush had the legal authority under the

constitution and congressional statute to conduct arrantless surveillance on U!S! persons Ireasona#ly #elieved to

#e linked to al-aeda!I Mhe 677 2uthori"ation for Use of 3ilitary Force 52U3F9' ithout speci0cally mentioning

iretapping' grants the president #road authority to use all necessary force Iagainst those nations' organi"ations'

or persons he determines planned' authori"ed' committed' or aided the VPW terrorist attacks!I Mhis includes'

administration ocials say' the poers to secretly gather domestic intelligence on al-aeda and associated groups!

Mhe Bush administration maintained that the Foreign &ntelligence Surveillance 2ct 5F&S29 as an outdated la-

enforcement mechanism that as too time-consuming given the highly .uid' modern threat environment!2dministration ocials portrayed the (S2 program as an Iearly arning systemI 5)*F9 ith Ia military nature that

re+uires speed and agility!I 3oreover' the /hite %ouse stressed that the program as one not of domestic

surveillance #ut of monitoring terrorists a#road' and pu#licly referred to the operation as the IMerrorist Surveillance

)rogram!I >pponents of the program referred to it as Idomestic spying!I Under congressional pressure' Gon"ales

announced in Lanuary 677A plans to dis#and the arrantless surveillance program and cede oversight to F&SC' #ut

+uestions a#out the legality of the program lingered in Congress and Gon"ales resigned months later! But

/ashingtonHs vo to seek F&S2 approval for domestic surveillance as short-lived! &n Luly 677A--eeks #efore

Gon"ales stepped don--intelligence ocials pressed lamakers for emergency legislation to #roaden their

iretapping authority folloing a ruling #y the court overseeing F&S2 that impacted the governmentHs a#ility to

intercept foreign communications passing through telecommunications IsitchesI on U!S! soil! &n 2ugust' )resident

Bush signed the )rotect 2merica 2ct of 677A' hich gave the attorney general and the director of national

intelligence temporary poer to approve international surveillance' rather than the special intelligence court! &t also

said arrants are unnecessary for surveillance of a person Ireasona#ly #elievedI to #e located overseas! Mhis six-

month stopgap measure expired in early 677' #ut the F&S2 2mendment 2ct passed Nust months later contained

similar provisions! )resident >#ama reauthori"ed this legislation for 0ve more years in *ecem#er 676! /hy didthis #ecome an issue in mid-67;T Edard Snoden' the ex-C&2 and former (S2 contractor ho leaked nes of the

to (S2 programs' cited concerns over civil li#erties violations as his primary motive! IMhe (S2 has #uilt an

infrastructure that allos it to intercept almost everything! /ith this capa#ility' the vast maNority of human

communications are automatically ingested ithout targeting! &f & anted to see your emails or your ifeHs phone'

all & have to do is use intercepts! & can get your emails' passords' phone records' credit cards'I he said in an

intervie ith the Guardian! %oever' *(& *irector Clapper pu#licly denied initial media reports 5)*F9 that the

)D&S3 surveillance program as Ian undisclosed collection or data mining programI that unilaterally taps into

servers of U!S! telecoms! Dather' he stated the (S2 program as limited and had #een Iidely knon and pu#licly

discussed since its inception in 677!I Speci0cally' Clapper said the program operated under Section A76 of F&S2

that permits the targeting of non-U!S! persons a#road ithout individuali"ed court orders! 2s noted a#ove' )resident

>#ama has reauthori"ed this legislation until 67A! 3any U!S! lamakers have pressed for SnodenHs prosecution'

and the >#ama administration referred his case to the Lustice *epartment! Snoden .ed to %ong Kong in 3ay and

as granted temporary asylum in Dussia in 2ugust after spending eeks at the 3osco airport! /hat are the

challenges to domestic surveillance policyT Both *emocratic and Depu#lican lamakers have called for a

reexamination of the governmentHs #road surveillance poers in the ake of disclosures regarding (S2 activities! Mop-ranking Senators *ianne Feinstein 5*-C29 and Lohn 3cCain 5D-2Q9 supported re+uests for congressional

hearings on (S2 surveillance' despite their support for the controversial programs! Sen! Don /yden 5*->D9' an

outspoken critic of (S2Hs #road authorities' has called on the /hite %ouse to detail the extent to hich 2mericans

ere monitored! &n the past' the (S2 said it lacked the technical a#ility to +uantify this data! Critics allege that even

if the programs are operating ithin the letter of la' as the >#ama administration says' they violate the laHs

intent and the values of democratic society! Some civil li#erties activists have appealed for a thorough revie of

several provisions in the )atriot 2ct and F&S2 2mendments 2ct that provide controversial surveillance authorities!

Civil li#ertarians +uestion hether government surveillance programs violate the Fourth 2mendment to the U!S!

Constitution' hich states, IMhe right of the people to #e secure in their persons' houses' papers' and eects'

against unreasona#le searches and sei"ures' shall not #e violated' and no /arrants shall issue' #ut upon pro#a#le


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cause' supported #y >ath or armation' and particularly descri#ing the place to #e searched' and the persons or

things to #e sei"ed!I &n *ecem#er' Ludge Dichard L! 1eon of the Federal *istrict Court for the *istrict of Colum#ia

ruled that the (S2Hs #ulk gathering of U!S! telephone metadata likely violates the Constitution! ISurely' such a

program infringes on Hthat degree of privacyH that the founders enshrined in the Fourth 2mendment'I he rote! Mhe

Nudge ordered the government to stop collecting data on calls of the to plaintis in the case' #ut stayed the

inNunction to allo the government a chance to appeal! >ther legal challenges are in early phases' including suits

#y the 2merican Civil 1i#erties Union and the Electronic Frontier Foundation! Mhe >#ama administrationHs task force

also released its 0ndings in *ecem#er' recommending do"ens of changes to current surveillance practice!

Signi0cant proposed reforms include, ending the governmentHs indiscrimate collection of U!S! telephone metadata

and re+uiring authorities to o#tain a court order to +uery this information' held in the private sector: placing ne

limits on the monitoring of foreign leaders and ordinary non-2mericans: and supporting ne encryption standards

and technologies! But legal analysts say that hile the recommendations' if implemented' ould re+uire greater

executive' congressional' and Nudicial revie of surveillance activities' they ould end fe programs! 3eanhile' in

Congress' to #ills that ould for#id the (S2 from collecting phone data on 2mericans not suspected of a crime are

still in the early legislative process! Mhe US2 Freedom 2ct' hich ould reform the )atriot 2ct to address privacy

concerns' has enough support to pass' #ut lamakers are uncertain hen it ill #e ready for a vote! Still' many

*emocrats and Depu#licans say the (S2 programs are essential counterterrorism tools that have proved eective

in preventing potential attacks!

,) +round; @ou "an still !arner all #our A7s or CP e"ause

we are still within *$S$ territories does not prevent ne!

&rom runnin! an# ar!uments


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Case o/w the k


13/22

Proailit# FirstX apply DaNan and *uncan -

Proailit# is the ke# issuedon7t let ridi"ulous and exa!!erated

potentialities overshadow the ver# real violen"e that is happenin! ever#

da#


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5o :ink 5o linkour models aren7t stati" the#7ve een in a "onstant

state o& Eux over the past 8 #ears to a""ommodate &or the

wa# the world "han!esthat7s Glomer! and Bess

/e decrease state action – means their link is illegitimate! 2ll their ev is #ased on

USFG' hich e derease action!


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PermsPerm do oth their insisten"e that the alt has to &un"tion

alone turns the H$ AIrm our permutation as a wa# their H "an

evolve to allow &or ene6"ial a"tions like the planasent this

experimentation their alt e"omes arores"ent makes

mi"ro&as"ism inevitale and !uts solven"#Grian Massumi 1D, 5)rofessor of something at a place of respecta#le respectedness: 2 Mhousand)lateaus' &ntroduction9

" State philosophy" is another word for the representational thinking that has characterized

Western metaphysics since Plato, but has suffered an at least momentary set#ack

during the last +uarter century at the hands of Lac+ues *errida' 3ichel Foucault'

and poststructuralist theory generally! 2s descri#ed #y *eleu"e'8 it reposes on a

double identity: of the thinking subject, and of the concepts it creates and to which it lends its

own presumed attributes of sameness and constancy ! Mhe su#Nect' its concepts' and also

the o#Nects in the orld to hich the concepts are applied have a shared' internalessence, the self-resem#lance at the #asis of identity! Representational thought is

analogical its concern is to establish a correspondence between these symmetrically

structured domains! he faculty of judgment is the policeman of analogy, assuring that each

of the three terms is honestly itself, and that the proper correspondences obtain ! &n thought

its end is truth' in action Nustice! he weapons it wields in their pursuit are limitati#e

distribution 5the determination of the exclusive set of properties possessed #y

each term in contradistinction to the others, logos' la9 and hierarchical ranking $the

measurement of the degree of perfection of a term%s self&resemblance in relation to a supreme

standard' man' god' or gold, value' morality9! he modus operandi is negation: ' ( ' (

not y! &dentity' resem#lance' truth' Nustice' and negation! Mhe rational foundation

for order! he established order, of course: philosophers ha#e traditionally been employeesof the State! Mhe collusion #eteen philosophy and the State as most explicitly

enacted in the 0rst decade of the nineteenth century ith the foundation of the

University of Berlin' hich as to #ecome the model for higher learning

throughout Europe and in the United States! he goal laid out for it #y /ilhelm von

%um#oldt 5#ased on proposals #y Fichte and Schleiermacher9 was the "spiritual and

moral training of the nation," to be achie#ed by "deri#ing e#erything from an original

principle" $truth), #y Irelating everything to an idealI 5Nustice9' and #y Iunifying this

principle and this ideal in a single &deaI 5the State9! he end product would be Ia

fully legitimated su#Nect of knoledge and societyIAOeach mind a n analogously

organized mini&State morally unified in the supermind of the Stat e! )russian mind-

meld! *ore insidious than the well&known practical cooperation between uni#ersity andgo#ernment 5the #urgeoning military funding of research9 is its philosophical role in

the propagation of the form of representational thinking itself, that "properly spiritual

absolute State" endlessly reproduced and disseminated at e#ery le#el of the social fabric!

*econstruction-in.uenced feminists such as %elene Cixous and 1uce &rigaray

have attacked it under the name IphallogocentrismI 5hat the most privileged

model of rocklike identity is goes ithout saying9! &n the introduction to 2

Mhousand )lateaus' *eleu"e and Guattari descri#e it as the Iar#orescent modelI


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of thought 5the proudly erect tree under hose spreading #oughs latter-day

)latos conduct their class9! I+omad thought" does not immure itself in the edifice of an

ordered interiority it mo#es freely in an element of e'teriority ! &t does not repose on

identity: it rides dierence! &t does not respect the arti0cial division #eteen the

three domains of representation' su#Nect' concept' and #eing: it replaces

restrictive analogy ith a conductivity that knos no #ounds! he concepts it createsdo not merely reflect the eternal form of a legislating subject, but are defined by a

communicable force in relation to which their subject, to the e'tent that they can be said to

ha#e one, is only secondary! Mhey do not re.ect upon the orld #ut are immersed in a changing state of things! concept is a brick! -t can be used to build the courthouse of reason! .r it can be thrown through the window! What is the subject of the brick/ hearm that throws it/ Mhe #ody connected to the armT he brain encased in the body T Mhe situation that #rought #rain and #ody to such

a NunctureT 2ll and none of the a#ove! What is its object/ he window/ Mhe edi0ceT Mhe las the edi0ce sheltersT he class and other

power relations encrusted in the laws/ ll and none of the abo#e! I/hat interests us are the circumstances!IP Because the concept in its

unrestrained usage is a set of circumstances' at a volatile Nuncture! &t is a #ector: the point of application of a force mo#ing through a

space at a gi#en #elocity in a gi#en direction! he concept has no subject or object other than i tself! -t is an act! +omad thought replaces the closede0uation of representation, ' ( ' ( noty $- ( - ( not you) with an open e0uation:!! ! 1 y 1 z 1 a 1 !!!$!!!1 arm 1 brick 1 window 1 ! ! !)! Rather thananalyzing the world into discrete components, reducing their manyness to the .ne of identity, and ordering them by rank, it sums up a set of

disparate circumstances in a shattering blow ! &t synthesi"es a multiplic ity of elements ithout eacing their heterogeneity or

hindering their potential for future rearranging 5to the contrary9! he modus operandi of nomad thought is affirmation, even hen its

apparent o#Nect is negative! Force is not to #e confused ith poer! Force arrives from outside to #reak constraints and open

ne vistas! )oer #uilds alls! Mhe space of nomad thought is +ualitatively dierent from State space! 2ir against earth! State

space is Istriated'I or gridded! 3ovement in it is con0ned as #y gravity to a hori"ontal plane' and limited #y the order of thatplane to preset paths #eteen 0xed and identi0a#le points! +omad space is "smooth," or open&ended! .ne

can rise up at any point and mo#e to any other! &ts mode of distri#ution is the nomos,

arraying oneself in an open space 5hold the street9' as opposed to the logos of

entrenching oneself in a closed space 5hold the fort9! 2 Mhousand )lateaus is an

eort to construct a smooth space of thought! &t is not the 0rst such attempt! 1ike

State philosophy' nomad thought goes #y many names! Spino"a called it Iethics!I

(iet"sche called it the Igay science!I 2rtaud called it Icroned anarchy!I Mo

3aurice Blanchot' it is the Ispace of literature!I Mo Foucault' Ioutside thought!I67

&n this #ook' 2eleuze and 3uattari employ the terms "pragmatics" and "schizoanalysis," and

in the introduction describe a rhizome network strangling the roots of the infamous tree!

>ne of the points of the #ook is that nomad thought is not con0ned to philosophy!>r that the kind of philosophy it is comes in many forms! 4ilmmakers and painters

are philosophical thinkers to the e'tent that they e'plore the potentials of their respecti#e

mediums and break away from the beaten paths!6 >n a strictly formal level' it is

mathematics and music that create the smoothest of the smooth spaces!66 &n

fact' 2eleuze and 3uattari would probably be more inclined to call philosophy music with

content than music a rarefied form of philosophy ! /hich returns to our opening

+uestion! 5ow should housand Plateaus be played/ When you buy a record there are

always cuts that lea#e you cold! 6ou skip them! 6ou don%t approach a record as a closed book

that you ha#e to take or lea#e! .ther cuts you may listen to o#er and o#er again! hey follow

you! 6ou find yourself humming them under your breath as you go about your daily business!


17/22

0mpa"t urns

Cap solves the environmenthistor# is on our side

Gha!wati – Economics )rofessor' Colum#ia 5Lagdish' &n *efense of Glo#ali"ation' p @@-' 2G9

Mhe #elief that speci0c pollutants' such as sulfur dioxide' resulting from increased economic activity ill rise in

ur#an areas as per capita income increases depends on to assumptions, that all activities expand uniformly and

that pollution per unit output in an activity ill not diminish! But neither assumption is realistic! 2s income rises'

activities that cause more pollution may contract and those that cause less pollution may expand' so the sulfur

dioxide concentration may fall instead of rise! &n fact' as development occurs' economies typically

shift from primary production' hich is often pollution intensive' to manufactures' hich are often less

so' and then to traded services' hich are currently even less pollution-intensive! Mhis naturalevolution itself could then reduce the pollution-intensity of income as development proceeds! Mhen again' the

availa#le technology used' and technology nely invented' may #ecome more environment-friendly over time! Both

phenomena constitute an ongoing' o#served process! Mhe shift to environment-friendly technology can occur

naturally as households' for example' #ecome less poor and shift aay from indoor cooking ith smoke-causing

coal-#ased 0res to stoves using fuels that cause little smoke! P But this shift is often a result also of environment-friendly technological innovation prompted #y regulation! Mhus' restrictions on alloa#le fuel eciency have

promoted research #y the car 0rms to produce engines that yield more miles per gallon! But these regulations

are created #y increased environmental consciousness' for hich the environmental groups

can take credit! 2nd the rise of these environmental groups is' in turn' associated ith increased

incomes ! 2lso' revelations a#out the astonishing environmental degradation in the Soviet

Union and its satellites underline ho the a#sence of democratic feed#ack and controls is asure0re recipe for environmental neglect! Mhe fact that economic groth generally promotes democracy' as

discussed in Chapter ' is yet another ay in hich rising income creates a #etter environment! &n all these ays'

then' increasing incomes can reduce rather than increase pollution! &n fact' for several pollutants' empirical studies

have found a #ell-shaped curve, pollution levels 0rst rise ith income #ut then fall ith it! 67 Mhe economists Gene

Grossman and 2lan Krueger' ho estimated the levels of dierent pollutants such as sulfur dioxide in several cities

orldide' ere among the 0rst to sho this' estimating that for sulfur dioxide levels' the peak occurred in their

sample at per capita incomes of Y'777–8'777! 6 Several historical examples can also #e adduced ,the reduction in smog today compared to hat the industrial revolution produced in European cities in the

nineteenth century' and the reduced deforestation of United States compared to a century ago!

5o impa"t . status Juo is improvin!


18/22

any given age' to get cancer' heart disease or stroke! She as more likely to #e literate

and to have 0nished school! She as more likely to on a telephone' a .ush toilet' a

refrigerator and a #icycle! 2ll this during a half-century hen the orld population

has more than dou#led' so that far from #eing rationed #y population pressure ' the

goods and services availa#le to the people of the orld have expanded ! &t is' #y any

standard' an astonishing human achievement! 2verages conceal a lot! Gut even i& #ou reakdown the world into its' it is hard to 6nd an# re!ion that was worse o' in

288K than it was in 1KK! >ver that half-century' real income per head ended a little loer in only sixcountries 52fghanistan' %aiti' Congo' 1i#eria' Sierra 1eone and Somalia9' life expectancy in three 5Dussia' Sa"iland

and Qim#a#e9' and infant survival in none! &n the rest they have rocketed upard! 2frica$s rate of improvement

has #een distressingly slo and patchy compared ith the rest of the orld' and many southern 2frican countries

sa life expectancy plunge in the PP7s as the 2&*S epidemic took hold 5#efore recovering in recent years9! Mhere

ere also moments in the half-century hen you could have caught countries in episodes of dreadful deterioration

of living standards or life chances – China in the P87s' Cam#odia in the PA7s' Ethiopia in the P7s' Danda in

the PP7s' Congo in the 6777s' (orth Korea throughout! 2rgentina had a disappointingly stagnant tentieth

century! But overall' after 0fty years' the out"ome &or the world is remarka#ly'

astonishingly' dramati"all# positive! Mhe average South Korean lives tenty-six more years and earns0fteen times as much income each year as he did in P 5and earns 0fteen times as much as his (orth Korean

counter part9! Mhe average 3exican lives longer no than the average Briton did in

P! Mhe average Botsanan earns more than the average Finn did in P! 0n&ant

mortalit# is lower toda# in 5epal than it was in 0tal# in 1K1! Mhe proportion

of =ietnamese living on less than Y6 a day has dropped from P7 per cent to ;7 per

cent in tenty years! Mhe rich have got richer' #ut the poor have done even #etter!

he poor in the developin! world !rew their "onsumption twi"e as &ast as

the world as a whole etween 1D8 and 2888 ! Mhe Chinese are ten times as rich' one-thirdas fecund and tenty-eight years longer-lived than they ere 0fty years ago! Even (igerians are tice as rich' 6

per cent less fecund and nine years longer-lived than they ere in P! espite a doulin! o& the

world population' even the raw numer o& people livin! in asolute povert#

5de0ned as less than a P dollar a day9 has &allen sin"e the 1K8s! Mhe percentage living

in such a#solute poverty has dropped #y more than half – to less than per cent! Mhat

num#er is' of course' still all too horri#ly high' #ut the trend is hardly a cause for despair, at thecurrent rate of decline' it ould hit "ero around 67; – though it pro#a#ly on$t! Mhe United(ations estimates that poverty as reduced more in the last 0fty years than in the previous 77!

Capitalism is sustainale

Haletsk# 718

52natole' 3asters in Economics from %arvard' %onour-*egree Graduate at King$s

College and Cam#rdige' editor-at-large of Mhe Mimes of 1ondon' founding partner

and chief economist of GaveKal Capital' %e is on the governing #oard of the (e

4ork– #ased &nstitute for (e Economic Mheory 5&(EM9' a nonpro0t created after the

677A– 677P crisis to promote and 0nance academic research in economics outsidethe orthodoxy of


19/22

world7s most respe"ted e"onomists did not materialie and no one an# lon!er

expe"ts the !loal "apitalist s#stem to "ollapse whatever that emotive word mi!ht mean$ @et the"apitalist s#stem7s survival does not mean that the pre"risis &aith in the wisdom o& 6nan"ial markets and the eI"ien"# o& &ree enterprise

will ever a!ain e what it was e&ore the ankrupt"# o& :ehman Grothers on Septemer 1K 288D$ A return to de"ent e"onomi" !rowth

and normal 6nan"ial "onditions is likel# # the middle o& 2818 ut will this impl# a return to usiness as usual &or politi"ians

e"onomists and 6nan"iers> Althou!h !loaliation will "ontinue and man# parts o& the

world will !raduall# re!ain their prosperit# o& the pre"risis period the traumati" e'e"ts o&2889. 8 will not e Jui"kl# &or!otten$ And the e"onomi" "osts will lin!er &or de"ades in the detssJueein! taxpa#ers and !overnment ud!ets the disrupted lives o& the oless and the vanished dreams o& homeowners and investors

around the world$ For what "ollapsed on Septemer 1K 288D was not ust a ank or a 6nan"ial s#stem$ =hat &ell apart that da# was an

entire politi"al philosoph# and e"onomi" s#stem a wa# o& thinkin! aout and livin! in the world$ he Juestion now is what will repla"e

the !loal "apitalism that "rumled in the autumn o& 288D$ he "entral ar!ument o& this ook is that !loal "apitalism

will e repla"ed # nothin! other than !loal "apitalism$ he traumati"

events o& 2889. 8 will neither destro# nor diminish the &undamental human

ur!es that have alwa#s powered the "apitalist s#stem amition initiative individualism

the "ompetitive spirit$ hese natural human Jualities will instead e redire"ted and

reener!ied to "reate a new version o& "apitalism that will ultimatel# e

even more su""ess&ul and produ"tive than the s#stem it repla"ed $ o explain thispro"ess o& renewal and identi some o& the most important &eatures o& the reinvi!orated "apitalist s#stem is the amition o& this ook$

his trans&ormation will take man# #ears to "omplete ut some o& its

"onseJuen"es "an alread# e dis"erned$ =ith the ene6t o& even a #ear7s hindsi!ht it is "lear thatthese "onseJuen"es will e di'erent &rom the nihilisti" predi"tions &rom oth ends o& the politi"al spe"trum at the hei!ht o& the "risis$

On the :e&t anti"apitalist ideolo!ues seemed honestl# to elieve that a &ew

weeks o& 6nan"ial "haos "ould rin! aout the disinte!rat ion o& a politi"o-

e"onomi" s#stem that had survived two hundred #ears o& revolutions depressions and world wars$ On the


20/22

Alt Failshe alternative is elitist and ound to end in a totalitarian

stateGarrook D 5Dichard' coordinator of the %ypermedia Desearch Centre at the University of /estminster' 6A'http,amsterdam!nettime!org1ists-2rchivesnettime-l-P7msg777P!html9

Mhis elitism is a halloed tradition of the European avant-garde! For decades' radical intellectuals have

adopted dissident politics' aesthetics and morals to separate themselves from the

maNority of Hherd animalsH hose minds ere controlled #y #ourgeois ideologies !

*espite their revolutionary rhetoric' avant-garde intellectuals fantasised a#out

themselves as an artistic aristocracy ruling the philistine masses! Folloing this

elitist custom' the *eleu"oguattarians champion nomadic minorities from the Hnon-

guaranteedH social movements against the stupi0ed maNority from the

HguaranteedHsector ! >nce again' the revolution is the ethical-aesthetic illumination of a minority rather than

the social li#eration of all people! Earlier in this century' this dream of an artistic aristocracy

sometimes evolved into fascism! 3ore often' the avant-garde supported totalitarian

tendancies ithin the 1eft! (oadays' cultural elitism can easily turn into implicit

sympathy ith neo-li#eralism! Mhe European avant-garde - and its imitators - could never openly supportthe free market fundamentalism of the Californian ideology! 4et' as MLs cut HnH mix' the distinctions #eteen right

and left li#ertarianism are #lurring! >n the one hand' the Californian ideologues claim that a heroic minority of

cy#er-entrepreneurs is emerging from the 0erce competition of the electronic marketplace! >n the other hand' the

*eleu"oguattarians #elieve that this ne elite consists of cool MLs and hip artists ho release su#versive

Hassem#lages of enunciationH into the (et! &n #oth the Californian ideology and *eleu"oguattarian discourse'

primitivism and futurism are com#ined to produce the apotheosis of individualism, the cy#org (iet"schean

Superman!

Avoidin! strate!i" use o& the state leads to nu"lear "ounter

revolutionsShaw 1 VDevie of &nternational Studies' Mhe un0nished glo#al revolution, intellectuals and the ne politics ofinternational relations' http,nationalism!orgli#raryscienceirshasha-ris-677-6A-7@!pdfW

Mhe ne politics of international relations re+uire us therefore to go #eyond the anti-

imperialism of the intellectual left as ell as of the semi-anarchist traditions of the

academic discipline! /e need to recogni"e three fundamental truths! First' in the tenty-0rst century peoplestruggling for democratic li#erties across the non- /estern orld are likely to make constant demands on our

solidarity! Courageous academics' students and other intellectuals ill #e in the forefront of these movements! Mhey

deserve the unstinting support of intellectuals in the /est! Second' the old international thinking in hich

democratic movements are seen as purely internal to states no longer carries convictionOdespite the lingering

nostalgia for it on #oth the 2merican right and the anti-2merican left! Mhe idea that glo#al principles can and should

#e enforced orldide is 0rmly esta#lished in the minds of hundreds of millions of people! Mhis consciousness ill

#ecome a poerful force in the coming decades! Mhird' glo#al state-formation is a fact!

&nternationalinstitutions are #eing extended' and 5like it or not9 they have a sym#iotic relation

ith the maNor centre of state poer' the increasingly internationali"ed /estern

conglomerate! Mhe success of the glo#al-democratic revolutionary ave depends

0rst on ho ell it is consolidated in each national contextO#ut second on ho thoroughly it is

em#edded in international netorks of poer' at the centre of hich' inescapa#ly' is

the /est! From these political fundamentals' strategic propositions can #e derived$ First' democratic

movements cannot regard non-governmental organi"ations and civil society as ends


21/22

in themselves! he# must aim to civili"e local states' rendering them open' accounta#le and pluralistic' and

curtail the ar#itrary and violent exercise of poer! Second' democrati"ing local states is not a

separate task from integrating them into glo#al and often /estern-centred

netorks! Deproducing isolated local centres of poer carries ith it classic dangers

of states as centres of ar$D Em#edding glo#al norms and integrating ne state

centres ith glo#al institutional frameorks are essential to the control of violence $( Mo put this another ay, the proliferation of purely national democracies is not a recipe for peace!9 Mhird' hile the

glo#al revolution cannot do ithout the /est and the U(' neither can it rely on them unconditionally$ /e need

these poer netorks' #ut e need to tame them too' to make their messy #ureaucraciesenormously more accounta#le and sensitive to the needs of society orldide! Mhis ill involve the kind of

cosmopolitan democracy$ argued for #y *avid %eld! &t ill also re+uire us to advance a glo#al social-democratic

agenda' to address the literally catastrophic scale of orld social ine+ualities! Mhis is not a separate pro#lem, social and economic reform is an essential ingredient of alternatives to arlike and

genocidal poer: these feed o and reinforce corrupt and criminal political

economies! Fourth' if e need the glo#al-/estern state' if e ant to democrati"e it

and make its institutions friendlier to glo#al peace and Nustice' e cannot #e

indierent to its strategic de#ates! &t matters to develop international political

interventions' legal institutions and ro#ust peacekeeping as strategic alternatives to#om#ing our ay through "ones of crisis! &t matters that international intervention

supports pluralist structures' rather than ratifying Bosnia-style apartheid$8 2s politicalintellectuals in the /est' e need to have our eyes on the #all at our feet' #ut e also need to raise them to the

hori"on$ /e need to grasp the historic drama that is transforming orldide

relationships #eteen people and state' as ell as #eteen state and state! /e

need to think a#out ho the tur#ulence of the glo#al revolution can #e consolidated

in democratic' pluralist' international netorks of #oth social relations and state

authority! /e cannot #e simply optimistic a#out this prospect! Sadly' it ill re+uire

repeated violent political crises to push /estern and other governments toards the

re+uired restructuring of orld institutions$D9 /hat & have outlined is a huge

challenge: #ut the alternative is to see the glo#al revolution splutter into partial

defeat' or degenerate into ne genocidal arsOperhaps even nuclear con.icts! Mhepractical challenge for all concerned citi"ens' and the theoretical and analytical challenges for students of

international relations and politics' are intertined!

%ven i& a politi"al strate!# "an &orm &rom the alt its immediate

adoption destro#s the "han"e &or politi"s to o""ur+aro D 5&sa#elle' French philosopher'


22/22

Hills solven"# and leads to extin"tionGo!!s 9 – professor of social sciences' 1os 2ngeles 5Carl' Mhe Great Detreat' Mheory and Society 68!8' Nstor'

2G9

Mhe false sense of empoerment that comes ith such mesmeri"ing impulses is

accompanied #y a loss of pu#lic engagement ' an erosion of citi"enship and a depleted capacity of

individuals in large groups to ork for social change! 2s this ideological +uagmire orsens' urgent pro#lemsthat are destroying the fa#ric of 2merican society ill go unsolved perhaps even

unrecogni"ed only to fester more ominously into the future! 2nd such pro#lems 5ecological crisis' poverty'

ur#an decay' spread of infectious diseases' technological displacement of orkers9 cannot #e

understood outside the larger social and glo#al context of internationali"ed markets '

0nance' and communications! )aradoxically' the idespread retreat from politics ' often inspired #y

localist sentiment' comes at a time hen agendas that ignore or sidestep these

glo#al realities ill' more than ever' #e reduced to impotence! &n his commentary on thestate of citi"enship today' /olin refers to the increasing su#limation and dilution of politics' as larger num#ers of

people turn aay from pu#lic concerns toard private ones! By diluting the life of common involvements' e

negate the very idea of politics as a source of pu#lic ideals and visions!A@ &n the meantime' the fate of the

orld hangs in the #alance! Mhe unyielding truth is that' even as the ethos of anti-politics #ecomes morecompelling and even fashiona#le in the United States' it is the vagaries of political poer that ill continue to

decide the fate of human societies! Mhis last point demands further ela#oration! Mhe shrinkage of politics

hardly means that corporate coloni"ation ill #e less of a reality' that social

hierarchies ill someho disappear' or that gigantic state and military structures

ill lose their hold over peopleHs lives! Far from it, the space a#dicated #y a #road

citi"enry' ell-informed and ready to participate at many levels' can in fact #e 0lled

#y authoritarian and reactionary elites an already familiar dynamic in many lesserdevelopedcountries! Mhe fragmentation and chaos of a %o##esian orld' not very far removed from the rampant

individualism' social *arinism' and civic violence that have #een so much a part of the 2merican landscape' could

#e the prelude to a poerful 1eviathan designed to impose order in the face of disunity and atomi"ed retreat! &n this

ay the eclipse of politics might set the stage for a reassertion of politics in more

virulent guise or it might help further rationali"e the existing poer structure! &n either case' the state ouldlikely #ecome hat %o##es anticipated, the em#odiment of those universal' collective interests that had vanishedfrom civil society!A

speech vs eths statesuuu

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