Social interaction and private intellectual life

Any disturbance due to brain disease- functional loss more grave than blindness, deafness and paralysis

Symbolic representation of objects, actions and events

Mirror of higher mental activity Means of communication between

patient and physician- medium of delicate interpersonal transaction

Developing and using verbal symbols for our ideas

Transmitting those ideas by written or spoken word

Facility to use our hands Both language and manual dexterity are

functions of dominant hemisphere

Seen in other animals – by vocalization or gestures

It is a feeling or reaction of that moment Earliest modes of emotional expression

appear in infancy Emotional expression is well developed

in human infants even when cerebrum is immature

Utterances used to express joy, anger, fear are retained even after destruction of all language areas in the dominant hemisphere

Essence of language Means of transferring ideas from one

person to another Learned – subject to social and cultural

influences of the environment Learnt only after nervous system has

attained a certain level of maturity

involves comprehension, formulation and transmission of ideas

and feelings using verbal symbols, sounds, gestures their sequential ordering according to

accepted rules of grammar

Needs Thinking Analysis Synthesis Creativity

Derangement of language reflects an abnormality of brain – specifically the dominant hemisphere

Speech disorder may have a similar origin, but not necessarily; it may be a result of abnormalities in different parts or extracerebral mechanisms

Speech refers to articulation and phonetic aspects of verbal expression

Exophasia = external speech Expression of thought by spoken or

written words, comprehension of spoken or written words of others

Almost continuous when humans gather

Introphasia = internal speechSilent process of thought and formulation

inour minds of unspoken words

Arcuate fasciculus connects sensory and motor speech areas

Short association fibres connect Broca’s area with lower part of motor cortex that innervates muscles of lips, tongue and pharynx

Perisylvian cortical areas connected to1.Striatum, thalamus2.Corresponding areas in non- dominant

hemisphere via corpus callosum and anterior commissure

Modulative aspects of languageProsody Melody of speech Its intonation, inflection, and its pauses All these have emotional overtones Prosody and gestures accompanying

them enhance the meaning of spoken word

Speech is endowed with richness and vitality

Aprosody is seen in lesions involving inferior division of right Middle cerebral artery