speech mechanism
DESCRIPTION
organs of speechTRANSCRIPT
THE SPEAKING PROCESS
ENG 132
Stages of the Speaking Process:
Breathing stage
Phonation stage
Resonation stage
Articulation stage
BREATHING STAGE
Breathing, which is primarily concerned with
maintaining life, is secondarily a force
assisting in vocalization. It consists of two phases
--- inhalation and exhalation.
LUNGS• Serve as the
reservoir of air• As you inhale, fill
the lungs comfortably in preparation for speaking.
Diaphragm• A large sheet of
muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdomen
• Forms the floor of the chest and the roof of the abdomen
• Gives pressure to the breath stream
BREATHING EXERCISE:
• 1. Sit up straight. Exhale.• 2. Inhale and, at the same time, relax the belly muscles. Feel as though the
belly is filling with air.• 3. After filling the belly, keep inhaling. Fill up the middle of your chest. Feel
your chest and rib cage expand.• 4. Hold the breath in for a moment, then begin to exhale as slowly as
possible.• 5. As the air is slowly let out, relax your chest and rib cage. Begin to pull
your belly in to force out the remaining breath.• 6. Close your eyes, and concentrate on your breathing.• 7. Relax your face and mind.• 8. Let everything go.• 9. Practice about 5 minutes.
PHONATION STAGE
Phonation takes place when voice is produced in
speaking as the expiratory air stream from the lungs
goes up through the trachea or windpipe to the larynx.
Larynx• Principal organ of
phonation• Found at the top
of the trachea• Protuberance is
known as the “Adam’s apple”
Vocal Cords• A pair of bundles
of muscles and cartilages• Open and close
at various degrees
Trachea• Also known as
windpipe• Passageway of
air going up from the lungs
PHONATION EXERCISE
• Think about blowing out birthday candles.
• Begin to blow and then turn the breath into an "ooo" sound on a comfortable pitch. Feel the tone begin in the breathing muscles.
• Repeat
RESONATION STAGE
The voice produced in phonation is weak. It
becomes strong and rich only when amplified and modified by the human resonators.
Resonation is the process of voice amplification and
modification.
Pharynx• Common passageway
for air and food• Located behind the nose
and mouth and includes the cavity at the back of the tongue
• Divisions of the pharynx:– Nasal pharynx– Oral pharynx– Laryngeal pharynx
Nose• Consists of the external and
internal portions• Nostrils – openings of the
external nose• Nasal cavity – internal nose;
directly behind the external nose through which the air passes on its way to the pharynx
• Septum – divides the external and internal nose into two separate passageways
Mouth• Divided into the vestibule
and the oral cavity proper
• Vestibule – felt by placing the tongue tip outside the teeth but inside the lips
• Oral cavity – felt by retracting the tongue, closing the jaws and moving the tongue about
rESONATORS:Upper part of the larynx
pharynx
Nasal cavity
Oral
cavity
RESONATION EXERCISE: Pronounce the letters according to its size. (biggest letters mean
loudest sounds)
a a e e o u
o b i i m n
u m m b p p
b p t l n oa k h h b v
RESONATION EXERCISE: Read the black syllables softest and the red syllables
loudest.
Pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa paMa ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
maLa la la la la la la la laTa ta ta ta ta ta ta ta taBa ba ba ba ba ba ba ba baFa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa faVa va va va va va va va va
ARTICULATION STAGE
Articulation occurs when the tone produced in the
larynx is changed into specific sounds. This is the result of the movement of the articulators towards
the points of articulation.
Lips• Highly flexible • Can be moved
into numerous positions essential to articulation
Teeth• Serve as
important surfaces in articulation• Embedded in the
alveolar ridge or gum ridges of the oral cavity
Dome• Also known as the
hard palate• Bony roof of the
mouth• Serves as an
important surface against which the tongue makes contact
Uvula• Small nub on the
lower border of the soft palate• Movable tip at
the midline of the free border of the soft palate
Velum• Also known as the
soft palate• Separates the nasal
pharynx from the oral cavity
• A flexible curtain attached along the rear border of the hard palate
Tongue• Flexible organ consisting
of muscles, glands and connective tissues
• Parts of the tongue:– Apex or tip– Blade
• Front• Center• Back• root
articulatorsLower
jaw
Lower lip
Tongue
Velum
Uvula
Points of articulationUpper lip
Upper teeth
Upper alveolar ridge
Hard palate
Soft palate