specifications of steel
TRANSCRIPT
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S T E E L
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Steel is essentially a combination of iron and carbon.
Carbon content of common grades ranges from a few hundredths to about one per cent.
Steels also contain varying amounts of other elements, principally manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, which are always present if only in trace amounts.
These and some 20 other alloying elements, which are added in various combinations as desired, determine the ultimate properties and characteristics of the particular steel to a great extent .
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CLASSIFICATION OF METALS
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CLASSIFICATION OF FERROUS METALS
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Low Alloy (<10 wt%)• Low Carbon (<0.25 wt% C)• Medium Carbon (0.25 to 0.60 wt
%)• High Carbon (0.6 to 1.4 wt%)
LOW CARBON STEEL• A.k.a Plain carbon steels, ordinary steels, or straight carbon steels • small amounts of Mn• Most abundant grade of steel• greatest quantity produced• least expensive.• High Strength• Not responsive to heat treatment; cold working needed to improve the strength.• Good Weldability and machinability
High Alloy• Stainless Steel (>11 wt% Cr)• Tool Steel
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EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON STEELELEMENT BENEFITSMANGANESE • STRENGTH & HARDNESS
• DECREASE DUCTILITY & WELDABILITY
PHOSPHORUS • STRENGTH & HARDNESS• DECREASE DUCTILITY• TOUGHNESS OF STEEL
SULPHUR • DECREASE DUCTILITY & WELDABILITY• TOUGHNESS OF STEEL
SILICON • PRINCIPAL DEOXIDIZER• IMPROVES SURFACE QUALITY
COPPER • CORROSION RESISTANCE[Cu>0.20%]
NICKEL • HARDENABILITY & STRENGTH • FERRITE STRENGTHENER
MOLYBDENUM • ENHANCES CREEP RESISTANCE OF LOW ALLOY STEEL
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•Phosphorus- 0.04% (max)•Silicon- 0.35%•Chromium- 3.99%•Boron- 0.005%•Lead- 0.15-0.35%•Nitrogen- 0.004%•Aluminium- 0.95-1.3%
PERCENTAGE OF CONSTITUENTS IN STEEL
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Type of Structural Steels according to chemical composition
• Carbon-manganese steels• A.k.a mild structural steel• primary chemical components : carbon+iron+manganese• least expensive• quite adequate strength and ductility • most widely used grades. • High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels• recent development in steelmaking• The higher strength achieved by adding small amounts of additional chemical elements • High-strength quenched and tempered alloy steels• the increase in strength is achieved through heat treatment• is available only in plate form, up to 6 inches thick.
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MAKING OF STEEL
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IT IS THEN POURED IN MOLDS TO OBTAIN STEEL
DEOXIDIZER SUCH AS Al OR FERROSILICON IS ADDED TO CONTROL EVOLVED GAS DURING SOLIDIFICATION
FERROALLOYS ARE ADDEDFOR DESIRED ANALYSIS
MOLTEN METAL IS ALLOWED TO FLOW THROUGH TAP
HEATED TILL DESIRED CARBON CONTENT OBTAINED
SLAG FLOATS OVER HEAVY METAL WHEN OXYGEN IS SUPPLIED CAUSING OXIDATION OF P,Mn AND Si
MOLTEN PIG IRON ADDED
MELTED USING FLAME ON ITS SURFACE
SCRAP+LIMESTONE+IRON ORE ADDED
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE: • Furnace capacities range from 100 to 500 tons per melt.• require 4 to 10 hours of furnace time.
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BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE:
SAME AS OPEN HEARTH
BUT OXYGEN IS ADDED TO INCREASE SPEED OF REFINING
PROCESS
STEELS OF 300 TONS MADE IN LESS THAN 1 HOUR
IT HAS CLOSED BOTTOM,REFRACTORY LINED VESSEL IN WHICH PIG AND SCRAP IRON ARE ADDED
DURING OXYGEN BLOW LIME AND FLUORSPAR ARE ADDED WHICH FORM SLAG
OXYGEN IS SUPPLIED THROUGH WATER COOLED PIPE CAUSING RAPID OXIDATION OF MN,C AND SI
HOT MELTED STEEL TAPPED IN VESSEL AND DEOXIDIZERS ,ALLOYING ELEMENTS ARE ADDED.THEN MOULDED
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Iron ore
fluxes coal
Blast furnace
LD1
LD2
Slab casterWire mill
slabs
slabsCold roll coils
Cold roll mill
Sinter plant
Coke plant
Steel making LD1/LD2Iron making process
Hot strip mill
Hot roll coils
Merchant mill
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MAKING OF GALVANISED SHEETS
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Steel Finishing : Hot working
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MATERIALS AND THEIR SIZES AVAILABLE IN
MARKET
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IS 808 : Nominal dimensions and mass of beam, column, channel and equal and unequal angles can be confirmed to the standard values given.
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IS 1730Type 1.1: Hot rolled steel plates (thickness 3 – 60 mm) used in
building frame structures. Dimensions: t= 3-60. The standard
steel grade is ≤ S355.
IS 808IS 1730
Type 2.1: Hot rolled open H, I, U, L - steel sections and wide flats are hot-rolled sections used in frame
structures. Dimensions: I 80-600, H 100-600, U
80-400, L 40-200, L 65x50 - 200x150, T 30-140 and wide steels:160-500, t=5-40.. The
standard steel grade is ≤ S355
IS 808Type 3.1: Cold formed hollow steel
sections Circular, square and rectangular
sections are used in building frame structures, made of hot-rolled
steel strip by cold-rolling . Dimensions: Square HS: 25x2 -
300x12,5. Rectangular HS: 50x25x2 - 400x200x12,5 and Circular HS:
21,3x2 - 711x60 The standard steel grade is ≤ S355
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IS 1732Type 4.1: Hot-finished hollow
steel sectionsCircular, square and rectangular
sections are used in building frame structures, made of
hotrolled steel Dimensions: Square HS: 40x3 - 400x20.
Rectangular HS: 50x30x3,2 - 500x300x20 and
Circular HS: 21,3x2 - 711x60. standard steel grade is ≤ S355.
IS 1732Type 5.1: Steel for the
reinforcement of concrete weldable,
Dimensions: D= 6-50. The standard steel
grade is ≤ B500.
IS 808IS 12778
Type 1.2: Welded plated beams; sections made of welded hot-rolled steel plates used in building frame
structures. Sections are prefabricated and erected on-site by steel
contractors. Dimensions: H = 150-600, B1 =
110-600, B2 = 140-700, d = 5-12, t1/t2 = 6-60. The standard steel grade is ≤S355
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India is the world's largest producer of crude steel, and is currently doubling its production capacity.
STEEL MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN INDIA
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REFERENCES• < http://www.kinnaristeel.com/seamless-pipes>• Indian steel prices[online]<http://www.meps.co.uk/indiansteelpriceindex>• Properties and applications of materials handbook[online]http://nptel.ac.in/courses• Steel as a construction material pdf• CPWD for steel[online]http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/Specs2009• chemical composition of structural steel handbook• https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.808.1989.pdf• Carbon steel pdf[online]< https://www.metabunk.org>• <https://www.google.co.in/steelmakingtatasteel>
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