specialized interaction decreases in tropical latitudes
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Specialized Interaction Decreases in Tropical Latitudes. Benjamin Fields Julia Frederick Cecilia Ireland Christina Kirkman Neomi Sanghrajka. Introduction. Latitudinal Specialization Debate Tropics vs. Temperate Regions Mutualism of plants and animal pollinators/seed dispersers - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Specialized Interaction Decreases in Tropical Latitudes
Benjamin FieldsJulia FrederickCecilia Ireland
Christina KirkmanNeomi Sanghrajka
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IntroductionLatitudinal Specialization Debate
Tropics vs. Temperate RegionsMutualism of plants and animal
pollinators/seed dispersersSpecialization with regard to latitudes,
contemporary vs. past climate, regional plant diversity
Latitudinal specialization gradient reversed �relative to latitudinal diversity gradient
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Latitudinal Specialization Gradient1st Step: Gathering of global data set comprising a total of
282 quantitative pollination (red) and seed dispersal (blue) networks ranging in absolute latitude from 0° to 82°
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2nd Step: Comparison of the mutualistic interactions between the pollinators and seed dispersers and the plants they interact with.
Pollinators shown on top, plants on bottom
generalized pollination network withfunctionally redundant pollinators
specialized pollination network withfunctionally distinct pollinators
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The specialization of the interacting species was estimated by assessing patterns of niche partitioning and resource overlap among pollinator or seed disperser species.
Recent advances in the analysis of quantitative interaction networks show that network-wide interactions are more specialized in species-rich tropical communities. This idea is challenged by the authors of this article and the reverse is proved about the mutualistic interactions involving mobile pollinators and seed dispersers in the tropics and non-tropics.
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Effects of Climate & Plant DiversityPast climate stability and contemporary climate
have been thought to influence biotic specialization.Past Climate Stability
reflects the temporal stability of local communitiesshows the available time for coevolution
Contemporary ClimateCumulative annual temperature is closely related to
evapotranspiration.Could be mediated by increases in plant diversity in
warm climates because it would reduce relative abundances and densities of resource species
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Seed dispersal networks increased with increasing climate-change velocity.In regions with more stable climates seed dispersal
systems have become more generalizedPollination networks were not affected by the
climate-change velocity.Contemporary climate effect is much stronger
thanthat of past climate stability.
Current conditions have stronger influences associated among consumer and resource species in mutualistic networks.
Network specialization decreases with increasing plant diversity both regionally and locally.
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The latitudinal gradient is even stronger than the overall plant diversity gradient with respect to the diversity of animal-pollinated flowers and animal dispersed fruits.Increasing plant diversity in the tropics is
associated with: a wider range of resource traits a larger number of distinct pollination systems
A key feature of the generalization of consumer species in mutualistic networks is high resource diversity.
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Influence of Guild StructureGuild: a group of species that use the same
resourcesNot necessarily in the same niche
Species in the tropics are of a different guild than those in temperate regions.
The inter-species relations of the tropics appear to be more generalized than those of temperate regions.Because the way tropical communities function,
more species interact with more species.
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Influence of Guild StructureFrugivores of the tropics disperse a more diverse
group of seeds than do the omnivores of the temperate regions.Fruit available year-round (due to the warm
climate).Diet of fruit has more species richness in the tropics.
Tropical pollinators live longer than those found in temperate climates. They have a larger window of time to pollinate more
kinds of plants.Some pollination is redundant.
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Conclusions
Red: PollinationBlue: Seed dispersal
Absolute latitude [degrees]
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ConclusionsEvolution will cause
In the Tropical EcosystemsIn the Temperate EcosystemsRelationship to the Graph
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Take Home MessageThe pattern found was that the specialization
of both pollination and seed dispersal networks decreased as the regions got closer to the tropics.
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Works CitedKissling, W.D., Bohning-Gaese, K., and Jetz, W.
(2009). The global distribution of frugivory in birds. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 18, 150–162.
Schleuning et al., Specialization of Mutualistic Interaction Networks Decreases toward Tropical Latitudes, Current Biology (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.015
Scott Freeman. Biological Science, Fourth Edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. 2011.