Specialization• Specialization = in any “system”, different parts have specific functions; the parts work together to operate the entire system.

• Specialization or “division of labor” occurs on may levels in living things.

Prokaryotes Unicellular organisms

Living ThingsEukaryotes organelles

Multicellular Organisms (all are eukaryotic)

cells --- > organelles

tissues

organs

organ systems

Specialization: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes– How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

different?

– Single click on the link below to find out.

Learn Biology: Cells—Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Example of a Prokaryote:

Bacteria

How are bacteria specialized to infect other living things?

Specialization• Specialization = in any “system”, different parts have specific functions; the parts work together to operate the entire system.

• Specialization or “division of labor” occurs on may levels in living things.

Prokaryotes Unicellular organisms

Living ThingsEukaryotes organelles

Multicellular Organisms (all are eukaryotic)

cells --- > organelles

tissues

organs

organ systems

Specialization: Eukaryotic Cells• Cells have organelles that are specialized to perform

certain functions• This is true whether a cell is a unicellular organism or

it is part of a multi-cellular organism• This is true in both plant and animal cells

OrganellesWhat are the functions of each of these cell parts?

Cell Membrane

Cyroplasm

Nucleus

Watch the video below and determine the function of each of the following cell parts:

mitochondria ribosome

endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi body

lysosome

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IqsE8CVTms

Specialization: Unicellular OrganismsSingle celled organisms not only contain the standard organelles, but might also be

specialized in other ways.

What function do the cilia in the paramecium and the flagella in the euglena serve?

Observe the movement of an amoeba. How is its cell membrane specialized to aid in this movement?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA&feature=fvwrel

Specialization• Specialization = in any “system”, different parts have specific functions; the parts work together to operate the entire system.

• Specialization or “division of labor” occurs on may levels in living things.

Prokaryotes Unicellular organisms

Living ThingsEukaryotes organelles

Multicellular Organisms (all are eukaryotic)

cells --- > organelles

tissues

organs

organ systems

Specialization: Multicellular Organisms Multicellular organisms are not only specialized with individual cell, but also group together cells to form tissues, organs, and organ system to carryout life functions.

The Circulatory System

The job of the circulatory system is to move bloodthrough the body. It carriesoxygen and nutrients to cellsand organs and returns waste products.

Circulatory System – The Heart Organ

What is the specialized function of the heart?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDL_ufFxvEE

The Heart – Muscle TissueMuscle tissue is made up of muscle cells that work together to

expand and contract in order to pump blood through the body.

How does the shape of the cells allow for the tissue to function this way?

Blood CellsBlood cells are pumped Through the body carrying oxygen and nutrients toorgans and removing wasteFrom them.

How does the shape ofblood cells allow them to travel through the body and carry out their job?

http://www.myvideo.de/watch/7439400/blood_circulation_in_the_human_body

Other Specialized Cells in Human

This is a picture of a nerve cell.

What is the function of a nerve cell?

How does its shape aid in itsfunction?

Other Specialized Cells in HumanThis is a picture of a sperm cell.

What is the function of a sperm cell?

How does its shape aid in its function?

Other Specialized Cells in HumanThese are pictures of skin cells working together as tissue

What is the function of skin cells?

How does its shape aid in its function?

Review of Specialization in Humans

watch this video and ponder how complex life really is........

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow0jH2Eg8v4

Specialization in Plants

All multicellular organisms have specialized systems, organ, tissues and cells?

What major jobs do each

of the following plant partsHave?

RootsStemsLeavesFlowers

Leaf Cross SectionThe top and bottom of the leaf are covered with “epidermal” cells. Why?

The upper part of the leaf (the palisade layer) is loaded with cells that are packed with chloroplasts – why?

Stomata and Guard CellsThe underside of a leaf contains specialized cells called “guard

cells” that cause the opening and closing of pores called “stomata”. Speculate why these pores open and close.

Use the diagram below to help you explain how the stoma opens and closes.

Specialization• Specialization = in any “system”, different parts have specific functions; the parts work together to operate the entire system.

• Specialization or “division of labor” occurs on may levels in living things.

Prokaryotes Unicellular organisms

Living ThingsEukaryotes organelles

Multicellular Organisms (all are eukaryotic)

cells --- > organelles

tissues

organs

organ systems

Summary

• Write a 4 – 6 sentence summary explaining how and why specialization occurs in single and multicellular organisms.