speciale - den endelige konklusion på blekingegadebanden

7/23/2019 SPECIALE - Den endelige konklusion p Blekingegadebanden

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E L U G \ B C J N ] U N ] D L H C D \ @ U L U

D I L J G C X J ] \ J N X L Y ] N U L U

Dcjenecu}{lmnc`l

Bfyulj Bcloccye C}uy|{

Elj ljel`no dfjd`|}nfj { I`ldnjolocelicjelj

" lj {ycdun}d cjc`~}l ch gn}ufyn}d hfybne`njo n {f{|`yblenly*


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Njegfè}hfyulojl`}l]|bbcy~1 Gn}ufynmc` yl{yl}ljucunfj*****************************************************************************************************=3* Nje`lejnjo*****************************************************************************************************************************************5

3*3 [yfi`lbhfyb|`lynjo******************************************************************************************************************** elmlbily

UX9 }ljeul n lhulyylu 9;;> ux"}lynlj I`ldnjolocel " Icjelj ely y~}ulel Ecjbcyd* ]lynlj ly

hndunfj blj i~oolu { xnydl`nol gjel`}ly* Mnuculu fxljhfy ly bfunxlylu ch, cu lj ch icjelj} une`nolyl

ble`lbbly, If _lnbcjjj, n ux"}lynlj ly {fyuyuulylu }fb xyljel ble n lu il}ulbu xfèl`nou

yxlyn* Blj _lnbcjj {}uy, gcj nddl xcy ble un` cu ilo jluf{ elu yxlyn* Gcj ly el}|elj gl``ly

è n i` e h e e h a e g ` e UX9 Mn d `


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hfyd`cyl} elu, cu ely n ìlu ch 3>7;/lyjl dfb lj blyl dfj}uy|dunxn}un}d unòcjo un` gn}ufynlhfybne`njo,

hfyl}un``njolj fb gn}ufynl }fb jfolu, bcj }dc` dfj}uy|lyl fo fxljndilu dfj}uy|lyl oljjlb }{yfo

fo }un` 'Iy~è '3>>>.135=.* Elu gcy ilu~elu, cu gn}ufynl}dynxjnjolj n }unoljel oyce ilj~uuly }no ch

xnydlbne`ly hyc eycbcu|yon fo af|yjc`n}und* Efo ly elj xnelj}dcil`nol gn}ufynlhfybne`njo

ilbydl`}l}xyeno hycxyljel n elj {f{|`yl hfybne`njo ch gn}ufynlj* Bcj }ly }`lel}, j}ulj

cèyno lj gn}ufyn}d ux"}lynl, }fb ly {yfe|mlylu ch lj hcogn}ufyndly hyc |jnxly}nulu l``ly }fb gcy gchu lj

hcogn}ufyndly ble }fb dfj}|`lju* Elj ljl}ul hfyb hfy hfybne`njo, hcohf`dljl ilj~uuly, ly elj

}dynhu`nol* Elyhfy i`nxly hfy}dl``lj { el uf oljyly ~ely`nolyl hfy}uydlu, ec {f{|`yhfybne`njolj

i`nxly fxly`ceu un` nddl"hcohf`d, }fb hfy ld}lb{l` af|yjc`n}uly*

Hfybne`njolj ch I`ldnjolocelicjelj 'glylhuly IOI. gcy `nol`lel} xylu lu ld}lb{l` { eluul, fo

elj gcy ~ely`nolyl xylu ilbydl`}l}xyeno, ec elj |efxly el uf jxjul {yfe|duly, el}|elj gcy

chheu lj }ufy bjoel {f{|`yd|ù|yl``l {yfe|duly, gly|jely ioly, efd|bljucyhn`b, hndunfj}}lynl,

ulculyf{}ujnjo fo ycenf|e}ljel`}l* Hcogn}ufynlj gcy j}ulj nddl ineycolu un` hfybne`njolj* Elyhfy

}~jl} alo, elu ly xnounou cu cjc`~}lyl, gxce eljjl {f{|`yhfybne`njo gcy ilu~elu hfy f{hcuul`}lj ch

IOI} gcje`njoly*

3 3 [ i` h ` n


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hcdun}dl gn}ufyn}dl hfy`i* Hfy cu xyl n }ucje un` cu oyl elu, xn` alo, { icooy|je ch bnj ulfyn,

|ecyilael lu cjc`~}lc{{cycu, }fb gcy un` hfyb` cu cjc`~}lyl, gxce bfeucol`}lj ch lu }u~ddl gn}ufyn}d

{f{|`yhfybne`njo ilu~ely hfy elj {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l ch gn}ufyn}dl ilonxljglely hfy bfeucolylj*

Xle ga`{ ch bnu cjc`~}lc{{cycu xn` alo elyhfy cjc`~}lyl, gxn`dlj {yn} gn}ufyn}dl lbjly iluc`ly xle cu

i`nxl hfybne`lu n {f{|`yblenly*

Bnj {yfi`lbhfyb|`lynjo `~ely elyhfy }`lel}1

Gxce ilu~ely {f{|`yhfybne`njolj ch gn}ufynlj hfy elj {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l ch lj gn}ufyn}d

ilonxljgle*

Elj {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l }dc` hfy}u} }fb elj iylel fo hfybfelu bfeucol`}l ch lj hfybne`njo*

Dfjdylu ilu~ely elu, cu alo xn` |jely}ol, gxce {f{|`yhfybne`njolj ch IOI gcy ilu~elu hfy elj

oljlyl``l f{hcuul`}l ch IOI} gcje`njoly, fo lyhcynjolyjl hyc en}}l yl}|`uculy }cbu cjc`~}lc{{cyculu

xn` alo ilj~uul un` {yfe|dunfjlj ch bnj lolj gn}ufynlhfybne`njo* Alo bljly, cu eljjl

{yfi`lbhfyb|`lynjo xn` onxl bno lj onxljel njeocjo}xnjdl` un` iel }l`x cu {yfe|mlyl lj

ycenf|e}ljel`}l fb lu gn}ufyn}d lbjl, blj fo} un` cu cjc`~}lyl elj gn}ufyn}d hfybne`njo ch IOI*


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Unul` [yfe|du & y Jfuly

[f}uyxlylj} gn}ufynlch Bce} Icc}uy|{ hfy [3

Ycenf|e}ljel`}l & 3>>3 Gly xcy ely hfd|} { lu chble`lbblyjl, Mcy}ulj Jnl`}lj

I`ldnjolocel 9, 3*ugch Ilunjc Iljen fo @ljl@x}mgc``

Ifo & 3>>5 Elj hy}ul }cb`lel hylb}un``njoch icjelj* Njelgf`ely njulyxnlw}ble el hnyl gyel}u ebul hycI`ldnjolocelicjelj

I`ldnjolocelicjelj inje 3 fo9ch [luly xno Dj|e}lj

Ifo & 9;;? Lj fbhcuuljel efd|bljucyn}d ilylujnjo fb oy|{{lj*

I`ldnjolocelilualjuljch Ayj Bff}

Ifo & 9;;? Lhulyhfy}djnjo}`lelylj |jely }colj bfe I`ldnjolocelicjelj,Ayj Bff}, hfyu``ly fb }njllynjeynjoly ch }colj*

Ulculyhfyl}un``njoljI`ldnjolocel ch M`c|} H`~ocyl

Ulculy&9;;> Ulculyhfyl}un``njolj { G|}lu}ulculy n Diljgcxj* Ic}lylu {[D} ioly*

I`ldnjolocelicjelj{yfe|mlylu ch Cjely} Ynn}Gcj}lj hfy EY

Efd|bljucyhn`b & 9;;7 Efd|bljucyhn`b fb oy|{{lj*Njelgf`ely lu njulyxnlw ble luune`nolyl ble`lb*

I`ldnjolocel " Icjelj elye E d

UX"}lynl & 9;;> Eljjl }lynl ly lj hndunfj}}lynln d `n g e `


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3*= Elj {ycdun}dl el` " bnj lolj {yfe|dunfj

Ble lj d`cy nj}{nycunfj hyc gn}ufynlj fb IOI xn` alo }l`x {yfe|mlyl lj ycenf|e}ljel`}l fb lj

}uynil iycjecuuljuculy, ely hcjeu }ule n yg|} n yljl fbdynjo 3>7;* El i`lx ilolu ch lj |dljeu

xlj}uylfynljulylu oy|{{l, }fb ond |jely jcxjlu Ecjbcyd} ]fmnc`n}un}dl Ilhynl`}l}gy*

Elu ly gn}ufynlj fb eljjl oy|{{l, }fb alo xn` hfybne`l, fo eluul }{lmnc`l }dc`, ble lj |jely}ol`}l

ch hfybne`njolj ch IOI, h|jolyl }fb lu oy|je`co hfy cu `cxl elj ile}ul hfybne`njo ch oy|{{lj,

Ecjbcyd} ]fmnc`n}un}dl Ilhynl`}l}gy* Lj ch oy|jeljl un` cu alo gcy xcòu cu `cxl lj ycenf{yfe|dunfj

ly, cu elu gjoly ofeu }cbblj ble bnu xynol |eecjjl`}l}hfyì, fo elu ly fo} gly bnj njulyl}}l

`nooly* Alo gcy xylu n {ycdund n Ecjbcyd} Ycenf, fo lhulyhòljel gcy alo {yfe|mlylu

ycenf|e}ljel`}ly hfy elb*

3*5 Blufel fo ulfyn]fb jxju, } gcy elj ulfylun}dl el` un` hfyb` cu h|jolyl }fb oy|je`co hfy elj {ycdun}dl el` ch

f{ocxlj, }fb ly }l`xl ycenf{yfe|dunfjlj* Bnj ulfyn xn` il}u ch lj i`cjenjo ch hcogn}ufyn}d

hfy}djnjo fo {f{|`yhfybne`njo*

@nuulycu|ylj, }fb alo {ynbyu xn` iy|ol xn` xyl hòljel1 Cu hfybne`l gn}ufynl xn`dy, dljeluloj,

h ` en h M` I è E i e d h h d n a d


9/72

eco}{yl}}lj ch el hfy}dl``nol d|ù|y{yfe|dulyjl* Elu oy alo, hfyen lj choyljel el` ch

gn}ufynlhfybne`njo gcje`ly fb cu ycbbl bfeucolyjl, fo elyhfy ly elu njulyl}}cju cu }l {

cjblèl`}lyjl, ec el yl{y}ljulyly lj }`co} {yfhl}}nfjl``l bfeucolyl*

Lhuly ch}jnu =, xn` alo o n ocjo ble cu {yfe|mlyl bnj lolj {ycdun}dl hfybne`njo}f{ocxl "

ycenf{yfe|dunfjlj* Ch}jnu 5 xn` elyj}u njelgfèl bnjl fxlyxlal`}ly fxly, gxfyecj alo gcy `cxlu

|e}ljel`}lj fo lj lxc`|lynjo ch, gxfyecj elu ond*


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9*; Gn}ufyn}d hfybne`njo1 D|j}ujlyn}d l``ly

xnelj}dcil`no6

B`lu ly cu dfbbl hfyunelj } jy }fb b|`nou, blj {ynjmn{nlù ly xnydl`nogle fo xnelj fb eljjl

xnydl`nogle nddl elu }cbbl, el ly nddl neljun}dl }uyyl`}ly 'Dalè}uce`n '9;;3.15;.

Dalè}uce`n hfyd`cyly ble eluul mnucu l}}lj}lj ch en`lbbclu xle gn}ufyn}d hfybne`njo* Bcj dcj nddl

`cxl lj hfybne`njo, }fb }dnèyly elu /oul/ in``lel ch lj gn}ufyn}d ilonxljgle, hfy elu ld}n}ulyly nddl*

B}dl elyhfy hnjel} ely } bcjol hfy}dl``nol hfybly hfy gn}ufyn}dl hfybne`njoly* Ely hnjel}

Gf``~wffe"hn`b fb Xnlujcbdynolj, gn}ufyn}dl yfbcjly fb Yfblyynolu fo |jelyxn}jnjo}ioly fb

Ecjbcyd}gn}ufynlj* Hfyb" fo njegfè}b}}nou dcj ely xyl }ufy hfy}dl` {, fb fo gxfy bloluhndunfj ely i`nxly ilj~uulu, gxn`dl xnydlbne`ly ely i`nxly iy|ou, fo fb ely }dynxl} |el`|ddljel {

icooy|je ch gn}ufyn}dl dnèly* ]{yo}b`lu ly, gxce el hfy}dl``nol hfybne`njoly ilu~ely hfy elj

{f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l ch lu onxlju gn}ufyn}d lbjl6

` e ` h i e h hh `n e i i` d e


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bljly {f}ubfelyjn}ulyjl, cu c``l gn}ufyndlyl gcy lu i|e}dci, }fb uxnjol} noljjlb xle ga`{ ch

gn}ufynlj} blufely* Eu, bljly el uycenunfjl``l gn}ufyndlyl, ly {yfi`lbcun}d, fo elyhfy }dc` bcj

gfèl }no un` el xnelj}dcil`nol blufely, }fb ly elu uuul}ul, bcj dfbbly { fialdunxnulu*

@nojljel elicuuly gcy ely fo} xylu n |e`cjelu* N U~}d`cje xcy ely elj }dcèul /Gn}ufyndly}uylnu/ n

bneulj ch 3>7;/lyjl, }fb xcy blolu dfjdylu fo gcje`lel fb, gxfyecj Gf`fmc|}u }d|``l hfyuf`dl}

fo hfybne`l} n lu gn}ufyn}d {ly}{ldunx* N ]xlynol cexcylel el uycenunfjl``l gn}ufyndlyl bfe lj j~

}l`xbfye}`njnl n }xlj}d gn}ufynl, }fb el bljul elj {f}ubfelyjl gn}ufynl}dynxjnjo |eoafyel*

]y`nou elj }xlj}dl elicu `nojlel elj ecj}dl gn}ufyndlyhlael, hfyen elj i`cjeu cjelu gcje`ly fb,

gxfyecj gn}ufynlj }d|``l hfybne`l}* Elj ecj}dl hlael xcy un` unely enhh|} fo }ucd n bcjol hfy}dl``nol

ylujnjoly, blj lj ch el dfjdylul c}{lduly ch elicuulj gcje`lel fb1

Gxfy bcjol el`l nju|nunfj dcj bcj lolju`no uf`lylyl n lj gn}ufyn}d hylb}un``njo4 fo gxfy bcjol

l`lbljuly dcj bcj cmml{ulyl, }fb nddl enyldul ly dfi`lu un` gn}ufyndlylj} oy|je}ufh, dnèlyjl, blj

ly ylju }ulbjnjo}}dciljel, {fnjun``n}un}d fyebc`lyn6 'Mgyn}ulj}lj fo ]ulxj}ifyo '3>>=.1 9=8.

Gly ijl} ely f{ hfy lj en}d|}}nfj fb, gxfy blolu bcj b hcyxl dnèlyjl, hfyen ely n lj

h `d n ` ne n` `n n en ne ` e d d ` n` n e a i`nd


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Elu ly `lu jfd cu hycdljel elj {f{|`y gn}ufynlhfybne`njo xnelj}dcil`nou njegfè* Elj `lxly

}aèlju f{ un` el dycx }fb }un``l} un` elj xnelj}dcil`nol hfybne`njo4 elj njelgfèly fhul hndunxl

{ly}fjly, elj} dnèloy|je`co ly }aèlju efd|bljulylu, fo ely ly fhul uc`l fb jfolu un`hènol

y}co}}cbbljgjol* Xn xn` efo c``nolxl` gxel, cu elj {f{|`yl gn}ufynlhfybne`njo gcy ilu~ejnjo

fo} n xnelj}dcil`nou `~}* Elu ly nddl elj xnelj}dcil`nol lydljel`}l, ely ly n mljuy|b, blj

elynbfe ecjjl`}lj ch {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}ly ch gn}ufynlj* Elj {f{|`yl gn}ufynlhfybne`njo hfybne`ly

|jelygfèjnjo fo f{`lxl`}l, blj elj hfybne`ly fo} u~ejnjoly fo uf`djnjoly ch hfyunelj

'@celoccye 'yle. '3>>=.133.

M`c|} @celoccye, }fb nddl ly hcogn}ufyndly, blj gcy lj |eecjjl`}l n dfbb|jndcunfj, cyo|bljulyly

gly hfy, cu {f{|`yhfybne`njolj gcy gn}ufyn}d xyen* Elu ly elj hfybne`njo, ely jy |e un` h`l}u

bljjl}dly n dychu ch bc}}lblenlyjl, fo }fb @celoccye {fnjulyly, } hfybne`ly elj fo} u~ejnjoly

fo uf`djnjoly ch hfyunelj, fo jluf{ elyhfy ly elu xnounou cu hfygfèl }no un`, gxn`dlj f{hcuul`}l ch

gn}ufynlj, elj hfybne`ly*

Gn}ufyndlyhlaelj xcy fxlyfyejlu lu {f}ubfelyjl f{oy ble elj uycenunfjl``l gn}ufynl}dynxjnjo, }fb


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xnouno}ul cyilae}yle}dci, dnèldynunddlj* Blufelj }ucbbly hyc el {f}nunxn}un}dl nely fb lj un`}uyiu

fialdunxnulu* Dnèldynund ly ec lu }u ch gjexyd}ylo`ly, }fb }noly gxfyecj bcj }dc` ilgcje`l

dnèly hfy nddl cu hfyxynel elj njhfybcunfj,ely {fuljunlù `nooly n elb 'Dalè}uce`n '9;;3.13??.

Dalè}uce`n ilulojly blufelj }fb }~}ulbcun}lylu }|je hfyj|hu, elu xn` }nol, cu elu ly lu }u ch ylo`ly

fb, hfy ld}lb{l` gxn`dl dnèly, bcj }dc` uyf { fxly cjeyl* Dfj}ldxlj}lj ch lj }uycb dnèldynund

dcj elyhfy xyl cu jfo`l dnèly b |el`cel}, gxn} el nddl dcj xlynhnmlyl} 3;; {yfmlju*

Lj cjelj oy|je un` cu hcogn}ufynlj i`nxly il}d~èu hfy cu xyl ey`nol un` cu hfybne`l, dcj }d~èl}, cu

elyl} hfd|} `nooly { cu hfy}dl fo nddl cu hfybne`l* Lj lydljel`}l ch eluul {yfi`lb d|jjl }l}, ec

]uculj} G|bcjn}un}dl Hfy}djnjo}ye ']GH. n 3>>5 il}`|uulel cu oyl hfy}djnjo n hfybne`njo un` lu

}cu}jnjo}fbyel* Elu hyul i`cjeu cjelu un` hfy}djnjo}{yfalduluG|bcjn}un}d gn}ufynlhfybne`njo n

dfb{cycunx il`~}jnjo, fo |e ch eluul {yfaldu ly dfbblu ifoljCu hfybne`l gn}ufynl, }fb alo

{y}ljulylel n nje`lejnjolj*

Glyn ly elu il}dylxlu, cu elu ly ch}ljely{f}nunfjlj, ely glù dfjdylu elhnjlyly, gxfyxneu lj hfybne`njo

ly hcogn}ufynl l``ly la* Gxn} hfyhcuulylj ly hcogn}ufyndly, } ly hfybne`njolj hcogn}ufyn}d* Eljjl

hfybne`njo}hfyb ly i`lxlu dcèlu hfy jle}nxjnjo}bfel``lj, 'Elj a~e}dl gn}ufyndly '3>>


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'Hno|y 3" 'Dal`e}uce`n '9;;3.1=7.

Elu ly ely hfy } xneu nddl jfolu dfb{`nmlylu n, blj elu njulyl}}cjul ly, cu eljjl bfel` nddl ucoly


15/72

`}lylj* Elu }ufyl dljeluloj xle hcogn}ufynlj ly jluf{ eljjl hfyb hfy un`}uyiu fialdunxnulu, }fb

_njol gly cexfdlyly hfy*

Ch}ljely{f}nunfjlj, cù} }{yo}b`lu fb gxfyecj bcj {y}ljulyly }no }l`x, ly }`lel} lu xcò, bcj

ly jeu un` uyhhl, ec elu ly |b|`nou cu |jeo* Elyhfy xn` eluul xcò fb, gxfyecj bcj {y}ljulyly }no

}l`x njeo n bnu cjc`~}lc{{cycu*

9*3*9 Hfy}djnjo}bfbljulu

N hcogn}ufynlj hnjely xn fo} hfy}djnjo}bfbljulu, }fb M`c|} Iy~è il}dynxly }fb elu cu

hylbòol glù j~ nje}nou 'Iy~è '3>>>.1398.* Elu gcje`ly }`lel} nddl i`fu fb cu hylbòol j~l

dnèly, blj cu hylbòol lj glù j~ xnjdl` { gn}ufynlj* Iy~è |jely}uyloly, cu hfy}djnjo}bfbljulu

ly lu }dc`ciloyli, gxfyn ely dcj xyl }ufy hfy}dl` {, gxfy blolu hfy}djnjo h~èly n lj hfybne`njo*Dalè}uce`n }dynxly, `nol}fb _njol, fbdynjo gn}ufyn}d hfy}djnjo, cu elu oy |e { cu }un``l fo il}xcyl

}{yo}b`* Gcj hylbòoly uf hfy}dl``nol oy|je}ucje{|jduly, bcj dcj iy|ol un` cu dfbbl hylb un`

lu }xcy { en}}l hfy}djnjo}}{yo}b`, elu {f}nunxn}un}dl fo elu glybljl|un}dl* Elj {f}nunxn}un}dl

blufel, fo} dcèlu elj g~{fulun}dl"ele|dunxl blufel, gcy }nu |eocjo}{|jdu n jcu|yxnelj}dcilj,


16/72

dfjd`|}nfjly ly jlu, dcj elu xyl onxunou cu xyl ildljeu ble en}}l unòcjol un` gn}ufyn}d hfy}djnjo*

Eluul xn` }`lel} njeo n {cycbluylu hfy}djnjo}bfbljulu n cjc`~}lc{{cyculu*

9*9 [f{|`yhfybne`njolj ch gn}ufynlj

Blj} gn}ufynlj i`nxly hfybne`lu ble d`cyl fo un` unely }uynd}l ylo`ly n hcogn}ufynlj, } ly ely blyl

{`ce} un` ld}{lynbljuly n {f{|`yhfybne`njo* Blj ely ly efo xn}}l dcycdulyn}undc, ely dljelulojly

{f{|`yhfybne`njolj* N Cu hfybne`l gn}ufynl ch M`c|} Iy~èil}dynxl} uf dcycdulyn}unddly xle

{f{|`yhfybne`njolj4 ch}ljelylj ly fhul {`cmlylu |elj el hco`nol nj}unu|unfjly, fo bfeucol`}lj ch

hfybne`njolj ly hynxn``no fo `~}uilufjlu* Elu }ne}ul dcycdulyn}undc ilu~ely fo}, cu elj cùlyjcunxl

hfybne`njo h|jolyly { bcydlelu} ilunjol`}ly* Elu xn` }nol, cu {yfe|dulu ly chgjonou ch, cu elu }dc`

}òl}, fo { elj bel i`nxly gn}ufynlj lj xcyl* Eluul hcdu|b xn` }fb ylol` fo} xyl ble n

fxlyxlal`}lyjl fbdynjo |ehfybjnjolj ch hfybne`njolj, ec |jelygfèjnjo i`nxly lj choyljel hcdufy

n eluul hfybne`njo}y|b* Bnjl uyl mc}l} gyly c``l un` gly 'ioly, efd|bljucyhn`b fo UX"}lynl., ec

bfeucol`}lj ch elb ly hynxn``no, fo ch}ljelylj ly {`cmlylu |eljhfy el hco`nol nj}unu|unfjly*


17/72

{f{|`yhfybne`njolj* ]l`x M`c|} Iy~è xnydly, }fb fb gcj ly ljno n eljjl gfèjnjo axjhyl

mnuculu fxljhfy, gxfy gcj }dynxly, cu bcj ble jfolj ylu gxel, cu elj cùlyjcunxl hfybne`njo ch

gn}ufynl e~ydly elu dfjhfybl l``ly d|`yul un` j}ulj ||egfèl`nogle*

\jely gl`l eljjl hco`nol dynund ch {f{|`yhfybne`njolj }~jl} ely cu xyl lj {ybn} fb, cu gn}ufynl

gcy lj }ufy }cbh|je}ilu~ejnjo, fo cu bcj elyhfy }dc` xyl xcy}fb ble, gxfyecj gn}ufynl i`nxly

hfybne`lu* ]cou { lj cjelj bel, } uy hcohf`dljl nddl cu fxly`cel gn}ufynlhfybne`njolj un` nddl"

hcohf`d* Elu hfy|e}uuly af, cu ely hnjel} lj /}cje/ xly}nfj ch gn}ufynlj, fo cu lj /hc`}d/ xly}nfj dcj

oyl }dcel* Blj }fb Dalè}uce`n} mnucu n ilo~jel`}lj ch ch}jnu 9*; }`fo hc}u, } ly xnydl`nogle fo

xnelj fb eljjl xnydl`nogle nddl elu }cbbl, fo elyhfy dcj bcj nddl }jcddl fb lj }cje xly}nfj ch

gn}ufynlj*

9*9*3 [f{|`yhfybne`njolj} xnydlbne`ly

]fb c``lylel jxju } gcy xnelj}dcilj hfy `jo}u nje}lu, cu ely `nooly lu hfybne`njo}b}}nou

{yfi`lb njeljhfy el hco`nol yddly* Elyhfy i`nxly ely hfd|}lylu blolu { lbjlu hco`no hfybne`njo,

}fb gn}ufyn}d hfybne`njo fo} ly lj oylj ch* Gly hnjely bcj lu hfy}o { cu bnje}dl d`hulj bl``lb


18/72

Nhòl eljjl ulfyn dcj bcj }u~yl, gxfyecj bfeucolyjl }dc` hfy}u hcduc 'fo gn}ufyn}dl dnèly. xle cu

iy|ol il}ulbul oljyl, }{yfo fo }un`n}und* Gxn} bcj }ly { oljylxcòlu n un`hèlu ble

{f{|`yhfybne`njo ch IOI, } gcy efd|bljucyhn`blj fo [D} ioly xcòu lj efd|bljucyn}d

oljyl, }fb cdunxlyly lj }cjegle}h`l`}l gf} bfeucolylj* [ eljjl bel dcj ch}ljelylj }u~yl

bfeucolylj} hfy}ul`}l ch lbjlu* Gxn} bcj elynbfe xòly hndunfj }fb oljyl, }fb UX9 }lynlj gcy

oafyu, } dfyyl}{fjelyly elj nddl ble }cjeglelj { }cbbl bel, blj bfeucolylj xn` elynbfe

hfyxljul, cu elu ly |jelygfèjnjo fo elyble nddl }cjehyenou l``ly xnydl`nou* Elyhfy {{loly Alj}lj,

cu ely fo} ly lj lun}d enblj}nfj n hco`no hfybne`njo, ec elu ly lj }ufy bcou cu xyl n }ucje un` cu

}dnèyl /}cjeglelj/, }fb i`cjeu cjelu efd|bljucyoljylj, `nooly f{ un`*

Elj lun}dl enblj}nfj ly xnouno, ec gn}ufyn}d {yf{cocjec ly lu ld}lb{l` { }yel`l} lhhldunx iy|o ch

dfyyl}{fjelj}ulfynlj, gxfy bcj nddl `lxly f{ un` elj lun}dl enblj}nfj* Mcje* Bco* Bnddl` Dcl`}

}dynxly n }nu }{lmnc`l hyc 9;;=9, cu lj ch oy|jeljl un`, cu bcjol gn}ufyndlyl gcy lu }dxu al un`

hfybne`njo ly, cu elyl} cyilael jluf{ une`nolyl ly i`lxlu iy|ou un` {yf{cocjec* Elyhfy gfèly el }no

un` elj hcogn}ufyn}dl oljyl ch hfybne`njolj, ec eljjl oljyl njelgfèly blolu }uyljol ylo`ly fo dycx


19/72

fb, cu bcj xle ga`{ ch xnydlbne`ly dcj h bfeucolyjl un` cu hfy}u hfy ld}lb{l` lj gn}ufyn}d

ilonxljgle { lj il}ulbu bel*

Hcogn}ufyndlyjl xn` jfd bljl, cu eluul ly {yfi`lbcun}d, hfyen ec M`c|} @celoccye cyo|bljulylel hfy,

cu {f{|`yhfybne`njolj gcxel xnelj}dcil`no ilu~ejnjo n ch}jnu 9*;, xcy cyo|bljulu, cu Elj

{f{|`yl gn}ufynlhfybne`njo hfybne`ly |jelygfèjnjo fo f{`lxl`}l, blj elj hfybne`ly fo}

u~ejnjoly fo uf`djnjoly ch hfyunelj '@celoccye 'yle. '3>>=.133.* ] gxn} bfeucolyjl nddl }un``ly

}no dynun}d fxlyhfy el jfybly fo xyenly, }fb lj hn`b hfybne`ly, } dcj bfeucolyjl |ilxne}u h lj

|}cje f{hcuul`}l ch u~ejnjoly fo uf`djnjoly ch hfyunelj*

Ble glj}~j un` bnu cjc`~}lc{{cycu xn` alo elyhfy un`hal oljyl&}un` }fb lu {cycbluly, ec eluul c}{ldu

gcy }ufy ilu~ejnjo hfy f{hcuul`}lj ch }cjegle}xyenlj ch lu {yfe|du* ]cbuneno xn` eluul {cycbluly

njelgfèl lj en}d|}}nfj fb, gxfyxneu ely hfybne`l} lu }cjehyenou in``lel ch hfyunelj*

9*9*9 UX }fb hfyu``lhfyb

N cyund`lj Halyj}~jlu }fb gn}ufynlhfyu``ly cyo|bljulyly Mcy}ulj Ucol Jnl`}lj hfy iy|olj ch

oljylcjc`~}l hylb hfy elj dnèldynun}dl cjc`~}l, jy bcj cjc`~}lyly xn}|l` gn}ufynlhfybne`njo* Ucol


20/72

Efd|bljucyn}dl

hfyu``lhfybly

Elj d`c}}n}dl l``ly

/fialdunxlyljel/

gn}ufynlefd|bljucyn}bl

]dc` hylb}u fialdunx fo

xnelj}dcil`nooafyu* Yleloy

}a`elju hfy el xc`o, ely ly

uy|hhlu n hfybne`njolj*

Elj /}|ialdunxl/


Gly i`nxly elu {y}ljulylu, cu

elu ly lu il}ulbu {ly}{ldunx {

gn}ufynlj*

Elj /{ly}fj`nol/


Gly f{uyely lu }~j`nou

hfyu``ly}|ialdu fhul n hfyb ch

gn}ufyndlylj&hfyhcuulylj }l`x*

Hndunfjlj} hfyu``lhfybly Elj |}cbunenol

/gn}ufynlhfyu``njo/

Gn}ufynlj ly lj }un`n}un}d ycbbl*

Ely ly nddl fxlylj}}ulbbl`}lbl``lb elj hylb}un``lelxnydl`nogle fo elj gn}ufyn}dlxnydl`nogle*

Elj /une}}{lmnhnddl/gn}ufynlhfyu``njo

]uyyl oyce ch fxlylj}}ulbbl`}lbl``lb elj hylb}un``lelxnydl`nogle fo elj gn}ufyn}dlxnydl`nogle* Blyl une}}{lmnhndu


21/72

9*9*= Eycbcu|yon

[ }cbbl bel }fb xnelj}dcilj njelgfèly ylo`ly fo ycbbly, } gcy {f{|`yhfybne`njolj elu

fo}, el ly efo nddl `nol } }uycbbl* En}}l ylo`ly fo ycbbly hnjely bcj n eycbcu|yonlj, }fb |eoy

f{i~ojnjolj ch lj hfybne`njo n {f{|`yhfybne`njolj, fo elyhfy xn` eycbcu|yon fo} xyl lu

{cycbluly n bnu cjc`~}lc{{cycu, hfyen elj |eoy lj choyljel hfy}dl` { hcogn}ufynlj fo

{f{|`yhfybne`njo* Bcj hnjely }fb ylol` cèyno iy|olj ch eycbcu|yon}dl xnydlbne`ly n hcogn}ufynlj*

N ifoljElj eycbcu|yon}dl xydua}dc}}l= '9;;8. ch [ly Gl`bly Gcj}lj, }fb ly `ldufy n blenlhco,

{y}ljulyl} el xnouno}ul l`lbljuly, jy bcj }dc` i~ool lj gn}ufynl f{, fo elu ly el }l`x}cbbl

l`lbljuly, ely iy|ol}, jy bcj `cxly lj {f{|`yhfybne`njo ch gn}ufynlj*

Eycbcu|yon ly lj dfb{`nmlylu }uyyl`}l ble bcjol j|cjmly, fo elyhfy xn` alo hfy}ol cu gfèl elu

hfygfè}xn}u }nb{lù xle cu hfd|}lyl { el l`lbljuly, }fb oy, cu lj gn}ufyn}d hylb}un``njo i`nxly

`luulyl unòjol`no hfy bfeucolyjl*

Alo xn` hylbgxl hnyl oy|jeòoljel l`lbljuly1 dfjh`ndu, {ybn}, {`fu fo ulbc* Nhòl [ly Gl`bly

Gcj}lj } ly elu choyljel l`lblju n dfj}uy|dunfjlj ch lj gn}ufynl, lj dfjh`ndu* N cjeyl d|ù|yly dcj

bcj ofeu hfyu``l gn}ufynly |elj lj dfjh`ndu, cù} gxfy lj un`}ucje i`fu il}dynxl}, blj n xfyl}


22/72

noljjlb, fo elyble elj }un``njoucolj }fb un`}d|lylj }dc` njxf`xlyl} n 'nine19>.* Hfy ld}lb{l` ly

elu }ufyl ulbc n gl`l hfybne`njolj ch IOI, elu lun}dl xcò fb, gxfyxneu b`lu gl``noly bne`lu* Cù}

fb elyl} }uuul un` elj {c`}unjlj}n}dl dcb{ yluhyenooyl elyl} xfè}fbbl gcje`njoly n Ecjbcyd*

Iy~è d`colel une`nolyl fxly, cu {f{|`yhfybne`njolj e~ydly elu dfjhfybl fo d|`yul* Elu }d~èl}

jfd, un` el`}, elj }dcy{l xnjd`njo, }fb eycbcu|yonlj `cxly* Dfjh`ndulj n {f{|`yhfybne`njo ly fhul

ic}lylu { {ly}fj`nol hfygfè, elu }ly bcj fo} n UX9} hndunfj}}lynl, gxfy ely ly xou {

gfxle{ly}fjlyjl} dy`nogle}`nx* Hfy elu hy}ul ly en}}l hfygfè hndunfj, fo hfy elu cjelu gcy elu njulu

ble el gn}ufyn}dl gcje`njoly cu oyl* Elyhfy dcj elu xnydl d|`yu, blj elu ly }cbuneno fo} elu, ely

oy, cu hylb}un``njolj i`nxly `luulyl unòjol`no, ec elu ly c}{lduly, }fb bfeucolylj dcj yl`culyl un`*

N eluul {cycbluly, eycbcu|yon, xn` alo }`lel} cjc`~}lyl eycbcu|yonlj} njexnydjnjo { elj {f{|`yl

f{hcuul`}l ch lbjlu*

9*= F{}cb`njo Hfy}dl``lj { {f{|`yhfybne`njo fo


23/72

9*=*3 Cjc`~}lc{{cyculu

[ icooy|je ch elj jluf{ oljjlbolu ulfyn xn` alo j| {y}ljulyl bnu }cb`lel cjc`~}lc{{cycu* Elu

njelgfèly hnyl {cycbluyl, }fb alo xn` {y}ljulyl gly|jely* Gxlyu {cycbluly gcy alo hylbgxlu ble

d|y}nx fo hle }dynhuu~{l*

Gn}ufyndlyhlaelj njelgfèul uf jnxlc|ly* Elu ljl jnxlc| gcje`lel fb, gxfy oyj}lj bl``lb

{f{|`yhfybne`njo fo hcogn}ufynl oy n gn}ufynlhfybne`njo* N bfe}ujnjolj un` el uycenunfjl``l

gn}ufyndlyl, } ijlel el {f}ubfelyjl gn}ufyndlyl f{ hfy b|`noglelj hfy cu xyl blyl d|j}ujlyn}d n

hfybne`njolj xle cu iy|ol c|enf&xn}|l``l blenly, gxn`dlu dcj un`hyl gn}ufynlhfybne`njolj h`lyl

j|cjmlyl fo }cbuneno unùyddl lu }uyyl {|i`nd|b*

Elu cjelu jnxlc| eylalel }no fb, gxfyxneu eljjl hfybne`njo oy |efxly elj fialdunxl

gn}ufynlhfybne`njo* El {f}ubfelyjl gn}ufyndlyl bljly }`lu nddl, cu bcj dcj hfybne`l gn}ufynlj

fialdunxu, el bljly elynbfe, cu elu xn` cùne xyl }|ialdunxu, hfyen gn}ufynlj hfybne`l} ch njenxnely*

Elyhfy lych}ljely{f}nunfjlj elu hy}ul {cycbluly n bnu cjc`~}lc{{cycu, ec eljjl xn` }~j`nooyl elj

hco`nol icooy|je hfy cu `cxl lj gn}ufyn}dl hfybne`njo* Elu j}ul {cycbluly lyoljyl" fo }un`xcò*

]fb alo il}dylx, } }dc` bcj xyl }y`nou f{byd}fb { elj lun}dl enblj}nfj n


24/72

Cjc`~}lc{{cyculu

3. Ch}ljely{f}nunfj

9. Oljyl" fo }un`xcò

=. Eycbcu|yon

5. Hfy}djnjo}bfblju

Ch}ljely{f}nunfjlj fo hfy}djnjo}bfbljulu ly ilool c}{lduly, }fb h~èly blolu n hcogn}ufynlj,

blj} oljyl"fo }un`xcòlu fo eycbcu|yonlj ly blufely hyc {f{|`yhfybne`njolj* [ eljjl bel ly el

uf hfy}dl``nol hyfjuly hyc gn}ufyndlyhlaelj `nol`nou hfyelù, gxn`dlu ly n fxlylj}}ulbbl`}l ble bnj

njuljunfj fb cu i~ool iyf bl``lb el uf unòcjol*

[ }cbbl bel }fb {f{|`yhfybne`njolj `cxly lj }dcy{ xnjd`njo { gn}ufyn}dl ilonxljglely, }

gcy alo fo} xylu jeu un` cu |exòl jfo`l dfjdylul {cycbluyl, }fb alo xn` cjc`~}lyl* Bcj d|jjl

cyo|bljulyl hfy, cu elu nddl ly jfd d|j cu }l { bnjl hnyl {cycbluyl, blj alo }~jl}, elu ly eddljel

n hfygfè un` bnj {yfi`lb}un``njo fb cu cjc`~}lyl, gxce {f{|`yhfybne`njolj ilu~ely hfy elj

{f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l ch gn}ufyn}dl ilonxljglely*


25/72

=*; Cjc`~}l " Hfybne`njo ch I`ldnjolocelicjelj

Hfy cu xyl n }ucje un` cu |jely}ol gxce {f{|`yhfybne`njolj ch IOI gcy ilu~elu hfy elj {f{|`yl

f{hcuul`}l ch IOI} gcje`njoly, ly alo jeu un` cu xnel, gxce hcduc fb oy|{{lj ly, fo elj bl}u

uyfxyenol hylb}un``njo hnjely bcj n hcogn}ufynlj* Hcogn}ufynlj} iy|o ch dnèldynund onxly jlb`no elj

bl}u uyfxyenol fo bfe}nol`}l}hynl xnelj* Elyhfy xn` alo, njelj alo ilo~jely { cjc`~}lj, dfyu

il}dynxl, gxce ely ly }dylxlu fb IOI { hcogn}ufyn}d {`cj* Glylhuly xn` `cxl o n ocjo ble

cjc`~}lj, }fb njelgfèly cjc`~}l ch uyl {f{|`yhfybne`njoly ch IOI* N cjc`~}lyjl xn` alo

oljjlbo c``l {cycbluyljl n cjc`~}lc{{cyculu hfy un` }ne}u cu dfjd`|elyl, gxce {yfe|dulyjl gcy

ilu~elu hfy elj {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l ch IOI*

=*;*3 Hcogn}ufyn}d ilgcje`njo ch IOI

N nje`lejnjolj ch f{ocxlj `cxlel alo lj `n}ul fxly gxn`dl d|ù|y{yfe|duly, ely ly `cxlu fxly gn}ufynlj

fb IOI, gxfyhyc alo gcy |excòu el uyl bl}u {f{|`yl* ]l`xfb elu gfxle}col`nou ly el {f{|`yl

d|ù|y{yfe|duly, ely gcy }ulu hfy hfybne`njolj ch IOI, } hnjel} ely fo} hcogn}ufyn}d bculync`l fb

oy|{{lj* ]fb }ne}ul ch}jnu xn}ul, } ly lj hcogn}ufyn}d hfybne`njo dljelulojlu xle1 cu


26/72

3>875< un` 3>7>* [LU} fxlyxojnjo ch IOI ly il}dylxlu n lu dc{nul` n ilylujnjolj,

}fb h~èly "7>

'I`ldnjolocelicjelj./, fo ilyluuly fb el hfy}dl``nol yxlynly, }fb IOI xcy bn}ujdu hfy, elyl}

hfyinjel`}ly un` [H@[ }cbu [LU} gjeulynjo ch oy|{{lj* Jluf{ [LU} gjeulynjo ch IOI gcy xylu

blolu fben}d|ulylu, hfyen el gcxel fxlyxolu oy|{{lj n 3; y |elj cu cjgfèl elb* Hy}u ec

oy|{{lj }de fo eyiul lj |jo {f`nunbcje |jely lu yxlyn n Dibcolyocel n 3>77, i`lx oy|{{lj

lhulyhòljel cjgfèu* Ilylujnjolj i~ooly { [LU} lojl }co}cduly, chgynjoly fo fxlyxojnjoly,

}fb dfbbn}}nfjlj |jeucol`}l}xn}u gcxel hlu nje}nou n* Ble`lbblyjl ch dfbbn}}nfjlj xcy

il}`|uulu hyc {f`nun}d gfè, fo il}ufe ch hlb ble`lbbly, ely xcy |e{lolu ch a|}unu}bnjn}ulylj* N

`fxlj, }fb i`lx |ehyenolu, }ufe ely, cu uf ch ble`lbblyjl }d|``l xyl|e{lolu /lhuly h``l}

nje}un``njo hyc Nj}unu|u hfy Gn}ufynl xle Diljgcxj} \jnxly}nulu fo Gn}ufyn}d Nj}unu|u xle yg|}

\jnxly}nulu/?* Elu xn` }nol, cu elu hcogn}ufyn}dl i`lx xoulu blolu gau, fo ilylujnjolj f{h~èly ec

fo} c``l dljelulojljl hfy lj hcogn}ufyn}d hfybne`njo* Hfyb`lu ble yc{{fyulj xcy lj yleloyl`}l ch

[LU} cdunxnululy, fo }un`lj ly elyhfy fo} blolu yleloyljel*


27/72

Fxlyfyejlu }lu ineycoly hcogn}ufynlj nddl ble ylu bcjol j~l njhfybcunfjly fb IOI n hfygfè un`,

gxce ely ly dfbblu hylb n {f{|`yhfybne`njolj, blj elu, ely dljelulojly elj hcogn}ufyn}dl

hylb}un``njoly, ly, cu el }uuly IOI nje n lj gn}ufyn}d fo lbjlb}}no dfjuld}u, }fb elu ly un`hèlu

ble Ièjndfw, }fb {`cmlyly IOI n ulyyfyn}blj} gn}ufynl fo Ecxne}lj, }fb }uuly oy|{{lj nje n

[LU} gn}ufynl* Dalè}uce`n }dynxly, cu hcogn}ufynlj j}dlycu injel elu, }fb hfyu``l}, un` lj }uyyl

gl`gle, 'Dalè}uce`n '9;;3.1=9.* Cù} }uul ilonxljglelyjl nje n lj gn}ufyn}d dfjuld}u* Oyj}lj

bl``lb gxce ely ly hcogn}ufynl, fo gxce ely ly {f{|`yhfybne`njo, h`~ely `neu }cbblj, }y`nou ble

el }ne}ul uf ioly, alo gcy jxju* Ely ly nddl lj hc}uubylu oyj}l, }fb elu }l}, } dcj }l`x

ch}ljely{f}nunfjlj nddl cùne elhnjlyl lj d`cy oyj}l* Blj elu ly njulyl}}cju cu jfulyl }no, cu c``l

bnjl ld}lb{`ly { {f{|`yd|ù|yl``l {yfe|duly |edfb, hy [LU"dfbbn}}nfjlj} ilylujnjo |edfb7*

Elu xn` } }nol, cu {f{|`y{yfe|dulyjl n gxlyu hcè nddl i~ooly { lj hcogn}ufyn}d icooy|je* Hno|y 3

n ch}jnu 9*3*3 xnejly l``ly} fb, gxfyecj gn}ufyn}d hfybne`njo jfybcù hnjely }ule1 gn}ufyndlyl

hfyuf`dly dnèlyjl fo elylhuly }dly hfybne`njolj* N eluul un`hèl gcy {f{|`yd|ù|ylj h|jelu dnèlyjl

fo `cxlu hfybne`njolj, fo n dychu ch eluul gcy hcogn}ufynlj xylu jeu un` cu ucol glj}~j un`

{f{|`yhfybne`njolj n elyl} hylb}un``njo* Ely hnjel} }`lel} 3; gljxn}jnjoly un` [D} ioly n [LU"

dfbbn}}nfjlj} ilylujnjo* Cù} gcy {f{|`yhfybne`njo xylu lj el` ch icooy|jelj hfy elj xl` jfd


28/72

=*3 Cjc`~}l ch [D} ioly

N bcjol un`hèl gcy dnèlyjl} |e}coj xylu bcjol`h|èl l``ly enyldul bfe}uyneljel* N el

x}lju`no}ul un`hèl gcy alo xcòu cu òol bcjo`ly fo bfe}nol`}ly hylb fo elyble fxly`cel

choyl`}lj ch xn}}l uxnx`}}{yo}b` un` `}lylj* Nddl el}uf bnjeyl {ucoly alo bno jcu|y`noxn} elu


29/72

la* [D ly hfy elu bl}ul |}~j`no n iolyjl, }fb elu fo} ly jfyblj n hcogn}ufynlj, blj ely ly

ljdlùl |jeucol`}ly* Hfy ld}lb{l` n }ucyulj, }fb elu hyjxjul mnuculu n``|}uylyly, gxfy gcj }dynxly

/alo/* Lu cjelu ld}lb{l` ly lu njulyxnlw n inje 9 'xno Dj|e}lj '9;;?.1=9?"=53. ble lu

cjfj~bn}lylu ble`lb, }fb i`nxly dcèu /}ulbblj/* Dc{nu`lu i`nxly il}dylxlu }fb jluf{ lj }cbuc`l

bl``lb uf bljjl}dly, gxfy [D }fb elj ljl {cyu, fo ljdlùl }ulely n uld}ulj ly gcj} }{yo}b`

}ocy ble*

Blj gxce ilu~ely elu hfy bfeucol`}lj6 Gxfyecj chdfely `}lylj elu6 Gly xn` alo njeeycol Ucol

Jnl`}lj} njeel`njo ch efd|bljucyn}dl hfyu``lhfybly, }fb alo il}dylx n hfyynol ch}jnu* [D} ioly

gyly nje |jely uf dculofynly, /Elj /}|ialdunxl/ gn}ufynlefd|bljucyn}bl/, gxfy ely i`nxly {y}ljulylu

lu il}ulbu {ly}{ldunx { gn}ufynlj, hfyen gcj, }fb jxju n nje`lejnjolj, ucoly cj}xcy hfy

hylb}un``njolj, blj }cbuneno } gyly iolyjl fo} nje |jely /Elj d`c}}n}dl l``ly fialdunxlyljel

gn}ufynlefd|bljucyn}bl/, hfyen elu bl}ul ch uld}ulj xnydly i`fuulu hfy gcj} lojl x|yelynjoly fo

ucjdly* Hfy bfeucolyjl ilu~ely eluul hycxy ch ch}ljelylj, cu iolyjl hylb}uy blyl jl|uyc`l fo

}cjehyenol* I`cjenjolj ch el uf dculofynly onxly lj ofe e~jcbnd n hfyu``njolj* Xle cu oyl eluul

hylb}uy hylb}un``njolj gxlydlj hfy }|ialdunx l``ly hfy fialdunx*

=*3*9 Eycbcu|yon


30/72

fxlyxlal`}ly fo fbdf}ujnjoly xle cu `lxl lu efiilù`nx fo cu }dcel cjeyl bljjl}dly* Eluul

njulyxnlw ly lj xnouno el` ch {ybn}}lj fb cu hfy}ol cu hfyd`cyl ycendc`n}lynjolj, fo elu ly hcdun}d

fo} lj ch el blyl njulyl}}cjul el`l ch iolyjl, ec elu ly lj ch el hy}ul ocjo, lu ble`lb hfyd`cyly

elucàlylu fb unelj* Chiyddlu hyc dyfjf`fonlj ilxnydly fo} un`, cu bcj }fb `}ly, hy njeuy~ddlu ch,

cu eluul ly xnounou*

Xle cu il}dynxl gl`l hfyìlu dyfjf`fon}d oy ely nddl blolu uciu n hfygfè un` el hcdun}dl

ilonxljglely, fo n fo ble cu [D gcy xcòu cu }dynxl uf inje, } gcy gcj j}ulj fo} c` elj une fo

{`ce}, gcj }dc` iy|ol un` cu hfybne`l gn}ufynlj* Lu ld}lb{l` ly lu dc{nul` }fb ]{la`njoly'nine*13?9"

9;= n inje 9., }fb gcje`ly fb lj dyle} ch {ly}fjly, }fb IOI fxlyxolel* Gly ly ely uc`l fb lj

blolu elucàlylu il}dynxl`}l ch lj gjel`}l, }fb nddl gcy blolu ble {`fuulu cu oyl* N dc{nu`lu

il}dynxly [D xiljgcje`ly, }fb alo bljly, `nooly } `cjou hyc {ybn}}lj, cu elu hcdun}d hfy}u~yyly

fo hfyxnyyly blyl, lje elu ocxjly* Lu dc{nul` }fb eluul }dc` ely nddl xyl hfy bcjol ch, ec `}lylj

g|yunou dcj bn}ul njulyl}}lj, }{lmnlù hfyen iolyjl jluf{ ly {f{|`yhfybne`njo, gxfy `}lylj `}ly

ch `~}u, fo elyhfy hfygfè}xn}u jlbu dcj f{onxl cu `}l xnelyl* N hfygfè un` cu elu ly

{f{|`yhfybne`njo, } gcy [D ucolu ynouno blolu bculync`l ble*


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hylb un`*

Lhuly cu xfojlj xcy iylb}lu f{, } Mcy}ulj Jnl`}lj {ly}fjlj { }elu xle }nelj ch }no }{ynjol |e

ch in`lj fo uyel |e ch }~j}hl`ulu ble elu fxly}cxlu acouolxy n gjelj 'nine*1 5


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hcogn}ufyndlyl, ely dcj `cxl }cjehyeno gn}ufynlhfybne`njo*

=*3*5 Hfy}djnjo}bfbljulu fo elj blehòljel dynund

Hfy}djnjo}bfbljulu, }fb ly elu hcogn}ufyn}dl c}{ldu ch cjc`~}lc{{cyculu, ly lj xnouno el` n eljjl

cjc`~}l, hfyen [D {y}ljulyly lj j~ xnjdl` { gn}ufynlj* Hy [D xcy ely nddl cjeyl, ely gcxel

hfyblu cu il}dynxl, gxce oy|jelj xcy un` elyl} ycendc`n}lynjo* Elu ly }cbuneno fo} {ybn}}lj hfy

gl`l xydlu* Jluf{ n {ybn}}lj hnjely xn fo} [D} hfy}djnjo}b}}nol unòcjo, ec elj ly lu

ld}lb{l` { elj glybljl|un}d unòcjo, }fb }oly cu hfyuf`dl fo dfbbl ico fb bfunxlyjl chilonxljglelyjl*

Lu ld}lb{l` { eluul ly n dc{nu`luGfòly n el xnèl uyl}}}lyl 'nine*4 ?5"33=., gxfy }lylj i`nxly

{y}ljulylu hfy ble`lbblyjl} |joefb fo hcbn`nlhfygfè* Bcj gyly i`cjeu cjelu fb Acj

_lnbcjj} hfyèyl, }fb gcxel xylu ble`lbbly ch ED[ }nelj dynolj, fo elyble onxly elu lu

ileyl in``lel ch, gxfy Acj fo el cjeyl dcj gcxl hlu }njl xlj}uylfynljulylu gfèjnjoly hyc* Eluul ly

lj glybljl|un}d unòcjo, }fb hfy}oly cu hnjel b|`nol bfunxly hfy elyl} }ljlyl gcje`njoly* Elu

}cbbl oy }no oèljel n njulyxnlwlu ble elu une`nolyl ble`lb n dc{nu`lu ]ulbblj*

Blj [D iy|oly iel elj glybljl|un}dl fo {f}nunxn}un}dl unòcjo* Lu ld}lb{l` { elj


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Gcj cjhouly, cu [D nddl gcy nje}lu l``ly hfy}ulu elj fje}dci, }fb oy|{{lj xcy eylxlu ch nhòl

gcb* Eljjl dynund i|jely n elj glybljl|un}dl unòcjo, ec iy|olj ch eljjl blehyly lu hfy}o {

hfy}ul`}l hfy elyl} gcje`njoly* Alo uyfy, cu gcj} dynund i|jely n, cu gcj gcy }xyu xle cu cmml{ulyl, cu

ely n iolyjl dcj cjl} lj hc}mnjcunfj ch oy|{{lj* ]cbuneno dcj iolyjl} }|mml} fo el bcjol cjeyl

d|ù|y{yfe|duly fo} }l} }fb lu ilxn} {, cu hc}mnjcunfjlj ch oy|{{lj iylely }no*

Alo bljly nddl, ely ly jfolu jfolu ocù n gn}ufyn}d hc}mnjcunfj, elj xn` cùne xyl ely { }cbbl

bel, }fb xn }~jl}, cu elu ly }{jeljel cu `}l fb Cjelj Xlyelj}dyno* Blj }fb If Bcùgl}lj

}dynxly n }nj cjblèl`}l n [f`nundlj, } gcje`ly elu fb, gxfyxneu hc}mnjcunfjlj hyly un` lj cmml{u1

Elu dcj en}d|ulyl}, fb [luly xno Dj|e}lj ble }nj elucàlylel, eycbcun}dl fo d`njn}dl

il}dynxl`}l ch |olyjnjolyjl }ulun}lyly xfèlj, fo }dcily lj }`co} hc}mnjcunfj gf} `}lylj fxly, cu

elu d|jjl `cel }no oyl* Cu `}lylj `cely }no nb{fjlyl fxly dynbnjc`yfbcjlj fo b}dl ljeec ly{ xla un` cu cmml{ulyl icjelj} dynbnjc`nulu* 'If Bcùgl}lj, [f`nundlj, 3*33*3;.

Gcj {{loly, cu {f{|`yhfybne`njolj ch gn}ufynlj dcj xyl enyldul }dcel`no, gxn} elj hyly un` lj

cmml{u ch hfygfè, }fb xn jfybcù nddl xn` cmml{ulyl* Fo elu ly, elu gcj cju~ely, ely ly }dlu ble


34/72

cu yfddl xle [D} ioly} }ucu|} }fb }cjeglelj fb I`ldnjoloceloy|{{lj, ']fmnc` Dynund

33?&9;;>17.* El bljly, cu ely ly i`lxlu hylb}cu bcjol hfydlyul {}ucjel fo hfyeylajnjoly iel n

{yl}}lj fo }y`nou n [D} iolyjl* Elu ly jcu|y`noxn} cùchoyljel, cu bcj ucoly jfo`l dnèldynun}dl

iyn``ly {, jy bcj `}ly eljjl dynund* Hfy oy|{{lj gly gcy af lj bc}}l ofel oy|jel un` cu xn``l {yxl

cu {xnydl, gxfyecj gn}ufynlj fb elb, }dc` hfybne`l}*

Elu dcj efo xnydl bydl`nou, cu el |}cjeglely, }fb el gcy xcòu cu hylbgxl ly bnjeyl unjo }fb

hfy ld}lb{l`, cu [D }dynxly, cu lj ch ble`lbblyjl i`lx ifyuxn}u hyc }df`lj n lu {cy ecol* Elu

{{loly oy|{{lj ly hfydlyu, Elu {c}}ly nddl* Gcj i`lx ifyuxn}u h`lyl bjlely* ']fmnc` Dynund

33?&9;;>17.* El lydljely efo, cu |ljnoglelyjl nddl ly }ufyl, blj cu {fnjulj ly, cu `}lylj nddl gcy

b|`nogle hfy cu x|yelyl f{`~}jnjolyjl, fo cu el gl`l unelj hy lj eylajnjo, } el i`nxly blyl

b~}un}dl fo eycbcun}dl ']fmnc` Dynund 33?&9;;>1>.

El onxly lu ld}lb{l` { lj ch en}}l hfyeylajnjoly, }fb gcje`ly fb, cu [D hfy}oly cu del

oy|{{lj }cbblj ble njulyjcunfjc` ulyyfy* ]colj eylaly }no fb lu xiljel{fu, }fb IOI gcxel

`cxlu lu }ule n L|yf{c, gxfyhyc elu xcy bljnjolj, cu [H@[ }d|``l d|jjl gljul xijljl* [D {{loly

n }nj ifo 'nine*, 353, inje 3., cu njolj xle, gxfy el xilj ljeul gljjl* Blj gly njeuyhhly

hfyeylajnjolj, hfy n d`xcjelu { elj f{`~}jnjo, il}dynxly [D elyj}u, cu u~}d {f`nun gcy lj ulfyn


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gcxl lj bc}}l icoucjdly ble eljjl dynund, } bljly alo, el {loly { jfo`l dynun}ci`l {|jduly n

iolyjl ble glj}~j un` gn}ufynlhfybne`njo*

Ifyu}lu hyc eljjl dynund, } hfyby [D cu ic`cjmlyl bl``lb hcogn}ufynl fo {f{|`yhfybne`njo {

hfyjlb xn}* ]fb alo gcy xn}u, } iy|oly gcj }dnhulxn} oyli hyc hcogn}ufynlj fo {f{|`yhfybne`njolj

{ lj bel, } bcj }fb `}ly h`ly }no |jelygfèu, gxn`dlu un` el`} }d~èl} {`fuulu, fo }cbuneno

xnydly hylb}un``njolj jybl}u hcogn}ufyn}d, ec elj hylb}uy j}ulj i`fuulu hfy {ly}fj`nol gfèjnjoly*

Eljjl blufel oy, cu elj {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l ch gn}ufynlj ly ic}lylu { dnèly, fo elyble } uu {

lj }cjehyeno hylb}un``njo, }fb elu j| ly b|`nou n lj }|ialdunx hfybne`njo*


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=*9 Cjc`~}l ch efd|bljucyhn blj /I`ldnjolocelicjelj/


37/72

un` cu elu dfb hylb, xcy, cu gcj nolj f{uyely n efd|bljucyhn`blj, gxfyhfy gcj jcu|y`noxn} nddl ly

cjfj~b `jolyl, fo elu b ilulojl} }fb hn`blj} }mff{, cu gcj xn``l xyl ble* Elu ly hfybne`njolj

fo} {yolu ch*

[`fuulu n hn`blj ly i~oolu f{ fbdynjo cj}`colu, }fb ly lj yldfj}uy|dunfj ch yxlynlu n

Dibcolyocel, fo elj }`|uuly ble f{d`cynjolj ch yxlynlu* [ elj bel ly ycbblj fo} yxlynlu n

Dibcolyocel, `nol}fb n [D} ioly* N }ucyulj o`nely y}uc` oychn}d glj fxly }dyblj, gxn`dlu

njendlyly, cu hn`blj ly i~oolu dyfjf`fon}d f{* F{i~ojnjolj ch {`fuulu bnjely n elu gl`l ucolu blolu

fb [D} ioly*

Ely f{uyely n }ucyulj ch hn`blj ce}dn``l`nol njulyxnlw{ly}fjly, }fb gcxel xylu lj el` ch

fyocjn}cunfjlj DCD39, ely }ljlyl i`lx un` IOI* Un` }ne}u n hn`blj }dnhuly hfd|}}lu un` {f`nunlu}

f{d`cynjo ch }colj, fo gly f{uyely ely lj el` {f`nunhf`d, }fb hfyu``ly fb f{d`cynjolj hyc elyl}

{ly}{ldunx* Elu ly c``l hy}ulgje}dn`ely, gxn`dlu }u~ydly uyfxyenoglelj ch elyl} f{`~}jnjoly*

Ely ly bcjol ynouno ofel yldfj}uy|dunfjly ch el bcjol yxlynly* El ly hn`blu, } elu xnydly }fb fb,

bcj, }fb }lly, ly lu xnejl un` ilonxljglelyjl* Bcj }ly hfy ld}lb{l` yldfj}uy|dunfjlyjl ch

yxlynlyjl icoxle lu }ucdnu fo ico jfo`l uyly, fo hfy elu bl}ul ly in``lelu |}dcy{u* [ elj bel


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Njelxyljel efd|bljucyhn`b ilhnjely }no ~ely`nolyl n elu, Mcy}ulj Ucol Jnl`}lj dcèly hfy elj

}|ialdunxl gn}ufynlefd|bljucyn}bl n gcj} njeel`njo ch xn}|l``l hfyu``lhfybly* Ely i`nxly }`lel}

{y}ljulylu lu il}ulbu {ly}{ldunx { gn}ufynlj* [ly}{ldunxlu ly n eluul un`hèl el {ly}fj`nol

ilylujnjoly ble hfd|} { _lnbcjj} hfyu``njo* Ucol Jnl`}lj il}dynxly, cu n eljjl hfyu``lhfyb ly

hfyu``ly}|ialdulu fo {ly}{ldunxlu ilju* Elu xn` }nol, cu n hfygfè un` elj fialdunxlyljel

gn}ufynlefd|bljucyn}bl, } ly elu gly u~el`nou, gxfy gfèjnjolyjl dfbbly hyc* Elu dcj bcj fo} }l

xle ch}ljely{f}nunfjlj* Elj i`nxly jlb`no u~el`nooafyu xle uf `la`noglely n hn`blj* Elj hy}u ocjo ly

n }ucyulj ch hn`blj, ec elu une`nolyl ble`lb ch IOI fo gfxle{ly}fjlj n hn`blj, If _lnbcjj,

cjdfbbly un` njulyxnlwlu, fo gxfy gcj i`nxly ucolu nbfe ch nj}uy|duylj, Cjely} Ynn}"Gcj}lj* Elj

cjelj ocjo ly, ec njulyxnlwlu i`nxly blolu {ly}fj`nou, fo gxfy bcj, }fb }lly, hfy hy}ul fo ljl}ul

ocjo, gyly Ynn}"Gcj}lj }un``l }{yo}b`ljl* \bneelìcyu dcj elu |jeyl, cu hn`blj xòly cu xn}l, cu

nj}uy|duylj ucoly nbfe njulyxnlw{ly}fjlj, fo cu bcj nddl gcy d`n{{lu }{yo}b`ljl |e, blj alo

uf`dly elu { }cbbl bel, }fb jy [D ucoly cj}xcy hfy }njl un`" fo hycxcò { elj hy}ul }nel n

iolyjl* Xle elj dfyul }ldxlj} n }ucyulj ch hn`blj oy nj}uy|duylj hfycj dcblyclu fo xn}ly }llyjl,

cu elu gly ly lj hylb}un``njo, }fb gcj 'fo gfèlu ico. gcy xcòu cu `cxl elj* Xle eljjl bcjxyl

hylb}uy hn`blj y`no fo |jeoy }cbuneno cu dfbbl un` cu hylb}u }fb fb, elj }da|`ly jfolu*


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Hn`blj} {ybn} ly cu hfy}u el }b }dyneu gljnbfe cu i`nxl ycendc`n}lylu, {yfi`lblu ly, cu elu d|j ly

If _lnbcjj} {ly}{ldunx, xn hy {y}ljulylu* Xn hy }`lel} nddl jfolu cu xnel fb, gxfyecj el cjeyl

hfygfèly }no un` elyl} hfyune* Hfy }llyjl dfbbly _lnbcjj un` cu yl{y}ljulyl gl`l oy|{{lj*

\jely njulyxnlwlu }ly bcj elu une`nolyl ble`lb ch IOI cjoyl fo xyl { oyelj} ycje* N gljgfè

un` dfyyl}{fjelj}ulfynlj, }fb il}dylxlu n hfyynol ch}jnu fo }fb oy |e {, cu il}ulbul

njhfybcunfjly 'oljyl, }{yfo fo }un`n}und. dfyyl}{fjelyly ble fo cdunxlyly il}ulbul l`lbljuly n

bfeucolylj} xnelj}|jnxly}, blj} elj `cely cjeyl l`lbljuly xyl |ilyyul l``ly n gxlyu hcè

jleufjlel* 'Alj}lj '9;;3.1 9>., } bljly alo, cu bcj }fb }lly gly hy cdunxlylu lj h`l`}l ch

ble`neljgle hfy _lnbcjj xle elj bel, gxfy{ gcj }neely glù c`ljl fo hfyu``ly ilju fb }njl

h`l`}ly* Fo }l`xfb _lnbcjj i`nxly dfjhyfjulylu ble, gxce oy|{{lj} xfè}gcje`njoly gcy ilu~elu

hfy fhyljl, } ly eu in``lel, ely }uy unìcol, lj bcje, ely }noly |je}d~è fo cjoyly*

Xfè}gcje`njolyjl hfyi`nxly nddl |ilyyul, blj alo }~jl}, el i`nxly jleufjlu, fo elynoljjlb i`nxly

ble`neljglelj ble _lnbcjj }uyyl lje elj, ely h`l} hfy fhyljl*

=*9*5 Elj lun}dl enblj}nfj


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oy|{{lj} gcje`njoly cmml{ulyl} fo un`onxl}*

Hfy cu }cb`l f{, } i`nxly ely }cu in``lely { [D} fye, fo }y`nou ble If _lnbcjj} blexnydljun`hyl} gn}ufynlj jfo`l j~l j|cjmly* Elj {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l ch IOI i`nxly elyhfy {xnydlu xle, cu

bcj hy }cu cj}nou { lj ch ble`lbblyjl fo elu, uyfy alo, ilu~ely, cu bcj ileyl dcj yl`culyl un` elb

fo { elj bel ileyl hfy}u elb fo elyl} gcje`njoly*

Elj glybljl|un}dl hfyuf`djnjo ch ilonxljglelyjl, }fb [D }ucyulel { n iolyjl, i`nxly n eljjl

hn`b dyu gl`u |e, ec ely ly blolu hfd|} { cu hfyuf`dl glj}noulj fo bfunxlu ico }y`nou If_lnbcjj} gcje`njoly*


41/72

=*= Cjc`~}l ch UX9"}lynlj


42/72

=*=*3 Eycbcu|yon

]lynlj i`lx }ljeu { UX9 n lhulyylu 9;;> n hlb el`l, gxfy gxlyu ch}jnu xcylel 5< bnj|uuly, fo }lynlj

gcxel lj }ualyjlil}ujnjo ch dljeul }d|l}{n``lyl ble i`cjeu cjeyl Jndf`ca Mf}uly _cèc|, \`ynd

Ugfb}lj fo Ug|yl @njegcyeu* ]lynlj ly {yfe|mlylu ch hn`b}l`}dcilu Qljuyf{c fo UX9* ]lynlj

}{jely fxly unelj 3>79"3>7>, elu xn` }nol, cu yljl hy 3>7;/lyjl, }fb xcy ble un` cu hfybl

ble`lbblyjl d|j i`nxly xn}u n lj njuyf { fbdynjo 3 bnj|u* Elyble ly xoulj fo} bcydcju

cjely`lel} lje n el uf cjeyl ld}lb{`ly, }fb ble {ybn}}lj hfy}oul cu il}xcyl, gxfyecj

ble`lbblyjl d|jjl i`nxl } ycendc`n}lylu* Xoulj `nooly elynbfe n eljjl }lynl { ilonxljglelyjl,

fo }y`nou Dibcolyocel"yxlynlu* [`cjòjnjolj ch yxlynlu ilo~jely n =* ch}jnu fo h~èly elylhuly

yl}ulj ch }lynlj, ble |ehyl`}l, f{d`cynjo fo hjo}`njo*

]lynlj ly i~oolu f{ fbdynjo uf }nelìljel gn}ufynly ble gxly elyl} gfxle{ly}fjly* Ayj Bff},

}fb yl{y}ljulyly {f`nunlu} xnjdl`, fo Acj _lnbcjj, }fb yl{y}ljulyly oy|{{lj} xnjdl`* Gxly

gfxle{ly}fj gcy ~ely`nolyl uf gn}ufynly dyljel, lj {ynxcu fb hfygfèlu un` gxly elyl} dfjl, fo lj

gn}ufynl fb elyl} {yfhl}}nfjl``l xnydl* Hfy Ayj Bff} gcje`ly elu fb f{d`cynjolj ch yxlynlyjl, fo

hfy Acj _lnbcjj gcje`ly elu fb |ehyl`}lj ch dynbnjc`nululj*

Elu ulfylun}dl oy|je`co, ]j~ùly}ucu}ulfynlj, }fb IOI gcje`lel { icooy|je ch fo }fb [D iy|oul

bcjol }nely { cu il}dynxl, i`nxly hy}u {y}ljulylu n elu }ne}ul ch}jnu, gxfy elj dfyu i`nxly il}dylxlu


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Gcje`njo, enc`fo fo dcycdulyly ly hndunfj nj}{nylylu ch el ilonxljglely, ely hcjeu }ule n fo

fbdynjo oy|{{lj, ely }ljlyl i`lx dljeu |jely jcxjlu I`ldnjolocelicjelj* Jcxjonxjl ble`lbbly

ch I`ldnjolocelicjelj elùcoly n |ehyl`}lj ch hfyiy~el`}ly }fb el xnydl`nol ble`lbbly nddl ly

ebu hfy* Ely ly uc`l fb hndunfj fo elu ly nddl }lynlj} glj}nou cu hylb}uul }noul`}ly bfe jfolj hfy

gcje`njoly, }fb el nddl gcy |ehyu* '/I`ldnjolocel/, 9;;>.

]fb }lly i`nxly bcj glyble d`cy fxly, cu bcj nddl dcj xnel, gxce ely ylju hcdun}d ly gn}ufyn}d

dfyyldu, fo gxce ely ly hndunfj* Elu hfyxnyyly ~ely`nolyl, cu ely n njuyflj }uy fb Acj _lnbcjj, cu gcj

ly oy|{{lj}hfybfelel `lely* Gxfyhfy ly elu d|j hfybfelu, gxn} el }l`x dcj enoul fxly xnydl`nol

ilonxljglely6 ] dcj el xl` fo} icyl }dynxl, cu gcj xcy elyl} `lely* Lj ~ely`nolyl hfyxnyynjo `nooly

n, cu blj} }lynlj iy|oly ble`lbblyjl} ynounol jcxjl, } ly ly cjeyl neljunululy } }dnhulu |e* [H@["

dfjucdulj} jcxj ly /Bcywcj/ 'nhòl [D., blj elu ly i`lxlu un` /Acbn`/ n UX"}lynlj* Alo oy |e hyc,

ely b xyl lj hfyd`cynjo { eluul, blj gxfyhfy elu nddl hylboy n }ucyulj, hnjely alo hfyxnyyljel*

Elj gn}ufyn}dl hylb}un``njo xnydly }`lel} |uyfxyeno, fo xcòljl hylb}uy un`hènol*

Oljylfxlylj}dfb}ulj bl``lb }lly fo oljylj ly gly choyljel hfy elj {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l, ec


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Cu }nol hndunfj ly }`lel} nddl cj}xcy}hynucoljel n a|ynen}d hfy}ucje* Alo }~jl}, cu gxn} bcj }noly,

bcj `cxly gn}ufynlhfybne`njo, } }dc` bcj fo} }yol hfy nddl cu `cxl gn}ufyn}dl hla`}`|ujnjoly* Blj

UX9 gcy gl``ly cèyno {}ulu, cu elu xcy gn}ufynl, el `cxlel* El dcèly elu hndunfj nj}{nylylu ch

gn}ufyn}dl ilonxljglely* ]{yo}b`lu ly gxn`dlj ilu~ejnjo, elu gcy hfy elj {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l ch

el gn}ufyn}dl ilonxljglely, cu bcj enouly xnelyl { elb6 N un`hèlu ble IOI bljly alo nddl, elu

{xnydly elj {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l ylu blolu, gfxle}co`nou { oy|je ch oljylfxlylj}dfb}ulj, gxn`dlu

ilu~ely, cu }llyjl ly njehfy}ulu ble, cu elu ly hndunfj, fo elyble xle }llyjl, cu elu nddl ly lj

}cjehyeno |eocxl ch gn}ufynlj* Ely|efxly gcy hfybne`njolj ch oy|{{lj} gn}ufynl xcy xylu }

ljfyb, } el h`l}ul dljely gn}ufynlj n hfyxlalj, fo elyhfy xn` UX"}lynlj nddl {xnydl elj {f{|`yl

f{hcuul`}l ch oy|{{lj*

=*=*= Hfy}djnjo

Bcj dcj nddl ynouno dfjd`|elyl, gxn`dlj hfyb hfy hfy}djnjo, ely ly i`lxlu iy|ou, ec hylb}un``njolj ly

hndunx* Hfy}djnjolj gcje`ly, }fb jxju, fb cu }un``l fo il}xcyl }{yo}b`, blj gxn} il}xcyl`}lyjl

i`fu ly hndunfj, dcj bcj nddl dcèl elu hfy}djnjo* Blj gxce }dc` bcj fxlygfxlelu iy|ol hndunfj un` n

}ecj lj }lynl6


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nddl dfbbly ble lj hfyd`cynjo {, gxfyecj el ly i`lxlu } gyedfoul* Efo xn` alo }nol, cu UX"

}lynlj ly ofe un` cu xn}l, gxfy xfè}fbbl oy|{{lj} gcje`njoly '}cje}~j`noxn}. xcy* Elu }ly blyl

xfè}fbu |e { UX, lje jy bcj `}ly fb elu n lj ifo*

Lu cjelu }xcy, }fb hndunfjlj d|jjl onxl, }fb dnèlyjl nddl gcy xylu n }ucje un`, ly cu onxl lu i|e {,

gxlb ely uy~ddlel { chuyddlylj |jely eycilu n Dibcolyocel* Blj gly }un``ly }lynlj }no bl``lb

uf }uf`l* Elu nj}nj|lyl} dychunou, cu elu ly Jnl`} Ayolj}lj, ely ly eyci}bcjelj iel xle, cu gcj ly

blolu xfè}hnd}lylu oljjlb gl`l }lynlj, fo { lu njulyju bel dyxly gcj jybl}u, cu ely

cmml{ulyl} eyci }fb lj b|`no `}jnjo { lj dfjh`ndu* Blj xle eyci}}mljlj }ly bcj nddl, gxlb ely

}d~ely, blj bcj }ly, cu Acj }neely ico n in`lj, fo elu dcj elyhfy nddl xyl gcb* Elu dcj |jeyl, cu

bcj nddl gcy xcòu cu o }dyneulu glù |e fo d`cyu hylb}un``lu Jnl`} Ayolj}lj }fb eyci}bcjelj, ec

elu jluf{ ly elu, hndunfjlj dcj* Oy|jelj un` cu xn``l oyl elu, }d|``l xyl cu xn}l, gxce elu ilue

njulyju n oy|{{lj, blj elu i`nxly d|j ilyyu fxlyh`cen}d xle, cu Jnl`} hy lu c`dfgf`{yfi`lb, gxn`dlu

}cje}~j`noxn} }dc` njendlyl, cu gcj xcy eyci}bcjelj*

UX9"}lynlj hfybfelel }`lel} nddl cu hfybne`l lj gn}ufyn}d dfjuld}u, elj xcy hfyxnyyljel { oy|je

ch i`cjenjolj ch hndunfj fo xnydl`nol ilonxljglely fo elj xcy |uyfxyeno { oy|je ch

ch}ljely{f}nunfjlj fo oljylxcòlu* [ uyfe} ch eluul } ilue oljylfxlylj}dfb}ulj, cu elu nddl


46/72

=*5 Dfjd`|}nfj { gl`l cjc`~}lj

Gxn} bcj }ly { hfy}dl``lj { elj hco`nol hfybne`njo fo {f{|`yhfybne`njo, } ly ely nddl elj }ufyl

hfy}dl` { hcduc fb oy|{{lj* Elu, hcogn}ufynlj oy ofeu, }fb elu ly ld}lb{`nhnmlylu xle Ilju

Ièjndfw} fo Gcj} Ecxne}lj"Jnl`}lj} ioly, ly, cu el }uuly IOI nje n lj dfjuld}u, blj}

{f{|`yhfybne`njolj hfd|}lyly { el ljdlùl gcje`njolyjl fo ilonxljglely*

Eycilu gcy hfy ld}lb{l` lj mljuyc` {`ce} n c``l bnjl uyl ld}lb{`ly, { oy|je ch elj njei~oolel

eycbcund* N hcogn}ufynlj i`nxly elu }`lel} d|j jxju, cu lj {f`nunbcje i`lx }d|eu, ely i`nxly nddl

hfd|}lylu { gxlb, ely uy~ddlel { chuyddlylj* Blj gxn} ely nddl ly elj }ufyl hfy}dl` { elu

hcdun}dl hfyì, gxce gcy {f{|`yhfybne`njolj ch IOI } ilu~elu hfy elj {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l ch

IOI6

Efd|bljucyhn`blj ocx nddl }cbbl hfyjlbbl`}l ch fxlyi`nd, }fb hcogn}ufynlj fo [D} ioly hfyelj }co} }d~è* Elj }dnèylel elynbfe el {ly}fj`nol fbdf}ujnjoly xle cu xyl ble n oy|{{lj, efo

d|j yl{y}ljulylu xle If _lnbcjj} f{`lxl`}ly* Iel efd|bljucyhn`blj fo [D} ioly ocx,

oljjlb elyl} {ybn}, lj }uyyl hfy}ul`}l ch, gxfyecj ble`lbblyjl i`lx ycendc`n}lylu, blj} UX"

}lynlj hfd|}lylel blyl { el njei~yel} {ly}fj`nol hfygfè*


47/72

n eluul un`hèl*

Hcdu|b b xyl, cu h`lyl bljjl}dly xle blyl fb IOI j| lje une`nolyl { oy|je ch en}}l

d|ù|y{yfe|duly, ec gn}ufynlj ly jlu |e un` lj }uyyl bòy|{{l* Blj elj {f{|`yl f{hcuul`}l

gcje`ly nddl i`fu fb dxcjunulu, blj fo} fb dxc`nulu* Ifyu}lu hyc [D} ioly, }fb xcy ofe un` cu

il}dynxl elj gn}ufyn}dl dfjuld}u, } ineyfo el uf cjeyl ld}lb{`ly nddl un` cu }uul oy|{{lj nje n lj

dfjuld}u, fo oy|jelj un` elu dcj b}dl xyl, cu elu gcxel [D c``lylel oafyu*

[yn}lj xle cu `cxl lj {f{|`yhfybne`njo ch IOI gcy elyhfy xylu xylu ufelù* ]cb`lu }lu gcy

gn}ufynlj hlu un`hyu j|cjmly, }fb lu xyd nddl xn``l d|jjl d`cyl c`ljl, blj gxn} bcj }ly { elb

gxly hfy }no, } ocx UX"}lynlj nddl lu }cjehyenou in``lel ch oy|{{lj fo }cuul elj gl``ly nddl nje n

gn}ufyn}d dfjuld}u, elu oafyel efd|bljucyhn`blj un` oljoè, blj gly xcy ely hfy blolj hfd|} {

If _lnbcjj} {ly}fj`nol gn}ufynl* [D} xyd dcj elynbfe }u c`ljl fo xn` jfd { uyfe} ch el

f{ynjel`nol ble`lbbly} hy~ou, i`nxl ilulojlu }fb }cjeglelj fb I`ldnjolocelicjelj ble

}cbbl uyfxyenogle }fb lu hcogn}ufyn}d xyd*


48/72

5*; Bnj lolj ycenf{yfe|dunfj

]ucyu ble cu `~uul |e}ljel`}lj noljjlb* Elj ly { elj blehòljel ME fo xcyly 99 bnj|uuly*

N in`co j|bbly = dcj bcj|}dyn{ulu fxly |e}ljel`}lj hnjel}*

Bnj unòcjo un` bnj lolj ycenf|e}ljel`}l xcy, cu alo xn``l hfy}ol cu `cxl lj hfybne`njo, ely hfyljly

{f{|`yhfybne`njolj fo hcogn}ufynlj* Bnj cjc`~}l xn}ul jlb`no, cu {f{|`yhfybne`njo xcy ofe un` cu

hc}ugfèl bfeucolylj xle ga`{ ch elj njei~oolel }{jenjo n {`fuulu, }fb c``l bnjl uyl

cjc`~}lld}lb{`ly n xynou fo} njelgfèu* Hcogn}ufynlj ly nddl ly } ofe un` cu hc}ugfèl bfeucolylj,

blj un` oljoè }uuly elj ilonxljglelyjl nje n lj gn}ufyn}d dfjuld}u, gxn`dlu alo }~jl} ly blolu

xnounou n lj gn}ufynlhfybne`njo, ec elu onxly lu {ly}{ldunx fo lj hfy}ul`}l hfy, gxfyhfy hf`d el

gcje`ly, }fb el oy* Elu xcy }y`no u~el`nou n un`hèlu ble IOI, gxfy lj hylb}un``njo |elj lj

gn}ufyn}d dfjuld}u xn``l h oy|{{lj un` ch hylb}u }fb }nb{`l dynbnjl``l*

[D bl}uylel eljjl i`cjenjo { hfyjlb xn}, fo elu ly eljjl hfyljnjo, alo fo} xn` hfy}ol cu `cxl*

Blenlu ly jcu|y`noxn} cjely`lel}, blj blufelj ble cu iy|ol oyli hyc ilool unòcjol gcy alo

hfy}oul cu df{nlyl*


49/72

xyl fbeylajnjo}{|jdulu n bnj |e}ljel`}l* \jely bnj yl}lcymg hcjeu alo uyl cjeyl d|ù|y{yfe|duly,

gxfyn eljjl oy|{{l} gcje`njoly fo} ly i`lxlu hfybne`lu* Elu xcy n elj une`nolyl {f`nunlhulyhfy}dly

Ayj Bff}/ ifo[f`nunlu} glbbl`noglely " Ayj Bff} oljijly I`ldnjolocel}colj '9;;>., gxfyn

ely ly }dylxlu 5; }nely n dc{nu`luElj a~}dl hfyinjel`}l 'Bff} '9;;>.198"88., elu }d~èl}, cu ely xcy

bn}ucjdl fb, cu ely xcy hfyinjel`}l bl``lb IOI fo E]I* Blj bnj yl}lcymg xn}ul, cu ely nddl xcy

oy|je`co hfy eljjl hfyinjel`}l3=, fo elyhfy ly elu nddl ble n |e}ljel`}lj* Elu cjelu }ule, gxfy

oy|{{lj f{uyely, ly n hfyinjel`}l ble ch}`ynjolj ch elj une`nolyl [LU"colju Cjely} Jyoccye* Eluf af|yjc`n}u Bndn Bn}uycun fo ]ylj ]ullj Al}{ly}lj `cxlel n 3>>7 uyl UX"|e}ljel`}ly { UX9 fb

[LU n {yfoycbbluHcd9lylj, }fb gleElj glbbl`nol ualjl}ul* N elj cjelj |e}ljel`}l35 i`nxly

E]I jxju, fo el uf af|yjc`n}uly }dylx lhulyhòljel fo} lj ifo fb }cbbl lbjl3>>., 398., elu ilu~ely cù} nddl i`fu cu hylbòol j~l dnèly, ely }dc` hnjel} lj j~

xnjdl` { gn}ufynlj hfy, cu elu dcj dcèl} hfy}djnjo* Alo il}`|uulel bno hfy cu xn``l gcxl lu

hfy}djnjo}bfblju n |e}ljel`}lj ch uf oy|jel* Hfy elu hy}ul gilel alo, cu }nelj elu j| xcy j}ulj


50/72

bcj|}dyn{ulu* Gcj hfyd`cyly i`cjeu cjelu elu, gcj dcèly hfy icou{{lu hfy ilonxljglelyjl, }fb

ly jluf{ elj gn}ufyn}dl dfjuld}u* Gcj yl{y}ljulyly }`lel} elj hcogn}ufyn}dl |eòjnjo ch

gn}ufynlj, fo ly elyble ble un` cu f{h~èl bnj cbinunfj fb cu `cxl lj hfybne`njo, ely ilj~uuly iel

hcogn}ufynlj fo {f{|`yhfybne`njolj*

Ufb Xn`bly [ccbcje ly elj j}ul njulyxnlw{ly}fj, bcj gyly n |e}ljel`}lj, fo gcj ly xcòu {

oy|je ch }nj un`dj~ujnjo un` ifomchlj Yloji|lj, gxfy el bn}ujdul hfybfel} cu gcxl gfèu un`* Gcj

gcy n xynou }dylxlu uf cyund`ly fb lbjlu fo ly lj el` ch elj }dcèul [LU"dfbnu, }fb il}uy ch lj}cb`njo ifyolyl, }fb ly ild~bylu fxly [LU} fxlyxojnjo* Eljjl dfbnu xcy ble un` cu }dcil lu

{yl} hfy lj |xnèno |jely}ol`}l ch [LU, gxn`dlu }dlul ble jle}uul`}lj ch [LU"dfbbn}}nfjlj

'El fxlyxolel ucoly fyelu '9;;>..* [ccbcje ly lj hy}ulgje}dnèl un` ilonxljglelyjl n

ifomchlj Yloji|lj fo |joefb}bnàlu n yg|} oljlylù*

Elj }ne}ul njulyxnlw{ly}fj, Inyonuul G|}ule, ly fo} lj hy}ulgje}dnèl* G|j il}dynxly, gxfy`lel}gljel} b~}un}dl bel ble oy|{{lj hcjeu }ule* Eluul bel xn` alo ilulojl }fb j~ njhfybcunfj* N

bnj yl}lcymg ly alo }ueu { bcjol hfy}dl``nol hfyd`cynjoly {, gxce fo gxlb E]I xcy, jfo`l bljly

}ocy, cu ely nddl hcjeul} lj elmnelylu oy|{{l* Blj G|}ule} njulyxnlw ildyhuly, cu ely n gxlyu hcè

xcy jfolj, }fb } }no }l`x }fb E]I, fo }cbuneno xnejly elu fo} fb oy|{{lj}


51/72

]fb |eocjo}{|jdu xn``l alo olyjl `cxl lj 5< bnj|uuly} |e}ljel`}l, ec alo }~jl}, elu xn``l xyl elj

{c}}ljel `joel un` cu dfbbl fbdynjo el xnounol c}{lduly n lbjlu* Blj { lu bel ble

ylecduylj ch {yfoycbblu hnd alo cu xnel, cu alo d|j d|jjl h 9; bnj|uuly, ec {yfoycbblu cùne

njelgfèly 9 l``ly = nje}`co* Elu ond alo ble un`, ec alo }~jl} {yfoycbblu {c}}lel {lyhldu un` bnu

fxlyfyejlel lbjl, gn}ufynlhfybne`njo* ]cbuneno }ly alo elu cu }d|``l iloyj}l }no, }fb lj xnouno

{fnjul n hfygfè un` gn}ufynlhfybne`njo* Elu b xyl lj {yfi`lbcund, c` gn}ufynlhfybne`njo bely, jy

elu }dc` hfybne`l} n {f{|`yblenly, ely }fb |eocjo}{|jdu j}ulj cùne njelgfèly lj l``ly cjeljhfyb hfy ycbbl, }fb bcj }dc` gfèl }no njeljhfy*

[ belu hnd alo ~ely`nolyl cu xnel, cu {yfoycbblu nddl ilj~uuly }no ch lj {ly}fj`no hfyu``ly* Elu

xn` }nol, cu alo nddl b iy|ol bno }l`x }fb lj cduy n |e}ljel`}lj* Alo gcxel l``ly} ujdu bno

`nol}fb [D cu ucol cj}xcy hfy bnjl un`" fo hycxcò xle cu gcxl lj u~el`no ch}ljely* Blj elu xcy

cù} nddl b|`nou, fo elu b ilulojl} }fb lu ld}lb{l` { cu ulfyn fo {ycd}n} nddl cùne dcj hfyljl}*


52/72

5*9 Cjc`~}lc{{cycu }fb xydua

Alo xn` j| iy|ol cjc`~}lc{{cycu un` cu hfyd`cyl, gxn`dl gn}ufynlhfybne`ljel fxlyxlal`}ly, ely `nooly

ico |e}ljel`}lj*

5*9*3 Ch}ljely{f}nunfj

Bnj ch}ljely{f}nunfj xn` hylb}u }fb {f{|`yhfybne`njo, gfxle}co`nou { oy|je ch blenlu, ec

ycenfblenlu un`gyly {f{|`yhfybne`njolj* Hcogn}ufynl `cxl} }`lel} jfybcù nddl n elu blenl, ec

xnydlbne`ly }fb hfy ld}lb{l` b|}nd, nddl dcj efd|bljulyl}* Bnj |e}ljel`}l njelgfèly fo} lu

{`fu, gxn`dlu ~ely`nolyl |jely}uyloly, cu bnj |e}ljel`}l ly {f{|`yhfybne`njo*

Efo uyfy alo, cu {yfoycbblu /C``l Unely} Gn}ufynl/ xn` onxl ch}ljely{f}nunfjlj lu `neu blyl

hcogn}ufyn}d {yo, ec {yfoycbblu oljlylù cju~ely, cu elu fbgcje`ly uycenunfjl` hcogn}ufynl hfy}ulu

}fb fialdunx xnelj}dcil`nooafyu xnelj* Elu }l} i`cjeu cjelu xle cu xyulj ly |eecjjlu gn}ufyndly hyc

|jnxly}nululu38*

[D fo Cjely} Ynn} Gcj}lj3? xcòul cu xn}l }no }l`x }fb ch}ljely n elyl} yl}{ldunxl

d|ù|y{yfe|duly hfy { elj bel cu ucol cj}xcy hfy elyl} hylb}un``njo* Elu xn``l alo }fb jxju fo}

olyjl, ec alo }~jl}, elu ly xnounou cu }u xle }njl un`" fo hycxcò, gxn`dlu bcj dcj oyl xle cu gcxl lj


53/72

Gly iy|oly alo {yfoycbbluC``l Unely} Gn}ufynl }fb lu }|ialdu hfy cu il}dynxl lj hfyb hfy

bfunxcunfj hfy cu `cxl |e}ljel`}lj, fo }cbuneno il}dynxly alo |e}ljel`}lj} {ybn}, }fb alo xn`

dfbbl nje { }ljlyl* Lu cjelu }ule, gxfy alo xn}ly bno }l`x ly, { }cbbl bel }fb Cjely} Ynn}

Gcj}lj oy n efd|bljucyhn`blj, xle cu d`n{{l bnjl lojl }{yo}b` ble n jfo`l njulyxnlw}*

]fb jxju ly {yfoycbbluC``l Unely} Gn}ufynl cù} ble un` cu onxl |e}ljel`}lj lu hcogn}ufyn}d

{yo, blj elyble hy elj fo} gn}ufynlj un` cu hylb}u fialdunx, gxn`dlu alo }ly }fb lu oljlylù

{yfi`lb ble elj hcogn}ufyn}dl blufel* [yfi`lblu `nooly n, cu bfeucolylj nddl ly jy }

f{byd}fb {, cu elu ly lj un`yluulòol`}l ch ilonxljglely, elu xn` }nol, cu ely ly |el`ceu xn}}l

unjo, fo elu hcdu|b hy bfeucolylj nddl cu xnel n hcogn}ufynlj*

Lu b|`nou dynund{|jdu n bnj |e}ljel`}l d|jjl elyhfy xyl ch}jnuulu ble oy|{{lj If`nodcycxcjlj, n

elu ch}jnu, ely i`nxly dcèu /|ee~ijnjo/ n bcj|}dyn{ulu* Alo uyfy, lhuly cu gcxl xylu n dfjucdu ble lj

el` ch hf`dljl hyc If`nodcycxcjlj, cu el xn` h`l, cu elu ly hfydlyu cu }cbbljdel If`nodcycxcjlj fo

E]I { elj bel, }fb alo oy* Elu hylboy gl``ly nddl ch |e}ljel`}lj, gxfy bcjol hyc

If`nodcycxcjlj, ely i`lx ycendc`n}lylu, fo elyble d|jjl bcj uyf, cu elu xcy elb c``l* Elu xcy elu

nddl, fo oy|jelj un` cu alo gcy xcòu nddl cu hfyd`cyl elu, ly, cu If`nodcycxcjlj nddl h~èly } blolu n

|e}ljel`}lj* Alo xn``l olyjl gcxl gchu lj hyc oy|{{lj un` cu }un``l f{ un` lu njulyxnlw, blj alo hcjeu


54/72

Cxn}f{`}jnjolj h|jolyly gly }fb lj efd|bljucunfj hfy, cu elu }dlul* Cxn}lj} jcxj fo ecuflj

i`nxly `}u hfy cu onxl elu lu }cjehyenou |euy~d* El cjeyl cxn}f{`}jnjoly h|jolyly { }cbbl

bel* [LU"dfbbn}}nfjlj} ilylujnjo i`nxly fo} iy|ou }fb efd|bljucunfj hfy bnjl f{`~}jnjoly,

efo |elj cu alo f{onxly }neluc`* N }{lcd 9 gljxn}ly alo fo} un` inje 39 hfy cu efd|bljulyl

hfyinjel`}lj bl``lb E]I fo If`nodcycxcjlj*

]un`xcòlu gcy alo xcòu cu ic}lyl {, gxce ulbclyjl n gn}ufynlj ly* Ulbclu ly elj el` ch hn`blj}

l``ly {yfoycbblu} gcje`njoly, }fb }dcily }|ialdulu} ilgfx fo bfunx hfy cu gcje`l, 'Gcj}lj

'9;;8.19>.* ]|ialdulu n |e}ljel`}lj ly oy|{{lj E]I, fo elyhfy gcy alo hfy}ou cu hnjel hylb un`,

gxce ely gcy xylu elyl} bfunx hfy cu |ehyl elyl} gcje`njoly* Gly gcy alo ucolu |eocjo}{|jdu n elj

gn}ufyn}dl dfjuld}u, }fb @c|y}lj il}dynxly, unelj xcy {yolu ch* Ulbclu n |e}ljel`}lj ly, cu n lj nddl

} halyj hfyune, xcy ely jfo`l ch el }cbbl ylxf`|unfjyl }uybjnjoly n yg|}, }fb bcj gcxel }lu n

Xl}uu~}d`cje, }y`no u~el`nou ble ulyyfyoy|{{lj Yful Cyb Hycdunfj* \e hyc eluul ulbc hfy}oul alo

cu hnjel jfolu b|}nd, }fb d|jjl |jelyi~ool eljjl e~}uyl fo xfè}fbbl iy~ejnjo}une* B|}nddlj

`nooly gfxle}co`nou d|j |jely bnjl }{lcd} hfy cu hylbgxl ulbclu, blj} bnjl njulyxnlw} }uy

c`ljl, cù} |elj b|}nd, hfy cu |jelyi~ool elj efd|bljucyn}dl }un`* Gcxel alo `cou b|}nd |jely

njulyxnlw}, ly alo icjol hfy, elu xn``l gcxl }dciu lj f{hcuul`}l gf} `~uulylj ch, cu alo hfy}oul cu


55/72

alo blolu une n hfy}dl``nol cydnxly3> hfy cu }l, fb alo d|jjl hnjel ~ely`nolyl njhfybcunfj fb

oy|{{lj* Ely|efxly ynjolel alo y|jeu un` c``l yl`lxcjul jcxjl, }fb alo }ueul { n bnj yl}lcymg, fo

hfy}oul { elj bel cu ecjjl bno lu in``lel ch ilonxljglelyjl fo elj gn}ufyn}dl dfjuld}u*

Hcdun}d hcjeu alo hylb un` jfo`l {ly}fjly, }fb alo ly ylu }nddly { gcxel jfolu ble iycjeljl fo

gyxydlu cu oyl, }cje}~j`noxn} n elj cjelj oy|{{l, }fb i`lx dc`eu ]ucu}haljelyjl* Blj elb, alo

}jcddlel ble, xcy nddl njulyl}}lylu n cu blexnydl* ] elu hfyi`lx lu b~}ulyn|b, gxlb ely }ufe ico

E]I*

\e hyc bnj yl}lcymg xc`oul alo bnj {ybn}* Lj {ybn} ly, }fb une`nolyl jxju, elj {}ucje }fb

ch}ljelylj oljjlb }nj gn}ufynl j}dly cu ilxn}l fxly hfy }nj bfeucoly 'Gcj}lj '9;;8.13>.* Bnj

{ybn} 'fo {}ucje. ly, cu elu ly lu b~}ulyn|b gxlb, ely }uy ico fb Ecjbcyd} ]fmnc`n}un}dl

Ilhynl`}l}gy* Ble eljjl {ybn} xcy ely bcjol c}{lduly hyc bnj yl}lcymg, }fb alo xcy jeu un` cu

|je`cel cu ucol ble n ycenf|e}ljel`}lj* Lj cjelj oy|je xcy jcu|y`noxn} fo} une}dycxlu { 9;

bnj|uuly, gxn`dlu oafyel, cu alo x|yelylel, cu alo nddl d|jjl gcxl blyl lje = njulyxnlw{ly}fjly n

|e}ljel`}lj* Elu }cuul }njl jcu|y`nol iloyj}jnjoly hfy gxfy blolu, alo d|jjl o n e~ielj*

[`fuulu ly i~oolu f{, } `~uulylj dfbbly fbdynjo el xnouno}ul {|jduly hyc bnj yl}lcymg, fo { eljjl

bel |jelyi~ooly {`fuulu fo} bnj {ybn}* En}}l {|jduly xcy1 Oy|{{lj If`nodcycxcjlj, }fb alo


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nddl* ]fb d`nbcd} gcxel alo gilu { cu hnjel hylb un` lj ch icobjeljl, blj elu `~ddlel} nddl

'gxn`dlu lolju`no gl``ly nddl ly } }yu, ec [LU gl``ly nddl d|jjl d`cyl f{ocxlj.* Njulyxnlwlu ble

Inyonuul G|}ule, }fb j}ulj hcjeu hylb un` elb, i`lx elyhfy bnj ly}ucujnjo* Eluul |jelyi~ooly fo}

bnj {ybn} fb, cu elu xcy lu b~}ulyn|b, gxlb oy|{{lj xcy* Glbbl`nogle}dybblynlu fbdynjo

G|}ule} bel ble oy|{{lj |jely}uuuly b~}unddlj*

Alo iy|oly fo} lj dyfjf`fon}d f{i~ojnjo xle cu hfd|}lyl { ilo~jel`}lj ch ycendc`n}lynjolj, }fb

}cje}~j`noxn} xcy If`nodcycxcjlj, fo }`|ujnjolj gxfy G|}ule j}ulj bely oy|{{lj*

F{i~ojnjolj gcy gchu elu d`cyl {f{|`yhfybne`njo}b}}nol hfd|} cu }dcil lj }{jenjo, blj

eljjl f{i~ojnjo gcy alo }fb }cou `cxlu |e hyc lj oy|jeno yl}lcymg, gxfy alo gcy |excòu el xnouno}ul

c}{lduly ch eluul gn}ufyn}dl lbjl* ]`lel} }d|``l }{jenjolj olyjl blexnydl un` cu oyl

hfybne`njolj blyl unòjol`no lje, gxce hcogn}ufynlj fhul ly*

5*9*5 Hfy}djnjo

Alo cyilaely n |e}ljel`}lj |e hyc ul}lj fb, cu elu xcy lj {f`nun}d bfunxlylu oy|{{l, fo elyble

ilj~uuly alo elj {f}nunxn}un}dl blufel, gxfy alo hfy}oly cu y}co}hfyd`cyl* ]fb jxju i`nxly

blufelj fo} dcèu elj g~{fulun}dl"ele|dunxl blufel, gxfy bcj hyc lj ul}l 'g~{ful}lj. fb


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bcj ileyl dcj yl`culyl un` ljdlùl {ly}fjly} gn}ufynly, hfy { elj bel cu hfy}u, gxfyhfy gn}ufynlj

hfyìly, }fb elj oy* Blj n fo ble alo nddl hnd hcu n jfo`l ch el une`nolyl ble`lbbly ch E]I, }

ly bnj |e}ljel`}l i`lxlu lu ld}lb{l` { {f}nunxn}un}d {f{|`yhfybne`njo, gxn`dlu njolj ch bnjl

cjc`~}lld}lb{`ly xcy* Elj glybljl|un}dl hfy}djnjo}blufel hnjely bcj ec fo} fhul}u n

{f{|`yhfybne`njolj, blj} elj {f}nunxn}un}dl hnjel} n hcogn}ufynlj* Elyble bljly alo, cu alo gcy

f{h~èu bnj b`}ujnjo fb, cu i`cjel {f{|`yhfybne`njolj fo hcogn}ufynlj*

5*= Dfjd`|}nfj { bnj ycenf|e}ljel`}l

Ifyu}lu hyc bnj ch}ljely{f}nunfj nddl dfb un` cu hylb}u } }|ialdunxu, }fb alo gcxel j}dlu, }

}~jl} alo, }fb }cou, cu bnj |e}ljel`}l hfyby cu `cxl lj ofe i`cjenjo ch {f{|`yhfybne`njo fo

hcogn}ufynl* Elu ly `~ddlel} xle cu `cxl lj {f}nunxn}un}d {f{|`yhfybne`njo fo lj hfybne`njo ch elj

gn}ufyn}dl dfjuld}u }cbuneno ble, cu alo gcy njei~oolu lj }{jenjo n hfybne`njolj xle ga`{ chilyluulybfel``lj*

]cbuneno dfb hfy}djnjo}bfbljulu efo nddl un` cu h~èl } blolu, }fb alo gcxel gilu* N hfygfè un`

gxce, ely c``lylel ly i`lxlu hfybne`lu n el cjeyl d|ù|y{yfe|duly fb E]I, } ineycoly bnj

|e}ljel`}l nddl ble lj j~ xnjdl` { gn}ufynlj, blj alo hfyby cu `cxl lj }cb`lu fo `luunòjol`no


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59/72

@nuulycu|y`n}ul1

"I`ldnjolocelicjelj 9;;>* Nj}uy|dunfj1 Cjely} Ynn}"Gcj}lj 'hn`b.

"I`ldnjolocel Icjelj ely y~}ulel Ecjbcyd9;;>* Nj}uy|dunfj Acmfi Ug|l}lj 'UX"}lynl.

" Ièjndfw, Ilju1Yxlynly fo d|{ xcy xlalj un` ylxf`|unfjlj " Ifocjb1 [luly xno Dj|e}lj*

I`ldnjoloceljicjelj* Elj gyel dlyjl* Ily`njo}dl Uneljel, 3*33*;? 'cyundl`.

" Iy~è, M`c|} 3>>>1Cu hfybne`l gn}ufynl xn`dy, dljeluloj, hfyb`* Yf}dnèl \jnxly}nulu}hfy`co

" Ecxne}lj"Jnl`}lj, Gcj} 9;;71Lj galyl }co} ualjl}ul" [LU |jely elj dfèl dyno* [f`nundlj}

hfy`co

" @lxnj}lj, Acdfi1El il}cuul " Ifocjb1 [luly xno Dj|e}lj1 I`ldnjolocelicjelj * Elj ecj}dl

ml``l, 3* inje, A~``cje}"[f}ulj 3


60/72

" Alj}lj, @lnh Ilmdly 9;;=1Bcj }dc` o { uf ilj fb elj xcj}dl`nol ic`cjmlocjo n hco`no

hfybne`njo* Yf}dnèl \jnxly}nulu}hfy`co, Hylelynd}ilyo*

" Al}{ly}lj, ]ylj ]ullj fo Bn}uycun, Bndn 3>>>1Elj glbbl`nol ualjl}ul ec [LU i`lx ch}`ylu*

C}mglgf|o

" Ayolj}lj, Jnl`} fo Ufydnè @c|l}lj fo Acj _lnbcjj 9;;>1Elu gcje`lel fb {f`nund* ]fmnc` Dynundjy*33? 9;;> " }* 5"89 'cyundl`.

" Dcl`}, Bnddl` '9;;=.1Gn}ufynlhfybne`njo, lu ld}lb{l` { iyle fo eno gn}ufynlefd|bljucyn}d

hfybne`njo ble |eocjo}{|jdu n hfybne`njolj} }xcol {f}nunfj njeljhfy gn}ufynlxnelj}dcilj *

Diljgcxj} \jnxly}nulu*

" Dalè}uce`n, Dj|u 9;;31Gn}ufynlj ly nddl gxce elj gcy xylu "lj njehynjo n gn}ufynlhcolu*

Yf}dnèl \jnxly}nulu}hfy`co


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" Yc}b|}}lj, Cjnuc Iyc}d,Hn`b onxly dyno `lonunbnulu " Njhfybcunfj, 3?* bcyu} 'cyundl`.

" ]ualyjhl`u, Hylelynd1 Xfyl} hfyb hfy {ycdun}d }f`necynulu Ifocjb1 [luly xno Dj|e}lj1

I`ldnjolocelicjelj * Ie* 9* Elj gyel dlyjl* _lldljecxn}lj, 9*33*;?'cyundl`.

" _gnul, Gc~elj fo Yfilyu Efycj '9;3;.1 Ugl Hnmunfj fh Jcyycunxl1 L}}c~} fj Gn}ufy~, @nulycu|yl,cje Uglfy~, 3>


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Elj ljel`no dfjd`|}nfj { I`ldnjolocelicjelj" Lu {ycdun}d }{lmnc`l fb gn}ufyn}d hfybne`njo n {f{|`yblenlyCh Bfyulj Bcloccye C}uy|{

Diljgcxj} \jnxly}nulu " Nj}unu|u hfy D|j}u fo D|ù|yxnelj}dci Bfelyjl D|ù|y fo D|ù|yhfybne`njoXla`lely1 Bluul ]cjei~l " Ch`lxlylu elj1 9;&;8&3;

'Elu xcy eljjl {numg }fb alo }ljeul un` [3, njelj alo `cxlel |e}ljel`}lj.

In`co 31 [numg " B~}ulynlu fb Ecjbcyd} ]fmnc`n}un}dIlhynl`}l}gy

Alo xn` `cxl lj gn}ufyn}d hlcu|yl '5< bnj|uuly. fb lj b~}un}d ulyyfyoy|{{l, }fb g|}lylel n

fbyelu fbdynjo yg|} n 3>7;* Oy|{{lj }ufe ico lj yddl iycjecuuljuculy bfe i`cjeu cjelu lj

`fdc` {f`nunbl}uly fo Hul n yg|}* Gxlydlj [LU, {f`nunlu l``ly xlj}uylhàlj hcjeu jfolj}njel |e chgxlb oy|{{lj xcy* Dfj}{nycunfjlyjl fbdynjo gxlb el xcy ly bcjol, i`cjeu cjelu bljly jfo`l, cu

elu xcy Gfòly Alj}lj hyc I`ldnjolocelicjelj, ely }ufe ico, cjeyl glju~ely, cu elu d|jjl xyl lj

gaylfynljulylu oy|{{l, }fb hfy}oul cu }xyul xlj}uylhàlj un` xle cu `cxl ulyyfy n yg|} l``ly fo}

ly elu /icyl/ }fb elu `~ely, lj xlj}uylfynljulylu oy|{{l*


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Elj ljel`no dfjd`|}nfj { I`ldnjolocelicjelj" Lu {ycdun}d }{lmnc`l fb gn}ufyn}d hfybne`njo n {f{|`yblenlyCh Bfyulj Bcloccye C}uy|{

Diljgcxj} \jnxly}nulu " Nj}unu|u hfy D|j}u fo D|ù|yxnelj}dci Bfelyjl D|ù|y fo D|ù|yhfybne`njoXla`lely1 Bluul ]cjei~l " Ch`lxlylu elj1 9;&;8&3;

In`co 91 Fb C``l Unely} Gn}ufynl fo xyulj

C``l Unely} Gn}ufyl ly `lxljel gn}ufynlhfybne`njo, ely ucoly y|jeu n `cjelu hfy cu hfyu``l fb el

bljjl}dly fo ilonxljglely, ely gcy {yolu xfyl} h``l} hfyune fo }uuly }{fy n xfyl} }cbune*

[yfoycbblu ly lj i`cjenjo ch yl{fyucol, njulyxnlw fo hfyu``njo, ely hyly `~uulylj noljjlb

hfy}dl``nol lbjly }fb }uyl}}, {yfi`lbcunddlj n N}ycl` fo |joefb}g|}lu} gn}ufynl* Fo uyddly djc{

} dljeul fo hfy|jely`nol gn}ufynl hylb hyc hfyunelj, }fb h*ld}* gn}ufynlj fb el il}~jely`nol

hjo}l`}hcjoly { Dc}ul``lu l``ly fb elu y|}}n}dl gfh, ely n 3?;;"uc``lu iflel n Gfy}lj}*

Efyugl Mgcdycxcyu~, ely ly ly xyu { {yfoycbblu, gcy une`nolyl un`yluul`cou C``l Unely} gn}ufynl* G|j

ly gn}ufyndly hyc Diljgcxj} \jnxly}nulu*


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In`co =1 Bcj|}dyn{u un` |e}ljel`}lj

Nj}uy|dunfj un` cu `}l bcj|}dyn{ulu1

Bcj|}dyn{ulu ly njeelù n }~x el`l* N /Ilyluulybfel`/ dcj bcj `}l, gxfyecj |e}ljel`}lj eycbcu|yon}d ly i~oolu f{, fo gxn`dl el`l ely }dc`yl{y}ljulyl el hfy}dl``nol l`lbljuly n bfel``lj* êly`nolyl dcj bcj }l gxn`dl lbjly, el hfy}dl``nol njulyxnlw} fbgcje`ly, }fb { elj bel }dcilylj |exnd`njo n |e}ljel`}lj*

Une

'bnj*.

Ilyluulybfel` Njulyxnlw Lbjl ]{lcd Cxn}f{`}jnjo Xnydlbne`ly

;;1;;";;1=; Cj}`co Cxn}1 Cxn}mf``col @~e ch }dynxlbc}dnjl un`

cu |jelyi~oolcxn}f{`}jnjolj

;;1=;";91=5 [y}ljucunfj " Njuyfe|dunfj" [y}ljucunfj chnjulyxnlw{ly}fjlyjl

]{lcd '3.

]fb cxn}fxly}dynhulyjlcju~ely, } i`lx yg|} n3>7; ycbul ch lj iòlch gyxyd fo

iycjecuuljuculy* Eluilbydl`}l}xyenolxcy, cu gcje`njoly xcy

{f`nun}d bfunxlylu* Lj

gneun` |dljeu oy|{{lxle jcxj Ecjbcyd}]fmnc`n}un}dlIlhynl`}l}gy ufo

B|}nd

85


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cj}xcylu*

Oy|{{lj cxleliycjecuuljuculy bfedc{nuc`n}un}dl hnybcly,fo el }{yc~bc`lelelyl} hfydfyul`}l

ifo}ucxlyjl E]I foelyl} `fof, ljhlbucddlu }ualyjlce}dn``l`nol }ulely nyg|} fo fbloj*

[f`nunlu} Lhulyylujnjo}Ualjl}ul, [LU,lhulyhfy}dlel }coljnjulj}, blj hcjeu cèyno

|e ch, gxlb oy|{{lj}icobje xcy*C``l Unely} Gn}ufynl xn`n eljjl |e}ljel`}lhfy}ol cu o n [LU}hfe}{fy hfy cu {yxl cudfbbl jyblyl {,gxlb eljjl oy|{{lxcy* ]cbuneno xn` xn fo}

{yxl cu hfy}u, gxfyhfyel oyli un` }xfè}fbbl bne`ly*

Elu xn` xn oyl xle cu}jcddl ble lj ch elb,ely gfèul un` n

8

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