spectrum usage measurements in potential pcsfrequency bands ntia report 91-279 spectrum usage...

NTIA Report 91-279

Spectrum Usage Measurements inPotential PCSFrequency Bands

Jeffery A. WepmanRobert J. Matheson

Kenneth C. AllenRobert J. Achatz

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCERobert A. Mosbacher, Secretary

Janice Obuchowski. Assistant Secretaryfor Communications and Information

September 1991

Product Disclaimer

Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper to specifyadequately the technical aspects of the reported results. In no case does such identification implyrecommendation or endorsement by the National Telecommunications and InformationAdministration, nor does it imply that the material or equipment identified is necessarily the bestavailable for the purpose.

111

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Many individuals contributed to the Spectrum Usage Measurements Project. The authorswould especially like to thank the following people for their tremendous efforts in accomplishingthe objectives of this project. Bradley Ramsey, as our chief field measurement engineer, didan outstanding job of running the measurement system, quickly responding to problems thatarose in the field, and keeping the measurements on schedule. Elizabeth Pol performed all ofthe data processing and produced all of the graphs in this report in an extremely efficient andtimely manner. Michael Laflin designed and constructed a specialized generator mount thatgreatly increased the speed of the measurement setup procedure from site to site. VincentLawrence produced all of the maps clearly showing the measurement sites and the majorgeographic features of each city that the measurements were taken in. The monumental task offormatting and preparing the [mal manuscript was performed by Judy McGarvey. A veryspecial thanks goes to Donald Layton for all of his support in providing personnel and equipmentneeded in completing this project. The authors further wish to acknowledge the contributionsduring all phases of this project from Limond Grindstaff, Robert Rowe, Dennis Hank, AndrewLindsay-Stewart, and Howard Xia with PacTel Corporation; and Dale Young with Pacific Bell.Without the assistance of these individuals, this work would not have been possible.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. IN"1'R.ODUCTION 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •• 0 •••• 0 • •• 1

2. OBJECTIVES AND :MEASUREMENT SmATEGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3

3. :MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 73.1 Software ............".............................. 73.2 Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7

4. :MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.1 Noise Diode Calibration 124.2 Antenna System Test 124.3 Measurement and Data Collection Process at Each Location 15

5. DATA ANALYSIS 17

6. DATA IN"TERPRETATION ; 22

7. DALLAS DATA : 297.1 The 614-806 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 317.2 The 824-944 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 317.3 The 1850-1994 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 427.4 The 2110-2182 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 487.5 The 2400-2600 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 48

8. CHICAGO DATA 548.1 The 614-806 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 568.2 The 824-944 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 568.3 The 1850-1994 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 568.4 The 2110-2182 MHz Measurement Frequency Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568.5 The 2400-2600 MHz Measuremep.t Frequency Band 56

9. NEW YORK DATA 769.1 The 614-806 MHz Measurement Frequency Band . . . . . . . . . . 789.2 The 824-944 MHz Measurement Frequency Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789.3 The "1850-1994 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 789.4 The 2110-2182 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 789.5 The 2400-2600 MHz Measurement Frequency Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

10. LOS ANGELES DATA 9810.1 The 614-806 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 9810.2 The 824-944 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 10210.3 The 1850-1994 MHz Measurement Frequency Band . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10210.4 The 2110-2182 MHz Measurement Frequency Band . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10210.5 The 2400-2600 MHz Measurement Frequency Band . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 102

Vll

11. SAN FRANCISCO DATA 0 0 • 0 12011.1 The 614-806 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 0 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 •• 0 • • •• 12011.2 The 824-944 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 0 0 0 ••• 0 0 12411.3 The 1850-1994 MHz Measurement Frequency Band . 0 0 0 0 • 0 •• 0 0 0 o. 12411.4 The 2110-2182 MHz Measurement Frequency Band . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12411.5 The 2400-2600 MHz Measurement Frequency Band . 0 0 0 •• 0 •• 0 0 0 •• 124

12. COMPARISON OF DATA BETWEEN CITIES .. 0 0 ••• 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 • • • • •• 14212.1 The 614-806 MHz Measurement Frequency Band o. 14212.2 The 824-944 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 0 ••• 0 • 0 • 0 o. 14312.3 The 1850-1990 MHz Frequency Band .... 0 ••••••• 0 •• 0 •• 0 0 •• 14912.4 The 2110-2182 MHz Measurement Frequency Band .. 0 • 0 •••••• 0 o. 15012.5 The 2400-2600 MHz Measurement Frequency Band 0 0 0 0 • • • 0 • 0 • • 0 0 151

13. SUMJ\.1ARY AND CONCLUSIONS 0 ••••••• 0 •• 0 • • • • • • •• 152

Vlll

Figure

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

3.1 Photograph of the Spectrum Usage Measurement Van . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Block diagram of the Spectrum Usage Measurement System. . . . . . . . . 9

3.3 Photograph of the Spectrum Usage Measurement System . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.1 Typical system noise figure vs frequency 13

4.2 Typical system amplitude correction vs frequency 14

5.1 Example signal level (top) and measured frequency usage(bottom) plots for 824-944 MHz . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5.2 Example measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for 869-894 MHz 21

6.1 Comparison of signal level graphs using narrowband (top),wideband (middle), and peak (bottom) measurement parameters 23

6.2 Comparison of measured frequency usage graphs using narrowband (top),wideband (middle), and peak: (bottom) measurement parameters 25

6.3 Comparison of measured band usage graphs using narrowband,wideband, and peak: measurement parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

7. 1 Measurement sites in Dallas 30

7.2- Signal level, measured frequency usage, and measured band usage plots7.20 for Dallas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-53

8.1 Measurement sites in Chicago 55

8.2- Signal level, measured frequency usage, and measured band usage plots8.20 for Chicago 57-75

9.1 Measurement sites in New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

9.2- Signal level, measured frequency usage, and measured band usage plots9.20 for New York 79-97

10.1 Measurement sites in Los Angeles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

IX

10.2- Signal level, measured frequency usage, and measured band usage plots10.20 for Los Angeles 100-119

11.1 Measurement sites in San Francisco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

11.2- Signal level, measured frequency usage, and measured band usage plots11.20 for San Francisco 122-141

12.1 Measured bandusage for all cities in the 614-806 MHz band

12.2 Measured band usage for all cities in the 824-849 MHz band





12.7 Measured band usage for all cities "in the 901-902 MHz band




143

143

144

145

145

146

147

147

148

149

12.11 Measured band usage for all cities in the 1850-1990 MHz band. . . . . . . 149

12.12 Measured band usage for all cities in the 2110-2130 MHz band . . . . . . . 150

12.13 Measured band usage for all cities in the 2160-2180 MHz band. . . . . . . 150

12.14 Measured band usage for all cities in the 2400-2483.5 MHz band ..... 151

x

Table

LIST OF TABLES

Page

2.1 Individual Frequency Bands Grouped According to Service 3

2.2 Measurement System Parameters and Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

7.1 Categorization of Numbered Measurement Sites in Dallas 29

8.1 Categorization of Numbered Measurement Sites in Chicago .. . . . . . . . . 54

9.1 Categorization of Numbered Measurement Sites in New York. . . . . . . . . 76

10.1 Categorization of Numbered Measurement Sites in Los Angeles 98

11.1 Categorization of Numbered Measurement Sites in San Francisco 120

Xl

SPECTRUM USAGE MEASUREMENTS IN POTENTIAL PCS FREQUENCY BANDS

Jeffery A. Wepman, Robert J. Matheson, Kenneth C. Allen, and Robert 1. Achatz*

Spectrum usage measurements were made in several potential PersonalCommunication Services (PCS) frequency bands in the 600 to 2600 MHz rangeinfive U.S. cities. Geographic dependence (within a city) ofspectrum usage wasdetermined for all of the cities. Measurements were made using a mobile,computer-controlled, automated radio frequency measurement system that wasinstalled in a mini-van. The raw data taken at each site consisted of receivedsignal levels for each frequency measured. These were processed to providesignal level, measured frequency usage, and measured band usage graphs. Theheaviest usage for all cities was seen in the 869-894 MHz (cellular basestation-to-mobile) band and the 864-868 MHz (SMR) band. The frequency bandsshowing the least usage in all cities were the 901-902 MHz (GPMRS), 1850-1990MHz (Private Fixed Microwave), and the 2400-2483.5 MHz (ISM and Pan 15)bands.

Key words: measured band usage; measured frequency usage; PCS; Personal CommunicationServices; received signal level; spectrum usage

1. INTRODUCTION

The Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS) and Telesis Technology Laboratory,Inc. (TTL), a subsidiary of Pacific Telesis Group, have entered into a cooperative researchagreement under the provisions of the Federal Technology Transfer Act (pITA) of 1986. Aspart of this agreement, ITS is assisting TTL in accomplishing the channel characterizationportion of the TTL Personal Communications Services (PCS) Experimental License Project.The channel characterization work over radio paths anticipated for PCS use is currently underway and includes measurements of spectrum usage, noise, signal strength, and delay spread.This report discusses the ITS field experiment to measure spectrum usage in several potentialPCS frequency bands in the 600 to 2600 MHz range in five cities in the United States··. Thespectrum usage measurements over this frequency range will provide information to assist theFCC in determining what frequency bands are suitable for PCS and whether PCS can sharespectrum with current users.

* The authors are with the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, NationalTelecommunications and Information Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder,Colorado 80303.

** Funding for the spectrum usage measurements was provided by ITL.

Section 2 of this report outlines the reasons for making the spectrum usage measurementsand discusses the measurement strategy. In Section 3, the software and hardware used in themeasurement system are detailed. A system block diagram is shown as well as photographs ofthe measurement van and the equipment. The measurement procedure is described in Section4. In this sec1J.on, the calibration method, antenna system test, and typical steps followed tomake a measurement at a site are presented. Section 5 shows how the data were analyzed anddiscusses the three types of graphs used to present and summarize the datao The signal levelgraph shows minimum, maximum, and mean received signal levels (RSLs) at each measuredfrequency. The measured frequency usage and measured band usage graphs provide informationon the geographic variations of RSL in a given city. Section 6 describes how to interpret thedata. This includes a discussion of receiver detector types and resolution bandwidths as well asother factors that affect the measured data. In sections 7 through 11, the processed data fromeach city is presented via the signal level, measured frequency usage, and measured band usagegraphs. A comparison of the data between all of the cities is given in Section 12. Section 13provides a summary and some conclusions.

2

2. OBJECTIVES AND MEASUREMENT STRATEGY

The basic objective in the spectrum usage measurements is to determine the relativedegree of current spectrum usage for all frequency bands listed in the TTL PCS ExperimentalLicense. These frequency bands, which are grouped according to service, ar~ shown in Table2.1. The results of these measurements should assist in determining which frequency bandsshow potential for PCS and which frequency bands show no potential.

Table 2.1 Individual Frequency Bands Grouped According to Service

I Frequency Range I Type of Service I614-806 MHz UHF-TV

824-849 MHz Cellular869-894 MHz

849-851 MHz Air-to-ground894-896 MHz

864-868 MHz Specialized MobileRadio (SMR)

901-902 MHz General Purpose Mobile930-931 MHz Radio Service (GPMRS)940-941 MHz

902-928 MHz Industrial, Scientific,and Medical (ISM),Part 15, AutomaticVehicle Location,

Amateur Radio

1850-1990 MHz Private FixedMicrowave

2110-2130 MHz Common Carrier2160-2180 MHz Fixed Microwave

2400-2483.5 MHz ISM, Part 15

A complete characterization of spectrum usage would require a measurement programsufficiently extensive to provide significant information on time and location statistics. Ideally,this would have included measurements at many sites, each lasting long enough to getinformation on diurnal and other temporal patterns. Because of the need to constrain the sizeof the measurement effort, the measurement program was designed to get the information thatseemed to be most important.

3

Point-to-point microwave band's seem attractive to some PCS proponents for sharing withPCS. Prior to making the measurements it was assumed that the usage in the microwave bandswould change only slowly with time, but that the highly directional antennas would cause usageto change rapidly as a function of geographic location. Similarly, the low power and lowantenna height used by proposed PCS systems would cause PCS usage to be localized--thereforealso a strong function of geographic location. It was expected that the UHF-TV bands wouldbe quite constant with time. The cellular telephone and mobile bands were expected to be astrong function of time and location, but it was also expected that most of these bands would bevery busy (and, therefore, less likely to be suitable for sharing with PCS).

The preceding assumptions led to the conclusion that geographic factors would be moreimportant than temporal factors. Therefore, these measurements were designed to provide anextensive sampling of various geographic locations, using a measurement system that wouldencounter radio signals in about the same way that future PCS users would.

Measurements were taken in five cities: Dallas, Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, andSan Francisco. To select sites within a city, a grid was placed about the center of the city. A5 x5 square grid with five mile spacing between grid lines was used. Sites were selected at theintersection points and center point of the grid. This yielded a total of 37 measurement sites percity. The actual measurements were made at locations within a one mile radius of the gridintersection points and center point. For some cities it was not practical to adhere to this squaregrid (e.g., some of the Chicago sites were located in Lake Michigan). In these cases the gridwas extended in appropriate directions to generate new sites. In general, the new sites wereselected to be spaced five miles apart just like the sites selected from the original square grid.

The measurements were made with a small van, using an omnidirectional verticallypolarized rooftop antenna. Due to the large number of sites per city, it was only possible tomake measurements at each site for about 30 minutes. This, while not allpwing enough timeto develop good temporal statistics on the received signals at each site, still accomplished theobjective of providing good statistics of the geographic variability. The measurements weregenerally taken between 7 AM and 9 PM. The 14 individual frequency bands listed in Table2.1 were grouped into five measurement frequency bands in order to be measured in a uniformand efficient manner. The five measurement frequency bands were: 614-806 MHz, 824-944MHz, 1850-1994 MHz, 2110-2182 MHz, and 2400-2600 MHz.

The measurements were made with a spectrum analyzer system (described in more detailin the next sections), using three sets of measurement parameters. These parameters aredescribed as follows:

narrowband:wideband:peak:

10 kHz bandwidth, 3 kHz video filter, sampling detector300 kHz bandwidth, 10 kHz video filter, sampling detector300 kHz bandwidth, 3000 kHz video filter, peak detector.

All frequencies were measured with each set of parameters. Table 2.2 summarizes themeasurement system parameters used along with the measured frequencies.

4

Table 2.2 Measurement System Parameters and Frequencies

Measurement Frequency Frequency Span Resolution VideoBW Number of SweepNumber Band (MHz) per Scan (MHz) BW (kHz) (kHz) Scans per Band Detector Time

/c)'c.· ...... < (msec)

1 614-806 6 10 3 32 Sampling 500

2 1850-1994 6 10 3 24 Sampling 500

3 2110-2182 6 10 3 12 Sampling 500

4 824-944 6 10 3 20 Sampling 500

5 2300-2600 6 10 3 50 Sampling 500

6 614-806 192 300 10 1 Sampling 200

7 824-944 120 300 10 1 Sampling 100

8 1850-2182 166 300 10 2 Sampling 200

9 2300-2600 150 300 10 2 Sampling 200

10 614-806 192 300 3000 1 Peak 50

11 824-944 120 300 3000 1 Peak 50

12 1850-2182 166 300 3000 2 Peak 50

13 2300-2600 150 300 3000 2 Peak 50

Ideally, one would like to make measurements with a bandwidth as close as possible tothe bandwidth of the PCS system. Since that bandwidth was not known, the selection ofmeasurement parameters was made to cover the range of likely bandwidths and to show as muchas possible about the actual use of the spectrum. The narrowband data was expected to give themost detailed information and the best measurement sensitivity for weak signals. It is closestto the bandwidth of the actual audio channel of a PCS system. However, the narrowbandmeasurements also required the most time to complete. The wideband measurements werecloser in bandwidth to proposed time-division multiple access (TDMA) systems. They requiredmuch less time to measure, but they were 15 dB less sensitive to weak signal levels. The peakmeasurements were .included to detect impulsive signals (e.g., radars and automobile ignitionnoise) which might bother PCS systems without sufficient error correction. Also, the possibilityof interference from PCS to radar systems might prevent sharing in a given band. The peakmeasurements were about 25 dB less sensitive to weak signals than the narrowbandmeasurements.

Examples of measurements made with narrowband, wideband, and peak parameters areshown and discussed in the Data Interpretation section (Section 6). Most of the data analysiswas performed using the narrowband data. This gives the best information on weak signals, buttends to indicate less spectrum usage than the wideband or peak data. This effect is furtherdiscussed in Section 6.

Referring to Table 2.2, at each site measurements 1 to 13 were taken initially and thenmeasurements 4 to 13 were repeated 4 more times. This scheme achieved the objective of

5

measuring frequency bands that were believed to have constant signals only once (for each ofthe three sets of measurement parameters) while providing relatively independent time samplesof data (approximately five minutes apart) in the bands in which signals were expected to bekeyed on and off.

6

3. :MEASURE:MENT SYSTEM

The Spectrum Usage Measurement System is one of a family of computer-controlled rfmeasurement systems at ITS whose software allows the user to configure the receiver from auser interface (set of menus). The minirrHlm required hardware for these measurement systemsincludes a programmable spectrum analyzer, personal computer, and computer interface (GPIB)card. The Spectrum Usage Measurement System measures rf signals in the 600 to 2600 MHzfrequency range. It is installed in a mini-van and uses a portable generator to supply power tothe equipment. An omni<;lirectional receive antenna is mounted on standoffs approximately onefoot above the roof of the vehicle. A photograph of the measurement van is shown in Figure3.1.

3.1 Software

The measurement system software is configured so that custom, automated measurementscan be set up and performed in either an unattended or attended mode. The software runs underthe DOS operating system and has a user interface with real-time graphics capability. Thissoftware provides the capability of performing noise diode calibrations of the system, automatedand manual mode measurements, data archiving, and analysis. The software can be used tomake a wide variety of rf measurements. Some of the measurements that have been made withthis software include wide dynamic range (140 dB) radar measurements, ISM and Part 15 deviceemission measurements, pulse shape and modulation measurements, spectrum usagemeasurements, and delay spread propagation measurements.

3.2 Hardware

A block diagram of the system hardware used in the Spectrum Usage MeasurementSystem is shown in Figure 3.2. A wideband vertically polarized biconical omnidirectionalantenna with an average gain of 0 dBi (measured) is used. The received signal travels to a fourport coaxial switch which is used to select the bandpass filter and amplifier path or the straightthrough path. The four-port coaxial switch and the switches inside the rf preselector arecoordinated by the software to switch according to the frequency range in which themeasurements are being made. When measurements are being taken between 1500 and 2600MHz, the discrete bandpass filter/amplifier path (controlled by the four-port coaxial switch) isselected and the YIG tracking filter/amplifier path in the rf preselector is bypassed. Whenmeasurements are being taken between 600 and 1500 MHz, the discrete bandpass filter/amplifierpath is bypassed and the YIG filter/amplifier path in the rf preselector is selected.

The discrete bandpass filter is a 21-pole filter and has a passband from 1500 to2600 MHz. This filter has a sharp rolloff on both the high and low frequency ends and givesgreater than 45 dB of attenuation between dc and 1350 MHz and between 2700 and 4000 MHz.This filter is included to minimize potential intermodulation distortion from strong signalsoutside the 1500 to 2600 MHz frequency band (especially L-Band and S-Band radars). Thediscrete amplifier following the bandpass filter has a gain of approximately 20 dB with a

7

00

Figure 3.1 Photograph of the Spectrum Usage Measurement Van.

\l7 CalibrationAntenna

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" "r - - - - - - - I

I Daden I

IJCA Technology 1.5-2.6 GHzJCA24-203 BPF I

CalibratorOutput

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Iomega44 MB

BernoulliDisk Drive

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NECPowermatePortable SX

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HP 85685ARF Preselector

Honda EX1000Power Generator

HP 11713A

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+28v DCPwr Supply

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Figure 3.2 Block diagram of the Spectrum Usage Measurement System.

-------- ---- ----------------

maximum noise figure of 4 dB. The YIG filter in the rf preselector has a 3 dB bandwidth ofapproximately 20· MHz. The gain through the YIG filter and amplifier in the rf preselector isapproximately 20 dB.

After the rf preselector,the signal passes through another amplifier. This amplifierprovides 20 dB gain for signals in the whole measurement frequency range (I.e., 600 to 2600MHz). The purpose of this second amplifier is to improve the overall system noise figure byadding enough gain to overdrive the noise of the spectrum analyzer. The signal, after passingthrough this last amplifier, is measured by a programmable spectrum analyzer.

The measurement system is controlled by a portable computer via the G~IB bus. Theattenuator/switch driver, the spectrum analyzer, and the rf preselector are all under GPIBcontrol. The attenuator/switch driver controls the four-port coaxial switch. A 44MB Bernoullidisk drive is used to store each data record taken (one data record corresponds to one scan onthe spectrum analyzer). A printer is included in the system to provide hard copies of noisediode calibrations and sample measurements.

The +28v dc power supply is required to power the noise diode. The noise diode usedhas an excess noise ratio (ENR) of 25 dB which allows the noise figure measurement to beperformed on the system. A photograph of the measurement system installed in the van isshown in Figure 3.3.

10

--------------------- ---- ------------------------------------

11

4. l\1EASUREl\1ENT PROCEDURE

The measurement procedure section is divided into subsections on the noise diodecalibration, the antenna system test, and the measurement and data collection process at eachmeasurement site.

4.1 Noise Diode Calibration

A noise diode calibration procedure was performed twice a day while the system was inthe field making measurements. The procedure consisted of manually disconnecting the antennafeed cable at the antenna output connector and manually connecting a 25 dB ENR noise diodeto the end of the antenna feed cable. The measurement system software allowed for a semiautomated noise diode calibration. By selecting spectrum analyzer calibration from the set ofmenus in the measurement system software, the Y-factor method (using on and off noise diodepower) of calculating system noise figure was implemented.· Along with system noise figure,the system gain was also determined. The system noise figure was computed at the antennaoutput terminals while the overall system gain was computed from the antenna output terminalsthrough the spectrum analyzer. The system noise figure, system amplitude correction (inverseof system gain), and system noise level (in a 1 Hz bandwidth) vs frequency were displayed onthe computer screen. The system operator compared these calibration curves to the initialcalibration curves of the measurement system to determine whether the system was operatingproperly. If the system was operating properly, the calibration curves were saved to disk andthe system noise figure and the system amplitude correction plots were printed out. Thecalibration curves were used in two different ways. For each frequency measured, the amplitudecorrection values were added to the RSL obtained from the spectrum analyzer to get the actualRSL at the antenna output terminals. Additionally, for every record of data stored (i.e., forevery frequency scan of the spectrum analyzer) the average noise figure, system noise level ina 1 Hz bandwidth, and amplitude correction were recorded. These parameters were used toprovide an additional check of the data integrity.

Figure 4.1 shows a typical system noise figure vs frequency plot from a noise diodecalibration. Note that the system noise figure from 600 to 1000 MHz is always below 13 dBwhile the system noise figure from 1850 to 2600 MHz is always below 11 dB and is around 8dB on the average. The transition at 1500 MHz occurs because the front end of themeasurement system changes at this frequency. Figure 4.2 shows a typical system amplitudecorrection vs frequency plot from a noise diode calibration. From this plot, the gain of thesystem from 600 to 1000 MHz is approximately 36 dB while the gain from 1850 to 2600 MHzvaries from about 26 to 36 dB.

4.2 Antenna System Test

The antenna system test was performed once a day before measurements commenced.This procedure entailed mounting a short monopole calibration antenna on the roof of the minivan a fixed distance away from the omnidirectional receive antenna. The calibration antennawas connected to the Calibrator Output port of the HP 8562A Spectrum Analyzer. The

12

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1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600

FREQUENCY (MHz)

Figure 4.1 Typical system noise figure vs frequency 0

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600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600,

FREQUENCY (MHz)

Figure 4.2 Typical system amplitude correction vs frequency.

Calibrator Output was a comb generator output producing a 300 MHz calibration signal and itsharmonics. The RSL was measured with the measurement system at the harmonics between 600and 2400 MHz. The RSL vs frequency plot (antenna system test plot) was then compared toa baseline antenna system test plot that was made during system development testing. This testwas used exclusively to verify that the antenna and bulkhead connector cabling were workingproperly and was primarily qualitative in nature. Large differences in RSL seen between thepresent and baseline antenna system test plots would point to a malfunction or degradation in theantenna itself or the bulkhead connector cabling. When using this test, care was taken to ensurethat ambient interfering signals were not present. By disconnecting the calibration antenna fromthe Calibrator Output and repeating the same measurement, the ambient signal environment wasmeasured. The results of the antenna system test were not printed, saved, or used in systemgain calibration. Before actually starting to make the spectrum usage measurements, thecalibration antenna was removed from the roof of the mini-van.

4.3 Measurement and Data Collection Process at Each Location

The same procedure was followed at each location to make the measurements. Upon firststarting out in the morning, the power generator was started and all of the equipment was turnedon to allow sufficient time for the equipment to warm up. The rf preselector was the mostsensitive piece of equipment with respect to warm up time and required at least 30 minutes towarm up. The equipment was kept running continuously throughout the day to ensure that theequipment was always warmed up during a measurement. The equipment was turned off onlyto refuel the generator.

After arriving at a location, the measurement software was initiated and the logisticsinformation was entered. Specifically, the latitude and longitude, name of the city, locationzoning cl~ssification (Le., urban, suburban, and rural), t,est location number, and street addresswere entered. Additional information entered was the test type (spectrum usage), the testnumber (usually" 1" unless the measurement was repeated at the same site), and any comments.All of this information was recorded with each data record. Each data record corresponds toone scan of the spectrum analyzer.

Following the logistics information, the beginning file number was incremented and therecord number was re-initialized. The Bernoulli disk drive was then checked to ensure that thecorrect formatted disk was in the drive. At this time, the automated measurements were startedvia the measurement system software. The current date and time were displayed on thecomputer screen along with information specific to the measurement (such as whether or notunattended hard copy or recording was on). This information was checked for accuracy whilethe data began to be recorded. As the data were being taken, the spectrum analyzer screenshowed the data that were being recorded. The data being taken were observed to be sure thatvalid signals were being measured and to check for system saturation. After all measurementshad been tak,en at a location, the recorded data were checked for validity by looking at a few ofthe first and last data records that were taken at that location.

15

Location zone classification

The location zone classification was determined according to the following rules: Ifsurrounding buildings in a location were spaced more closely than one building per 1/4 mile thenthe location was classified as either suburban or urban. The urban classification required thesurrounding buildings to be at least four stories in height If surrounding buildings were lessthan four stories in height then the location was classified as suburban. The rural classificationwas used when buildings were spaced at least 1/4 mile apart. These rules for choosing locationzones were established to be easily implemented by field personnel in a consistent manner andto distinguish zones that would exhibit significant differences in propagation effects.

16

s. DATA ANALYSIS

The raw data taken at each site within a city consists of RSLs (in dBm) for eachfrequency. measured. The data analysis entails processing these ow data to develop threedifferent types of statistics. These statistics are then presented in graphical form. The threetypes of graphs that are generated are listed below:

1. Signal level:

2. Measured frequency usage:

3. :Measured band usage:

This graph shows the minimum, maximum, and meanRSL vs frequency.

This graph displays the percentage of sites where theRSL at a frequency never exceeded a threshold duringthe measurements.

This graph shows the percentage of sites for whicha given percentage (or more) of the frequencies inthe band have RSLs that never exceeded the selectedthreshold during the measurements.

The Ilarrowbandraw data (10 kHz .resolution bandwidth) are used in generating thesegraphs. The mirrowband data were selected chiefly to take advantage of the lower noise floor,which allowed the reliable measurement of weaker signals. The signal level and measuredfrequency usage graphs are presented for each of the five measurement frequency bands: 614806 MHz,.824-944 MHz, 1850-1994 MHz, 2110-2182 MHz, and 2400-2600 MHz. Themeasured band usage graphs are presented for each of the 14 individual frequency bands listedin:Table2.1.

Signal level

The signal level graphs show RSLs across an entire measurement frequency band. Theseplots show minimum, maximum, and mean signal levels at each frequency as measured at allsites in the city. The frequency scale on these graphs is highly compressed, since some of thesegraphs contain as many as 20,000 measured frequency points. Even though much of the detailis not observable, the intended function of the signal level graphs is to provide a qualitative viewofsignals, not a quantitative one. Therefore, it is not important that the data are too compressedto clearly show the details. However, the graph gives a strong impression as to how the signalsare grouped in the band and whether the usage is heavy, random, etc.

The top graph in Figure 5.1 shows an example signal level graph for the 824-944 MHzfrequency band using the narrowband data. The maximum RSL curve shows much activity andstrong signals (up to -45 dBm) for the 824-849 MHz, 851-866 MHz, 869-894 MHz, 929-932MHz, and 935-940 MHz frequency ranges. The mean RSL curve suggests that the signals inthe 824-849 MHz band were detected at only a few of the sites while the signals in the 851-866MHz, 869-894 MHz, 929-932 MHz, and 935-940 MHz frequency ranges were detected at aconsiderable number of sites.

17

I CELLULAR I I CELLULAR I IPART 15, ISM I

944

944

934

934

924

924

914

914

904

904

874 884 894

FREQUENCY (MHz)

874 884 894

FREQUENCY (MHz)

864

864

854

854

844

844834

100

90

80

70

60

50

40 .-

30 .-

20 ._

10 .-

o I I , " I

824 834

~L •

-40

:: II ,II-IJ'llwi I-80

-90

·100

·110

:::~~~'~f~;~824

Ero:g.

m~~(!l

Cii

~jjjoWa:

...J

~...Jo<..JZQClJ:Ciiffl0a:WJ:~1W(/)00Wwa:wwOffi~J:a:3w(/)(ijWz!::(/)

LLQ

#.

.....00

Figure 5.1 Example signal level (top) and measured frequency usage (bottom) plots for 824-944 MHz.

Measured frequency usage

The measured frequency usage graphs show the percentage of sites where a frequencywas unused l during the measuremen,t.,periods. These graphs are produced for six thresholds(-115 dBm to -90 dBm in 5 dB steps) and contain data from all sites in the city. Note that thelowest curve on each graph corresponds to the -115 dBm threshold while the highest curvecorresponds to the -90 dBm threshold. As the threshold is raised, more sites will have RSLsthat never exceed the threshold. The curves corresponding to each threshold may overlap butcan never cross each other. In other words, a curve corresponding to a lower threshold cannever exceed a curve corresponding to a higher threshold.

The frequency scale here, as in the signal level graph, is over the entire measurementfrequency band. The large number of data points obscures many of the details but the graph isonly intended to give a qualitative view of the data. The measured frequency usage graph isplaced on the same page with the corresponding signal level graph, which allows an easiercomparison between the two.

An example of a measured frequency usage plot using the narrowband data is given inthe bottom graph of Figure 5.1. At 80 % to 90 % of the sites, most of the frequencies in the824-849 MHz band were apparently unused. Conversely, at less than 10% of the sites, mostof the frequencies in the 851-866 MHz, 929-932 MHz, and 935-940 MHz frequency ranges wereapparently unused. Note that for this example and most of the measured frequency usage plotsusing the narrowband data, the curves corresponding to the different thresholds cannot bedistinguiShed. The curve corresponding to the -115 dBm threshold does show up as the lowestcurve though.

Measured band usage

The measured band usage graphs show the percentage of sites that had a certainpercentage or more of the frequency band unused2 during the measurement periods. Thesegraphs show the distribution of the percentage of each band that is unused over the various sitesand are intended as the major quantitative output for this measurement experiment. For the

1 For the purposes of this report, a frequency is considered unused if the RSLs at thatfrequency never exceeded a given threshold during the measurements. Note that this connotationonly applies to the time at which the measurements were made, thus at other times the frequencycould have been in use. Note also that a frequency considered to be unused in this report doesnot indicate that any system deployed at that frequency will not experience or cause interference.This would require a detailed Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) analysis which is beyondthe scope of this report.

2 For the purposes of this report, the percentage of frequency band (or band) unused meansthe percentage of frequencies in the band whose RSLs never exceeded the selected thresholdduring the measurements. A high percentage of the band unused is not an indication of thelikelihood of a regulatory allocation change.

19

measured band usage graphs, the five measurement bands used in the signal level and measuredfrequency uSCige graphs are divided into the 14 individual frequency bands listed in Table 2.1.

For each of the 14 individual frequency bands, there are 4 graphs--one for each of thesite zoning categories: urban, suburban, rural, and all sites combined. Each of the graphscontain data on the percentage of sites (for all sites in the particular zoning category) that havemore than a particular percentage of frequencies unused in the band. Six thresholds (-115 dBmto -90 dBm in 5 dB steps) are used in generating the measured band usage graphs.

As in the measured frequency usage graphs, note that the lowest curve on each graphcorresponds to the -115 dBm threshold while the highest curve corresponds to the -90 dBmthreshold. As the threshold is raised, more frequencies in the band will have RSLs that neverexceed the threshold. The curves corresponding to each threshold may overlap but can nevercross each other (even though they may appear to cross on some graphs). In other words, acurve corresponding to a lower threshold can never exceed a curve corresponding to a higherthreshold. The curves in the measured band usage graphs may be relatively coarse, since theindividual zoning categories may contain only a few sites. If there are only four urban sites, forexample, the site percentage can only change in 25 % increments. The data were processed forband usage using 1% steps of the percentage of the band unused. Therefore, when it is statedin this report that none of the band was unused, it really means that less than 1% of the bandwas unused.

An example of these plots using the narrowband data for the 869-894 MHz frequencyband is shown in Figure 5.2. Referring to the plot for urban sites in Figure 5.2, note that forthe -110 dBm threshold 50% of the urban sites in the 869-894 MHz frequency band had at least37% of the band unused. For the -115 dBm threshold, 50% of the urban sites had at least 21 %of the band unused. Considering the -105 dBm threshold, 75% of all sites had at least 57% ofthe band unused. Conversely, 25 % of all sites had less than 57% of the band unused. Asexpected, when the threshold is increased, more of the band appears unused. Another intuitiveobservation is that as a smaller percentage of the sites is considered more of the band appearsunused.

20

90

0 80Z~O 70z-I-0en:I: 60wen-wua:Z:I: 50wI-5~ 40woa:-Iu.wu.a:l 300~ 20

10

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30 : I .

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10 r· ..···r··l········..····;··_····..······,·..·······_;.··········..·,··········_,···-········,··_..·..····,·_..·..·····1Ol...l....I-......._I....o.....I-......._I....o...........J............:"-'--I

o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% OF LOCATONS FOR WHICH ORDINATEVALUE IS MET OR EXCEEDED

i -

o : I I I

o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% OF LOCATJONS FOR WHICH ORDINATEVALUE IS MET OR EXCEEDED

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o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% OF LOCATIONS FOR WHICH ORDINATEVALUE IS MET OR EXCEEDED

I ALL SITES

'==~===============1100 ~

80

70

60 1- """"&....................... l, ·.. ·· ..····· ·, ·· "'1:: l

50 t- , ·........ "..·........·..·..c··......·· ..··· ··· ..··..·.. ·· ..· 1·..·....··········· ·..····· "....j40 /- , , ""'''''' "'> "-:1

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10 1--... ;....................................... ;......... ·l

Q'--'-'-'-.........__.l..--'--'-""'"""""--'--'--'-J... ....i..........

o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Figure 5.2 Example measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for 869-894 MHz.

21

6. DATA INTERPRETATION

The previous section discussed how the analysis graphs are to be understood in terms ofthe input data and the analysis process. The discussion of data analysis in Section 5 and the datapresented in Sections 7-12 of this report are ·restricted to the narrowband data; the broadbandand peak data described in Section 2 show a different picture. This section discussesadjustments to the narrowband analysis data that may be needed to make it apply more

o accurately to the problem of describing the PCS radio environment, especially if the PCS systemuses bandwidths larger than 10 kHz.

As an example of the different analysis results that can be obtained with the use ofdifferent measurement parameters, consider the measurements obtained in Dallas in the 614-806MHz (UHF-TV) band. Comparable data exist for the other cities as well, and they show similarresults. Figure 6.1 shows the signal level graphs using the narrowband, wideband, and peakmeasurement parameters for the UHF-TV band. As presented in Section 2, the narrowband,wideband, and peak measurement parameters are described as follows:

narrowband:wideband:peak:

10 kHz bandwidth, 3 kHz video fIlter, sampling detector300 kHz bandwidth, 10kHz video fIlter, sampling detector300 kHz bandwidth, 3000 kHz video fIlter, peak detector.

Each of the three signal level graphs in Figure 6.1 show measurement results which appeardifferent, even though all of them are accurate representations of the data. The middle line(mean signal) on each graph shows system noise at frequencies where there is no signal. Acomparison of these graphs shows that the average narrowband noise is near -124 dBm, theaverage broadband noise is about -110 dBm, and the average peak noise is about -100 dBm (notethe different RSL scale on the narrowband graph). The 14 dB difference between thenarrowband and the wideband measurements is due to the difference in bandwidths, and is veryclose to the 10 log bandwidth ratio for a 30: 1 change in bandwidth (10 log 30 = 14.7 dB). The10 dB change between the wideband and peak measurements is due to the peak weighting of therandom system noise characteristics.

Although the different levels of system noise are easily explained by theory, they doaffect the weakest signal that the system can measure. Signals that are smaller than the systemnoise are masked by it and cannot be seen. The better sensitivity of the narrowbandmeasurements to detect weak signals was the main reason that the narrowband measurementswere used as the basis for most of the analyses in this report.

The narrowband measurement shows less usage than the wideband measurement; thewideband measurement shows less usage than the peak measurement. This is caused by twoeffects. The "bandwidth convolution" effect makes any signal appear at least as wide as thebandwidth used to measure it. For example, the video and audio carriers in the TV signals (thepair of strong signals 4.5 MHz apart in the TV bands) appear to be very narrow in thenarrowband graphs and much wider in the wideband and peak graphs. The increase in apparentsystem noise level for the wideband and peak graphs (discussed two paragraphs earlier) alsoincreases the level of usage. Since the thresholds used in the measured frequency usage andmeasured band usage graphs ranged from -115 to -90 dBm in 5 dB steps, the average system

22

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FREQUENCY (MHz)

734 754 714 794

794

794

714

714

754

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FREQUENCY (MHz)

874854

654

634

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614 634

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iii

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Figure 6.1 Comparison of signal level gl'aphs using narrowband (top), wideband (middle),and peak (bottom) measurement parameters.

noise for wideband (-110 dBm) and peak measurements (-100 dBm) is actually larger than someof the thresholds. In these cases, system noise alone will cause the frequency to indicate highusage a high percentage of the time.

It is evident from the signal level graphs in Figure 6.1 that some intermodulationdistortion from the video and audio carriers of the UHF-TV signals has occurred. The trackingYIG filter in the rf preselector was used to minimize the potential for intermodulation distortion.The YIG had a bandwidth of about 20 MHz so two strong signals (like the video and audiocarriers of the UHF-TV signal) could still produce this undesirable effect. The only band in themeasured data where intermodulation distortion was apparent was in the UHF-TV band.

The narrowband, wideband, and peak measured frequency usage graphs for the UHF-TVband are shown in Figure 6.2. Although these graphs look superficially similar, a closerinspection will reveal differences. It is known that the lowest curve will be for the -115 dBmthreshold while the highest curve will be for the -90 dBm threshold, a total of six curves.Therefore, looking at the wideband measured frequency usage graph, one notes that the tracenear the "0% of sites" line is actually the -110 dBm line. The -115 dBm line is invisible lyingalong the bottom edge of the graph. By looking at the wideband signal level graph in Figure6.1, note that the minimum RSL is always greater than -115 dBm. Hence, it makes sense that0% of the sites had RSLs that never exceeded -115 dBm. With the peak measured frequencyusage graph, the -115 dBm, -110 dBm, and -105 dBm lines are all invisible lying along thebottom edge of the graph. Also, by looking at the peak signal level graph in Figure 6.1, notethat the minimum RSL was always greater than -105 dBm. Therefore, it makes sense that 0%of the sites had RSLs that never exceeded -105 dBm.

Figure 6.3 contains the narrowband, wideband, and peak measurement versions of themeasured band usage graphs for the UHF-TV band at all Dallas sites. These graphs clearlyshow the effect of the higher receiver noise levels for the wideband and peak graphs. Note thatthe graph for the narrowband case shows six curves corresponding to the six different thresholds.The graphs for the wideband and peak cases show only five and three curves respectively. Thehigher system noise causes all frequencies at the lower thresholds (-115 dBm for the widebandcase and -115, -110, and -105 dBm for the peak case) to be completely used at all of the sites.Additionally, the higher system noise causes an unrealistically high percentage of band usage forthe -110 dBm threshold in the wideband case and the -100 dBm threshold in the peak case. Thebandwidth convolution effect causes more usage to be indicated at the higher thresholds for thewideband and peak measurements. This phenomenon is illustrated by considering the -90 dBmthreshold curves on the measured band usage graphs. 50 % of the sites have at least 99 %, atleast 94 %, and at least 87% of the band unused for the narrowband, wideband, and peak cases,respectively.

A proper use of this data suggests that the influence of system noise on usage should beignored as much as possible. The bandwidth convolution effect, on the other hand, could beused to scale usage to the actual bandwidth used in a proposed pes system.

24

7114

7114

7114

774

774

774

754

754

154

734

734

734

894 714

FREQUENCY (14Hz)

894 714

FREQUENCY (MHz)

894 714

fREQUENCY (14Hz)

674

874

874

654

ll54

ll54

634

834

634

!pi rrw ..." I I'T. vni\ r1l ~ 1M fror .. u

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10

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.. .. IY'WCf'"'R lV'V"'W,\"OGlO V"W UVn V"'/ 0'"lJ "fOrII'M 1fVIII'wn'l 10"0~ "tl ! , .100 ~ n hPi'f V VW"i 0"'1\1' fi11'Ivg' 0 r ,0 fifilm ..mJ3~ ~ .00

100

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50

40

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9~o~:t:off)~~llJl-lrl§a: wlI!uw1ljh13Gil::ZUlLL0l/l

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Figure 6.2 Comparison of measured frequency usage graphs using narrowband (top), wideband (middle),and peak (bottom) measurement parameters.

oL...~~~I::::I:::::::~J.........J..................J

a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


I WIDE BAND100

90

e 80Z<a:le 70z...J-0(f.)J: 60W(f.)-wUa:zJ: 50wI-53: 40woa::...Ju..w

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oo 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


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100

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c 80z<a:lQ 70z...J-0(f.)::t: 60W(f.)-wOa:zJ: 50wI-5?; .40WOCC..Ju..w

30u.,a:l0~ 20

10

PEAK

•

•r-=

'~- e---. - -i

.~.

i ·i I· .

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.

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a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


90

e 80Z

cae 70z...J-0(f.)J: 60W(f.)-wUa:zJ: 50wI-53: 40woa:...Ju..w

30u..a:l0~ 20

10

Figure 6.3 Comparison of measured band usage graphs using narrowband,wideband, and peak measurement parameters.

26

Receivers and transmitters

When trying to discover the aITl0unt of radio spectrum unused, a measurement of existingsignals indicates what local transmitters are operating that could interfere with a PCS signal.However, additional frequency use can also be prohibited because of local receivers that mightreceive interference from a PCS signal. In a band where equal numbers of transmitters andreceivers are tuned to different frequencies, for example, one might claim that the frequenciesshown as used should be- doubled. This is because the measurements recorded only transmitterusage and the frequencies denied by receivers need to be accounted for also. This effect is nowdiscussed for point-to-point microwave links.

In point-to-point microwave links, the receiver uses the same frequency as thecorresponding transmitter. If the transmitter signals are actually received by the measurementsystem, no additional spectrum is used by the receivers. There is a case, however, whereadditional spectrum usage due to the receivers would not show up in the measurements made inthis experiment. This case occurs when measurements were made in a location where thetransmitted signal was not received by the measurement system but the point-to-point microwavereceiver could be interfered with by a PCS system. If this phenomenon were occurring duringthe measurements, more spectrum would be used than that implied by the measured data. Thedegree to which more spectrum would be used is strictly a function of how often thisphenomenon occurred.

Antenna characteristics

A vertically polarized omnidirectional antenna was used for these measurements. Manysignals, however, are horizontally polarized, and they could have been missed because of thedifferent polarization. In the point-to-point microwave bands, about half of the frequencies aretransmitted with horizontal polarization; the other half are transmitted with vertical polarization.The UHF-TV bands contain predominately horizontally polarized signals, but the LMR andcellular bands contain predominately vertically polarized signals.

Reception of a signal with the "wrong" polarization will result in a lower effectiveantenna gain. In the case of a direct path between the main beam of a microwave antenna andthe measurement antenna, this could cause as much as a 20 dB decrease in effective antennagain. This would cause the signals to appear weaker in the measurements than they actuallywere for as many as half of the signals measured.

On the other hand, most of the measurement sites were not line-of-sight to the microwaveantenna main beam. The signal path to the receiving antenna may have been via reflections ordiffraction paths or may have been line-of-sight to a sidelobe or backlobe of the microwaveantenna. In these cases, the polarization will tend to be scrambled, and there should be littlesystematic effect on the levels of signals received. Overall, it is estimated that 10% to 40 % ofthe horizontally polarized signals might have been missed because of antenna polarization. Thepolarization of antennas to be used in PCS is uncertain although the existing land mobile systemsuse vertically polarized antennas.

27

-------------

Impulsive signals

The peak measurements were made especially to detect impulsive signals, such as radarsand automobile ignition systems. Such signals have the capability to interfere with digitalsystems, but the low duty cycle of impulsive signals would generally let them escape detectionwith the narrowband and wideband systems. The signal level graphs of Figure 6.1 show apervasive noise background that was captured with the peak measurement but does not show upin either the narrowband or wideband measurements. Because of the nature of the peakmeasurement system it was not possible to give any quantitative description of the impulsivenoise. It is, however, probably important to include some additional error correction for digitalcommunication systems operating below 1 GHz.

Indoor transmitters

The measurements in this experiment were made exclusively outdoors. Hence, signalsfrom transmitters operating indoors (such as some ISM and Part 15 devices) appeared weakerthan if the measurements had been made indoors. Therefore, PCS systems operating indoorswould see higher usage in the bands with indoor transmitters (such as the ISM and Part 15bands) than indicated from the measurements taken in this experiment.

Detailed time and frequency usage distributions

The measured usage data reported on here has been analyzed to give a single numberrepresenting a sum of usage at all frequencies in a band, for all locations (and times). A moredetailed knowledge of how that usage is distributed in time, amplitude, frequency, and locationwould be needed to complete an EMC analysis of a proposed system or to design a systemwhich might be the most compatible with the actual usage in a given frequency band.Depending on a detailed knowledge of frequency usage, various techniques of error correction,modulation, real-time frequency selection, or geographical frequency coordination might beselected to give adequate performance in an operational PCS system.

Summary

This section has presented a discussion of modifications which might be desirable to applyto the narrowband measurement results presented in the remainder of the report. The exactnature and extent of these modifications will be dependent on the specifications of the PCSsystem that is being considered. For purposes of brevity and simplicity, only the narrowbanddata is presented in the remainder of this report.

28

7. DALLAS DATA

A map showing the measurement sites in Dallas is shown in Figure 7.1. The map showsthe measurement sites as a one mile radius about each intersection and center point of the siteselection grid. Table 7.1 lists the measurement sites according to their zoning classifications(I.e., urban, suburban, and rural). The definition of these zoning classifications is given inSection 4.3 of this report.

Table 7.1 Categorization of Numbered Measurement Sites in Dallas

Urban Suburban Rural

15 16 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10

8 9 11 12 25 31 32 33

13 14 17 20 35

21 22 23 24

26 27 28 29

30 34 36 37

Table 7.1 shows that approximately 11 % of the sites are urban, 65 % of the sites aresuburban, and 24 % of the sites are rural. The statistics generated for all site types combinedis therefore weighted most heavily by the suburban sites. While extracting information from thedata that are presented here, the distribution of site zoning types must be kept in mind. Due tothe size of the sample set, the statistics generated for suburban sites provide a fairly accuraterepresentation of suburban sites in this city. The statistics generated for the other site types donot provide as good a representation of their site types in this city, due to the more limitedsample size.

For the narrowband measurements, the signal level, measured frequency usage, andmeasured band usage graphs are presented for the five measurement frequency bands: 614-806MHz, 824-944 MHz, 1850-1994 MHz, 2110-2182 MHz, and 2400-2600 MHz. For brevity, thedetailed discussion of the data will consider just the -115 dBm threshold, although occasionallythe results obtained by using different thresholds will be pointed out. In examining the graphs,note that the curves corresponding to the six threshold levels in the measured frequency and bandusage graphs can never cross but they can overlap. The data from all other cities is presentedin later sections and will not be discussed in detail. In the Comparison of Data Between Citiessection, the salient similarities and differences in the data seen from the different cities will bediscussed. Hence, the discussion of the data from Dallas will serve as the basis for comparisonbetween all of the cities.

29

SEAGOVILL.E

RAYHUBBARDLAKE

t~~

MILES 10,

o

5,MILES

tO~ MEASUREMENT'1.,;;1' SITE

o

o,

"oo,...en

oo

ARLINGTON

Figure 7.1 Measurement sites in Dallas.

30

7.1 The 614-806 MHz Measurement Frequency Band

Figure 7.2 shows the signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 614-806MHz (UHF-TV) band.. First considerthe signal level (top) graph in Figure 7.2. Looking at themaximum RSL, it is clear that five strong UHF-TV transmitters were observed in the Dallasmeasurements. The mean RSL provides some additional interesting information. Namely, onlyfour strong UHF-TV transmitters are detectable from the mean RSL curve; channel 55 (716-722MHz) does not show up on the mean RSL curve. This suggests that channel 55 was receivedat only a few of the sites probably because it operates only a few hours a day. Examining themeasured frequency usage (bottom) graph in Figure 7.2 for the frequencies occupied by channel55, approximately 95 % of the sites have those frequencies unused3

• The six thresholds shownon this plot are obscured but the intent of this graph is strictly to get a qualitative picture ofspectrum usage. As expected, the frequencies occupied by the four other strong UHF-TVtransmitters show that few of the sites have those frequencies unused.

Figure 7.3 shows the measured band usage graphs for the 614-806 MHz band. Here allsix thresholds are distinguishable. Considering only the -115 dBm threshold, all urban sites haveat least 91 % of the band unused4, all suburban sites have at least 85% of the band unused, allrural sites have at least 80% of the band unused, and all sites combined have at least 80 % of theband unused. As expected, when the threshold is increased, more of the band appears unused.Another observation is that as a smaller percentage of the sites is considered more of the bandappears unused.

7~2 The 824-944 MHz Measurement Frequency Band

Investigating the signal level graph in Figure 7.4, several interesting facts are noticed.First of all, the maximum RSL curve shows much activity and strong signals for the 824-849MHz, 851-866 MHz, 869-894 MHz, 929-932 MHz, and 935-940 MHz frequency ranges. Themean RSL curve suggests that the signals in the 824-849 MHz band were received at only a fewof the sites. By observing the corresponding measured frequency usage graph in Figure 7.4 forthe 824-849 MHz band, the busiest frequency is unused at approximately 80% of the sites.Conversely, in the 851-866 MHz, 869-894 MHz, 929-932 MHz, and 935-940 MHz frequencyranges, the busiest frequency is unused at 0% of the sites.

Cellular bands

Figure 7.5 shows the measured band usage graphs for the 824-849 MHz band (cellularmobile-to-base station). All of the urban sites have at least 93 % of the frequencies unused whileall rural sites have at least 89 % of the frequencies unused. From Figure 7.5, it is seen that allsites and all of the suburban sites have at least 88 % of the band unused.

3,4 For definitions of unused frequency and the percentage of band unused see page 19.

31

I LJ 1-1 F - "-"V I

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694 714

FREQUENCY (MHz)

694 714

FREQUENCY (MHz)

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654

634

634

100

90

80

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Figure 7.2 Signal level (top) and measured frequency usage(bottom) plots for Dallas 614-806 MHz.

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.Figure 7.3 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for Dallas 614 - 806 MHz.

33

I· CELLULAR I I CELLULAR I IPART 15. ISM I

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Figure 7.5 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for Dallas 824 - 849 MHz.

35

Figure 7.6, the measured band usage graphs for the 869-894 MHz (cellular base-stationto-mobile) band, shows heavy usage. All rural sites have at least 18 % of the band unused whileall suburban sites have at least 8% of the band unused. All urban sites have at least 13 % of theband unused while all sites have at least 8% of the band unused. Note that 50% of all sites haveat least 38% of the frequencies unused.

Clearly, the cellular mobile-to-base station band shows much less usage than the cellularbase station-to-mobile band. This may seem strange because intuition would suggest that themobile-to-base station band would be used as much as the base station-to-mobile band. Cellularis indeed a duplex operation where both channels are used for the duration of the call. Theimportant factor here is that the propagation losses are higher from the typical cellular mobileunit (with a low antenna) to the measurement receiver than from the cellular base station (witha higher antenna) to the measurement receiver. Therefore, the base station signals are seenmuch better than the mobile signals.

Air-to-ground bands

The measured band usage graphs for the 849-851 MHz band are displayed in Figure 7.7.All rural sites show at least 78 % of the band unused. At least 89 % of the band is unused forall suburban sites while at least 58 % of the band is unused for all sites and all urban sites.Inspecting the measured band usage graphs for the 894-896 MHz band shown in Figure 7.8, onefinds most of the frequencies (at least 85%) unused for all of the sites.

SMRband

For the 864-868 MHz band, the measured band usage graphs are presented in Figure 7.9.These graphs ~how quite a bit more band usage ~an in the air-to-ground bands. For all ruralsites at least 20% of the band is unused, for all of the suburban sites at least 53 % of the bandis unused, for all of the urban sites at least 1% of the band is unused, and for all sites at least1% of the band· is unused. It can be deduced from these graphs that one urban site has very fewof the frequencies unused iil the band (less than 1%). Examining the maximum RSL curve onthe signal level graph in Figure 7.4, notice a downward sloping set of signals/noise from 866868 MHz. These signals/noise are above the -115 dBm threshold at one urban site thus causingmost of the band to be used at that site. It is possible that these signals/noise are noisesidebands from a strong transmitter at the urban site.

GPMRS bands

The 901-902 MHz band, whose measured band usage graphs are shown in Figure 7.10,shows low usage. For this band, almost all of the frequencies are unused for all of the sites.

36

-- -- ---- -------------

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41

- -------------------

The measured band usage graphs of the 930-931 MHz band (Figure 7.11) and 940-941MHz band (Figure 7.12) show very similar usage. For all urban sites and all sites, at least 49%of the 930-931 MHz band is unused while at least 41 % of the 940-941 MHz band is unused.For all rural and suburban sites almost all of the frequencies in both bands are unused.

ISM and Part 15 band

The 902-928 MHz band, whose measured band usage graphs are shown in Figure 7.13,shows very similar usage to the 901-902 MHz band (Figure 7.10). For the 902-928 MHz band,almost all of the frequencies are unused for all of the sites.


Figure 7.14 shows the signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 18501994 MHz band. First consider the signal level graph. Looking at the maximum RSL, itappears that a few broadband and several narrowband signals were detected. The highestamplitude signal received in this band was -90 dBm. Since the m-ean RSL curve shows muchlower amplitude signals than th~ maximum RSL curve, it suggests that these signals were presentat most at a few sites. The measured frequency usage graph in Figure 7.14 supports thissuggestion. This graph shows that the busiest frequency is unused at approximately 80 % of thesites. In other words, the signals detected in the signal level graph are in general only detectedat a few sites.

Private fIXed microwave band

The measured band usage graphs for the 1850-1990 MHz band, shown in Figure 7.15,display low usage. Almost all the frequencies in the band are unused at all sites.

42

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45

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Figure 7.15 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for Dallas 1850 - 1990 l\ffiz.

47


From the maximum RSL curve of the signal level graph in Figure 7.16, it is clear thatin this band, like the 1850-1994 MHz band, only a few broadband and several narrowbandsignals were detected. The maximum RSL never exceeded -85 dBm. As in the 1850-1994 MHzband, the mean RSL curve shows much lower amplitude signals than the maximum RSL curve.This, of course, suggests that the signals were received at only a few sites. The measuredfrequency usage graph of Figure 7.16 reveals that the broadband signals in general were seenonly at one site, hence most of the sites had these frequencies unused. For the frequencies thatcorrespond to most of the narrowband signals seen in the signal level graph, 85 % or more ofthe sites had these frequencies unused. For the signals at approximately 2150 and 2154 MHzin the signal level graph, 74% and 44% of the sites had these frequencies unused.

Common carrier microwave bands

Figures 7.17 and 7.18 are the measured band usage graphs for the 2110-2130 MHz and2160-2180 MHz bands respectively. These bands show a very similar low usage. The 21602180 :MHz band shows slightly more usage than the 2110-2130 MHz band. In it, 94% of allthe sites have 98 % or more of the band unused. All of the sites have at least 84 % of the bandunused.

7.5' The 2400-2600 MHz Measurement Frequency Band

Examining the maximum RSL curve of the signal level graph in Figure 7.19 shows whatappears to be a wideband signal around 2400 MHz and many narrowband signals. The meanRSL curve suggests that the narrowband signals from 2500-2600 MHz were present at aconsiderable number of sites and that signals outside of this frequency range were detected atonly a few sites. The measured frequency usage graph shows that the frequencies seen from2500-2600 MHz were unused at as few as 26% of the sites. For signals in the 2400-2500 MHzfrequency range, the busiest frequency was unused at 92 % of the sites.


Figure 7.20, the measured band usage graphs for the 2400-2483.5 MHz band, shows lowusage in this band. For all of the sites, 96 % of the band is unused.

48

ICC MICROWAVE I ICC MICROWAVE I

2180

2180

2170

2170

2160

2160

2140 2150

FREQUENCY (MHz)

2140 2150

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21302120

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90

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Figure 7.17 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for Dallas 2110 - 2130 .MHz.

50

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Figure 7.18 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for Dallas :2160 - 2180 :MHz.

51

I ISM, PART 15 I

2600

2600

2580

2580

2560

2560

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Figure 7.20 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site' types for Dallas 2400 - 2483.5 J\1Hz.

53

8. CmCAGO DATA

A map showing the measurement sites in Chicago is shown in Figure 8.1. The squaregrid was extended here to avoid measurement sites in Lake Michigan. Note that measurementswere taken at 38 sites instead of 37 in Chicago to include an additional urban location. Table8.1 lists the measurement sites according to their zoning classifications (Le., urban, suburban,and rural).

Table 8.1 Categorization of Numbered Measurement Sites in Chicago


2 4 5 25 1 3 6 7 9 10 19 23

8 11 12 13

14 15 16 17

18 20 21 22

24 26 27 28

29 30 31 32

33 34 35 36

37 38

Table 8.1 shows that approximately 10.5% of the sites are urban, 79% of the sites aresuburban, and 10.5 % of the sites are rural. The statistics generated for all site types combinedis therefore weighted most heavily by the suburban sites. While extracting information from thedata that are presented here, the distribution of site zoning types must be kept in mind. Due tothe size of the sample set, the statistics generated for suburban sites provide a fairly accuraterepresentation of suburban sites in this city. The statistics generated for the other site types donot provide as good a representation of their site types in this city, due to the more limitedsample size.

For the narrowband measurements,the signal level, measured frequency usage, andmeasured band usage graphs are presented for the five measurement frequency bands: 614-806MHz, 824-944 MHz, 1850-1994 MHz, 2110-2182 MHz, and 2400-2600 MHz. The data aresimply presented and not discussed in this section. In the Comparison of Data Between Citiessection, the salient similarities and differences in the data seen from the different cities will bediscussed.

54

42.00·

JOLIET

41.50·

ARLINGTONHEIGHTS

ORLAND PARK-®94

...J C 80

...---.. ~::d 2

........(~) ~ ~~)

·0It).....CD

Figure 8.1 Measurement sites in Chicago.

55

----- --------------


Figure 8.2 shows the signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 614-806MHz (UHF-TV) band. The measured band usage graphs for this b2.nd are presented in Figure8.3.


The signal1eve1 and measured frequency usage graphs for the 824-944 MHz band aredisplayed in Figure 8.4. Figures 8.5 through 8.13 display the measured band usage graphs forthe 824-849 MHz, 869-894 MHz, 849-851 MHz, 894-896 MHz, 864-868 MHz, 901-902 MHz,930-931 MHz, 940-941 MHz, and 902-928 MHz bands respectively.


Figure 8.14 shows the signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 18501994 MHz·band. The measured band usage graphs for the 1850-1990 MHz band are presentedin Figure 8.15.


For the 2110-2182 MHz band, the signal level and measured frequency usage graphs areshown in Figure 8.16. Figures 8.17 and 8.18 depict the measured band usage graphs for the2110-2130 MHz and 2160-2180 MHz bands respectively.


The signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 2400-2600 MHz band aredisplayed in Figure 8.19 while the measured band usage graphs are displayed in Figure 8.20 forthe 2400-2483.5 MHz band.

56

I lJ 1-1 F-'-'V' I

794

794

174

174

754

754

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734

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FREQUENCY (MHz)

674

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654

654

634

634

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100

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Figure 8.2 Signal level (top) and measured frequency usage(bottom) plots for Chicago 614 - 806 MHz.

RURAL SITES

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Figure 8.3 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for Chicago 614 - 806 MHz.

58

I CELLULAR I I CELLULAR I IPART 15. ISM I

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Figure 8.8 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,. rural, and all site types for Chicago 894 - 896 MHz.

63

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% OF LOCATONS FOR WHICH ORDINATEVALUE IS MET OR EXCeeDED

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65

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72

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73

I ISM, PART 15 I

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Figure 8.20 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for Chicago 2400 - 2483.5 MHz.

75

9. NEW YORK DATA

A map showing the measurement sites in New York is shown in Figure 9.10 Table 9.1lists the measurement sites according to their zoning classifications (i.e., urban, suburban, andrural).

Table 9.1 Categorization of Numbered Measurement Sites in New York


5 20 22 23 1 2 3 4

30 31 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17

. 18 19 21 24

25 26 27 28

29 32 33 34

35 36 37

Table 9.1 shows that approximately 16% of the sites are urban, 84% of the sites aresuburban, and none of the sites are rural. The statistics generated for all site types combinedis therefore weighted most heavily by the suburban sites. While extracting information from thedata that are presented here the distribution of site zoning types must be kept in mind. Due tothe size of the sample set, the statistics generated for suburban sites provide a fairly accuraterepresentation of suburban sites in this city. The statistics generated for the urban sites do notprovide as good a representation ofall urban sites in this city, due to the more limited samplesize. Note that since none of the sites were rural, the measured band usage graphs for rural siteswill not contain any information.

For the narrowband measurements, the signal level, measured frequency usage, andmeasured band usage graphs are presented for the five measurement frequency bands: 614-806MHz, 824-944 MHz, 1850-1994 MHz, 2110-2182 MHz, and 2400-2600 MHz. The data aresimply presented and not discussed in this section. In the Comparison of Data Between Citiessection, the salient similarities and differences in the data seen from the different cities will bediscussed.

76

40.75°

WHITEPLAINS

QUEENS

10,

o

MILES5,

oo

MILES

~ MEASUREMENT~ SITE

1'::\ NEWARK

~

o,

o40.75°

41.00°

Figure 9.1 Measurement sites in New York.

77


Figure 9.2 shows the signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 614-806MHz (UHF-TV) band. The measured band usage graphs for this band are presented in Figure9.3.


The signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 824-944 MHz band aredisplayed in Figure 9.4. Figures 9.5 through 9.13 display the measured band usage graphs forthe 824-849 MHz, 869-894 MHz, 849-851 MHz, 894-896 MHz, 864-868 MHz, 901-902 MHz,930-931 MHz, 940-941 MHz, and 902-928 MHz bands respectively.


Figure 9.14 shows the signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 18501994 MHz band. The measured band usage graphs for the 1850-1990 MHz band are presentedin Figure 9.15.




The signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 2400-2600 MHz band aredisplayed in Figure 9.19 while the measured band usage graphs are displayed in Figure 9.20 forthe 2400-2483.5 MHz band.

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95

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97-

--~~~--------

10. LOS ANGELES DATA

A map showing the measurement sites in Los Angeles is shown in Figure 10.1. Table10.1 lists the measurement sites according to their zoning classifications (Le., urban, suburban,and rural).

Table 10.1 Categorization of Numbered Measurement Sites in Los Angeles


1 2 3 5 4 10 14 15 28

6 7 8 9 23 24 25 26

11 12 13 16 27 31 32 33

17 18 19 20 34 35 36 37

21 22 29 30

Table 10.1 shows that approximately 54% of the sites are urban, 43% of the sites aresuburban, and 3% of the sites are rural. The statistics generated for all site types combined istherefore weighted most heavily by the urban and suburban sites. While extracting informationfrom the data that are presented here the distribution of site zoning types must be kept in mind.Due to the size of the sample sets, the statistics generated for urban and suburban sites providea fairly accurate representation of these site types in this city. The statistics generated for therural site types may not provide a good representation of all the rural sites in this city, sincethere is only one sample.



Figure 10.2 shows the signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 614-806MHz (UHF-TV) band. The measured band usage graphs for this band are presented in Figure10.3.

98

Q MEASUREMENT~ SITE

o, MILES 5, MILES 10,

GARDENGROVE

Figure 10.1 Measurement sites in Los Angeles.

99

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101


The signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 824-944 MHz band aredisplayed in Figure 10.4. Figures 10.5 through 10.13 display the measured band usage graphsfor the 824-849 MHz, 869-894 MHz, 849-851 MHz, 894-896 MHz, 864-868 MHz, 901-902MHz, 930-931 MHz, 940-941 MHz, and 902-928 MHz bands respectively.





105 The 2400-2600 MHz Measurement Frequency Band

The signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 2400-2600 MHz band aredisplayed in Figure 10.19 while the measured band usage graphs are displayed in Figure 10.20for the 24oo-24835MHz band.

102


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107

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Figure 10.9 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for Los Angeles 864 • 868 MHz.

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----~---~~~-

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100 ;:1===R=U=RA=L=S=IT==E=S==~90 p:ry==.=.......=......""......=...."t.....~......._-._.,----I

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. .

ALL SITES

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a .........J.....o.1-lI--'-J..-o...J.i~"-'-...I.....i....J.... ..................~:...;...:.Jo 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


Figure 10.11 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for Los Angeles 930 - 931l\flIz.

110

..........

•

. •

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, ., ......

· :i I

RURAL SITES

ao 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% OF LOCATIONS FOR WHICH ORDINATeVALUE IS MET OR EXCEEDED

90

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I100

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90

c 80Z<cae 70z...!-0(1):1: 60W(I)-w00::Z:I: 50wI-:::J;:@O 400::....1ILW

30ILID0'#. 20

10

Figure 10.12 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for Los Angeles 940 - 941 :MHz.

111

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70

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o1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930

FREQUENCY (MHz)

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990


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117

I ISM, PART 15 I

2600

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Figure 10.20 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for Los Angeles 2400 - 2483.5 .MHz.

119

11. SAN FRANCISCO DATA

A map showing the measurement sites in San Francisco is shown in Figure 11.1, TableILl lists the measurement sites according to their zoning classifications (Le., urban, suburban,and rural).

Table 11.1 Categorization of Numbered Measurement Sites in San Francisco


1 2 8 9 3 4 5 7 6 12 13 16

24 36 10 11 14 15 17 19 20 21

18 22 23 25 29 32 33 35

26 27 28 30

31 34 37

Table 11.1 shows that approximately 16% of the sites are urban, 51.5% of the sites aresuburban, and 32.5% of the sites are rural. The.statistics generated for all site types combinedis therefore weighted most heavily by the suburban sites. While extracting information from thedata that are presented here the distribution of site zoning types must be kept in mind. Due tothe size of the sample sets, the statistics generated for suburban and rural sites provide a fairlyaccurate representation of all suburban and rural site types in this city. The statistics generatedfor the urban sites do not provide as good a representation of all urban sites in this city, due tothe more limited sample size.



Figure 11.2 shows the signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 614-806MHz (UHF-TV) band. The measured band usage graphs for this. band are presented in Figure11.3.

120

37.50·

SAN JOSE

·0C!C\IC\I-

5,MILES

o MEASUREMENT~ SITE

o,

38.00·

0 I@ 0 ,@

WALNUT

~e 0 e CREEK

~ 34

€) "

Figure 11.1 Measurement sites in San Francisco.

121

I WHF-T'" I

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fREQUENCY (MHz)

674654634

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734 754 774 794

Figure 11.2 Signal level (top) and measured frequency usage(bottom) plots for San Francisco 614 - 806 MHz.

I100


aa 10 20 30 40 so 60 70 80 90 100

% OF LOCATONS FOR WHICH ORDINATEVALUE IS MET OR exCEEDED

, ~~i .......

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ALL SITES

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Figure 11.3 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and all site types for San Francisco 614 - 806 MHz.

123


The signal level and measured frequency usage graphs for the 824-944 MHz band aredisplayed in Figure 11.4. Figures 11.5 through 11.13 display the measured band usage graphsfor the 824-849 MHz, 869-894 MHz, 849-851 MHz, 894-896 MHz, 864-868 MHz, 901-902MHz, 930-931 MHz, 940-941 MHz, and 902-928 MHz bands respectively.




For the 2110-2182 MHz band, the signal level and measured frequency usage graphs areshown in Figure 11.16. Figures 11.17 and 11.18 depict the measured band usage graphs for the2110-2130 MHz and 2160-2180 MHz bands respectively. -


The signal level and measured frequency usage·graphs for the 2400-2600 MHz band aredisplayed in Figure 11.19 while the measured band usage graphs are displayed in Figure 11.20for the 2400-2483.5 MHz band.

124

I CELLULAR I I CELf-ULAR I IPART 15, ISM I

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934

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924

924

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FREQUENCY (MHz>,

864

864

854

854

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844

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834

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80

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139

I ISM, PART 16 I

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. '[

...• .j. "1-· ..

....•;.....

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·.. ·I···H··· .. I........I·I....·;....·

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2480 2500 2520

FREQUENCY (MHz)

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fREQUENCY (MHz)

.__ r IH"IIIII"II'. I III I . .... . ..'IIr'IL.

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50

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30

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~~: ~1)·.i~~f~.~ ••~.;;;~;~~,q••'~1i3;q;iii.ii'i;!iii+"jiiiii~'~: lie. :-:I\':,",",,:,>.\11:-f:~ U:...:' jilt' : ': Ii: .i : ' :2400

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ill~-10<-IZQ{!)J:Ciiffi

~~~~WwO:w

ffi~J:o:::wCI.I{jjWzl::CI.Iu.Q

(/l.

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Figure 11.19 Signal level (top) Im'- measQred frequency usage(bottom) plots for San Francisco 2400 - 2600 MHz.

---~_ ... _-.-. __ ._----

RURAL SITES;

, ;

, : : , :.. ".

,,

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i ;

,; : ,

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90

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10

a '"-................~_...................._10..1.................,.

o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


I URBAN SITES

100

90

Cl 80z<ceo 70Z..J-0cnJ: 60wcn-w0a:Z:r 50~I-O~ 40woa:..Ju.w

30u. ce0

'* 20

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ao 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% OF LOCATIONS FOR- WHICH ORDINATEVALUE IS MET OR EXCEEDED

ALL SITES

~ .......

;

i.

,

;

,

,

I

.

:,

oo 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


I100

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Q 80Z

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SUBURBAN sITesI100

90

Cl 80z~o 70z..J-0cn:r 60wcn-w(,)a:zJ: 50~I-03: 40woa:..Ju.,w

30u.,CD0'#. 20

10

Figure 11.20 Measured band usage plots for urban, suburban,rural, and aU site types for San Francisco 2400 - 2483.5 MHz.

141

u. COMPARISON OF DATA BETWEEN CITIES

In this section a comparison of the data taken from all cities is given. To make thiscomparison, the data from the measured band usage graphs are presented in the form of bargraphs for each frequency band defined in Table 2.1. Each bar graph shows the minimumpercentage of the band unused' at 50%, 90%, and 100% of the sites in each of the five cities.These cities are denoted on the bar graph as DA (Dallas), CH (Chicago), NY (New York), LA(Los Angeles), and SF (San Francisco). The 100% number may be thought of as the percentageof the band that was unused at the busiest site. The 90% number is the percentage of the bandunused at the busiest site after the busiest 10% of the sites have been eliminated. The 50%number is the percentage of the band unused at the typical (median) site (Le., it is the percentageof the band unused at the busiest site after the busiest 50% of the sites have been eliminated).Note that 83 % of the band unused at 100% of the sites does not mean that the same 83 % of thefrequencies were unused at all sites. It means that no less than 83 % of the frequencies wereunused at each site.

Additionally, each bar graph includes averaged data over all of the cities. Three separateaverages are computed: the "50% all-eities average", "90% all-cities average", and "100% allcities average li

• These averages are computed by taking the minimum percentage of the bandunused (for 50%,90% and 100% ofthe sites respectively) in each city individually (as describedin the preceding paragraph) and averaging over all five cities. The -115 dBm threshold is usedin all of the bar graphs. The signal level graphs, shown in previous sections, are referred towhen the information provided. by these graphs adds to understanding the data presented in thebar graphs.


The bar graph comparing the measured band usage between the cities for the 614-806MHz band (UHF-TV) is given in Figure 12.1. This shows that even the busiest site (100% ofsites) in the busiest city (San Francisco) had 73% of the band unused. The 50% all-eitiesaverage shows a minimum of 91 % of the band unused. The large amount of spectrum unusedin this band is due mainly to the UHF-TV "taboos" which prevent adjacent channels from beingassigned in the same geographic area.

5 For definition of the percentage of the band unused see page 19.

142

" "% OF LOCATIONS

0100% .90% .50%/

100QZ 90<lAo 80z~-0 70en:wen 60-11.1Ua:

50z:cWt-

5~ 40~9 30u..w 20&laID0 10~ 0

DA CH NY LA SF ALL

Figure 12.1 Measured band usage for all cities in the 614-806 :MHz band~


Cellular bands,

Figure 12.2 shows the measured band usage in the different cities for the 824-849 MHz(cellular mobile-to-base station) band. Note that the highest usage for all of the sites occurs inSan Francisco where only 28 % or more of the band is unused. The lowest usage for all of thesites occurred in Dallas where at least 88% of the band is unused. The 90% all-cities averageshows a minimum of 86% of the band unused.

%, OF LOCATIONS

0100% .90% .50%1/

ALLSFLANYCHDA

100~-==,,------------------'

908070605040302010O~-

o~IDOz-l-0en:wen-11.1(,)a:z:Wt-

531:~9u. 11.1u. 1Do~

Figure 12.2 Measured band usage for all cities in the 824-849 MHz band.

143

Measured band usage in each city for the 869-894 MHz band (cellular base station-tomobile) is portrayed in Figure 12.3. This band shows high usage; the 100% all-eities averageshows a minimum of only 3% of the band unused. The 50% all-cities average shows aminimum of 33 % of the band unused. The difference in apparent spectrum usage in the twocellular bands occurs because the propagation losses are higher from the typical cellular mobileunit (with a low antenna) to the measurement receiver than from the cellular base station (witha higher antenna) to the measurement receiver. Therefore, the base station signals are seenmuch better than the mobile signals.

%' OF LOCATIONS

0100%- .90% .50%!/

100e----------------------,90E---------------------\80E---------------------\70E---------------------'I60E---------------~-----t

50E--------------------f40E--==----302010

0 .........-DA CH NY LA SF ALL

Figure 12.3' Measured band usage for aU cities in the 869-894·MHz band.

Air-to-ground bands

Figure 12.4 shows the measured band usage in the 849-851 MHz band. The percentageof the band unused in the busiest sites (100% of sites) in Chicago and San Francisco was low(1 % and 10%, respectively), but the 90% all-eities average showed a minimum of 89% of theband unused. This indicated that very few sites showed heavy usage. By examining themaximum RSL curves in the signal level graphs for the 824-944 MHz band in Chicago and SanFrancisco (Figure 8.4 and 11.4 respectively), it appears that either transmitter noise sidebandsor broadband signals are present in the 849-851 MHz band. Since these signals/noise sidebandsare above the -115 dBm threshold, it causes an apparent high usage. Since the mean RSL curvesare not affected much, it can be deduced that these signals/noise sidebands were detected at mostat only a few sites.

144

" "% OF LOCATIONS

0100% .90% .50%1/

100a~ 90ma 80z ....-0 70en:1&.1 en 60-wUa:

50z~au .....40a~;

~9 30II. 1&.1- 20u. lllII0 10'#. 0

DA CH NY LA SF ALL


As seen in Figure 12.5, the 90% all-eities average (showing a minimum of 84% of the894-896 MHz band unused) is very similar to that in the 849-851 MHz band. In the 894-896MHz band for San Francisco, at most a few of the sites showed high usage. Again, thisappeared to be caused by either'transmitter noise sidebands from the adjacent cellular band orby a broadband signal.

% OF LOCATIONS

o 100%.•90% .50%1/

100.:----------------------,908070605040302010O~-

DA CH NY LA SF ALL


145

- - -- ------_. --------

8MR band

The 864-868 MHz band is another band that shows high usage. Studying the bar graphfor measured band usage in Figure 12.6 shows that the busiest sites in each city had only about1% of the band unused. Observing the. maximum RSL curves over the 864-868 MHz band inthe signal level graphs ofFigures 7.4,8.4,9.4, 10.4, and 11.4, transmitter noise sidebands fromadjacent bands or receiver intermodulation from the measurement system that affect band usageis suspected at most at a few sites. Note that the 90% all-eities average shows a minimum of42% of the band unused while the 50% all-eitiesaverage shows a minimum of 57% of the bandunused.

/ /

% OF LOCATIONS

0100% .90% .50%

ALLSFLANYCHDA

100----------------------.90E---------------------180E--------------------I70E---------------605040302010o


GPl\t:IRS bands

From the measured band usage comparison graph for the 901-902 MHz band shown inFigure 12.7, low usage is seen. The 100% all-eities average shows a minimum of 93% of theband unused.

146

% OF LOCATIONS

D 100% .90% .50%./

-';c"

o~alQz ....-0m=wm-wUa:z=w ...5~~9..... w..... l1lio';Ie

100~

9080706050403020100---

DA CH NY LA SF ALL

FIgUre 12.7 Measured band usage for all cities in the 901-902l\tIHz band.

By inspecting the bar graph for the 930-931 MHz band in Figure 12.8, and, the signallevel graphs for each city over the 824-944 MHz band (Figures 7.4, 8.4, 9.4, 10.4, and 11.4),it appears that transmitter noise sidebands or receiver intermodulation distortion from themeasurement system have caused a noticeably high usage at some of the sites in all cities exceptDallas. When considering the 50% all-eities average the band shows low usage (a minimum of96% of the band unused). For 90% ofall sites in each city, Los Angeles and San Franciscohave at least 4% and 8% of the band unused respectively. Chicago and Dallas, on the otherhand, have at least 91% and 96% of the band unused respectively. The 90% all-cities averageshows a minimum of 49% of the band unused.

% OF LOCATIONS

0100% .90% .50%1/

100908070605040302010o~-

DA CH NY LA SF ALL

Figure 12.8 Measured band usage for all cities in the 930-931l\tIHz band.

147

------- ----- -------- ---- -------

Figure 12.9, depieting measured band uSage for the 940-941 MHz band, demonstratesthat for both 50% and 90% of the sites in each city almost all of the band is unused. The signallevel graphs for each city over the 824-944 MHz band (Figures 7.4, 8.4, 9.4, 10.4, and 11.4),display either transmitter noise sidebands from the adjacent land mobile radio band or receiverintermodulation distortion from the measurement system in the 940-941 MHz band for Chicagoand New York. This of course shows up as high band usage for these cities when consideringall of the sites in each city. From Figure 12.9, it seems that the noise sidebands orintermodulation distortion was detected at only a few of the sites in Chicago and New York.

% OF LOCATIONS

0100% .90% .50%/

1009080706050403020to0'"-'--

DA- CH NY LA SF ALL

Figure 12.9 Measured·band usage for all. cities in the 940-941 MHz band.


The 902-928 MHz band, as seen in Figure 12.10 shows relatively low usage. The 100%all-eities average shows a minimum of 89% of the band unused while the 50% all-eities averageshows a minimum of 98 % of the band unused.

148

% OF LOCATIONS

0100% .90% .50%/'

Q

~IDQZ .....-0C'n::CwC'n-WUa:Z::cwI-5~·1.11011:.;:;1&&0 W&&olDo'fit:

100-~

9080706050403020100---

DA CH NY LA SF ALL

Figure 12:10 Measured band usage for all cities in the 902-928 :MHz band•

.12.3 The 1850-1990 MHz Frequency Band

The usage in this band is shown in Figure. 12.11 to be low. The busiest site out of allsites in all cities shows 88% of the band unused. The 50% all~ties average shows a minimumof 99% of the band unused~

./ ./

% OF LOCATIONS

0100% .90% .• 50%v

100QZ 90c(

'119 80~o 70C'n::CwC'n 60-wUa:

50Z::cWI-

a~ 40~9 30.... w 20u. ID0 10o.t.

0DA CH NY LA SF ALL

Figure 12.11 Measured band usage for all cities in the 1850-1990:MHz band.

149


Figure 12.12 shows the measured band usage in the 2110-2130 MHz band. In this band,the 100% all-cities average shows a minimum of 89% of the band unused. The 90% all-citiesaverage shows a minimum of 99% of the band unused.

1009080706050403020100-----DA CH NY LA SF ALL

Figure 12.12: Measured band usage for all cities in the 2110-2130 :MHz band.

The bar graph in the 2160-2180 MHz band, as seen in Figure 12.13, shows a little moreusage than the 2110-2130 MHz band. The 100% all-cities average shows a minimum of 85%of the band unused while the 90% all-cities average shows a minimum of 97% of the bandunused.

%' OF LOCATIONS·0100% .90% .50% I)

~ 100~ 901D9 80350 70en::Cwen 60- ILlUcr:

50ffi~a~ 40wo 30cr:~u., ILl 20u.,CD0 10e.tt 0

DA CH NY LA SF ALL


150


Examining Figure 12.14 demonstrates alow usage in the 2400-2483.5 MHz band. The100% all-cities average shows a minimum of 96% of the band unused.

% OF LOCATIONS

o 100% .90% .50%

100~

908070605040302010O~-

DA CH NY iLA SF ALL

Figure 12.14; Measured band usage for all cities in the 2400-2483.5 MHz band.

151

- ------ ------

13. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This report discussed the ITS field experiment to measure spectrum usage in severalpotential pes frequency bands in the 600 to 2600 MHz range in five U.S. cities. The basicobjective of the measurements was to determine the degree of current spectrum usage for allfrequency bands listed in the TTL pes Experimental License. In particular~ the geographicdependence (within a city) of spectrum usage was determined for all of the cities. In each city ~

measurements were typically made at 31 sites. with a five mile spacing between sites. Each ofthese sites was classified as urban, suburban, or roral according to a predefined set of criteria.The measurements were made using a mobile, computer-eontrolled, automated measurementsystem that measures- rf signals in the 600-2600 MHz frequency range. This measurementsystem was installed in a mini-van and used an omnidireCtional vertically polarized receiveantenna mounted approximately one foot above the roof of the vehicle.

The measurement system was calibrated with a noise diode twice a day while the antennaand bulkhead connector cabling were tested once a day. The raw data taken at each siteconsisted of RSLs (in dBm) for each frequency measured. These data were processed to providesignal level, measured frequency usage, and measured band usage graphs. The signal levelgraphs show minimum,- maximum, and mean RSLs at each frequency as measured at all sitesin each city. The -measured frequency usage graphs display the percentage of sites where afrequency was unused6 during the measurement periods. The percentage of sites that had acertain percentage or more of the frequency band unused7 during the measurement periods isdepicted- in the measured band usage-graphs.

Every frequency was measured with three different sets· of measurement parameters:narrowband, wideband, and peak. Even though measurements made with the differentmeasurement parameters show results that appear different, they are all accurate representationsof the data. The data presented in this report were primarily from the narrowband measurementssince they provided the most sensitive measurements.

The Data Comparison between Cities section presented the quantitative results of the dataanalysis using only the narrowband measurement parameters. Several conclusions can be drawnby examining the measured band usage bar graphs in all cities over the 14 frequency bands listedin the TIL Experimental License (see Table 2.1). The highest usage was seen in the 869-894MHz and the 864-868 MHz bands. The 100% all-eities average showed a minimum of 2% ofthe 869-894 MHz band unused and a minimum of 1% of the 864-868 MHz band unused. Thebands showing the lowest usage were the 2400-2483.5 MHz, 1850-1990 MHz, and 901-902MHz bands. In these bands, the 100% all-cities averages showed a minimum between 93% and96% of the band unused. Other bands showing low usage were the 902-928 MHz, 2110-2130MHz, 2160-2180 MHz, and 614-806 MHz bands where the 100% all-eities averages showed aminimum between 78 % and 89 % of the band unused.

6,7 For definitions of unused frequency and the percentage of band unused see page 19.

152

When considering these usage results, several. factors that affect apparent spectrum usagemust be kept in mind. The percentage of the band unused was determined from the data thatused the narrowband measurement parameters. (10 kHz bandwidth, 3 kHz video filter, samplingdetector). Communications systems.~hoser~vers operate using the same parameters shouldexpect to see the same spectrum being used. For receivers operating with different bandwidths,the amount of spectrum being used would appear different. Wider bandwidth systems would seea higher apparent spectrum usage. The· -115 dBm threshold was used in sho,,'-ing the usageresults. By using higher thresholds, less usage would be shown. The measurements made inthis experiment indicate spectrum usage as determined by reception of transmitted signals. Noprovision was made to determine additional frequency use that could be prohibited by potentialinterference from a PCS·system to existing receivers. Since the measurements in this experimentwere made exclusively outdoors, PCS systems operating indoors would see higher usage thanthat indicated from these measurements in the bands with indoor transmitters (such as the ISMand Part 15 bands). Finally, since averticaIly polarized antenna was used for the measurements,horizontally polarized signals appeared weaker than they actually were. Ifhorizontally polarizedsignals had been received with a horizontally polarized .antenna, the apparent usage would havebeen higher.

153

FORM NTIA-29 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE(4-80) NATL. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET

1. PUBLICATION NO. 2. Gov't Accession No. 3. Recipient's Accession No.

NTIA Report91-279

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. Publication Date

Spectrum Usage Measurements in Potential PCS Sentember 1991Frequency Bands 6. Performing Organization Code

NTIA/ITS7. AUTHOR(S) Jeffery Ac Wepman, Robert J. Matheson, 9. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

Kenneth C. Allen, and Robert J. Achatz8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESSNational Telecommunications and Information Admin.Institute for Telecommunication Sciences 10. Contract/Grant No.

325 BroadwayBoulder, CO 8030311. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 12. Type of Report and Period Covered

Telesis Technology Laboratory, Inc.370 North Wiget Lane, Suite 100Walnut Creek, California 94598 13.

14. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

15. ABSTRACT (A 200·word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or literaturesurvey, mention it here.)

Spectrum usage measurements were· made in several potential Personal CommunicationServices (PCS) frequency bands in the 600 to 2600 MHz range in five U.S. cities.Geographic dependence (within a city) of spectrum. usage was determined for allof the cities. Measurements were made using a mobile, computer-controlled,automated radio frequency measurement system that was installed in a mini-van.The raw data taken at each site consisted of received signal levels for eachfrequency measured. These. were processed to provide signal level, measuredfrequency usage, and measured band usage graphs. The heaviest usage for all citieswas seen in the 869-894 MHz (cellular base station-to-mobile) band and the 864-868 MHz (SMR) band. The frequency bands showing the least usage in all citieswere the 901-902 MHz (GPMRS), 1850-1990 MHz (Private Fixed Microwave), and the2400-2483.5 MHz (ISM and Part 15) bands.

16. Key Words (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

measured band usage; measured frequency usage; PCS; Personal CommunicationServices; received signal level; spectrum usage

17. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 18. Security Class. (This report) 20. Number of pages

iii UNLIMITED. Unclassified 16419. Security Class. (This page) 21. Price:

0 FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION.

Unclassified

11 u.s. Government Printing Office: 1980-678·495/5:

spectrum usage measurements in potential pcsfrequency bands ntia report 91-279 spectrum usage...

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